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CHAPTER 1:-
INTRODUCTION

Petroleum is derived from two words – “petro” means rock and “oleum” means oil.
Thus the word “petroleum” means rock oil. This is a mixture of hydrocarbons; hence it
cannot be used directly and has got to be refined. Petroleum is refined in petroleum
refinery.

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) is the flagship national oil company in the
downstream sector. The Indian Oil Group of companies owns and operates 10 of
India's 19 refineries with a combined refining capacity of 1.2 million barrels per day.
These include two refineries of subsidiary Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
(CPCL) and one of Bongaigaon Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (BRPL). The 10
refineries are located at Guwahati, Barauni, Koyali, Haldia, Mathura, Digboi, Panipat,
Chennai, Narimanam, and Bongaigaon.

Indian Oil's cross-country crude oil and product pipelines network span over 9,300 km.
It operates the largest and the widest network of petrol & diesel stations in the country,
numbering around 16455. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (Indian Oil) was formed in 1964
through the merger of Indian Oil Company Ltd and Indian Refineries Ltd. Indian
Refineries Ltd was formed in 1958, with Feroze Gandhi as Chairman and Indian Oil
Company Ltd. was established on 30th June 1959 with Mr S. Nijalingappa as the first
Chairman.

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MATHURA REFINERY

 Mathura Refinery, the sixth refinery of Indian Oil was commissioned in 1982
with a capacity of 6.0 MMTPA to meet the demand of petroleum products in
north western region of the country, which includes National Capital Region.

 Refinery is located along the Delhi-Agra National Highway about 154 KM away
from Delhi.

 The major secondary processing units provided were

 Fluidised Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU), Vis-breaker Unit (VBU) and

Bitumen Blowing Unit (BBU). The original technology for these units was
sourced from erstwhile USSR, UOP etc.

 Mathura Refinery is having its own captive power plant, which was
augmented with the commissioning of three Gas Turbines (GT) and Heat
Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) in phases from 1997 to 2005 using
Natural Gas( NG) as fuel to take care of environment.

 For upgrading environmental standards, old Sulphur Recovery Units (SRU)

were replaced with new Sulphur Recovery Units with 99.9 % recovery in the
year 1999. Additional Sulphur Recovery Unit is under implementation as a
hot standby. Mathura Refinery had also set up four nos. of continuous
Ambient Air Monitoring Stations far beyond the working area before
commissioning of the Refinery in 1982 as a mark of its concern towards the
environment and archaeological sites.

 Its close proximity to the magnificent wonder Taj Mahal adds extra responsibility
towards maintaining a cleaner environment. Mathura Refinery has planted
1,67,000 trees in surrounding areas including refinery & township and 1,15,000
trees in Agra region around Taj Mahal. The Ecological Park which is spread
across 4.45 acres, is a thriving green oasis in the heart of sprawling Refinery.

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
 At Mathura Refinery, technology & ecology go hand in hand with continuous
endeavour for Product Quality up-gradation, Energy Conservation and
Environment Protection. Mathura Refinery is the first in Asia and third in the
world to receive the coveted ISO-14001 certification for Environment
Management System in 1996. It is also the first in the World to get OHSMS
certification for Safety Management in 1998.

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STRUCTURE OF REFINERY

DEPARTMENTS JOB
PRODUCTION All the production related issues in the refinery
DEPARTMENT
ENGINEERING Encompasses Mechanical, Civil, Electrical and
SERVICE Instrumentation disciplines. Engineering & material
DEPARTMENT Procurement related activities for modification/process
schemes/projects.
INTERNAL AUDIT Independent appraisal activity within the organization for the
review of operations as a service to management.
INSPECTION Provide technical backup to Production & Maintenance
DEPARTMENT department in terms of unit operation, monitoring & inspection
of static equipment's such as furnace, vessels, lines, column to
prevent failures and recommends necessary repairs.

