THE MAGIC OF NUMBERS

by Edward T. Bennett
With an Afterword by Romeman

This two-part article was published in The Occult Review (also known at times
as Rider's Review) in July and August, 1906. The author was Assistant Secretary
(1882-1902) to the Society for Psychical Research. Romeman has shown, in the Gannstudygroup booklet
on The Law of Vibration, that it is highly probable that W. D. Gann quoted more than once from this article
in his 1909 interview with Richard D. Wyckoff in The Ticker and Investment Digest, the so-called Ticker Interview.

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July, · 1906•
.

•
 THE. MAGIC· .OF .NUMBERS
BY .11JDWARD T. ·BENNETT··

41
This appears t~ be a IU.ndamental law of the Universe :·_::...n~mely, that
an original impulse of any kind finally resolves itseH into periodic or rhyth-
mical motion."-PROFESs~RW. F. BARRETT, F.R:S. [1870] .

.THE. M dgic of Numbm as the Basis of all Diversity and Appar-

ent Fate is the title of a book published at Vienna in tlie year
1882. The prefa~ is dated February, in curiously exact coin-
.cidence with the formation of the Society for Psychkal Research.
The writer is L. B. Hellenbach, usually designated Baron Hellen-
·bach. · He is. the author...of several .other works. The only one
of these which has been translated into English, so far as I know, ·
is entitled, Birth and Death as a Change of Form of Perception.
The Magic of Numbers commences ;with a b_rief Preface of two
pages, and a short Introduction of six pages, the object of which
is to prevent the reader beingmisled at the outset by the quaint
title of the book, artd to indicate its purport. The following
paragraphs are not a translation of these eight pages, but are
intended, in the form· of an abstract, to convey the ideas of their
writer~ as far' as possible in his own phraseology.

