International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp. 1138–1149, Article ID: IJCIET_08_09_128

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

A LOW COST DESIGN TO DETECT

DROWSINESS OF DRIVER
Suganya G*, Premalatha M, Bharathiraja S, Rohan Agrawal
School of Computing Science and Engineering
VIT University, Chennai

ABSTRACT
The aim of the paper is to design an economical system that monitors the
drowsiness of the driver. The system will use a camera to monitor the driver’s eyes. To
achieve this, the system will capture video from a day – night sensitive camera and use
image processing algorithms running on a Raspberry Pi board to detect any
drowsiness in eyes. This system focuses on development in the most economical way
so that it can be implemented in comparatively lower end vehicles too which form the
larger crown on roads and prevent loss of human life through accidents of such types.
Keywords: Raspberri Pi, Image Processing.
Cite this Article: Suganya G, Premalatha M, Bharathiraja S and Rohan Agrawal, A
Low Cost Design to Detect Drowsiness of Driver, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 8(9), 2017, pp. 1138–1149.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9

1. INTRODUCTION
The aim of this paper is to develop a drowsiness detection system. The focus will be placed
on designing a system that will accurately monitor the open or closed state of the driver’s eyes
in real-time. Detection of eyes involves a sequence of images of a face, and the observation of
eye movements. This paper is focused on the localization of the eyes, which involves looking
at the entire image of the face, and determining the position of eyes, by a self-developed
image-processing algorithm. Once the position of the eyes is located, the system is designed
to determine whether the eyes are opened or closed. The paper also compares other
methodologies and the advantages of this method over others. Making the system feasibly
economical is also an important focus.

2. BACKGROUND
Drive or travel for long distance is very tough for every driver. Before the start of journey,
driver should prepare and get the rest at sufficiently so that driver can reach his/her
destination safely. Driver Drowsiness is one of the main causes of Road Accidents. Recent
statistics [7] estimate that annually 1,200 deaths and 76,000 injuries can be attributed to
fatigue related crashes. In order to prevent drivers from drowsy driving, there is a huge

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 Suganya G, Premalatha M, Bharathiraja S and Rohan Agrawal

demand for safety driving systems. Because of the hazard that drowsiness presents on the
road, methods need to be developed for counteracting its affects.
There are many road safety products designed to prevent road accidents due to driver
drowsiness but most of them are either costly or produce false alarms or are not available
easily in India. The Driver Drowsiness Detection System being implemented in this paper
aims at being easily available, economical and useful for most vehicles.

3. RELATED WORK
Some systems [8] have been suggested and even implemented in some of the commercial
vehicles for drowsiness detection. Still, these systems struggle to find major takers due to the
various drawbacks that each of them have.
Attention Assist is a program that watches a driver's steering input at the beginning of a
trip which contains the pressure of the hands on the steering and also the changes in the
movement of the steering wheel. A pattern is calculated for regular driving behavior of the
user and saved in the database. When there is a drastic change in the current driving behavior
as compared to the preset, the system generates an alarm or warning to alert the driver. The
most important con of this system is that the technology that it uses is very costly and
proprietary as a result of which it is offered only in luxurious cars. The system is also very
difficult to implement and algorithm for pattern understanding is still naïve and debatable.
Anti-Sleep Pilot [9] that is basically psychological implementation with underlying
technology, it makes a general study about the psychological and the physical behavior of the
driver that involves the driver sleeping activities, age and other driver activities that are
needed to be covered in order to generate and set the threshold values. It perhaps presents a
line of ascending lights that show the risk of the driver falling asleep based on the 26 fatigue
factors collected from the driver. The driver sets a risk number on the device, and it calculates
a safe driving time before a break is required in order to drive safe.
Drive Awake (from Cafe Amazon) [10] uses eye-tracking technique to keep the driver
from falling asleep while driving. This iPhone app called Drive Awake uses eye-tracking
technology to keep tabs on driver while driving. If the driver closes eyes for too long, the app
emits a shrieking audible alarm. This App works by using an iPhone’s front-facing camera to
monitor driver’s eye.
Anti-Sleep Alarm [2] measures the conductivity of the skin (electro-dermal activity -
EDA). EDA reflects brain activity. Electrical conductivity of the skin varies, depending on the
activity of the brain. The system takes 3-5 minutes to measure driver’s current brain activity
and then driver fatigue is estimated from this level. A module has to be worn on fingers.
Motion Sensors Alarms are placed over the driver’s ear and it alarm is set on if driver’s
head bobs below a certain angle. It is similar to a mercury switch. If driver dozes off, a loud
alarm will wake driver and passengers.

