B.J.

B AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE IN THE FORM OF

RETAIL SALES ON LITERACY AND
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR DEGREE OF B.A. ECO. (H),B.J.B.
AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE
PAPER – DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE-4(PROJECT PAPER)

SUBMITTED BY – GUIDED BY –
SAYONEE BALIARSINGH DR. MADHUBRATA SATPATHY
+3 3RD YEAR ECONOMICS (HONS) ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (ECO)
ROLL NO – BA16-016
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Impact of E-commerce in the form of
retail sales on literacy and unemployment rate” submitted by Sayonee
Baliarsingh, Roll No – BA-16-016 of +3 3rd Year Arts for the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Economics
Honours) is an original and authentic work. The project has not been submitted
earlier for any other degree.

I wish her every success in future endeavours.

Dr. Madhubrata Satpathy Dr. Bishnu priya Mishra

Assistant Professor Head of Economics Dept.
BJB Autonomous College BJB Autonomous College
Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work with the title “IMPACT OF E-
COMMERCE IN FORM OF RETAIL SALES ON LITERACY AND
UMEPLOYMENT RATE” submitted by me for the partial fulfillment of the
degree of B.A. Honours in ECONOMICS under B.J.B. (A) College is my
original work and has not been submitted earlier to any other
University/Institution for the fulfillment of the requirement for any course of
study.
I also declare that no chapter of this manuscript in whole or in part has been
incorporated in this report from any earlier work done by others or by me.
However, extracts of any literature which has been used for this report has been
duly acknowledged providing details of such literature in the references.

It has no commercial implication and is done only for academic purpose.

SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT SPECIFIED SIGNATURE OF GUIDE

CONCERNED

Sayonee Baliarsingh Dr. Madhubrata Satpathy

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. PRASANNA

KUMAR MOHANTY, Principal, B.J.B. AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, for his
cordial support as he gave the permission to use all required equipment and the
necessary material to complete the project.

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regard to my

guide Asst. Professor Dr.Madhubrata Satpathy, B.J.B. AUTONOMOUS
COLLEGE, for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of this project. The blessing, help and
guidance given by her from time to time shall carry me a long way in the
journey of life on which I am about to embark.

Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents and friends for their constant

encouragement without which this project would not be possible.

Sayonee Baliarsingh
Roll No – BA16-016
+3 3rd Year Economics Hons.
BJB Autonomous College

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 ABSTRACT

This paper reveals the importance of ecommerce in Indian economy. As we all

know India is among the fastest growing economy of the world , thus it is very
much important to have government intervention and huge investment inflow in
form of Foreign direct investment in large economy like India to stabilise and
increase the growth of ecommerce industry in the economy. In India with the
digital penetration has increased significantly, according to statistical data
internet use has increased to 429.23 million user in India and is expected to
reach around 830m by year 2021 .“There has been significant rise of e
commerce in India, as India’s internet economy is 125 billion dollar in 2017. In
this paper we will look towards the role of government in ecommerce industry
and also look towards the various barriers of e commerce in Indian aspects.“In
this research paper we will talk mainly about B2C Ecommerce and its
percentage of gross domestic product in Indian economy. we will also talk
about entrepreneurs roles and decreasing value of ease of doing business in
India as India in 2017 ranked in 100th position from 132th position out of 190
countries in 2008” . For a country such as India, one of the most important
advantages of e-commerce is its potential to help developing rural areas to leap-
frog into the knowledge paradigm. “E- Commerce is great platform not only to
develop infrastructure but also increase employment rates in India and thus
overall impact in increasing economic and social growth in Indian economy.”

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 CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1 PAGENO.
1.1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 9
1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 10

CHAPTER-2
2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12

CHAPTER-3
3.1 ADVANTAGES of E-COMMERCE 16
3.2 EVOLUTION OF E-COMMERCE 18
3.2 GOVT.INITIATIVES SUPPORTING 19
E- COMMERCE GROWTH IN INDIA

CHAPTER- 4
4.1 SNAPSHOT OF E-COMMERCE IN INDIA 23
4.2 PRESENT TRENDS OF E-COMMERCE IN INDIA 30
4.3 RETAIL E-COMMERCE IN INDIA 36
4.4 E-COMMERCE REVENUE 40
4.5 PROBLEM FORMULATION 43

CHAPTER-5
5.1 CHALLENGES FACED BY E-COMMERCE 47

CHAPTER 6
6.1 FINDINGS 51
6.2 CONCLUSION 52
6.3 SUGGESTIONS 54
6.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY 55

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CHAPTER:1

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1.1 INTRODUCTION

Today e-commerce has become an important part of daily life. Accessibility to

e-commerce platforms is not a privilege but rather a necessity for most people,
particularly in the urban areas. There are alternative e-commerce platforms
available (instead of the traditional physical platforms) for almost every aspect
of our lives, starting from purchasing of everyday household items to online
brokerage.” As in 21st century as internet has become most important and
frequently and most necessity device, it will surely race to achieve more growth
and sales via internet. “According to eMarketer, worldwide retail Ecommerce
sales will reach $1.915 trillion by the end of 2019 . with increase in digital
penetration all across the globe and cheap and frequent easy accessibly of
internet , it is prone to increase the growth of ecommerce all across the world ,
meanwhile lot of traditional people are quite worried and tensed with change in
pattern of sale via internet” , with the availability of cheap and high speed
internet with variety and security options , lot of individual and firms have
connected their business with e-commerce.(As in recent world it is highly
impossible to grow without being available online . Thus to grow more and earn
higher profit it is highly recommended to have proper structure availability and
easy accessibility of online sites , because it not only determines profit and no.
of users but also determines the ranking and position of enterprise of the firm in
overall business world .

E-commerce businesses may also employ some or all of the followings:

- Online shopping web sites for retail sales direct to consumers
- Providing or participating in online marketplaces, which process third-party
business-to-consumer or consumer-to-consumer sales
- Business-to-business buying and selling;
- Gathering and using demographic data through web contacts and social
media
- Business-to-business (B2B) electronic data interchange

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 - Marketing to prospective and established customers by e-mail or fax (for
example, with newsletters)
- Engaging in retail for launching new products and services
- Online financial exchanges for currency exchanges or trading purposes.