INTRO:hUCTORY;
If a man is quietly sitting on a bank in his own garden, he
runs less danger of misadventure than if he is engaged in any
kind of sport, or if be is taking a voyage orl the ocean, If he
ascends in a balloon be will be still more insecure, but be will
have a wider outlook. These various e:g:periences cannot be
enjoyed at the saine time. My choice is, for my reader and my-
self, to .ascend in a balloon, but it shall be a ·captive one. #We
·' ' will not ge't)ost. In order to travel safely we will look out for a
fit place to anchor the balloon, and so not to lose our conne~tion
with the earth .. We will fasten our. rope securely through the
' early chapters. Possibly after that a steady judgment may serve
tis· for a connecting cord. In the later chapters we will rise still
higher, till we come to the limit where the .air is too thin to
breathe. ·
There are those who cannot exert their minds, because they
•
 8 THE OCCULT. REVIEW
have not the ability. The~e are. those who will n 0t 1 because they
consider it needless for them to. do so. There are others who
. practically have no time, being engaged in bus,inyss and other
occupations. For none of these is this book written.· It ls
intended as an incentive to those who are fond of speculation, as
a treatise on phenomena which are based on and supported by
Numbers. One thing however I must dispose of, which cannot
,conveniently be introduced into the book itself, and yet which
nuist be cleared up. ~;:
I have been reproached from friendly quarters, that, by the
tenor of my writings, I have wilfully estranged both the scien-
tific circle and the Pres$. . It is true that from my. childhood I
was taught to be courteous and considerate to '!11, not to hurt any
man's feelings, At the same time,. I 'was ~so taught never to
submit .t<;> arrogance. It is the case that :the arrogance of the
Jhrone and of tl:].e Pulpit has found its way into Scientific Soci-
eties, and into the Editorial Chair. I therefore co.nsider it a duty
not to allow myself to be led away by any personal considerations,
and at the same time to show that although more or less slighted
· by scientific. Circles, and hit hard. by the paper blows ofjoumal-
ists, it is still possible ~o find enjoyJp.ent in the universe.. So long
;as men of sCience oppose me, not by aCtual experience, but .from
the obscurity of their own a priori arguments, I shall be bound
to expand the saying '' errare humanum .est," and to. translate it
" to err is human and scientific." ·
It is incumbent upon me to justify the peculiar title of this
book, in order that the reader ,may not proceed to lecture me
from a pre-conceived standpoint. The word " Magic " has been
used. for the incomprehensible, for that which is outside the
kingdom of law. No distinction has been made between the
relatively incomprehensible tricks of a conjurer, and that which
is supposed to·happen in a supernormal way, through the agency
, of good and evil demons. With none of these things have we
anything to do. I use the word. Magic" in the sense in which we
speak of a Magical glance, or of a Magical will, as of a power, the
cause of which we either do not know, or which appears to pro-
ceed from something ·.beyond ordinary.· causes. Certain words
and certain numbers have been termed magical, because certain
properties (lave been ascribed to them whiCh do not belong to
their ordinary use. Our object is to search out .the reasons for
such beliefs. The title is thus justified. .
It is needful to state further that we have nothing to do-with
Cabbalistic trifling with numbers. What I mean will be best
P*.·:·
•
THE: M:AGIC OF 'NUMBERS '.9
!'i>emplified by explaining to the reader the' origin of such trifling.
Orientananguages have this peculiarity, that letterS also signify
numbers. Hence it arose that all large numbers are also words.
Also the reverse; that every word is a number. · Thus it is easy
to.see how, in. the Bible· for instance, a deeper meaning may be
conceived than appears on the surface, if words are treated as
numbers; and o_n the other harid; if numbers are treated as words.
'!n ,this way- it was attempted:.....for example-eto show a connec-
tion· between Luther and his followers, and Antichrist, from .the
letters of the_ words of the original. ,
. Although the incoherences of the Cabbalists are not inviting,
itjs impossible not to be impressed with the philosophic Spirit of
the Pythagoreans·, in their view of the importance of numbers·.
AriStotle perceived in number 'that which dominates ideas and
forms, the measuring staff of tile Divine Architect. The philo-
sophical spirit of this man recognized the essence of the pheno-
menal diversity which I define as signified by numbers. We
know to-day that Musical Tone; Light, Colour, Chemical Com-
biilation are ind~bted to number for their mal)ifold expression.
Aristotle had only a dim pre~conception of it. Butthe dominating
power of number is not confined to the perceptions of the senses.
Our task will be, in the first place, to show the significance of
Number in the different kingdoms of phenomenal diversity. A
remarkable analogy will be apparent,. for which we shall have to
seek the ~ey. We shall find numberS arid groups of numbers,
which for .thousands of years have been almost objects of wor-
'ship, It will become evident that these numbers do not possess
all the significance which has been ascribed to them. But we
shall also find: that number-"'orship is not entirely without a
rational foundation. The reader _will now see that .the. subject,
although it may appear so fantastic, has a serious basis.
''-PERIODICITY.-"
The following considerations will assist in understanding the
position taken by the Author in the fir5t four chapters of his book.
A wheel.revolving below a certain velocity appears to us
stationary. A wheel revolving above_ a certain velocity also
appears to us to be at rest. Weare capable of perceiving motion
within certain limits only. Beyond, in both directions, there is
to us~Rest. '
Sound is limited, on one side, by the 'loWest number of vibra-
tions per second, of the air.whieh produces what is to us audible.
It is limited on the other side, by the largest number of vibrations
10
per second which produces. the highest note we can hear.. Be-
yond these limits, ~. ·both dir~ctions, there is to us-5Uence;
Light is limited on ~ne side, by a certain lower limit of the
number of vibrations or undulations, per :second, of the ether.
It is limited on the· other side by a certain higher number. Be-
yond these limits, in both directions, there is· to ufl-'-Darkness.
Then agail)., all the Poetry of Sound which we call Music""""all
Melody-is the result, or perhaps we ought to say is coincident
with, certain definite mimerical relationships between the number
of the vibrations of successive notes. Here comes in the " Magic
of Numbers." ·
Again, all the Poetry of Light,. which we call Colour, all the
gorgeous. colouring of sky and.cloud at sunrise and sunset, all. the
'delicate tints of di.stant mo.l\ntains and of the ocean, are the
·result of, or rather we ought perhaps again to say, arecoincident
with, definite numerical relationships between the number of
vibrations in the different rays into which the ray of white·Iight
is decomposed. Here comes in more of the "Magic of Numbers."
Curious correspondences exist between Sound and Lig!!t,
between the number. of vibrations producing musical intervals
and those which· produce colour. These add to the " Magic."
Professor W. F. Barrett, F.R.S., of Dublin, has been kind enough
to call ·my attention to a Paper he wrote under the title-'' Light
and Sound : An Examination of their reputed Analogy," which
appeared in The Quarterly Journal of Sci~nce as long ago as Janu-
ary, 1870. ProfesSor ~arrett w"-s_ the first to. place this analogy
on a definite basis. In his paper h11-refers to the vague ideas on
this subject which had· been a matter of speculation froin very
early times, and then says :~"The following considerations will
.show not only that the analogy has sqme foundation, .but that
it is far more wonderful than has hitherto been suspected." The
fascinating details cannot be quoted here. It must suffice to say
that when the wave-lengths 'of the musical intervals are compared
·with the wave-lengths of the colour hitervals, a definite corre-
spondence is'seen t 0 exist. This correspondencedoes not relate
to absolute value, the colour waves being infinitely small com-
pared with the. sound waves.· It consists ·in the ratio of one to
the other. The proportion between the different lengths of the
waves of the notes of the musical scale and of the seven colours
of the rainbow is almost identical. Another striking example
of the Magic of Numbers.
Professor Barrett says further at the end of his Paper:~" A
rnusical chord thus becomes both a representative picture and an
 THE'MAGIC OF NUMBERS 11
acoustic painting, while the rimsical sca:le is literally a rainbow· of
sou:nd. It is· hardly too much to say that we might possibly
translate into a musical melody, a sunset, a flower, or a painting
by a Rubens or a Raphael." · . .
In four chapters dealing with what Baron Hellenbach calls
Periodicity (Die Periodicitiit) he ,discusses at length the facts on
which the above paragraphs' are based. · He believes that he also
finds a similar Periodic system· h:i. the science of chemistry. To
what extent the r~searches ()f the last twenty-five years into the
molecular constitution of matter, and into the nature· of the
ether, have strengthened or otherwise the views which Baron
'Hellenbach puts forth with regard to Chemistry, I cannot say.
Iri the concluding paragraphs of this section of his book he makes
·some interesting remarks, the· substance· of which I will endea-
vour to give.
In Music, or rather-in .Melody, we have found ~ anchor for
our speculations which' strengthens· our argument for the exist-
ence of Periodicity. We find a Periodicity which is the necessary
antecedent of definite diversity. We are brought to the convic·
tion that the diversity in phenomenal Nature, in its different
kingdoms, is most intimately associated with numerical relatiori-
ship. The numbers are not intermixed, chaotically and acci·
dentally, but are subject to a regular periodicity. The changes
and developments are also seen to be; in many cases, undulatory.
We will now make the attempt, as far as.our powers will permit,
to soar into a transcendental world, iri order to obtain a wider
view of this Periodicity. ·
To look into a transcendental world does not imply looking
into another world, but only to make a change in our way of
regarding the world. There is only one world, but there are
.many ways of looking at it. Only thus can lhe diversity of the
world be realized. Music is the most beautiful type of Monism
in Nature, and as we shall see later, of the course of human life I
What is it in its essence ? Nothing more than an undulatory
movement of the air. If we give the vibrations, which are per- ..
ceived from our phenomenal standpoint, a certain definite in-
tensity; they are perceived as tones. The number of·vibrations
In a given space of time, of two or more tones, determines. whether
they are in harmmiy or discord. All· the innumerable varieties
of ·Melody are the result of relations between numbers which
evoke analogous vibrations deep in the interiorof our own selves.
We can express orlr perceptions in terms of vibrations' of tone,
·nnd, vice versii, vibrations of tone will call forth certain percep·

~ } .
~~-.,~ /
12 .·1'1fE ·OCCULT REVIEW
tions in us. What immense diven;ity, intimately related to our
own life, is ~ailed ·forth from not]ling by the. Magic of Numbers !
With colol)r .it is the same. Whether the number of vibra-
tions represents a reality, or only what we may call a phenomenal
eoin of reckoning, whether the~e are l)ndulations of ether, or
whether the attractive power of substance is the cause, the
whole splendour of colour is a diversity which proceeds from a
very simple origin. All that we have been speaking of stands .in
a peculiar manner . under .the sway of certain numbers and com-
binations of numbers. <
THE Mi\.GIC OF NUMBERS IN ANTIQUITY.