MEDICAL Provide the highest quality health care and service to

DEPARTMENT Refiner employees and their families through unique
assessment and counseling expertise, organizational skills and
knowledge of systems and resources.
FIRE & SAFETY Reduce losses in terms of Machine, Men, Material and
DEPARTMENT Environment because of fire, accidents near miss incident,
dangerous occurrence and disaster by assisting in development
of safe/ suitable working environment.
TECHNICAL Provide technical backup to production department for
SERVICE monitoring unit operations, fuel loss, utilities and chemical.
Monitors refinery emissions/effluent to meet environmental
regulation.
QUALITY CONTROL Monitors the quality of initial to final product i.e. from
DEPARTMENT crude to each extracted product (MS, Diesel etc.)

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Fire and Safety training

The product obtained from the refinery are highly inflammable and associated
processing's are extremely dangerous and fire hazardous. So, fire and safety provides
training teaches people to how to be safe while doing the refinery work and how to
avoid serious accidents or mishaps.

Triangle of fire- For a fire to catch, air heat and fumes are needed. If we cut the
supply of anyone of these then the fire can be avoided.

Types of Hazards-

1.) Fire hazards- In any case of fire explosion, fire alarms should be raised as soon as
possible and people should meet the nearest assembly point. In case of oil based
fire, cold water should be supplied to the burning system so that the temperature
does not exceed a maximum permissible value.

2. Chemical Hazards- for example toxic gas emission , acid spillage and corrosive

Chemical spillage etc. so different type of detectors are used like DSI,DSO and DGT
DGH etc

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Safety measure that must be taken:

 A worker/trainer must use personal protecting equipments (PPE) inside the refinery.
PPE includes safety helmet, safety shoes (to protect from electrical hazard), safety
goggles, ear plugs, hand gloves hand gloves, nose mask, safety belt and Nomex (full
body covering clothing for special cases).
 Mobile phones or any electronic devices should not be carried inside refinery.
 Without having proper knowledge, nothing should be touched to bring about any
change
 Self-controlled breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be used in any case of
toxic gas (like 502, NH3, CO, and H,S) emission.
 Safety belt and rail guards, along with proper ladder (at 75 °) and staircase, must be
used when climbing above 2 meters
 Full proof guarding of the motors and pumps and other electrical or mechanical
devices must be done to avoid injuries.
 Miniature circuit board, molded case circuit board, Earth leakage circuit board must
be present so that it trips the electrical supply if there is some fault in the electrical
circuit.
 Fire extinguishers must be present at suitable positions

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CHAPTER 2
DAILY PROGRESS REPORT
The daily progress report of our summer industrial training is described

as follows.

Name/Location of project:- Civil and Maintenance Department IOCL

Mathura

DAYS PROJECT PROGRSS

1  Preparing Gate Pass.

.
 Brief introduction to Refinery
2
 Fire and safety training.

3  Holiday

4  Visit to civil maintainence office & allotment of calender

5  Study of drawing of Underground tank.

 Visit to site.

6  Erecting Form work for tank.

7-8  Concreting

9  No work due to rain.

10  Weekly holiday.

11  .Study of footing drawing.

12  Visit to site
 Floor cutting
13-14  Repair of leaked water supply pipe.

15  Holiday

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16  Office work.

17  Weekly Holiday.

18  Visit to tank construction site..

19  PCC laying (footing)

20  Visit to Clay filter site.

21-23  Cleaning and Refilling of clay filter.

24  Weekly holiday

25-28  Cutting & placing of reinforcement

 Concreting
29-30  Visit to site.

31  Weekly Holiday

32-34  Thermal insulation

35-37  Study of concrete road

38  Weekly Holiday

39-43  Study of Toilet Map

 Listing down Activities.

44  Submission of attendance and receiving training

certificate.

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CHAPTER 1

Foundation is a structural part of a building on which a building stands. Foundation

transmits and distributes its own load and imposed loads to the soil in such a way that
the load-bearing capacity of the foundation bed is not exceeded.
The solid ground on which the foundation rests is called foundation bed. There are
various types of foundation. They can be categorized into two types.