According to an associated chamber of commerce and industry of India survey

the online retail market in India may has declined on 2017 due to GST and
demonetization effect from 70 billion as per 2015 survey. India has always been
a land of great potential. with the population of over 100 crores the country has
improved many folds after independence and is now emerging as one of the
leading countries of the world with the growth rate of above 6.5%. as
technology is spreading to the remotest village and many job opportunities are
presenting themselves through the unemployed youth. so more and more people
are gaining awareness. Many sites IN INDIAN PORTAL are now selling a
diverse range of products and services from flowers, greeting cards, and movie
tickets to groceries, electronic gadgets, and computers, etc.
With stock exchanges coming online the time for true e-commerce in India has
finally arrived.

Also in this research paper I will focused about the growth and pattern of e-
commerce in India and its sales and impact in Indian economy, of all different
types of e-commerce , my research paper restricts its study to mainly b2c types
of business and its social impact also in India via sales of e-commerce in India.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of present study are:

India is one of the largest growing economy of the world. There is heavy use of
internet among Indian citizens. The main basic objective of this research paper
are -

1. To get to know how advantageous is E-commerce for economic growth.

2. To study the trends in e-commerce.
3. To understand the total retail sales.
4. To depict the overall performance of e-commerce.
5. To know Government initiatives and different scheme in growth of e-
commerce in India.
6. Impact of e-commerce on literacy rate and unemployment rate in India.
7.To determine the obstacles or challenges faced in the E-commerce sector.

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1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

THIS IS A THEORITICAL REVIEWED WORK AND THE STUDY IS

BASED MAINLY ON THE LITERATURE AVAILABLE IN CONNECTION
WITH THE E COMMERCE OF INDIA. THE AVAILABLE BOOKS,
DIFFERENT MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS, JOURNAL, TABLES,
GRAPHS, ETC. HAVE BEEN CONSULTED TO STUDY. INFORMATION
COLLECTED ARE BASICALLY SECONDARY IN NATURE PUBLISHED
IN VARIOUS JOURNALS AND REPORTS OF GOVT. INSTITUTIONS.

 Method Of Data Collection: Secondary data – various research papers

of similar type have been referred to check the format and the type of
graphs for analysation of data .Other than this , various websites
containing relevant data are used to collect data which is interpreted
further for data analysis

 Type Of Research Design: The research is descriptive and exploratory

research . Descriptive in the sense that it establish relationship between
literacy rate of the country and given parameter. Exploratory research in
the sense that it collects data from various parameter and tends to
establish a cause and effect relationship between the parameter.

 Parameter : - Different parameter is used to establish relationship

between the indicators . literacy rate , m-commerce sale , growth of
internet , unemployment rate and other such indicators are used to
establish clear understanding about indicators.

 Data Representation :-The data collected is represented in form of Table

, graph , pie charts and X-Y graphs .

 Data technique – To establish clear understanding and relationship

among indicators SPIERMAN RANK CO-RELANTION AND
PEARSON CO- RELATION is used in this research paper .

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CHAPTER:2

11 | P a g e
2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 Shebazbano Salim Khan , S. N. Borhade , and Mainuddin S. Shaikh

in their paper “Impact of e-Commerce on Indian Market: Social and
Economic Impact” study how Electronic commerce (e-commerce) as part
of IT insurrection became major part in the world deal in general and
Indian economy in exacting. The Paper discovers the economic and social
impact of e-commerce.( E-commerce, is currently rising at 30%
.shopping site ebay Inc. Is growing at 60%. The number of customers of
the company has augmented from one million users to 2.5 million in
India; in the last four years. Some of the popular imported items imported
by Indians include home decor, branded and unbranded apparel,
accessories, and technology products.”)

 Malhotra and Singh studied the determinants of Internet banking

adoption by banks in India. Panel data of 88 banks in India covering the
financial years 1997–1998 to 2004–2005 was collected through CMIE
(Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy) database. Logistic regression
analysis was used, the dependent variable is categorical with a value of 1
if a bank adopted Internet banking during the study period and 0
otherwise. Independent variables included in the study are firm size, firm
age, bank deposits ratio, average wages, expenses (fixed assets &
premises), ROA (ratio of average net profits to average assets), market
share, average number of branches, percentage of banks adopted Internet
banking. The results of the study prove that Bank type (Private), firm
size, bank deposits ratio, firm age, market share, average number of
branches, percentage of banks adopted
Internet banking and expenses, are found to be significant in adoption
decision. Wage and ROA are found to be insignificant. This study
contributes to the empirical literature on diffusion of financial
innovations, particularly Internet banking in Indian context. Most of the
study on adoption of technology was related to developed markets like
US and Europe, this study is an important contribution to evolving
literature as it dealt the problem of technology adoption in developing
country context.

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 Mustafa Yapar and sedabayrakdar in their research thesis entitled
“The Role of Taxation Problems on the Development of
Ecommerce”talked about how important e-commerce in our daily lives .
The impacts of globalization, and rapid developments are, experienced in
knowledge and technology raises level of e-commerce. E-commerce
provides businesses to sell their goods and services with a different
method around the world and admits, to consumers to access goods and
services easily. Taxation of e-commerce is an important, issue for
countries, businesses and consumers who want to be a party of e-
commerce. The issues such as tax loss and tax evasion are crucial in
terms of countries. Difficulties like, uncertainty and double taxation make
parties of e-commerce reluctant and affect development of e-commerce
negatively. In this study, the role of taxation problems on the
development of ecommerce will be examined. We will ,aim to focus on
,how e-commerce can be developed with proper tax regulations.

 Tarafdar and Vaidya examined the factors that determine the

organizational inclination to adopt E-Commerce (EC). The study
proposes a framework based on the qualitative data on four financial
firms in India collected through multiple case study design. Face to face
interview was used to collect primary data and existing database,
company documents, press reports and websites are used to collect
secondary data. The framework describes two broad factors leadership
characteristics and organizational characteristics—to explain the
influence of organizational factors on the propensity to employ EC
technologies. The study found that both leadership and organizational
characteristic influence EC adoption. It establishes that leadership
characteristics influence adoption of EC technologies in centralized
organization and organizational characteristics influence EC adoption in
de-centralized organization. The study also found that characteristics of
Information Systems professional and organization structure influence
EC adoption.