Issues associated with all these systems

Attention Assist uses a complex algorithm which analysis around 50 factors which helps in
identifying driver’s drowsiness. The algorithm is patented and it requires in depth research to
determine how these factors affect drivers’ drowsiness. It also requires heavy computing.
Electro dermal activity – EDA is a patent technology by STOPSIEOP. So to make this
product, it needs a lot of permissions. The sensors required to set up the system are also rarely
available. Hence it becomes a costly affair.
Motion Sensors Systems are not accurate and their false alarm rate is very high. It triggers
alarm even if driver simply turns his neck.

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 A Low Cost Design to Detect Drowsiness of Driver

The proposed system’s advantage over all above technologies is that, it is built by open
source utilities and its accuracy is also high with less false alarm rate. Major factor is that its
cost is very less than existing systems like above. So that it can fitted in all classes of vehicles

Driver Drowsiness Detection System as Road Safety Device

The system that has been developed is cheaper as compared to the other systems available in
the market. As for the development of the proposed system, the use of open source libraries
that are easily available on the web without any cost has been done. The system contains a
well proposed algorithm that clearly detects the face and the eye based on the threshold it sets
for the detection. This reduces the overhead and makes it cheaper as compared to systems like
Attention Assist. The efficiency of other systems available in the market depends upon the
exhaustive study of the driver’s behavior which needs large data set that builds up with time.
Real time applications can’t afford to wait for computing large overheads of such systems. On
the other hand system designed here does not require any exhaustive study and it efficiently
manages the driver security and provides the optimum result.

4. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
The Driver Drowsiness Detection System uses Raspberry Pi running on 5V power source. It
is the primary processing unit for the proper working of the system and which is suitable for
most of the vehicles. It also requires an optimum light source. In terms of frequency it
corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 400nm to 930nm. The camera should take High
Quality Pictures in order to take the video clearly and the frame rate for the capture of the
video must be more than 70 frames per minute.
The camera which can be connected to GPU of Raspberry Pi would be well suited for the
system to make the processing faster. To overcome this issue, the most suited camera to be
used is Pi Cam or PI NOIR [11]. It can reduce the processing instructions for the processor as
compared to webcam since the graphical processing unit stores the image and can carry out
many Image Processing Operations which do not require main processor. Many Cameras that
are available in the market do contain the cut filter that does not allow the light with
wavelength more than 700nm. PI NOIR is different from normal cameras since it can take the
pictures during the night time in the presence of IR lights.

4.1. COMPONENTS
Raspberri Pi
It uses an ARMV6 microprocessor architecture, contains a 512 MB RAM, 700 MHz clock
frequency processor core which is a high processing speed. It has four USB 2.0 ports, one
Ethernet port and a separate Audio Jack.

Raspberri Pi NOIR
It is an infrared sensitive camera that can take pictures during the night time also since it does
not have an IR cut filter like other camera lenses. Pi NOIR camera uses the dedicated CSI
interface, which was designed specifically for interfacing Raspberry Pi with camera. The CSI
bus is capable of extremely high data transfer rates.

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 Suganya G, Premalatha M, Bharathiraja S and Rohan Agrawal

4.2. Training Set

To train the classifiers, two set of images are needed. One set contains an image or scene that
does not contain the object, in this case a facial feature, which is going to be detected. This set
of images is referred to as the negative images. The other set of images, the positive images,
contain one or more instances of the object. The location of the objects within the positive
images is specified by: image name, the upper left pixel and the height, and width of the
object. For training facial features 5,000 negative images with at least a mega-pixel resolution
were used for training. These images consisted of everyday objects, like paperclips, and of
natural scenery, like photographs of forests and mountains.
In order to produce the most robust facial feature detection possible, the original positive
set of images needs to be representative of the variance between different people, including,
race, gender, and age. A good source for these images is National Institute of Standards and
Technology’s (NIST) Facial Recognition Technology (FERET) database [12]. This database
contains over 10,000 images of over 1,000 people under different lighting conditions, poses,
and angles. In training each facial feature, 1,500 images were used. These images were taken
at angles ranging from zero to forty five degrees from a frontal view.
Three separate classifiers were trained, one for the eyes, one for the nose, and one for the
mouth. Since it is not possible to reduce the false positive rate of the classifier without
reducing the positive hit rate. The simplest method is to perform facial detection on the image
first. The area containing the face will also contain facial features. However, the facial feature
cascades often detect other facial features.
The best method to eliminate extra feature detection is to further regionalize the area for
facial feature detection. It can be assumed that the eyes will be located near the top of the
head, the nose will be located in the center area and the mouth will be located near the
bottom. The upper 5/8 of the face is analyzed for the eyes. This area eliminates all other facial
features while still allowing a wide variance in the tilt angle. This area eliminates all but the
upper lip of the mouth and lower eyelid. The lower half of the facial image was used to detect
the mouth. Since the facial detector used sometimes eliminates the lower lip the facial image
was extended by an eighth for mouth detection only.