Types of Foundation
Foundations are mainly two types.

1. Shallow Foundation, and

2. Deep Foundation.

1. Shallow Foundation
A shallow foundation is a type of foundation that transfers loads to the very near the
surface. Shallow foundations typically have a depth to width ratio of less than 1.
The shallow foundation itself can be various types.

Types of Shallow Foundation

Follow are the types of shallow foundation –

 Pad footing or column footing

 Cantilever or strap footings
 Mat/Raft footings
 Wall Footings

Pad Footing or Column Footing

This type of footing can be two types –

1. Isolated footing and

2. Combined footing.

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Isolated footing
These are most economical. They are usually in square or rectangle size with the
column sitting in the middle of the square. It’s a kind of pad footing.

Combined Footing

Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as

1. When two columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated
footings
2. Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated
footings
3. Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building
column.

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Details of project

Name of Project
Foundation for Exchanger of MLP stream generator from MCB

Location
FCCU unit IOCL Mathura

Type of foundation
Pad foundation/Isolated footing

Sequence of Work
1. Layout or Demarcation
2. Cutting of concrete block
3. Excavation
4. Shuttering/Form-work
5. laying of PCC
6. Bar bending and placement of foundation steel
7. Concrete Laying
Current status
Under construction

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LAYOUT OR DEMARCATION

The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the

construction zone. In our project, a plot of was chosen and the respective marking was
done. The centre point was marked with the help of a thread and plumb bob as per the
drawing. With respect to this center point, all the other points of columns were to be
decided so its exact position is very critical.

CUTTING OF CONCRETE BLOCK

The whole area on which construction is to be done is covered with reinforced

concrete. For cutting concrete saw is used . blade used is DIAMOND SAW.
Diamond blades are made up of two components:-the steel core and the segment. The
SEGMENT is made up of two components: diamond and metal bonds.
Diamond blades don’t cut, they grind! The exposed diamond crystals do the grinding
work. The metal matrix or bond holds the diamonds in place
Diamond Blades are used because it will cut concrete as well as reinforcement bars.
Diameter of diamond block is 800mm.

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Excavation
Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically. Normally earth
excavators (JCB’s) were used for excavating the soil. Adequate precautions are taken
to see that the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining structures.
Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and dressing of excavation
bottom.
Generally 300mm working space are provided.
Depth of excavation is 2000mm.
The back-filling is done in layer not exceeding 20 cm layer and than its compacted

Shuttering or formwork
The term ‘SHUTTERING’ or ‘FORMWORK’ includes all forms, moulds, sheeting,
shuttering planks, poles, posts, standards, V-Heads, struts, and structure, ties, walling
steel rods, bolts, wedges, and all other temporary supports to the concrete during the
process of sheeting.

FORM WORK

Forms or mould or shutters are the receptacles in which concrete is placed, so that it
will have the desired shape or outline when hardened. Once the concrete develops
adequate strength, the forms are removed. Forms are generally made of the materials
like timber, plywood, steel, etc.

Generally camber is provided in the form-work for horizontal members to counteract

the effect of deflection caused due to the weight of reinforcement and concrete placed
over that. A proper lubrication of shuttering plates is also done before the placement of
reinforcement. The oil film sandwiched between concrete and form-work surface not
only helps in easy removal of shuttering but also prevents loss of moisture from the
concrete through absorption and evaporation.

The steel form work was designed and constructed to the shapes, lines and dimensions
shown on the drawings. All forms were sufficiently water tight to prevent leakage of
mortar. Forms were so constructed as to be removable in sections. One side of the

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column forms were left open and the open side filled in board by board successively as
the concrete is placed and compacted except when vibrators are used.

Here Form work are required for PCC ,RCC and Column.

PCC – Plain Cement Concrete

After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. A
layer of 100mm was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil. It
provides a solid base for the pad foundation and a mix of 1:3:6 that is, 1 part of cement
to 3 parts of fine aggregates and 6 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it.
Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction. Concrete placed below ground
should be protected from falling earth during and after placing. Concrete placed in
ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a
ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven
days.