 Panagariya (2000) reported that access to e-commerce, which in the

WTO parlance The following studies are reviewed in the following
section. Arvind often means access to e-exports, has two components that
must be distinguished sharply. Access to Internet services and access to
services that can be traded electronically. The former deals with to access
to Internet infrastructure while the latter relates to specific commitments
in electronically tradable services. E-commerce offers unprecedented
opportunities to both developing and developed countries. In the short

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 run, the gain is likely to be concentrated in developed countries have
more to benefit. This is because, in the short run, developing countries
lack the infrastructure necessary to take full advantage of Internet. For
many countries, especially developing ones in these countries, most
consumers do not have computers or Internet access. A likely scenario,
therefore, is one in which a handful of independent entrepreneurs will
receive the product by Internet, convert it into physical form such as CDs
and sell the latter to consumers. But this activity may itself be costly
using up real resources. Buy in the long run. They can Leapfrog, skipping
some of the stages in the development of Information Technology
through which developed countries have had to pass.

 Andrew D. Mitchell (2001) examined the key issues that electronic

commerce poses for Global trade, using as a starting point the General
Agreement on trade in services (GATS), the World Trade Organization
(WTO) agreement most relevant to e-commerce. Nir B. Kshetri (2001)
This paper attempts to identified and synthesized the available evidence
on predictors of magnitude, global distribution and forms of e-commerce.
The analysis indicated that the twin forces of globalization and major
revolutions in ICT are fueling the rapid growth of global e-commerce.

 Prithviraj Dasgupta and Kasturi Sengupta (2002) reported that the

recent growth of Internet Infrastructure and Introduction of economic
reforms in the Insurance sector have opened up the monopolistic Indian
Insurance market to competition from foreign alliances. Although the
focus of e-commerce has been mainly on business to consumer (B2C)
applications the emphasis is now shifting towards business to business
(B2B) applications. The Insurance Industry provides an appropriate
model that combines both B2C and B2B applications.

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CHAPTER 3:

15 | P a g e
3.1 ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE

1: Enhances convenience:

Customers can make orders for goods at their own convenience and from the
comfort of their homes without having to travel to the business premise. Orders
are also delivered to them at their most ideal locations. It’s the best shopping
option for people who are always busy.

2: 24/7 Potential Income

One of the advantages of ecommerce is that online stores are always open for
business. With your Facebook ads, you can attract someone at 11 p.m. or 4 a.m.
Most physical location stores are open between 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. By being
available at all hours, you can attract people who would normally pick up a
product in stores, if the store were open. You can also attract those who may
have odd work schedules or who don’t have time to shop in-person. For a
customer to order at night, you don’t need to have employees working the night
shift to ensure all orders get processed. You’ll never need to hire a security
guard.

3: Sell Internationally:

Next on the list of ecommerce benefits is that a new brand can sell to customers
around the world easily. You have the ability to discover your audience whether
they’re in the U.K., South America, or neighboring countries. If you choose to
dropship from AliExpress, many products offer affordable ePacket shipping or
free shipping. This allows you to price and ship your products competitively to
a worldwide audience.

4: Personalized Online Experience:

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Website personalization, one of the online business advantages, can enhance the
online shopping experience. Or segment email lists based on purchases made,
location or even how much money a customer spent. You can also retarget a
customer who visited your store showing them an ad for a product they added to
their cart and forgot about. If your online business has a login feature, you can
have a welcome message appear such as ‘Welcome back (name).’ Product
bundles can help the customer buy more for a better price increasing average
order value. You can also personalize upsells based on what the customer has
looked at or what you think they might like based on their purchase behavior.

5: Allows for product and price comparison:

Again, when making purchases, customers want to get the best deals. This
business model allows for product and price comparison by consumers so that
the best products are bought at the fairest prices. They can also enjoy extra
benefits like discounts, coupons, items on sale and also get the best deals.

6. Prompt payments:

Payments are fast since online stores use electronic or mobile transactions
payment methods. The mobile wallet system for merchant accounts drive up
sales and increase revenue generation.

7: Efficient:

E-commerce has the advantage of being efficient. Resources are used efficiently
since most of the business services are automated. Business owners sometimes
spend a lot of resources meeting business needs and this eats into profits. E-
commerce thrives on efficiency.

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3.2 EVOLUTION OF E-COMERCE
Commerce has evolved over the centuries. Prior to the evolution of money it
was the simple “barter process” where things could be exchanged, say milk for
grains. The evolution of money brought with it, the concept of a
“marketplace”. In a marketplace, Commerce is function of 4 P’s – Product,
Price, Place and Promotions. All these four components play a vital role in a
transaction to take place. Different combinations of 4Ps determine different
forms of Commerce. Once the marketplace came into existence, a few pioneers
realized that people would be ready to pay extra if they could deliver products at
the customer’s doorstep. A slight modification on Price and Place led to the
convenience of getting products at their homes. This concept delighted the
customers and thus, the concept of “Street Vendors” was born. When the
Postal System came into being the sellers decided to cash in on the new
opportunity and started using mailers giving description of their products. It led
to the concept of “Mail Order Cataloguing”. From here, the evolution of the
“Tele shopping” networks were thus inevitable with the development of media
vehicles. The latest generation of commerce is one that can be done over the
internet. Internet provides a virtual platform where sellers and buyers can come
in contact for sale and purchase of goods and services. They can be thousands of
miles apart, may belong to different parts of the world, might speak different
languages, “E-Commerce” emerged as the boundary-less trade medium in the
era of globalization.

The Driving Force Behind E-commerce

The growing population and demographics of India will probably be the major
driving force behind the explosion of e-commerce in the near future. According
to the IAMAI, India had 213 million internet users in 2013 – which was
projected to reach the 300 million mark by end of 2014. With this projection,
India will attain the position of the second-largest internet base in the world
after China (600 million) and ahead of the United States’ internet users (207
million).
Although internet users in India may not log on very frequently, you may want
to believe that this scenario will change soon with the increase in the usage of
smartphones and tablets, and 3G and 4G broadband coverage expansion.
Nearly 65 percent of respondents indulge in online shopping simply for the
convenience. However, 62 percent reported displeasure with an online shopping
experience. So, there might have been some apparent deterrents of shopping
online, but e-commerce has its own charm.

