IONIC EQUILIBRIA

Type 1.

Given: Original Concentration of substance/solution, ∝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 % ionization.

𝐾𝑎
Unknown:
𝐾𝑏

Type 2.
𝐾
Given: Original Concentration of substance/solution, 𝐾𝑎
𝑏

Unknown: concentration of ions, ∝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 %

Type 3.
𝐾𝑎
Given: ∝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 % ,
𝐾𝑏

Unknown: : Original Concentration of substance/solution

Examples:

1) Given:
[𝐻𝑁𝑂2 ] = 0.2𝑀

𝐾𝑎 = 4𝑥10−4
Required:

a) [𝐻3 𝑂+ ]
b) ∝
Solution:

𝐻𝑁𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝑁𝑂2 ͞
IC 0.2M 0 0

RC -X X X

EC 0.2-X X X
[𝐻𝑁𝑂2 ][𝑁𝑂2 ͞]
𝐾𝑎 =
[𝐻𝑁𝑂2 ]

𝐾𝑎 = 4𝑥10−4
𝐾𝑎 ≤ 10−4 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥. 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑥2
10−4 = ; ∴ 𝑥 = √(4𝑥10−4 )(.2)
0.2
a. X=[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = 8.94𝑥10−3
 concentration of ion
b. ∝ = Original Concentration
−3
8.94𝑥10 𝑀
∝=
0.2M
∝ = 0.045
2) Given:
% ions 𝑁𝐻3 = 2%
𝐾𝑏 = 1.8𝑥10−5
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑: [𝑁𝐻3 ] Original Concentration
Solution:
2
∝= = .02
100
𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝑁𝐻4 .+ + 𝑂𝐻͞
IC C O O
RC -0.02C 0.02C 0.02C
EC C-0.02C 0.02C 0.02C
[𝑁𝐻4 .+ ][𝑂𝐻͞͞]
𝐾𝑏 =
[𝑁𝐻3 ]
(0.02𝐶)2
1.8𝑥10−5= 𝐶−0.2𝐶
𝐾𝑏 ≤ 10−4
4𝑥10−4 𝐶 2
1.8𝑥10−5 =
𝐶
1.8𝑥10−5
𝐶=
4𝑥10−4
[𝑁𝐻3 ] = 0.45𝑀

IONIZATION OF POLYPROTIC ACIDS

Ex.

1. 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3 , 𝐻2 𝑆, 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 , 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 – weak polyprotic acid

2. 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 −
𝐻𝐶𝑂3 − + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 =
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝐻𝐶𝑂3 − ͞]
𝐾𝑎1 =
[𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3 ]
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝐶𝑂3 − ͞]
𝐾𝑎2 =
[𝐻𝐶𝑂3 − ͞]
𝐾𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐾1 𝐾2

𝐻2 𝑆 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐻𝑆 −
𝐻𝑆 − + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝑆 =
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝐻𝑆 − − ͞]
𝐾𝑎1 =
[𝐻2 𝑆]
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑆 = − ͞]
𝐾𝑎2 =
[𝐻𝑆 − ]
 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐻𝑆𝑂4 −
𝐻𝑆𝑂4 − + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝑆𝑂4 =
[𝐻𝑆𝑂4 − ][𝑆𝑂4 = ]
𝐾𝑎1 =
[𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ]
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑆𝑂4 = ͞]
𝐾𝑎2 =
[𝐻𝑆𝑂4 − ]
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑆𝑂4 = ͞]
𝐾𝑎2 =
[𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ]

IONIZATION OF WATER
Water – amphoteric
- Can act as a base or acid
𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝑂𝐻 −
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑂𝐻 − ]
𝐾𝑖 =
[𝐻2 𝑂]2
𝐾𝑖 𝑥 [𝐻2 𝑂]2 = [𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑂𝐻 − ]

CONSTANT

𝐾𝑤= [𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑂𝐻− ]

𝐾𝑤 𝐾𝑤
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = OR [𝑂𝐻 − ] = [𝐻
[𝑂𝐻 − ] +
3𝑂 ]

𝐾𝑤 = 1𝑥10−14
1𝑥10−14=[𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑂𝐻 − ]
𝐾𝑤 = 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Neutral solutions (ex. Water)
𝐾𝑤 = [𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑂𝐻− ]
1𝑥10−14=x(x)
𝑥 = √1𝑥10−14
𝑥 = 1𝑥10−7 = 𝑀[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = [𝑂𝐻 − ]
Neutral sol’n:
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = [𝑂𝐻 − ] = 1𝑥10−7 𝑀
𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛:
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑂𝐻 − ] 𝐻𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟, [𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝑂𝐻− ] = 1𝑥10−14

ACID NEUTRAL BASE

pH>7 pH=pOH=7 pH<7
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ]>1𝑥10−7 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

<1𝑥10−7 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

pH – power of hydrogen

=-log[𝐻3 𝑂+ ]
pOH= -log[𝑂𝐻 − ]

pKa = -log ka

pKb = -log kb

pKw = -log kw

ex. [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 𝑝𝐻

neutral sol’n:

[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = 1𝑥10−7 = [𝑂𝐻]

pH = -log [𝐻3 𝑂+ ]

= - log 1𝑥10−7

= - (-7) –log(1)

pH =7

non-neutral sol’n:

pH ≠ pOH

however: pH + pOH = 14

Given: 𝑊𝑐𝑎 (𝑂𝐻)2 = 1𝑔

V = 250ml

Required: pH

Sol’n:
𝑤 1𝑔
𝑀= = 𝑔 = 0.054𝑀
𝑀𝑊𝑥𝑉𝐿 74 𝑥2.5𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Ca(𝑂𝐻)2 → 𝐶𝑎+2 + 2𝑂𝐻 −

0.054M 0.054 2(0.054)

[𝑂𝐻 − ] = 0.108𝑀

𝐾𝑤 1𝑥10−4
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = =
[𝑂𝐻 − ] . 108𝑀
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = 9.26𝑥10−14

pH = - log[𝐻3 𝑂+ ]

= - log(9.26𝑥10−14 )

= -(-14)-log 9.26 = 13.03

pOH = -log[𝑂𝐻 − ]

= -log(. 108)

= 0.97

Check:

pH+pOH=14

13.03+.97=14

14=14

Given: 0.1M HCl

Required: ph & Poh

HCl + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐶𝑙 −
X x x

0.1M 0.1M 0.1M

[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = 0.1𝑀

Ph = -log(.1)

=1

pOH =14-1 = 13

Given: [H𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 ] = 0.05𝑀; 𝐾𝑎 = 1.75𝑥10−5

Required: pH & pOH

𝐻𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 −

IC 0.05 0 0

x x x

.05-x x x
[ 𝐻3 𝑂 + ][𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 − ]
Ka =
[H𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 ]

𝑥2
1.75 𝑥10−5 = .05−𝑥

x = 9.35 𝑥10−4=[𝐻3 𝑂+ ]

Ph = - (-4) – log (9.35)

=3.03
pOH =14-3.03 = 10.97

3. Given:
[HCN] = 0.08M; Ka = 7.2𝑥10−10
Required: pH
Sol’n:
HCN + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐶𝑁 −
0.8M 0 0
x x x
.08-x x x

[𝐻3 𝑂 + ][𝐶𝑁− ]
Ka = [HCN]
𝑥.2
7.2𝑥10−10 = .08−𝑥
𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡≤10−4
∴𝑥= 7.59𝑥10−6 = [𝐻3 𝑂+ ]
pH = -(-6)-log(7.59)
=5.12
4. Given:
pH = 3.4
[OH] = ?
Sol’n:
pOH = 14-3.4
=10.6
[OH] =antilog – 10.6
[𝑂𝐻 − ] =2.51𝑥10−11
5. Given: pH = 10.2; Kb = 1.8𝑥10−5
Required: [𝑁𝐻3 ] – original concentration
Sol’n:
𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝑁𝐻4 + + 𝑂𝐻 −
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 14 − 10.2
=3.8
−
[𝑂𝐻 ] = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.8
=1.58𝑥10−4
𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇄ 𝑁𝐻4 + + 𝑂𝐻 −
X 0 0
−4 −4
-1.58𝑥10 1.58𝑥10 1.58𝑥10−4
−4 −4
X-1.58𝑥10 1.58𝑥10 1.58𝑥10−4
[𝑁𝐻4 + ][𝑂𝐻 − ]
𝐾𝑏 =
[𝑁𝐻3 ]
(1.8𝑥10−4 )2
1.8𝑥10−5 = 𝑥−1.8𝑥10−4
𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡
 x=1.39𝑥10−3 = [𝑁𝐻4 ]

HEAT LOSS = HEAT GAINED

By warm water = By Colder water

−𝑄𝑤𝐻 = 𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒
2𝑂

𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑐 ∗ 𝛥𝑇
𝑄 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐶 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝛥𝑇 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑄𝑤𝐻2𝑂 = 𝑀𝑤𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑤𝐻2𝑂 + 𝛥𝑇

𝛥𝑇 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒 :
𝑄
𝑇=0
𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 → 𝛥𝐻𝐹 𝐻2 𝑇=0
𝑂(𝑙)→ 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)

𝛥𝐻𝐹 = 𝐿𝐻𝐹𝑥𝑚
𝐽
𝐶𝑤𝑤 = 𝐶𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 4.184
𝑔−℃
𝐶𝐻2 𝑂

𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝛥𝐻𝐹 + 𝑄
−[(𝑚𝑤𝐻 𝑂 )(𝐶𝑤𝐻 𝑂 )(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖)] = [(𝐿𝐻𝐹)(𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 )] + [(𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 )(𝐶𝑖𝑐𝑒 )(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖)]
2 2

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

Examples:
#1
𝑃.5
Given:

𝑚𝑒𝑔 = 27.7𝑔

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 688𝐽
𝑇𝑓 = 32.5℃
𝐽
𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑔 = 2.42
𝑔 − °𝐾
Req’d: Ti