Following the chapters in Jielleribach's bookwhtch we have

just dealt with comes one with the above title. It is at this stage
that the. writer speaks, in the Introduction,· of dispensing with
the rope which anchon; his captive balloon to the solid earth,
But it is .quite needless to do that at present. I do not propose
to enter upon the speculative or mystical part of this section of
his bo.ok, but to confine our attention to the portion dealing with
definite facts in relation to certain number$, facts, some of which
are very curious, but which belong to arithmetic, or to Easy
Mathematics, to borrow the title of a recent book by Sir Oliver
Lodge, facts about which there is not necessarily anything occult
or mystical. .
. What has been called a ~· Tetragram '' or " Magic Square "
is as old or older than Pythagoras. Hellenbach describes it
thus :.c._It is a ·square composed of smaller squares,. similar to a
chessboard. In each small square. a number .is placed. 'These
numben; .are so grouped that all the vertical and horizontal rows
of figures, and the twO' diagonals, add up to the same sum. This
is the principal and most obvious feature of a " Tetragram."
There are others, as we shall see later. A Tetragram of this
nature may be constructed with any one of .the arithmetical
~erjes of numbers as .a "root." .It is convenient to make two
series, one of odd and one of even numbers, thus :-r, 3; 5, 7,. g,
etc., and 2; 4, 6, 8, ro, etc. The mode of construction, as well as
the 'properties of the Tetragrams of the two series, differ some-
what. TheTetragram consists of a square composedof as many
smaller squares, as the square· of the· number chosen for the
"root." Suppose,. to take ·one of the simplest examples, we
choose Jhe .number 3 as the root or base; Three times three is
nine. That is to say, the· square of three is nine. Let us draw
 ··------~-1

THE MAGIC OF NUM]l~RS 18

·a square composed of nine smaller squares. Fig·. L_ Then hisert
the numbers from one to nine in- the small 'sq\lares as in Fig. II.
There are eight rows of three figures each' Three hOrizontal,
three vertical, and two diagonal. Each and all add up fifteen.
Another,of the obvious peculiarities is that all the pairs of num-
bers opposite the centre ofthe square add up alike. 9 +I, 7 + 3,
I, II.

~ --~-4:
' -.---
8 6 7
9i. 2

t±±j --
. , a· 1: 6

8+z, 6+4, all-ro •. Aiwther peculiarity is' that if two circles

be drawn, _with the centre of the central square as centre, and the
two. circumferences
' passing throl'lgh the
.
centres
.
bf the four
squares at the centre of each side, and the 'centres of the four
corner squares, the sum of the numbers hi the squares will be the
same. 9+7+3+I, and 8+6+4+2, both == :zo. These three
features are, with slight modifications, common to all Tetragrams.
It will be interesting to spend a little time on one of the
methods of constructing a Tetragram or "Magic Square." With
a small number such as three, it would be easy to construct
Fig. II, by a_ series of trials. But it is better to .find a system or
law. Let tis again take the n)imber three as an example. HaVing
drawn a square composed of nine smaller squares-Fig. !-,-
enlarge it by extending a small square in the centre of each side,
producing Fig. III as the result. Insert the numbers r--g as. in

IV.

Fig. III., Then fill in the numbers in_ the centre and four corner
squares, as they stand, and transfer the numbers from the four
outside squares to the vacant square on the opposite side. The
result will be Fig. lV, which will be seen. to be identical With
Fig. II. The " Magic Square " with the root five may be simi-
larly constructed,_ ·· · ·
14 . .THE OCCULT REVIEW
As a. peculiar interest attaches to· the number seven, it may
be worth while to give the details of .the.'' Magic Squar~ " of that
'·I I
number, especially as the three chief features. above allud~d to
v.
I
8
I I2 1
i51 I 9 I8
.
22 . 16 10 4
29 23. 17 11 5
~
: ..'
80 24 18 0
12 6
87 81 25 19 1b
r:-- 88 . .82
~

20 14
26
~
-
45 89 88 2'1 21
- ~

46 40 84 28

\4~ 0
41 85

come out much more strikingly than with a very small number.
Draw a large square composed of forty~nine small squares, and
enlarge it by extensions, to form Fig. V. · Insert the nun'ibers
VI.

22 47 16. 41 10 85 •4
-.
6 28 48 17 42 11 29·
80 6 24 49118 86 12
~

18 81 7 25 48 19 87
88 14 82 1 26 44 20
-
21 89 8 88 2 27 46
- 0 •

46 15 40 .9 84 3 28

r-49 as in. Fig. V. Then, in Fig. VI, fili in. the. numbers as they
stand, .in the twenty-five occupied squares in. the middle of Fig. V,
Then transfer the four outside g·roups of numbers to the corre-
 THE' 'MAGIC 01<' NUMBERS 15
spending vacant squares on the opposite side. An easy way -of
doing this accurately is to cut off the four. outside blocks of nin~
small squares each and place them on the opposite side of the
centre square. All the vacant squares will be found to be occu"
pied. The -result will be Fig. V:I.
VII. IX:

i' 1\_2 s 4 o/ 6 t' ;-.!!~ 84 8 8~

/6

·7' 8 r-..9 11).- 11 ~2 8~ 8' r-ea 2'!f "it /7

-
18 14' 15 16 17 18 t9 zf t6 t6 Vt4 24
'
19 .2~ 21 2~ r-?B 24 t8 t~ at 22 t--.20 t8

';;.- ~6
2& ~7 ~ 2} N!O 1:Jt 26 Vg til' r-e9' ~5
81 Vs2 ~s 84' s'r!- 86 8i Va 4 88 5' ~6
·.