CEMENT

Portland cement is composed of calcium silicates and aluminate and aluminoferrite It

is obtained by blending predetermined proportions limestone, clay and other minerals
in small quantities which is pulverized and heated at high temperature – around 1500
deg centigrade to produce ‘clinker’. The clinker is then ground with small quantities of
gypsum to produce a fine powder called Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). When
mixed with water, sand and stone, it combines slowly with the water to form a hard
mass called concrete. Cement is a hygroscopic material meaning that it absorbs
moisture In presence of moisture it undergoes chemical reaction termed as hydration.
Therefore cement remains in good condition as long as it does not come in contact with
moisture. If cement is more than three months old then it should be tested for its
strength before being taken into use.

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different grades The
classification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement-sand mortar
cubes of face area 50 cm2 composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by
weight with a water-cement ratio arrived at by a specified procedure. The grades are

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(i) 33 grade

(ii) 43 grade

(iii) 53 grade

The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand mortar
in N/mm2 at 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure.

OPC 33 grades is used.

SETTLING OF CEMENT

When water is mixed with cement, the paste so formed remains plastic for a short time.
During this period it is possible to disturb the paste and remit it without any deleterious
effects. As the reaction between water and cement continues, the paste loses its
plasticity. This early period in the hardening of cement is referred to as ‘setting’ of
cement.

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Initial set is when the cement paste loses its plasticity and stiffens considerably. Final
set is the point when the paste hardens and can sustain some minor load. Both are
arbitrary points and these are determined by Vicat needle penetration resistance

Slow or fast setting normally depends on the nature of cement. It could also be due to
extraneous factors not related to the cement. The ambient conditions play an important
role. In hot weather, the setting is faster, in cold weather, setting is delayed Some types
of salts, chemicals, clay, etc if inadvertently get mixed with the sand, aggregate and
water could accelerate or delay the setting of concrete.

FINE AGGREGATE

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Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine
aggregate is added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity in mixture.
Usually, the natural river sand is used as fine aggregate. Important thing to be
considered is that fine aggregates should be free from coagulated lumps.

Grading of natural sand or crushed stone i.e. fine aggregates shall be such that not more
than 5 percent shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than 10% shall IS sieve No. 150 not
less than 45% or more than 85% shall pass IS sieve No. 1.18 mm and not less than 25%
or more than 60% shall pass IS sieve No. 600 micron.

COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone .It should be
hard, strong, dense, durable, clean, and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry
refuse or vegetable matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical, or rounded
shaped and should have granular or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy)
non-powdery surfaces. Aggregates should be properly screened and if necessary
washed clean before use.

Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica should be rejected.
The grading of coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of IS-383.

After 24-hrs immersion in water, a previously dried sample of the coarse aggregate
should not gain in weight more than 5%.

Aggregates should be stored in such a way as to prevent segregation of sizes and avoid
contamination with fines.

Depending upon the coarse aggregate color, there quality can be determined as:

Black = very good quality

Blue = good

Whitish =bad quality

Bar bending and placement of reinforced concrete:

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Reinforcement steel contributes to tensile strength of concrete. Concrete has low

tensile strength and high Compressive strength. Bars are cut and bent according to
engineering design specification cover is provided for prevention of steel from
environmental hazards like corrosion. To ensure it cover block are used. Wastage of
bars should be avoided.

REINFORCEMENT

Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross section in
concrete structure. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain concrete without steel
or any other reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of
the best forms of reinforcements, to take care of those stresses and to strengthen
concrete to bear all kinds of loads

Mild steel bars conforming to IS: 432 (Part I) and Cold-worked steel high strength
deformed bars conforming to IS: 1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade Fe 500, where 415 and
500 indicate yield stresses 415 N/mm2 and 500 N/mm2 respectively) are commonly
used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most commonly nowadays. This has limited the use
of plain mild steel bars because of higher yield stress and bond strength resulting in
saving of steel quantity. Some companies have brought thermo mechanically treated
(TMT) and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) bars with added features.