4.3. Shelf Source

OpenCV libraries [13] have been used to build this system. OpenCV along with Haar
algorithm [14] for the detection of the eye have been chosen. The logic of the software is
developed for Driver Drowsiness Detection which detects the number of frames with the
detected face, the number of frames with open eyes, and the number of frames with closed
eyes. Based on these frame set data, system checks whether driver is sleeping or not and
required steps can be taken to alert the driver.

4.4. Work Flow

The video streaming of the face of the driver is taken by the Pi-Cam and the image is sent to
algorithm through the CSI interface using input/output bus. The system detects the face in the
image using the Haar algorithm features i.e. by using two XML files; face xml and eye xml
file. The algorithm then uses eye xml file to detect the eyes on the face. After eyes are
detected, it checks whether the eyes are closed or open. If eyes are closed for more than 4 out
of 10 frames, it send the signal to output device of Raspberry Pi where the buzzer is attached.
The buzzer rings until the driver is awake. Same procedure as above starts again to detect
driver's drowsiness again.

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 A Low Cost Design to Detect Drowsiness of Driver

4.5. Real Time Analysis

Average Eye Blinks of person per 60
15-20 times
seconds
Frames Processed Per Second 1.5 to 2.5
Time to capture and process ten frames 4-6 seconds
Average Eye Blinks of person per 4-6
1 to 2
seconds
Alarm Sounds when more than 5 out of 10 frames do not detect open eyes. Maximum
frames in which eye can remain closed due to natural blink is 2 frames. The system sounds an
alarm when it finds less than 5 frames detecting the eye. It means if the eye is detected only
one, two, three or four times out of ten frames, the system produces an alarm. If a person goes
to sleep, the system will produce an alarm every 5 seconds till the person wakes up. In normal
conditions, an eye will not remain closed for more than this time in 5 seconds. Even if the
blink of the eye is captured both times, it still allows two more frames to pass by. The system
will not be able to detect eye when a person goes to sleep or if the lighting conditions become
extreme.

4.6. Performance
It performs better in all lighting condition.
It gives less false alarm rate
Response time is much better than other available system

5. DESIGN APPROACH
5.1. Architectural Design
There are several different algorithms and methods for eye tracking, and monitoring. Most of
them, in some way, relate to features of the eye within a video image of the driver. One
similarity among all faces is that eyebrows are significantly different from the skin in
intensity, and that the next significant change in intensity, in the y-direction, is the eyes. This
facial characteristic is the center of finding the eyes on the face, which will allow the system
to monitor the eyes and detect long periods of eye closure.

Figure 1 A regular Raspberri Pi Board

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 Suganya G, Premalatha M, Bharathiraja S and Rohan Agrawal

Figure 2 A schematic diagram

5.2. Camera Sensor

The Drowsy Driver Detection system consists of a camera that takes images of the driver’s
face. The camera is placed in front of the driver, approximately 30 cm away from the face.
The camera must be positioned such that the following criteria are met:
1. The driver’s face takes up the majority of the image.
2. The driver’s face is approximately at the center of the image.

5.3. Processing Unit

Driver Drowsiness System requires an image processing unit to compute the data obtained
from camera in real time. So, the several processing kits were compared to understand which
one is suitable for the application. A normal micro-controller [5] like Arduino (8 bit
processor) or PIC has a processing power of 16 MHz and a RAM of 64KB whereas
microprocessors like Raspberry Pi Model B (32 Bit) or Beagle Board use 700 MHz processor
and 256 MB RAM. Since, real time image processing is required, a kit like Raspberry Pi or
Beagle Board is necessary. Raspberry Pi is chosen owing to its lower cost and good support
for different input devices.