Let us test the_ three features we observed in the " Magic

Square " of the number three, Fig; lV. _ (r) There are sixteen
row~· of seven numbers each~ seven vertically, seven horizontally,
and two diagonally .. The sixteen rows . all-add up 175. · (2) The
pail'S of opposite numbers, taking -the four corner squares, and
the centre squares on each side, _all add up alike. 2:;1 +28, 4+46,
VIII. X

1'r-..a 8 4 I~ a ·7,1 s r-..t~S 69 5 4 62 6§-(s /

9'-~o ~1 1211s 1~ 15 C{6 1~il' ~4 62 68 6~*'
17 1~ 1~20 I21,Y'22 ~s 24 41 28'!-!9' ~6144 f'2,.J(tsl48
-
25 26 aiq 28 I29 Vso s1 s2 82 34 88 28129 l7so 39 85
ss B4 s51 ssls7 ~ B9 40 40 26 813t 86 37 27 81 88

41 4~4414'~6 ~7 48
42/ 17 ~ v48/ 21 20 f\.48~ 24

4~ 5~Ci1 lo2l&s o.i'~o ~6 6~ !15~ 114 12l1s 1~6 ~~

.57 l/wl5sl6o 161 62 6~~4 11'!.-Y7 8 61 lao 6 1 2 64

4I+9. IJ+37, all = so. More than this, theadjacent pairs of

numbers, taken 0bliquely across, all add up to the same figure.
For instance, 47+3, 5+45 •. 35+IS, zg+zr, all =so. And not
only so, but_ this also applies to the inner squares of numbers.
(3) In Fig. VI concentric circles may be drawn, the common centre
 'l'HE OCCULT REVIEW.
being the centre of the whole square. The circumferences of the
· successive Circles go through the· centres of successive rings
of squates~six rings of four squares each, and three rings of
eight squares each.. The sum ofthe numbers irt•each.ring of'four
squares is roo, and the sum in each ring of eight squares is 200.
We will now turn to the series of even numbers, 2, 4, 6, 8, ro,
etc. Let us take 6 and 8.as examples and construct their "Magic
Squares." Draw two,sqtjares consisting respectively Of ,36 and
64 small squares. fill in tl;le numbers consecutively; and draw
lines diagonally, as indicated, producing Figs, VII and VIII.
The ,numbers in. squares, the centres of "Yhieh ar~ within' the
diagonally drawn lines, remain in their existing positions,· In
respect of the. six squares outside the: diagonals on'. each side, 24
fn all, in Fig. VII, one remains in the same section, me!J'ly' shifting
its pia~e, atid tl(e other five are transferred.'to the 'opposite sec-
tion. In respect of the squares outsid~. the diagpl)als in Fig.VIII,
48 in all, two remain. in the same section merely ·shifting their
places, and the bthers are transferred to the opposite section.
The law governing the redistribution in the case of even n.umbe<s
seems complicated .and obscure. Figs.- IX and X show tl)e
''Magic Squares,_. of six and eight respeGtively. The first and
third of the three features we observed in. the series. of odd num-
bers· are· equally striking in respect of even numbers, .but the
second fe'ature does not appear to be so gene~!tl.
(To be contznued;)
TilE MA{j~C OF NpMBERS
BY El>WARD .T. BENNETT
PART II
I

. MATHEMATICAL.

READERS of a mathematical tu:in may be interested in a more

abstract method of exhibiting the main features of the " Magic.
Squares " of the arithmetical series of numbers-I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,_
7, ·8, etc. . ·
let nrepresel).t any number. We will call it the root number
of tl).e square. The following formulre will then be found to h~ld•
good:~
=The Root Number,, .
. = The number of _small squares forming the
" Magic Square." .. ·
n• +I =The sum of pairs· of opposite numbers.
(n° + n) + 2 = The sum of the 11Uil).bers in l!llY'one row.
(n' + n•) + 2 = The sum of \)J1 the numbers in the square. ·
(n 2 +I) X 2 = The sum of the numbers in eac)l concentric . ·
circle.
(n -I) x (n + 2) =The "LeadingNumber" ("DieLeitzahl"). '
These seven formulre hold _good for hoth odd and even numbers.
When n is an odd number, the following also hold good :-.
(n• + I) + 2 =The centre number of the square; '
(n• + I) + 2 also =The number of inside nu.mbers (in form-
ing the square).
(n•- I) + 2 :.... The number of outside numbers (in form-
ing the square).
When n is an even number the first of these last three formulre
is substituted by :-
(n• + I) x 2 =The sum of the four centre numbers of
the square.
In this case also, the second and third of these last three formulre
have no application. .

-'.~-
Purely mathematical considerations have probably been ';'

carried as far as most readers will.care to follow, but there are ·.•.

other developments which may possess some practical interest. j'

From what Hellenbach himself says, and from his references to I
antiquity, it might be supposed that the number of "Magic
"
'l
.
 THE MAGIC OF NUMBERS 79
Squares " which can conveniel).tly be studied is very small. lt
would seem as if there were only nine " Magic Squares " consist-
ingof IOOsmallsquareS Of less, each with one single set of numbers,
the "roots" being the arithmetical series z-ro. Beyond this the
squares of successive numbers increase so rapidly as to. become
impracticable. · Hellenbach tells us that one enthusiast worked
out the Tetragrams up to that for 26 ( This involves 6J6 small
squares and as .many different numbers. If the number of
XI.