Bars range in diameter from 6 to 50 mm. Cold-worked steel high strength deformed
bars start from 8 mm diameter. Transverse reinforcements are very important. They
not only take care of structural requirements but also help main reinforcements to
remain in desired position. They play a very significant role while abrupt changes or
reversal of stresses like earthquake etc.

They should be closely spaced as per the drawing and properly tied to the
main/longitudinal reinforcement

TERMS USED IN REINFORCEMENT

BAR-BENDING-SCHEDULE

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Bar-bending-schedule is the schedule of reinforcement bars prepared in advance

before cutting and bending of rebars. This schedule contains all details of size, shape
and dimension of rebars to be cut.

LAP LENGTH

Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length.. Lap
length about 50 times the diameter of the bar is considered safe. Laps of neighboring
bar lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At one
cross section, a maximum of 50% bars should be lapped. In case, required lap length is
not available at junction because of space and other constraints, bars can be joined with
couplers or welded (with correct choice of method of welding).

ANCHORAGE LENGTH

This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in other at
the junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column junction,
column bars in footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length
mentioned in previous question or as per the design instructions

COVER BLOCK

Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the shuttering plates
and there by providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as per the design
drawings. Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced during the
concreting activity. To prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using thin steel wires
called binding wires (projected from cover surface and placed during making or
casting of cover blocks) is recommended. Covers should be made of cement sand
mortar (1:3). Ideally, cover should have strength similar to the surrounding concrete,
with the least perimeter so that chances of water to penetrate through periphery will be
minimized. Provision of minimum covers as per the Indian standards for durability of
the whole structure should be ensured.

Shape of the cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical. However, cover indicates
thickness of the cover block. Normally, cubical cover blocks are used.

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Structural member Clear cover (mm)

Column 40
Beam 25
Slab 15
Footing 50

RCC Laying

RCC is concrete in which steel bars are embedded that strengthen the material.
Advantages:

1. Reinforced Cement Concrete has good compressive stress (because of

concrete).
2. RCC also has high tensile stress (because of steel).
3. It has good resistance to damage by fire and weathering (because of concrete).
4. RCC protects steel bars from buckling and twisting at the high temperature.
5. RCC prevents steel from rusting.
6. Reinforced Concrete is durable.
7. The monolithic character of reinforced concrete gives it more rigidity.
8. Maintenance cost of RCC is practically nil.

All RCC work should be of grade M25/ 1:1.5:3.

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Test to be performed on Concrete:-

1. Slump test:-

Concrete slump test or slump cone test is to determine the work-ability or consistency
of concrete mix prepared at the laboratory or the construction site during the progress
of the work. Concrete slump test is carried out from batch to batch to check the
uniform quality of concrete during construction.The slump test is the most simple
work-ability test for concrete, involves low cost and provides immediate results.

2. Compressive strength of concrete:-

Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the
characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has
been done properly or not. Concrete compressive strength for general construction
varies from 15 MPa to 30 MPa and higher in commercial and industrial
structure.Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as
water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control
during production of concrete etc.

Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its
surface without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to
reduce the size, while in tension, size elongates.

Compressive Strength = Load / Cross-sectional Area

Compressive Strength of Concrete at Various Ages

The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at
different ages in comparison with the strength at 28 days after casting.

Age Strength percent

1 day 16%
3 days 40%
7 days 65%
14 days 90%
28 days 99%

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Test report of compressive strength of concrete:-

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Chapter 2

A building is consists of many structural components. Generally, structural

components are divided into two categories-i) Sub structure and ii) Super structure

Sub structure:
The structure below ground level is called sub structure. Sub structure can also be
divided into two parts- a) Foundation and b) Plinth

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Foundation:
The most lower part of the building. The main function of the foundation is to transfer
load to sub soil. It is the most important part of structure. Most of the failure of a
structure may happen due to foundation failure. Foundation should be strong enough to
meet the following requirements-It should be strong enough to distribute the load to
sub soil. It is capable to support structure.