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3.3 Government Initiatives Supporting The E-
Commerce Growth In India –
The role of government in increasing the the growth of e-commerce is very
important and plays huge role in the growth of e-commerce in Indian market . It
is the government policies and reforms which not only affects the foreign
investment and mindset of investors across the globe, but it is the people who
also affects from the governmental policies. since 1991 when government of
India opened its economy with the introduction of LPG (Liberalization ,
privatization and globalization ) the Indian people started enjoying the benefits
of open economy Since 1995 when internet was first introduced for e-commerce
purpose in India . Since 2014 government of India has announced various
initiatives namely
 Digital India
 Make in India
 Start-up-India
 Skill India
 Innovation fund

The proper functioning of and effective implementation of these program will

certainly boost the growth trend of e-commerce in India .
 In the union budget of 2017-18 government has allocated us$1.55 billion
to BharatNetproject . According to which village will also be accessible
to high speed internet and Wi-Fi hotspots and digital services at very low
tariff in rural and panchayatlevels .
 Government of India has announced the launch of BHIM app, it will
increase the digital payment in the country .it has been adopted by more
than 12.5 million people of India . For promotion of this app government
of India has announced 2 scheme for promotion of this app. they are -
1- Referral bonus scheme for individual
2- Cashback scheme for merchants
 The government of India has distributed rewards worth of RS 153.5 crore
to more than 1 million citizens or say customers for embracing digital
payment under scheme of Lucky GrahakYojana and Digi –
dhanvyaparyojana.
 Government Of India has put lot of money and reforms which have
impacted in growth of e-commerce in India . Not only growth but also
has increased the standard of living of people. With the unemployment
rate decreasing and rate of literacy is increasing over time , one thing

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 which Gov. of India is currently focusing is on growth of entrepreneurs in
India . Thus start up India is encouraging growth young entrepreneurs.
Thus government of India has also launched various initiatives like
UDAAN , UMANG , START-UP INDIA PORTAL etc
 The government of India has taken steps to provide funds through “ Fund
of Funds” scheme which is actively working in Indian scenario and thus
helping out MSME also .
 Role of FDI plays important role in the growth of e-commerce industry in
India . Earlier investment rate in India was considerably very low which
thus signifies low e-commerce growth across nation. Since FDI IN B2B
e-commerce is 100% FDI allowance which means more investment, but
FDI in B2C is still restricted because of governmental norms. Despite of
all the government restrictions investments are made in Indian market
because there are lot of opportunity in Indian market which can be be
proper utilized can lead to more profits thus investment and FDI polices
have an huge impact . investors like
1. Idgvc Partners
2. Tiger Global Management
3. Accel Partners
Are some of the major investors in e-commerce industry in India under
government e-commerce policies. In India 2015 , there was highest ever funding
with $11.3B . Though in India FDI in multi brand retail companies is not
allowed yet , Though some firms uses PROMOTIONAL FUNDING which is
an indirect route for funding when FDI is restricted is prevalent in India . Thus
100% FDI in B2C is good start for investors to know the market size and
opportunity in Indian market and thus more investment and FDI will surely
increase the growth of e-commerce in Indian market .
 RESERVE BANK OF INDIA has decided to allow “inter-operability”
among prepaid payment instruments (PPIs) such as e-wallets will
encourage cashless economy and thus eventually more use of e-
commerce in Indian market .
 TAX SYSTEM AND INTRODUCTION OF GST is another government
incentive/ scheme which will increase e-commerce growth in India in
coming years .with the unified tax system it decreases the cascading of
tax which in return simplifies the supply chain management side of e-
commerce also . thus e-tailing becomes easier and sometimes in some
industry cheaper also which gives manufactures and retailer to expand
their business across India . With uniformity in tax , it will help in
expanding the positive side of e-commerce across India and thus will not
favour any particular state . Though in India TIER1 cities are more prone
of e-commerce as their average order value is RS – 1544 and in TIER 2 is
RS 1157 and RS 1033 in TIER3 cities in India according to IBEF report
(source – ibef.com) . Thus Tax system also plays important part in e-
20 | P a g e
 commerce growth in India . India ranked 119th position in 190 countries
in estimator of “paying taxes” thus which needs to be decreased .thus
because of which business becomes hard and difficult for retailers and
thus investors doesn‟t willing to invest more .
 E-GOVERNENCE is another important scheme or initiative taken by
government of India . It will also boost the e-commerce growth and thus
will also bring transparency among the citizens of India . India in EGDI
index ranked very low were UNITED KINGDOM AND AUSTRILIA
have highest rank in EGDI with index score of 0.92 and 0.91
respectively.
 Government of India to set up apex cybercrime coordination centre . –
after having 1,44,496 cyber security attacks in India during 2014-16 there
is plan to set up cybercrime coordination centre which will help in
resolving the issues of cybercrime and thus try to nullify it . states should
also open district level cybercrime coordination centre in order to
increase efficiency and resolve issues and increase e-commerce growth in
India.

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CHAPTER:4

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4.1 SNAPSHOT OF E-COMMERCE INDUSTRY IN INDIA:

E-commerce in India is fastest growing economy of the world. Indian E-

commerce is growing at an annual rate of 51% , the highest in the world and is
expected to jump from $30b in 2016 to $120billion by ( 2020 ) (source –
assocham –forrester study paper ).With $680b in online retail sales in 2016,
china is largest E-commerce market globally, followed by United States and
then India.”In India though there were use of e-commerce even before 1990s,
but their contribution were significantly negligible. Recently a lot of blue chip
PE firms have invested a huge money on India e-commerce as there is
significantly huge potential and opportunity to success. “In India 100 percent
FDI is permitted in B2B e-commerce and thus shows the government intention
and contribution towards e-commerce industry in India . The growth of e-
commerce in India highly dependent on the following sub factors that do have
an impact on Indian economy when it comes about
e-commerce industry in India” .

 some of these factor are –

1- Participation of niche companies in online trading

2- Unmatched FDI
3- Uniform GST

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FIG. 1 source – (economic times , pwc,financial express )

Indian e-commerce industry has been an upward growth trajectory and is

expected to surpass U.S to become largest e E-commerce market in the world
by 2034 . India is at cusp of digital revolution.” Internet has become important
part of major population mainly because:-

1- Decrease in the subsequent price of broadband subscription price.

2- Change in urban India’s changing lifestyle
4- Convenience of online shopping

To the survey of onlineslaes.ai about Indian market, they stated that e-

commerce in India is growing at very high rate and is expected to account
around 1.61% of global GDP by 2020. According to onlinesales.ai they found
out that some of significant no. related to e-commerce in Indian market they
were –
 100+ retail clients
 1.4+ million purchases
 2+ million transaction

The above number not only shows not only how good their contribution is
Indian market , but also talked about their high degree of dependence in
Indian economy and its contribution in India GDP. According to NASSCOM ,
India online market share increased at over 19 percent last calendar year
which touch around estimated US$33 Billion in 2020.