1 1 1
6
- --
11 • ~
,.
17 16
-•
r;-1 8
... ,..., • • ••- •
8
• 11
,a -
7." 8 8
10 12 18
~• . -!--'-+
16
•• .18

• -10 -8 • ,. •
16

+1 . r :1_ ·a :-a _,.

•
18
• •
.~
10 .'
• -•• ••. -
~- H
~
•• 2 '1- .
-.
• '"
•
11
8
6
17 +-+

' 10 14

. ·~
4

0 ~!}- 1 lls, 8
• - -•' 9
6
• •
~ •• 8 1 '8 .
6. 10 11
• +---+
•
18 8
• 16

.
8
•
NOTE.-Each arrow ~rl t~is an~ in the two following figures indicates a
senes w1th an mfimte number of terms.

" Magic Squares " of reasonable dimensions were very few, the
facilities for study would be small, aild symbolic interpretation
would be restricted to very small compass ..
.·Therejs, however, no such limitation. The number of " Magic
~quares/' even of the smaller dimensions, is infinite. Let us tak:e
a base line starting· from o and representing simple arithmetical
succession. ·Along it 'we. can construct our series of "Magic
Squares." At o ei:ect'a vertical line with an ascending successio'n
of numbers, as in. Fig. XV· ·orr each horizontal line above the
 80 . TI'IEOCCULT· REVIEW
base line <;onstruqt a series of squares and fill th¢ni with nuffibers
as shown in the diagram, that is, adding one, everywhere. Silties
of '" Magic Squares " are thus obtained which 111.ay be continued i;
infinitely. '
Again, instead of placing the arithmetical series of numbers
along our ba.Se line, suppose we start with the " Magic Square ''
of3, and multiply the number in each s.mall square· by 2,.3, 4, etc.;
we get a series of .new " Magic Sq';lares " along our base. line

XII,

1 1 1
I~ ~~...!.. t& ao, 9· 19 .. tt ~
+al-----j--"'"iL9!..\.~18~!1!_111- 18 ~~ at r- 1• aa 81 -
19 & 1& 91 8 81 8& 1 91

T T I

I I I
+ti------~--~~~~~L-1~11~~
9 19
•• 18 88 1•. 11 8'1 9
~
1 11 16 f- 1~ 18 88 1-
11
• .18
•• •
. I
19 88 .I
18 81 89
6

•
8
9 8
'II-
·8
8
I
18
10 14
•
....
12 8'1
9 16 at
8.
1-
18 ..
11 :_oo
8
~
• 8
&
1 8 18 8 18 84 8 18 88 ·"'4
"
84

x'B "I~ "I·

(Fig; XII.). If now we combine what we have done in Fig. XI.
with this, we get .new ascending Series of squares, each series ''
continuing of the same size, and possessing the satne properties.
Again, if instead of taking longer steps, we take shorter ones
along the. base line, if we _advance by, tenths instead of whole
nUl)lbers, and combine what we have done in Fig. XI., we :get
Fig. XIII. Elimmate the decimal point by multiplying all the
numbers by ten, and w~ obtain a whole set of new series. · ·
 TIJE MAGIC OF NUMBERS 81
Bqth these \a.St va,riations may be multiplied by taking other
multiples and other fractions., The same processes inay also 'be
o::arried out with the' original " Magic Squares " of other numbers~
Thus without exceeding squares, of say .25 small squares, .and
Without ·getting to large .indiVidual n~mbers, the . number of
"Magic Squares" which may be obtail)e~. is illimitable, Some
curious repetitions of the same numbers. will occur, but these are
few and far betwe~il~ With a little ingenuity, a square With any
XIII.

1 1 1
~
'1'1 11'1 6'1 ' '1'.9 12'2 &·~ 7'8 12'8 6'8
... +'8 6'1 .8'1 10'1 r- - 6'8 8·a tO'
-- r- ••• 8'8 10'8

11'1 4'1 9'1 11"2 ~8 9'2 11,"8 4'8 9'8

I I I
8"1.- 11'1 4'1
-•••
tt·.a ...
""'--
6'8 11'8 •••
· ..
6'1 _7"':1_ 9'1
r ••• 1'2, 9'2 r- ,e,·s. 1'8 g·~
·,
1m a.·t,F .. ~~~ to·a 8'8 8'8 10'8 s·s· 8'8

I I _l
8'1 10'1 a:-1 8'8 10'8 8'8
,;;,;;
- ••• 10'8 •••
+I 4'1 0'1 8\1 r- 4'8 o•a, 8'8 1- 4'8 6'8 6'8
o·1 8'1 7'1 o:a a•a: 1'8 . 0:0· 8'8 -:;;a
I : I I
•• o a 4'1 8'1 8'1 4'8 8'8 2'8 4'8 9'8 a·8

- 8 -.-r.;-
8 -r--
1 6
- --. r--
8'1 6'1 1'1
8'1 1'1 6'1
"- 8'8
o·2
6'8 1'2
1'8 •••
r- ••• 6'8
8'8 118
7~8

•••
+, .. + .• +·a·

desired number oi numbers in. the centre, .or with any ·desired
nuinber as the leading one (Leitzahl) may he obtained. The
search for symbolism, and the discovery of what Hellenbach c!llls
Periodicity, if it ~xists,would thus· be, greatly facilitated. . '
Beyond this· a,gain, if we imagine our horizdn.tal and veuical
lines extended in both direCtions, otlr 'zero poiilt in Fig. XL form-
ing a <;entre, and if, instead of a,dding, we subtract. along the tw()
lines leftward and downward, we have a fourfold diagram, one
82 THE OCCULT REVIEW
q~arter only o£ .which has been included in our previous conside~­
ations. An idea of. it is. given in Fig. XIV. In the. quarter
}l)arked I we have to deal with the numbers of simple arithrrietic
only. In. II and III we have a soniewh,at confusing. mixture of
+ and - quantities, and in IV wehave entered into a wholly
negative region. · But, .in all four, an infinite number of serieS
stretch out before us, all with an infinite nurriber of terms, con•
sisting of squares of numbers possessing the same principal features.
XIV.