Plinth:
The part between surrounding ground level and ground floor of the building is called
plinth. The purposes of the plinth are-Transfer the incoming load from super structure
to the foundation. Provide damp prove to the building. Support the back filling as a
retaining wall. Plinth also increases the esthetic al look of the building. Keep in mind
that, sometimes, plinth isn't considered as sub structure and count it as an individual
part of a structure.

Damp proof course(DPC)

Damp proof course is a layer of water proofing material such as asphalt or
waterproof cement. Walls are constructed above the damp proof course. Damp proof
course prevents surface water from rising into the walls. Dampness reduces the
strength of the walls and creates unhealthy living conditions. Also it affects the paint
and plaster and increasing the cost of maintenance. Damp proofing layer is not
required where a plinth beam is constructed, because the plinth beam already
performs like a DPC.

Super structure:
The part above plinth level is called super structure. Super structure contains many
other structural components. Such as-Wall Floor/Slab Lintel & sunshade Step & stair
Roof

Wall:
Wall is used to separate the usable area of floor for different purpose. Such as
bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, living etc. Other prime purpose of wall is to provide
privacy and security.

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Floor :
The main purpose of floor is to provide better living space and support of occupants,
furniture and other equipment of a building. The purpose of making different floor in
different level of a building is to create more accommodation within limited space.
Floor should be strong, durable, damp prove and heat protected.

Lintel & Sunshade:

Lintel is provided for the purpose of supporting wall above door or window opening.
Sunshade is generally combined with lintel above window opening to protect rain &
sun. Step & Stair: Stair is made for easy communication among various floors of a
building. Stair consists of steps. steps height should be comfortable enough for vertical
movement.

Roof:
The top most part of a building is the roof. Roof is build for the purpose of enclosing
and protect the living area/floor area from weather effect. Roof should be stable,
durable and weather resistant. There are also others structural parts of a building.

Such as water tank, septic tank and parapet etc. Septic tank and under ground water
tank is completely separate structural part and not included in building structure. But,
parapet and overhead water tank are parts of building structure.

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Details of project

Name of Project
Gents and Ladies toilet block

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Location
Deen Dyal Dham PHC at Farah Mathura UP

Task 1

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Study the plan and section of the project.

A plan is a set of construction or working drawings that define all the construction
specifications of a building such as dimensions, materials, layouts, installation
methods and techniques. a floor plan is a drawing to scale, showing a view from above,
of the relationships between rooms, spaces, traffic patterns, and other physical features
at one level of a structure.

Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall
lengths. Floor plans may also include details of fixtures like sinks, water heaters,
furnaces, etc

Following points are noted after study plan:-

 Area of structure (length and breadth) and projection
 Size and number of toilet
o 2 nos 1000*1500
o 2 nos 1500*1000
 Thickness & length of wall
o Load bearing wall thickness is 230mm

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o Partition wall thickness 115mm and height 2200mm

 Doors and ventilator position and dimensions.
o Doors D1 2nos & D2 4nos and show to direction of opening of doors
o Ventilator with exhaust 2nos 1000*500
 Other fixtures and fitting.
o 4nos WC
o 3nos Urinals
o 3Nos Wash basin

Cross section
A cross section, also simply called a section, represents a vertical plane cut through
the object, in the same way as a floor plan is a horizontal section viewed from the
top. In the section view, everything cut by the section plane is shown as a bold line,
often with a solid fill to show objects that are cut through, and anything seen
beyond generally shown in a thinner line. Sections are used to describe the
relationship between different levels of a building.
Following points are noted after study plan:
 It show the depth of the footing i.e 1000mm
 Details of foundation
o Type of footing Brick Wall footing
o PCC (thickness 75mm & width 775mm)
o Number of steps =3 and offsets dimension 57.5mm
 Position of FGL and FFL
 Plinth beam
o Dimension 230*300 & 150*250
o Reinforcement detail
o DPC and grade of concrete M25(1:1.5:3)
 thickness of PCC and earth filling
 Plaster thickness =12mm
 Slab
o Thickness=125 mm
o Reinforcement details i.e spacing ,diameter of bars, bending etc