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  Digital penetration in Indian economy :

In India smartphone penetration rate are increasing over years , with the
increasing role of and importance of internet and digitalization , it is thus very
much needed to have an active smartphone with proper internet connection ,,
With the increase of role of e-commerce in India , and its high contribution and
increasing of e-commerce share in total retail sale .As of 2015 , 18.21% of
India‟s overall population owned a smartphone that is around to be at 39% by
2019 (Source – stastia.com)This increase in smartphone penetration in India is
done by the point that India’s share of the global smartphone market is forecast
to more than triple between 2013-17 to reach .”

FIG.2 ( Source – statstia.com )

With the increase in number of smartphone and good connectivity of internet it

is thus much needed factor to increase e-commerce influence in the Indian
economy. The above graph depicts increase in digital penetration in India , from
30% in 2014 to be expected 64% by 2019 , Availability of large number of
electrical appliances and its positive influences has guided towards such an
increasing trend .With the increase in digital penetration, it thus according to(
stastia.com ) that we should know where did the population , what they did with
the increase of digital penetration increments .

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 (Source – statista.com)

FIG.3

 Internet Penetration In India:

According to NATIONAL REPORT OF E-COMMERCE DEVELOPMENT IN

INDIA, it was clearly stated that there is increase in internet penetration in India
to very large extent. Internet user increases to 429.23 Million in 2017 which is
expected to take a huge upward trend to 829 million in 2021 , which will thus
help internet economy of India to grow significantly . With the increase of
digital penetration and increase of internet penetration in Indian context, it was
thus needed to link between the growth and impact of e-commerce in context of
Indian scenario.” With the increase in digital buyer, it was quite clear the
internet penetration will thus also ultimately rise to certain extent, also as we
have studied in earlier paper that m-commerce has also increased significantly
thus lead to growth in m-commerce. Thus with the advancement of technology
and increase in share of smartphone and internet operators it was quite clear that
internet penetration was much needed to make a more significant impact on the
Indian market.

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FIG. 4 Source – (statista.com)

According to figure, there is a significant rise in internet penetration in India , as

with the increase of e-commerce sales in India , it thus because of internet
penetration has increased . Thus though internet operator also plays important
role , thus availability of 2G,3G,4G in India and also price of subscription fee of
these network operates are comparatively quite low Thus , which results in a
overall increase,e in a internet penetration in India . India ranked second among
all the countries which have internet users in 2016 .in 2016 India had
391,292,635 internet users which accounts 29.55% percent of population .
Though India being a vast demographic country only 29.55% accounts not to be
significantly encouraging. As , when compared to percentage of internet users ,
India ranked 143 , which not only shows large population of India is not
utilizing the internet , which not only opens room for technical advancement but
also talks about lack of infrastructure and technology prevalent in India . It also
talked about poor social and political influence in India , As large variety of
people mainly rural or poor people still do not know the positive side of internet
implications in the market , and how significant theses data talked about the
developing nation like India . Though the major problem is poverty and
unemployment which still remain a main factor for lack of standard of living
and poor knowledge and awareness among citizens of India .”

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  Gender Distribution of internet users -

FIG.5 (Source – UNICEF REPORT )

According to this report UNICEF it was given that male are most dominant
gender when it comes to use of e-commerce. Around 71% of population are that
uses are male in 2015 , that means there are only 29% of female e-commerce
users in India as of 2015 . This report talked highly about the position of women
in Indian society and thus concerns everyone about the social status given to
women in Indian scenario. The above data not only talked about e-commerce
growth and sales in India , but thus also talked about the poor literacy rate in
India among women’s and how poverty and unemployment have impacted
hugely on the growth of women in increasing their standard of living in Indian
society .” Another reports suggests that men buys 3x more goods online than
women .Though age structure of people is also using e-commerce is very much
important , which we will study in this research paper in the next section . Thus
India ranked 141st when it comes to percentage of population using internet
to2nd in most internet users in India to only 29% of women‟s in them pretty
much talked about the Indian scenario itself .”

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  Age distribution of people using Internet

FIG 6 (SOURCE – UNICEF REPORT)

The above report talked about how different age group people use mode of
internet to buy or sales good thus lead to have an impact on Indian economy
when it comes to e-commerce sector. Though we can easily intercept from the
above figure that people categorized under age group 15-27 years account 37%
of total e-commerce sales in India and people under age group 28-34 years
accounts 38% of e-commerce sales in India . Thus any e-commerce industry
aiming for high revenue should focus on the following age group and their
necessity products and thus can not only bring growth of the firm but thus will
lead to more advancement in innovation and technology which will ultimately
have positive impact on Indian market .” we shall study about the growth of e-
commerce in India and its trend of increase of e-commerce in Indian market .
This research paper restricts the study to only B2C e-commerce sales and thus
all the data given below are of B2C e-commerce types.

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4.2 Presents Trends of E-Commerce in India

India is developing rapidly and if development is to be measured, how can we

ignore the role of ecommerce in it. The internet user base in India might still be
a mere 151 million which is much less when compared to its penetration in the
US or UK but it's surely expanding at an alarming rate. At 151 million total
Internet users, the Internet penetration in India remains at 12.6% India now has
the 3rd largest Internet population with 151 million in the world after China at
568 million and USA at 254 million (in 2013). Considering the annual rate of
growth 41-43% India is expected to cross 375 million unique internet users by
end of 2015.The number of new entrants in this sphere is escalating daily and
with growth rate reaching its zenith; it can be presumed that in years to come,
customary retailers will feel the need to switch to online business. Insights into
increasing demand for broadband services, rising standards of living,
availability of wider product ranges, reduced prices and busy lifestyles reveal
this fact more prominently thereby giving way to online deals on gift vouchers.
Going by the statistics, according to a study by the Internet & Mobile
Association of India and KPMG, Indian ecommerce was projected to grow to
$12.6 billion by the end of this year. By 2020, it is expected to contribute
around 4 per cent to GDP. Currently, the Internet penetration in India stands at
11 per cent of the population, a third of the world average.

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FIGURE: 7A.
internet users in millions and penetration in % in various countries
(source: digitalinsights.com)

FIGURE:7B.
Total size of industry of various categories of e-commerce with their incomes
from 2009-2013 in the month of December

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  Online travelling

Online Travelling has on an average grown by 32% from INR 14,953 Crores in
2009 to INR 34,544 Crores in 2012 and by another 30% to and was valued at
INR 44,907 Crores by the end of December 2013.

FIG. 8

Description: 50% has been bagged by domestic airlines in online travelling

whereas 1% is bagged by tour packages.