+3-1
+2-
.I..
II~ ,
+1

~s -2 J I ~
-1-
IY II

-2--'

.-~r
· NOTE.-It would be. easy, on a !?heet of draWing-paper, with tl_l.e
help of the earHer Figures to construct a diagram with a portion of each
quarter filled .in, in detail, ·

We cannot, in this article, go further in these directions. The

claim, however, seems almost to"be justi!i,ed, Jhat the idea of
number may thus be exp;u~.ded from that i>f a one-dimensional
infinitl, line, into tl)at of a two-dimensional infinite suif8.<;e;
Baron Hellenbach in his book gives no indicatioll-'that eithedi.e,
· or tlui ancientsto whom he' refers, were acquainted with these
extensions of the construction of "Magic Squares;" or that an
infinite number of " Magic Squares " of moderate size can thus
be constructed ·and studied With facility. . .
 THE MAGIC
. .dF NUMBERS
. -. l ,. ~
83
The literature of " Magic Squares " is scattered i\nd. not very.
accessible. In vol. xv. of theEncyolopaedia Britannica (nint!l
edit. 1:883) is au article in which references are given to various
writers on the subject, mostly ancient. References to several
modem writers Will be. foqnd in the Subject Catalogue in the
British Museum. Major P. A. MacMahon,. F.R.S., read a Paper
before the. Royal Society in rgo4, in which he defines " Magiy
Squares," and describes their properties. An abstract of the
PaR~r is given in the Proceedings of.the Society. A sm,Ul .volume
o:f, thirty-two · pages, entitled M agio Squares, by Tll.omas S.
Barrett, a Fellow of the Royal Stati~tical Society, and a Mem-
ber of the London Mathematical Society, was publis)led in r8g3.
It _contains much ,as to the different modes of their formation,
and ·the varied properties .they possess. .But so far as I have
been able to ascertain, nothing has been published as to their
construction ~so simple as. the preceding quotations from Hellen-
bach's book. Arid I hav;e not met with any indications of .the
ways in which the number of such squares of small dimensions
may be multiplied indefinitely; illustrated more clearly than
by Figs. XI. to XIII.
Additional importance is 11:owseen to be given to the "remark-
able alternative" with whiCh.Hellenbach maintains we-are con-
fronted, and which is stated in his own words in the next para-
graph.
THE LATER CHAPTER!! •.
It Is quite impossiQle, within. the limits ·of this article, even if
It would be interesting and prolitable-concerriing which thei:e
would be very diverse opinions,-to follow Baron· Hellenbach
through the remaining chapt~rs of his book. Some o;>f the titles
are.: "The Growth of Man and the Number Seven," "Apparent
Fate," "The Periodic .Oscillations of the Soul," "Phenomenal and·
Transcendental Measure of Time." All I can do is to quote, or
give an abstract of, a few sentences, .illustrating the tone of the
. writer's r)J.ind, and the drift.of his arguments. I11 the Tetragqun,
or ''M<tgic Square," he adnl,its tha~ he..ha5 not been able to ljnd
anything .more than a graphic presentation of what he ten:ns the
Periodic System. He has 11ot been able.to gai!l anything beyond
this, that it is a faithful expression of Periodidty. Bu,t, he says,
"I am no IeamedProfessor, who ,looks upo~t'the JiniJ.~ of his own
knowledge as the limit of all knowledge.".· And he ~ai!ltains ~hat
we are face to face with" this remarkable alteroative" :-"Either,
the ancients were acquainted With Periodicity-'7(but ii. is iJtcom-
 ·THE OCCULT REVIEW
pre)lensible ):)ow they can have attained· such knqwledge in the
then state of sdenee)_;_ar; they had no knowledge ofit ; and in the
:latter case, the Tetragrammust possess othe_r properties, of whicl:i
we ·are igrlorant." · · · _ .·
·Pursuing this idea, Hellenbach says that the belief has been
forced upon him that the n)llllber .nine an<l its .Tetragram were
intimately connected with his own life .. He devotes several pages
in illustration of this. He says he is compelled to. ask a .series of
·questions:-" Could it be~ accident·~ ·that such and suc)l.coillc
cidences. manifested themselves ? . Then he remarks : each in~
<lividual coinCidence inay have bee_n accidental, but is it conceiv-
able that all taken. together·were acCidental ? After developing
these ideas, he' finally says :_;_" It is absurd to seek a horoscope
in a Tetragram. But it is_ worthy of. profound thought to con-
sider the question-Is it possible thaf the manifold character of '
htttnanity is developed with a relationship to law, analogous to t}Je
mamfold ci).aracter of the development of all-that which is per-
-ceiyed by- our senses ? " . .
Heilenbach also considers that both historical and contempo~
rary evidence .absolutely demonstrate that a power of prev!sicin
•i11to .the future h~s a real existence. He adduces some -of the
(
evideli'Ce which is to him convincing, including a facsimile of a
-photograph of a Turldsh ·Ms.," which seems to have a curious -
history. · .·
Against facts of suCh a kiud, he says, the opinions of academies
-of science are valueless; He· maintains that there does exist a
mode of observatiojl which enables events to be known hours and
years before·ibeir occurrel!Ce. Arid, on the other hand, that there
'
is a power of perceiving what is past. . Tjlat we cannot .exercise !\ '
such powers ordinarily, no more disproves their real existence thah . i
the inability of ·a Polynesian or of a dog to comprehend our mode
-of telegraphic coxjtmunica~ion .diSproves its reiJ]ity. Various
illustrations which Baron· ·Heilenbach brings forward· differ much
- in force aiJ.d in importance. _For instance, an invalid' leaving his
~d and going to the Window, may again see what he saw a few
mimttes before on.the road in frcint qf him ; and by looking in_ the
opposite dirtlction he inay see. what he would have seen later from \
his' bed.·. More suggestive are some-remarks on the reflectionin a i
. mirror, which, as Hellenbach points out, is a mode of presenting a
tbree..dimensional 'Yorld jn a tw<HJimensional form.
· .T~e following two paragraphs give the substance of the closing
passages ofthe book :- _ , . . .. ·_. ·
_· ·