Figure 3 Flowchart of System

5.4. Warning Unit

The Raspberry Pi will issue an audio warning to driver when it detects closed eye for 3-5
continuous frames. A buzzer will be used as an output to produce a high pitched sound to
wake up and alert the driver.

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 A Low Cost Design to Detect Drowsiness of Driver

5.5. Power Unit

A Raspberry Pi requires 5V (1200 mA) battery/USB port to power it up for normal functions.
Additional Camera takes up to 250 mA of current. A USB port is sufficient to power up
Raspberry Pi for normal functions. In case of higher power requirements, an external USB
port can be used. Most of the present day cars have USB port which can be used to power up
the Driver Drowsiness Detection System.

5.6. Alarm
The alarm is attached to the output port of the Raspberry Pi which is triggered when required.

Figure 4 Computing Design

5.7. Computing Design

After a facial image input, pre-processing is first performed by binarizing [6] the image. The
top sides of the face are detected to narrow down the area where the eyes exist. Using the
sides of the face, the center of the face is found, which is used as a reference when comparing
the left and right eyes. Moving down from the top of the face, horizontal averages (average
intensity value for each y coordinate) of the face area are calculated. Large changes in the
averages are used to define the eye area.

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 Suganya G, Premalatha M, Bharathiraja S and Rohan Agrawal

6. CONSTRAINTS AND TRADE OFFS

10.1. Constraints

Economic
Execution speed of algorithm is a crucial part since, the code has to execute and give output in
real time. Here comes the crucial part of choosing between different processing units
available in market like Raspberry Pi, Arduino, Arm controller, Beagle boards.

Technical
The most important aspect of implementing a machine vision system is the image acquisition.
Any deficiencies in the acquired images can cause problems with image analysis and
interpretation. Examples of such problems are a lack of detail due to insufficient contrast or
poor positioning of the camera: this can cause the objects to be unrecognizable, so the purpose
of vision cannot be fulfilled.

Illumination
A correct illumination scheme is a crucial part of insuring that the image has the correct
amount of contrast to allow to correctly processing the image. In case of the drowsy driver
detection system, the light source is placed in such a way that the maximum light being
reflected back is from the face. It should also be ensured that light source should not distract
the driver. The algorithm mainly depends on the light source. Different parts of objects are lit
differently, because of variations in the angle of incidence, and hence have different
brightness as seen by the camera. Parts of the background and surrounding objects are in
shadow, and can also affect the brightness values in different regions of the object.
Surrounding light sources (such as daylight) can diminish the effect of the light source on the
object.

Camera Hardware
The next item to be considered in image acquisition is the video camera. Review of several
journal articles [3] reveals that face monitoring systems use an infrared-sensitive camera to
generate the eye images. CCD cameras have a spectral range of 400-1000nm, and peak at
approximately 800nm. CCD camera digitize the image from the outset, although that signal
amplitude represents light intensity – the image is still analog.

Trade Off
Optimal illumination is being achieved by the use of infrared sensitive camera instead of web
camera. Among the various higher end cameras available, to make the paper cost-effective, Pi
NoIR is used. The infrared sensitive Pi NoIR is able to capture images in most lighting
conditions without distracting the driver. This optimality ensures the quality of the system as
well as the cost-effectiveness.
When compared to the different processing units available, Raspberry Pi is preferred. It
has optimal computing power when compared to others.

7. PROTOYPE DEVELOPMENT
A working prototype was developed in the lab and tested to be successful in proper detection
of drowsiness.

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 A Low Cost Design to Detect Drowsiness of Driver

Input
The input was the video recording of the driver’s face, which was facing the camera present in
the system.

Output
The system produced an output in the form of an audio signal. One had to connect the speaker
to the audio jack of the system.

Figure 5 Driver Drowsiness Detection Systems

To start the system “Driver Drowsiness Detection”, one requires the power source that can
give the constant 5 volts supply to the system, which is easily available in the car. To provide
the power source to the system, there is a special port on the left hand corner names as “Micro
USB 2.0 Power” port.
The next requirement is to add the camera to the system. Raspberry Pi has a special port
named as “CSI Connector Camera,” that takes the input from the camera and transfers it to the
Raspberry Pi for the processing.
The camera takes the stream of video and is transferred to the pi board, with the help of
the necessary algorithm the video stream is converted into the static frame and the frames are
being continuously checked for the eye detection, if the eye is not detected for 5 frames out of
10 frames that system took into the consideration and if the eye is not detected for the 5
frames, then the output is given to the “Audio Out” which is the special port that is use to give
the output to the Raspberry Pi. This port is used to give the output, so in order to give the
output system is making use of “Buzzer” that is connected to the given port.