 E-tailing:

The e-Tailing category has grown from INR 1,550 Crores in the year 2009 (Jan-
Dec 2009) to INR 6,454 Crores in year 2012 (Jan-Dec 2012) and it crossed the
INR 10,000 crore mark in the year 2013.

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FIG.9

Description:
With laptops/netbooks/tablets being high with 25% in the e tailing category
whereas, 3% of home furnishings.

 Financial services:

Financial services market was valued at INR 2,886 Crores in 2012 and grew by
25% and reach INR 3,607 Crores by the end of year 2013.

FIG.10

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Description: the pie chart shows the different segments of the financial services,
where 40% is bagged by the utility bills payments and the least out of all the 3
is by insurance related services with 29%.

 Classified:

Classifieds market has seen a significant growth and is estimated at INR 2,354
Crores in 2012 and reached to INR 3,061 Crores by the end of year 2013.

FIG. 11

Description:
Online jobs with 58% being in the highest accepted category in the
classifieds market.

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  Mode of payment:

Majority of the online shoppers use Debit cards/Internet banking as their

preferred mode of payment for shopping online. Payment through credit cards,
follow closely at second position and Cash on Delivery on third position.

FIG. 12

Description:
Here the graph shows net banking has been accepted with 30% in the mode
of payment while cash on delivery has just got 24% contribution.

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4.3 Retail E-Commerce in India a closer look

Retail category penetration has increased to 60% reach and has grown to 47.9
million unique visitors a month. The growth has come across all retail
categories and most of them show promising transactions and conversion rates
along with growth in visitors. The top retail sites in India have each seen a
growth of over 100% in the last 12 months.

(Source: digitalinsights.com)

FIG. 13

The first graph shows the retail visitors for online marketing from July 2011 to
January 2013, which has increased in a large margin.

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The second graph shows the various online retail sites having different % of
retail visitors, with amazon having the highest visitors.

 Amazon is the most visited retail site with most of the traffic spilt among
Amazon.com and Junglee.com.

 Flipkart leads the way among the online retailers in India with 7.4
million unique visitors a month, growing at 431% annually.

 Snap deal has been close second with 6.9 million unique.

 Jabong and Myntra have been competing closely in the lifestyle

category with over 5.3 million unique each.

 HomeShop18 has over 4 million unique a month.

 Retail e-commerce sales in India from 2016 to 2022 (in million U.S.
dollars)

FIG. 14 Source: The statistics portal (www.satista.com)

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Description: This statistic provides the retail e-commerce volume in India from
2016 to 2022. In 2016, the sale of physical goods via digital channels in India
amounted to 16.07 billion U.S. dollars in revenues. In 2017, the sale amounted
to 20.05 billion U.S. dollars in revenues. In 2018, it is anticipated to grow by
25.07 billion U.S. dollars which may rise high to 52.30 billion U.S. dollars by
2020.

 E-commerce share of total retail sales in India from 2014 to 2019

FIG. 15
Source: The statistics portal (www.satista.com)

Description: This statistic shows retail e-commerce sales as a percent of total

retail sales in India from 2014 to 2015, and a forecast until 2019. In 2015, e-
retail sales accounted for 1.7 percent of all retail sales in India, this figure is
expected to reach 4.4 percent in 2019.

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  Preferred digital payment methods in India in 2015 and 2020

FIG. 16 Source : Statistics portal (www.statista.com)

Description: The statistic gives information on the most popular digital payment
methods in India in 2015 with forecast regarding 2020. In 2015, cash on
delivery accounted for 57 percent of all digital shopping transactions. Mobile
wallet is set to increase from 8 to 15 percent of payments in 2020. The most
successful online store in India in 2016 was Amazon.in with an approximate
438 million U.S. dollars in net e-commerce sales. Flipkart was ranked second

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with close to 399 million U.S. dollars in net sales. That year, the average e-retail
revenue per user in India amounted to 117.7 U.S. dollars. Annual e-retail
revenue per user is projected to increase to 147.6 U.S. dollars per user.

 E-COMMERCE AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP IN INDIA

FIG. 17

With the above table we can easily see how growth of e-commerce has
increased significantly and thus now contribute towards GDP of India of e-
commerce sector in Indian economy has also increased.” There is an upward
trend in a increase of e-commerce sales in India and internet penetration in India
and thus results in a increase in a Contribution of e-commerce in India‟s GDP.

4.4 E-Commerce Revenue

E-commerce in India to explode in 2014, Indian e-shoppers will have a good
time getting great deals and services online. A recent pan-India report released
by Com Score Inc. reveals that online shopping in India has touched a growth
rate of 18 per cent and is only likely to grow further. The report found that

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nearly 60 per cent of citizens in India visited a retail site in November 2013,
with the number of online shoppers increasing by 18 per cent in the past year.
E-commerce can become an integral part of sales strategy while it is one of the
cheapest medium to reach out the new markets, if implemented successfully, it
offer a smart way of expansion& doing e-commerce attribute to the successful
implementation to carefully understanding the products & services, customers
and the business process, easy-to-use system to extend the business on the web.
A new report by the Boston Consulting Group says online retail in India could
be a $84-billion industry by 2020 — more than 10 times its worth in 2010 —
and will account for 4.5 per cent of total retail. The e-commerce platforms
maximize its reach to the potential customers and provide them with a
convenient,satisfying & secure shopping experience.

FIG. 18 Source : emarketer.com

Proof: eCommerce to the Indian GDP:

E-Commerce is a growing sector in India. Just like the growth of IT
industry in India through the 1990s, the 2010s will be remembered for the
growth in the E-Commerce industry. In its present state the contribution of
E-Commerce to GDP is around 0.2% which is expected to grow 15 times to
around 2.5% by 2030.

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The impact is so huge that the present wave of de-monetisation could have
not been thought if E-Commerce did not exist. E-Commerce to a large
extent helped absorb its shock as well as gained the maximum out of it as
well.
By 2030 the contribution to GDP by E-Commerce is expected to reach to
around 300 Billion Dollars which is around 20 Billion Dollars in its present
state.

 size of e-commerce industry in India 2013-2020

FIG. 19
YEARS TOTAL E-COMMERCE SIZE
(IN $ BILLION)

2013 2.9

2014 13.6

2015 16.0

2016 40.3

2017 101.9

Source : emarketer.com

Description: The above graph shows the size of e-commerce industry in India
from 2013 to 2020.In 2013 size of e-commerce industry was $2.9 billion, in
2014 it was $13.6 billion, in 2015 it was $16 billion, in 2016 it was $40.3 billion
and in 2017 it was $101.9 billion.