·
I
· • "While I consider speculations as to the ~ourse of human life

·.~
 THE MAGIC OF· NUMBERS 85
which are founded on the symbolism of the Tetragram vain and
unfruitful, at least in most cases, the question-' Why am I in
this world ? ' is by no means an idle one. I have already referred
to Schqpenhauer's dictum, that Fate may possess an objective
correspondence,· and a subjective conformabllity to that which
exists. In my view, every man '1\as the· power of determin-
ing to work iri both directions. The preponderance in different
individuals may be in one direction, or it may bein the
other. . · .
. " The labourer who works in a coal-mine, or throws up a dike,
or cultivates the land, renders .a service to the community. And
if he cares for the welfare o'f his descendants, he will still find
sufficient scope for the development of his character, and his life
on this planet will n:othave been purposeless. The position of the
more intelligent classes is surrounded with greater difficulties.
In the. office;· in trade, on the Exchange, or as an Editor, thework
is not always such as brings blessings with it. But, on the other
hand, the opportunity exists, by the ver}r coinp!ication and variety
of the activity, to gain rich experiences. · Worst off of all, is the
rich man of whom the Scripture speaks,.who finds it hard to enter
the Kingdom of Heaven. Evensucha man may lead a v~ryuseful
.life as a landed proprietor, or .a merchant. But the chief 9ccupa-
tion of these so-called happy mortals, or at .least of the majority
.of them, is to devise means for kiJling ~ime. Late going to bed,
a late breal~fast; some kind of exercise. in order to get an appetite
for a late dinner, then the. theatre, then some ho~rs of the night
devoted to cards-how can anything that is worthy crystallize
from such a round ? .How many fine talents of mind and spirit
have I not seen perish in this way ! It is only the changes of
fate, .and the lessons of experience, that enable . man to find his
way in the kingdom of symbolism, to discover the hidden me.an-
ing, .and to act in accordance therewith.:'
. As has been already remarked, it is no part of the purpose of
this article to enter into the region of mere speculation. The
object is to bring forward facts, and to allude. to, or to indicate
the possibility, that•others may be discovered affording. a basis for
legitimate speculation, and for the scientific use of the imagination.
It is conceivable that we ma:y be thus led into fields of knowledge
that we are as yet unacquainted with. Somi.d, light and colour,
and to some extent the fac~s of chemistry also, bear certain analo-
gous and numerical relationships to each other, which it is im-
•. possible to look upon as accidental, and as to which our knowledge
is, to say the least, very· imperfect.
 I
86 THE OCCULT REVIEW
IN CoNCLUSION.
The considerations which have engaged our attention lead. to
a realization of the truth of the four imniortallines in Alexander
Pope's Essay on Man, in a more definite manner than possibly the
poet himself ever .consciously intended.
"AU_ Nature is but .Art unkhown to -thee."

The word Nature must be interpreted in·the widest possible sense,

as 'including all phenomena. The correspondence which we find
existing between different classes of phenomena leads us to a belief
in bne great Artist.
" All Chance, Direction- which th~u canst nOt see/'.

Hellenbach calls special attention to his use of the phrase

"Apparent Fate" ("Die Sclleinbare Fatum "). He evidently
believes that what we call Fate and Chance are the results of our
limited point of view. He adduces various illustrations to show
that this must almost certainly be so. · ·
''All Discord, Harmony not understood.''

. This is more difficult to realize a~d to believe. But it is still .

more difficult to believe that Harmony and Discord are two real-
ities of equal nature, and 'not that their actual relationship is akin
to that ·between Light and Darkness. Light and Darkness,
and Harmony ·and Discord in sound, ar:e the results of differences
in the rapidity of vibration.
· In the fourth line we approach a higher kingdom which we
shall not
. I
venture to. enter : · ·
·" All partial Evil, universal Good."
c I· i..
. ( . . .

.. . These four lines carry us on to a magnificent conclu~ion, very

far removed froin a cold Pantheism> Modern Scie.nce and Phil-
osophy are making more and more apparent every day, that·:
·'
1
All a:re but parts of one StupendoUs ~le,
·Whose· Bodr Nature is, and God the Soul." .

·~·
 Afterword
by Romeman

The New American Cyclopædia, ed. by G. Ripley and C.A. Dana, p. 518, published in 1859, states: "Arithmomancy depended
upon the secret operation of numbers and magical squares, and the numerical value of letters; it was practised by the Chaldeans,
and formed a part of the doctrine of the Pythagoreans, Neo-Platonists, and cabalists."
http://books.google.com/books?id=1WIIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA518

The book entitled The Occult Sciences by the Rev. Edward Smedley, W. Cooke Taylor, the Rev. Henry Thompson, and Elihu
Rich, published in 1855, elaborates on these points as follows:

ARITHMOMANCY,
To which head belongs the magical operation of numbers and magical squares, is derived from the doctrines of the
Pythagoreans and Platonists. In estimating these doctrines, it must be remembered that all movement, proportion,
time, and, in a word, all idea of quantity and harmony, may be represented by numbers: hence, whatever may be
attributed to the latter, may also be expressed by numbers, as the signs of occult virtues and laws. It is known to
philosophers that the movements of nature are rhythmical; physicians have observed this in the periodicity of
diseases; and the appointment of the seventh day as a Sabbath, has added a religious obligation to this law of
nature. The three, the ten, and the twelve are also members of well known import, and one is the most divine of all,
as expressing the unity of God, and the comprehension of all things in perfect harmony. The use of numbers in
divination has assumed many curious forms. It may suffice to mention here the Gematria, or first division of the
Cabbala, which teaches how to cast up the letters of particular words as numerals, and to form conclusions from the
proportion between the sum of one text and the sum of another. This method converts the Bible into a book written
solely by numbers, and some curious results are obtained, probably as near the truth as the rabbinical astrology
(see note to Geomancy). Some curious properties of perfect, amicable, and other numbers have been elucidated by
the late Platonist, Thomas Taylor. The most valuable remains of antiquity connected with this subject are contained
in the 'Chaldean Oracles' of Zoroaster. For the various arrangements of magic squares we may refer to a curious
work entitled ' Qanvon-E-Islam [sic]; or, the Customs of the Moosulmans of India,' by Jaffur Sharreef. The
Pythagorean doctrine is noticed by Ennemoser, who quotes some interesting passages from Plato on this subject.
http://books.google.com/books?id=8DXXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA328