Figure 6 Power Supply On

After connecting it to the given manner stated above, one needs to log into the Raspberry
Pi by starting the “VNC Server” that requires the authentication. Once the authentication is

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 Suganya G, Premalatha M, Bharathiraja S and Rohan Agrawal

provided one gets into the “Raspberry Pi” and once logged into the system, team choose the
file that contains the program that was created using the “Face Detection” algorithm. Once the
file is chosen, by using the terminal one runs the program and the output can be depicted, if
one is using the Laptop/Pc which acts as the monitor for the “Raspberry Pi” once the program
start running one can clearly see that the program is detecting the face and the eyes are also
encircled. If the eye is not detected, then the sound is produced by using the sound system or
the buzzer.

Figure 7 Overall View in Lab

This can be automated as done in the paper that allows the automatic authentication and
the automatic start of the camera that captures the picture of the driver.

Figure 8 Flow Chart Diagram of camera interfacing with Raspberri Pi

Figure 9 Logical Block Diagram

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 A Low Cost Design to Detect Drowsiness of Driver

Figure 10 Working of System in Real Time Environment

8. COMAPRISION OF VARIOUS ALTERNATIVES

8.1. Computing Power
In terms of computing power, the situation seems to be clear as well. Most of the Arduino
boards are equipped with an 8-bit microcontroller from ATMEL, usually the ATmega328
which runs at 16 MHz Of course, it cannot compete with the 700 MHz BCM2835 chip which
powers the Raspberry Pi. Even one the latest board from Arduino, the Arduino Due, can’t
compete with the Pi with its 84 MHz SAM3X8E chip. So if it is computing power that one is
looking for, there is one clear winner: the Raspberry Pi platform.

8.2. Inputs/Outputs
This is nearly an easy one. The Raspberry Pi has some decent inputs and outputs of course,
via the GPIO connector, and supports the I2C and SPI interfaces, but these are all digital
connectors. On the other hand, the Arduino Uno board for example has digital inputs/outputs,
but also PWM outputs, analog inputs, and I2C and SPI interfaces. Plus, some recent boards
like the Arduino Due also have analog outputs, which allow one to play sounds directly from
the Arduino board. Of course, one can easily get analog inputs on the Raspberry Pi by using
Analog-to-Digital Converters, but that’s external components. So in this section, the clear
winner is the Arduino.

8.3. Programming
It is easy to program on the two different platforms Arduino and Raspberry Pi. At first, it
would seem that the Arduino is the clear winner: the processing language is really easy to use,
one can write directly the code on computer in the Arduino IDE, and there are thousands of
tutorials out there about how to program Arduino. On the Raspberry Pi, it is not that easy: one
has to log on the device either with the board itself or via SSH from computer, then write the
code, and run it. But the Raspberry Pi already supports many languages, like Python. Not only
the Python language is really easy to use, but this also opens to door to the use of so many
Python libraries that are available on the web, thus extending the range of application of the
Raspberry Pi board. For this last reason, it is a draw again between the two platforms.

8.4. Price
In terms of price, Arduino Uno is cheaper than the Raspberry Pi. If one counts all the different
accessories needed to make the Raspberry Pi usable, and comparing it to the price of the
single USB cable needed to use the Arduino board, the Arduino platform is much cheaper
than the Raspberry Pi.

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 Suganya G, Premalatha M, Bharathiraja S and Rohan Agrawal

9. CONCLUSION
The Driver Drowsiness detection System paper is basically a device proposed in order to save
the life of the drivers that are continuously riding the car and are not provided the sufficient
sleep due which severe accidents take place especially in the developing countries like India,
where the number of running vehicles increases every year. The proposed system safeguards
the driver from any accident that take place because of the drowsiness of the driver. The
proposed system is cheap as compared to other systems that are present only in the luxurious
car models. Also, due to its high portability, it can be installed in old cars easily as well. This
is one of the most important and effective feature of the system that make it practical.
It is able to detect if the eye is closed or open and based on it, issues warning to the driver.
The eye detection capability can be increased using a hybrid of different algorithms which
uses edge detection techniques, machine learning concepts, and good support from open
source libraries like Open CV.
A prototype of the proposed concept was also prepared and proof of concept was created.
The system is cheap, easy to install and much more efficient than any other present systems.

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