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 Parapet wall dimension 300mm

Task 2
Listing down the steps involved in construction of projects
i) Site clearance
ii) Layout
iii) Excavation and dressing
iv) Erecting form work
v) Laying of PCC
vi) Construction of wall footing
vii) Backfilling
viii) Formwork for plinth beam
ix) Bending and placement of reinforcement
x) Concrete pouring for RCC
xi) Dpc laying
xii) Wall construction
xiii) Lintel construction
xiv) Fixing of ventilator and door frame
xv) Shuttering/formwork and reinforcement for slab
xvi) Slab concreting
xvii) Electric & water fitting
xviii) Parapet wall
xix) Fixing door and ventilator
xx) Floor finishing
xxi) Painting
xxii) Sanitary fixtures fitting
xxiii) Finishing
 After listing the construction steps Develop the relationships among the
activities. Decide which activities must precede and which must follow others
 Draw the "Network" connecting all the activities.

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Chapter 3

Tanks
 Tanks are used to store fluids. In refinery tanks are used in store crude oil
and its various products like petrol ,diesel etc. foundation of the tank is deep
foundation and roof used will be two type
1. fixed roof
2. floating roofs
Dyke wall is constructed around the tank. Due to risk of failure of storage
tanks and primary piping systems, means must be provided to contain the
spills. The containment for petroleum storage tanks is in the form of Dyked
enclosures.

Water
Water is used in refinery for mainly 3 purpose
1.Drinking
2 Fire extinguishing
3.Cooling water system
Pipes are used in facilities to transport liquids and gasses from one place to another,
both short and long distances. Most facilities have dozens of pipes moving different
things around the facility, so it is important to be able to keep track of what is in

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each pipe and where it is going. This is where pipe color-coding can become
essential. E.g Sky-blue pipe with green band represent drinking water pipe.

Thermal insulation
Insufficient or poor insulation can be tremendous of loss of energy. So thermal
Insulation is often defined as, “A major tool in improving energy availability”.

Basic objective is to retard flow of heat:

 From a hot surface to cold environment

 From an warm environment to cold surface

Material used for thermal insulation

1. LRBM lightly resin bonded matrix

2. Aluminum sheets

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first LRBM is wrapped around the pipe then aluminum sheet is cladded with screws;

RCC Road
Road is wide way leading from one place to another, especially one with a specially
prepared surface which vehicles can use.
Concrete surfaces roads are created using a concrete mix of Portland cement, coarse
aggregate, sand and water. In virtually all modern mixes there will also be various
admixtures added to increase workability, reduce the required amount of water,
mitigate harmful chemical reactions and for other beneficial purposes.

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 In project a reinforced cement concrete road with drain is constructed on

preexisted earthen road.
 Grade of concrete is M25
 Camber or cant is the cross slope provided to raise middle of the road surface
in the transverse direction to drain off rain water from road surface. Camber
provided 1% mean 1 vertical 100 horizontal.
 To prevent thermal expansion joints are provided after every 18m c/c
 Minimum slope are provided in drain to drain the rain water to nearest
stream. Minimum slope provided is 1in 1000.

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Conclusion

Overall, I had a fantastic experience while training with the engineers of IOCL. I
feel extremely fortunate to be a part of the Maharatna Company of India for 6
weeks. This summer training helped me grow a lot and get a deeper look into the
construction field. The summer training program in IOCL is unique because of more
exposure we get in the company. The training has provided with much needed field
exposure to shape my thinking in a better way as professional making me lot to
making me a lot capable to face the challenge of life.

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