GEOMANCY.
Geomancy, from two Greek words, ge, the earth, and manteia, divination, is an art connected with astrology, and is
called by an old writer on the subject, "the daughter, and abbreviation thereof." An ancient method of practising it
was by casting pebbles on the ground, from which conjectures were formed much the same as from the chance lines
or dots made on paper; in later times, scratches made in the earth were found to answer the same purpose. The
 Arabian Geomancy, said to have been first practised by Almadul, was more recondite, being founded on the effects
of motion under the crust of the earth, the chinks thus produced, and the noises or thunderings heard; its
foundation was the dogma of Aristotle, that "the moving of the heaven is everlasting, and is the beginning and
cause of all inferior movings." The essential principle of geomancy, in whatever form practised, is the lot or chance;
it is fully described by Cornelius Agrippa, and as it determines the scheme of the heavens without the necessity of
astronomical observation, it may be considered a royal road to astrology. A famous professor of Geomancy, in the
sixteenth century, was one 'Maister Christopher Cattan,' a translation of whose work was published by Sparry in
1591. In the following century the art is graced by the name of William Oughtred, a distinguished mathematician,
and minister of the Church of England, who died in 1660. For a general idea of the method, we may refer to the
well-known 'Book of Fate,' said to have been in the possession of Napoleon, and translated (the title-page avers),
"from an ancient Egyptian MS. found in the year 1801 by M. Sonnini, in one of the royal tombs near Mount
Lybicus, in Upper Egypt." The geomantic figures obtained by inspecting the chance lines or dots were supposed to
represent a certain situation of the stars, and the diviner then proceeded as in astrology, as if the configuration of
the stars really was such.

Another mode of divination by stars, differing both with astrology and geomancy, was practised by the Cabalists.
The stars vertical over a city or nation, were so united by lines, as to form resemblances of the Hebrew letters, and
thus words which were deemed prophetic. This was the rabbinical astrology, and it was a very plausible adaptation
of the occult meaning attributed to Hebrew characters and roots, united to the traditional belief that the stars were
themselves gods, or the abodes of deceased heroes. The "star of your God" occurs in the prophet Amos, (v. 26), and
Burder remarks that the rise of a new star, or the appearance of a comet, was thought to portend the birth of a great
person; also, that the gods sent stars to point out the way to their favourites, as Virgil shows, and as Suetonius and
Pliny actually relate in the case of Julius Caesar. As for the Hebrew letters, they constantly figure in schemes of
magic, e. g. the potent

which confers its spell on the magical knife, and on the shield of David.
http://books.google.com/books?id=8DXXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA314

For Thomas Taylor's work on numbers, see his Theoretic Arithmetic, 1816 http://books.google.com/books?
id=VuY3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover

Thomas Taylor was also the translator of The Chaldean Oracles. For these, see The Classical Journal, in which they were printed
in three parts:

Part I (December 1817)

http://books.google.com/books?id=Voo_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA333

Part II (March 1818)

http://books.google.com/books?id=TFY0dOZSWYoC&pg=PA128
Part III (June 1818)
http://books.google.com/books?id=43g_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243

Or see W. Wynn Wescott's version of The Chaldean Oracles, based on Taylor's translation
http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/coz/index.htm .

Qanoon-E-Islam: Or, The Customs of the Moosulmans of India by Jaffur Shurreef is available here
http://books.google.com/books?id=l0Imdq2Cdk0C&printsec=frontcover or in a later translation entitled Qanoon-E-Islam, or
The Customs of the Mussulmans of India by G. A. Herklots http://books.google.com/books?
id=61AbAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover .

Joseph Ennemoser's History of Magic is in two volumes, translated by William Howitt:

Vol. I:
http://books.google.com/books?id=1TtVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover

Vol. II:
http://books.google.com/books?id=zgXuzN2ZRtoC&printsec=frontcover

Geomancy is described in the Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy, which is attributed to Henry Cornelius Agrippa (whose Three
Books of Occult Philosophy, issued in recent years in a modern edition by Donald Tyson with commentary, are on W. D. Gann's
List of Books for Sale); the fourth book is online here:
https://archive.org/details/cu31924006718757

Scans of The Geomancie of Maister Christopher Cattan Gentleman are available at:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/24134718/The-Geomancie-of-Maister-Christopher-Cattan-Gentleman
http://books.google.com/books?id=Et7mSaCuSJAC&printsec=frontcover

The Oracle or Book of Fate by Hermann Kirchenhoffer is online at Google books:

http://books.google.com/books?id=ir81AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover .
As regards sources mentioned in the two-part article by Edward T. Bennett above, the following are available online:

L. B. Hellenbach's Die Magie der Zahlen, also mentioned by Bennett, is here in the original German at:
http://books.google.com/books?id=3SkCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover
http://books.google.com/books?id=yn3_JDQ3n6kC&printsec=frontcover .

W. F. Barrett's article on "Light and Sound" in The Quarterly Journal of Science, January, 1870, mentioned in the two-part
article by Edward T. Bennett, is online here:
http://books.google.com/books?id=u1EEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 .

Maj. P. A. MacMahon's "Magic Squares and other Problems on a Chess-Board" was published in Vol. 17 of Notices of the
Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain http://books.google.com/books?
id=e8cNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA50 .

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