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 4.5 PROBLEM FORMULATION

E-COMERCE LITERACY Rx Ry D = D*D

AS A RATE OF Rx-
PERCENTAGE COUNTRY Ry
COUNTRY OF TOTAL (y)
RETAIL
SALES (x)
CHINA 15.90% 96.40% 1 3 2 4
S.KOREA 11.20% 97.90% 2 2 0 0
JAPAN 6.70% 99.00% 3 1 2 4
INDIA 1.70% 74.04% 4 5 1 1
INDONESIA 1.40% 95.22% 5 4 1 1
D*D
= 10

Source : emarketer.com

In this research paper we will find out relation between e-commerce

growth in any country and its
literacy rate . Thus to find out we used data technique of spearman rank
correlation method. where we have E-commerce as percentage of total retail
sale denoted as (x) and literacy rate of the country denoted as (y). Here D=
difference between the 2 ranks in which Rx is rank of x indicator likewise Ry is
the rank of y indicator

Here n=5

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 Coefficient (z) =
= 1 – 6*10/125-5
= 1- 60/120
= 1 – 0.5
= 0.50
As n=5 we have z = 0.5 . This indicate a positive relationship between the
ecommerce as percentage of total retail sale and literacy rate of the nation . That
is more the literacy rate of the nation more will be the e-commerce as
percentage of total retail sale in the nation and vice versa. In this research paper
we will also try to find out the correlation between unemployment rate and B2C
e-commerce as percentage of GDP in India . As in India unemployment rate
was increasing and people below poverty line find hard to use the benefits of e-
commerce in India . Though in the earlier chapter we saw that there was
increase in mobile penetration in India which somehow does impact in the
growth of e-commerce sales in India . with this correlation between India
unemployment rate and e-commerce as percentage of gdp in India , there is link
between these 2 indicator need to find out using correlation analysis.

Pearson correlation coefficient

Source : statista.com

YEAR E-COMMERCE AS INDIA

PERCENTAGE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
GDP IN INDIA RATE
2009 0.13 3.75
2010 0.12 3.54
2011 0.14 3.53
2012 0.15 3.62
2013 0.16 3.46
2014 0.18 3.41
2015 0.18 3.49
2016 0.2 3.51
2017 0.21 3.52
-0.512144347
44 | P a g e
Using above formula we got r= - 0.512144347 .the ( - ) negative sign simples
that with the increase in one quantity , other quantity decreases and vice – versa
. Which pretty much explains my model. In my research paper as with the
increase in the percentage of e-commerce sales in India , the unemployment rate
in India decreases , as more and more jobs are required when there is a increase
in ecommerce growth and thus needs jobs and these unemployed people will get
jobs and thus there will be a decrease in a unemployment level . Thus there can
be increase in job in logistics and delivery and customer care , IT AND
MANAGEMENT and thus unskilled labor will also be needed while upgrading
infrastructure if there is increase in a e-commerce growth in India . here r = ( -
0.67) signifies strong negative correlation between the two indicators . Thus
according to ET BUREAU , rise in e-commerce could create net of 12 million
jobs in a country over a decade which will decrease unemployment level and
increase e-commerce growth in India , which can be easily understood from this
mode

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CHAPTER 5

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5.1CHALLENGES FACED BY E-COMMERCE IN INDIA

Some of the challenges faced by e-commerce in India are: 1. Infrastructural

Problems, 2. Absence of Cyber Laws, 3. Privacy and Security Concern, 4.
Payment and Tax Related Issues, 5. Digital Illiteracy and Consumer Psyche, 6.
Virus Problem and 7. English Specific.

E-commerce in spite of opportunities, hoopla and hype, also bears the

connotations of challenges as well at the same time. We, therefore, enumerate
the major challenges e-commerce in small enterprises is facing and also submit
the remedial measures to meet these challenges.

1. Infrastructural Problems:
Internet is the backbone of e-commerce. Unfortunately, internet penetration in
India is so far dismally low at 0.5 per cent of the population against 50 per cent
in Singapore. Similarly, penetration of personal computer (PC) in India is as
low as 3.5 per thousand of population compared to 6 per thousand in China and
500 per thousand in US. Internet is still accessible through PCs with the help of
telephone lines. Given the penetration of telephone only 2.1 per cent of
population, e-commerce remains far away from the common man. It is difficult
for e-commerce to reach to 1,000 million population spread over 37 million
households in 6, 04,374 odd villages and 5,000 towns and cities. Besides, both
cost of PCs and internet access in India are quite high.

2. Absence of Cyber Laws:

Other big challenge associated with e-commerce market is the near absence of
cyber laws to regulate transactions on the Net. WTO is expected to enact cyber
laws soon. The India’s Information Technology (IT) Bill passed by the Indian
47 | P a g e
Parliament on May 17, 2000 intends to tackle legislatively the growing areas in
e-commerce.

The Bill also intends to facilitate e-commerce by removing legal uncertainties

created by the new technology. As it stand today, the Bill deals with only
commercial and criminal areas of law. However, it does not take care of issues
such as individual property rights, content regulation to privacy and data
protection specific legislation.

3. Digital Illiteracy and Consumer Psyche:

At present, digital illiteracy is one of the formidable problems e-commerce is
facing in India. On the other hand, the continuous exodus of skilled computer
engineers to other countries has denuded India of software engineers. This has
posed a real threat to the Indian IT industry. Obviously, solution to this problem
lies in curbing the computer brain – drain and uses the same in the country.

The Indian consumer is also characterised by his unique psyche. Usually, the
Indian consumer does not go long distances for having any good of his choice
when a neighbourhood store provides him whatever he wants.

That is why the consumer does not browse the Net knowing the consequent
hassles of connectivity and other botherations. Added to this is that building
trust on the electronic media also takes long time more especially when the
vendor is situated at a very far off place.

4. Virus Problem:
That computer virus is also a formidable problem in the execution of e-
transactions is confirmed by the computer virus originated in Manila. A
computer virus lagged’ I Love You’ originated in Manila, Philippines on May 5.
2000 rippling across world, inflected millions of computer files causing colossal

48 | P a g e
loss of US $7 billion to the governments and the businesses. The offenders
causing ‘virus’ must be awarded deterrent punishment, otherwise similar
assaults in future can cause lasting blows to the quite young e-commerce in
India as well.

3. Privacy and Security Concern:

As of to-day, quite vulnerable issues related to e-commerce are privacy and
security. So far, there is no protection offered either by Website or outside
watchdogs against hazard created by exploiting one’s privacy.

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CHAPTER 6

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6.1 FINDINGS
1- There is a increase in a digital penetration in India ie more smartphones are
utilized by the people of India .which tend to increase m-commerce growth in
India.
2- There is increase in internet penetration in India . India ranked 2nd in most
internet users in the world
3- There is an increase in a e-commerce trend in India . With increase in a
contribution of e-commerce in India‟s GDP.
4- Government are making necessary incentives and schemes to promote
digitalization and thus encouraging e-commerce growth in India
5- E-commerce of the nation is linked with the literacy rate of the nation. with
more literacy and educated people there will be more e-commerce growth in a
country .
6- Negative correlation between unemployment and ecommerce growth in
India.

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6.2 SUGGESTIONS

The most important factor that is necessary in growing e Commerce in India –

Trust. If we look at the Indian context, I feel that there is a general lack of trust
between retailers and customers. Consumers don’t trust the retailers because
they feel that they are either being over charged or that they wouldn’t be able to
get appropriate level of customer service once the sale is complete. Retailers
don’t trust the customers because they feel that the customers will take every
opportunity to misuse the return or exchange policies. It is my opinion that this
general lack of trust is the primary barrier that is impeding the growth of e
Commerce within India. Here are some of the practical techniques that online
retailers can employ to improve this level of trust and build an environment
where customers feel safe in clicking that “Proceed to Checkout” button.

1.Customer Reviews

Today’s customers are putting less trust on website marketing messages and
becoming more influenced by recommendations from other people. Customer’s
trust for an online retailer will increase if the retailer offers an ability to let
customers share their positive as well as negative reviews about products or
vendors. The key is to not “moderate” the negative reviews because by allowing
customers to post negative reviews, it will actually enhance the credibility of the
retailer as well as other reviews. Obviously, any foul language needs to be
moderated but any genuine issues with the products or vendors must be posted
along with the positive reviews.

2. Clear shipping and delivery commitment

At the time of setting up products for sale, clear shipping and handling time
must be associated with the product. This information should be displayed
consistently on all product pages so that customer’s expectations around
shipping timeline can be clearly set.

3. Analytics & Personalization

Although personalized product recommendations and content do not directly

increase customer’s trust, they do demonstrate to the customer that the online
retailer is making a good effort in understanding the customer’s individual

52 | P a g e
needs and is acting upon them. This implicitly improves the comfort level that
the retailer is not just looking to sell products but is making an honest attempt in
building relationship with the customer.

4. Operational Reporting & Dashboards

Online retailers must invest in strong operational reports that provide alerts and
metrics on orders that have a risk of missing the service level that was promised
to the customers. If you have recently implemented an e Commerce platform,
chances are that at times orders will get “stuck” in various states. Therefore, it is
important to establish thresholds around how long should orders stay in various
states (such as “Processing for Payment”, “Preparing for Shipment” etc.) and
then build automated alerts when orders exceed these thresholds.

5. Price Match Guarantee

A Price Match Guarantee (PMG) is a store policy which entitles a customer to a

refund of the difference between the store’s asking price and a competitor’s
price. It can not only help build trust with the customer, it can also help reduce
price competition across online retailers. This may sound counter intuitive but it
is one of the most discussed examples in “Game Theory” and it has actually
helped retailers in US to avoid direct price wars. Take for example a firm like
Circuit City that has a price match guarantee, which looks good to a consumer.
But that guarantee really allows Circuit City to
charge higher prices since competitors will be discouraged from setting a lower
price that Circuit City only will match when it must.

53 | P a g e
6.3 CONCLUSION

Through the study of research paper we came to know how important is e-

commerce industry currently in the world . With context of India we also try to
find the upward trend of growth of e-commerce in India , and also increase in
m-commence and digital penetration in India .Government policies and
initiatives has also lead to increase of e-commerce in india over years .
According to survey after demonization , role of cashless economy in India has
increased significantly , thus the role of internet also likewise other such
government policies have also had a major impact . a lot have been done and a
lot has to be done when it comes to e-commerce industry in India . Also we
study impact of literacy rate and unemployment rate on the growth of e-
commerce industry in India . also there is significant need to increase the
literacy rate in india and also spread awareness among rural people in india
about cashless economy and role of internet in India in today‟s world . With
need of more allocation of money towards cyber crime and strict law‟s need to
be made , not only to make this process more secure but also reliable . In this
research paper we went through the trend of e-commerce in India which is
rising significantly and also how service provider like 4G, 3G helped to
increased the digital penetration in India which thus helped to increased the e-
commerce and m-commerce sales in Indian economy. Likewise government had
also played huge role through different laws and policies towards the growth of
sales via internet.

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6.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1]. BCG & IAMAI. (2015) India @ Digital Bharat. Creating a $200 Billion
Internet Economy. Mumbai: The Boston Consulting Group.
[2]. BCG. (2012). The Connected World.The Internet Economy in the G20. the
$ 4.2 Trillion Growth Opportunity. Boston: The Boston Consulting Group.
[3]. Bilbao-Osorio, B., Dutta, S., & Lanvin, B. (2013) The Global Information
Technology Report 2013. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
[4]. Blili, S., & Raymond, L. (1993) Information Technology: Threats &
Opportunities for Small and Medium sized Enterprises. International Journal of
Information , 13, 439-448
[5]. ITIF. (2013). The Economic Benefits of Information and Communication
Technology.
[6]. Washington DC: Information Technology & Innovation Foundation.
[7]. Jehangir, M., Dominic, P., Naseebullah, & Khan, A. (2011). Towards
Digital Economy: The Development of ICT and E-Commerce in Malaysia.
Modern Applied Science , 5 (2), 171-178.
[8]. Dr. Anjum Bimal, Tiwari Rajesh, „Economic And Social Impacts Of E-
Commerce,‟ CFA International Journal Of Computing And Corporate
Research, VOLUME 1 ISSUE 3 MANUSCRIPT 9 NOVEMBER 2011, ISSN-
2249-054X
[9]. KPMG report‟ authored by Doger Kritika and Tanwar Prahlad available at
www.kpmg.com
[10]. Hiwarkar Tryambak, „E- Commerce impact on Indian Market: a Survey
on social impact‟, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Engineering & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2013, ISSN: 2278 – 1323
.

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