𝐶𝐻2 → 𝐶𝐻2
↓ ↓
OH OH

Sol’n:
∆𝑇𝐾 = ∆𝑇℃
𝑄 = −[𝑚 ∗ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑡 ∗ ∆𝑇]
𝑄
∆𝑇 =
𝑚 ∗ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑡
−688𝐽
∆𝑇 =
𝐽
(27.7𝑔)(2.42 )
𝑔−𝐾
= −10.26𝐾
= −10.26℃
𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇𝑓 − ∆𝑇
= 32.5℃ + 10.26℃
= 42.76℃

Bomb Calorimeter
Given:𝑀𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 = 3.00𝑔
𝑀𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.20𝐾𝑔
𝐾𝐽
𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 221
℃
𝑔
𝑇1 = 19.0℃ ; 𝑇2 = 25.50℃; 𝑀𝑊 = 180
𝑚𝑜𝑙
−𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑀𝑤 ∗ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑡𝑤 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑡 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 ∗ ∆𝑇
−𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =(𝐶𝑤 + 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 ) ∆𝑇
100𝑔 4.184𝐽 1𝐾𝐽
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (1.2𝑘𝑔) ( )( ) (25.5 − 19)℃ ( )
1𝑘𝑔 𝑔 − ℃ 1000𝐽
𝑄𝑤 = 32.64𝐾𝐽
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝐾𝐽
= (2.21 )(25.5 − 19)℃
℃
= 14.37𝐾𝐽
−𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =(32.64𝐾𝐽 + 14.37𝐾𝐽)
=−14.01𝐾𝐽(𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐)
−14.01𝐾𝐽 180𝑔
∗
3.00𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐾𝐽
𝑄 = −2820.6
𝑚𝑜𝑙

2.Given:
𝑄𝑟∗𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝑄𝑟∗𝑛 = 𝑄𝑤 + 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑟∗𝑛 = [(𝑚 ∗ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑡 ∗ ∆𝑇)𝑤 + 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 (∆𝑇)]
𝑄𝑟∗𝑛 = (𝐶𝑤 + 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 )(∆𝑇)
𝑄𝑟∗𝑛 = −𝐶𝑇 ∗ ∆𝑇
2𝐶𝐻6 𝑁2(𝑔) + 50 2(𝑔) → 2𝑁2(𝑔) + 2𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 6𝐻2 𝑂(𝑔)
𝐾𝐽
𝐶𝑎𝑙(𝐶𝑇) = 7.794
℃
𝑀𝐶𝐻6 𝑁2 = 4.0𝑔

3. 𝑇𝑖 = 25℃ ; 𝑇𝑓 = 39.50℃
𝑄𝑟∗𝑛
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑:
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛: 𝑄𝑟∗𝑛 = −𝐶𝑇 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝐾𝑔
𝑄𝑟∗𝑛 = [(7.794 ℃
) (39.50 − 25)]℃
113.01𝐾𝐽 46𝑔
= 4.0𝑔
∗ 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= −1299.62 ∴ 𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐

ENERGY CHANGES ACCOMPANYING PHASE CHANGES

∆𝐻𝐹 =Heat of Fusion
∆𝐻𝐹 = 𝐿𝐻𝐹 ∗ 𝑚
∆𝐻𝑉 = 𝐿𝐻𝑉 ∗ 𝑚

0.45𝑐𝑎𝑙
Ex. 1) How much heat is required to convert 20.0g of ice at -5.00°C liquid @ 30°C (Spht of ice = 𝑔−℃
)
Given: 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 20.0𝑔; 𝑇𝑖 = −5℃
0.45𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑓 = 30℃; 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 =
𝑔−℃
Required: Q
𝑇=−50℃ 𝑄1 𝑇=0℃ ∆𝐻𝐹 𝑇=0℃ 𝑄2 𝑇=30℃
𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑠)→ 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)→ 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)

𝑄 = 𝑄1 + ∆𝐻𝐹 + 𝑄2
𝑄1 = 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑒 ∗ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 ∗ ∆𝑇
∆𝐻𝐹 = 𝐿𝐻𝐹 ∗ 𝑚
𝑄2 = 𝑀𝐻2 𝑂 ∗ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑡𝐻2 𝑂 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄1 = (20.0𝑔)(0.45 )(0 + 5)℃
𝑔−℃
= 45𝑐𝑎𝑙
∆𝐻𝐹 = 𝐿𝐻𝐹 ∗ 𝑚
𝑐𝑎𝑙
= 80 (20𝑔)
𝑔
= 1600𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄2 = (20.0𝑔) (1 ) (30 − 0)℃
𝑔−℃
= 600𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑇 = 45 + 1600 + 600
 = 245𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐽
2. How much heat is required to change 10.0g ice @ 0°C to steam at 120°C Spht steam 2.1𝑔−℃
Given:
m=10g; 𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0℃; 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 120℃; 𝑇 = 0
𝑇=0℃ ∆𝐻𝐹 𝑇=0℃ 𝑄1 𝑇=100℃ ∆𝐻𝑉 𝑇=120℃
𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)→ 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑔)→ 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑔)
𝑄 = ∆𝐻𝐹 + 𝑄1 += ∆𝐻𝑉 + 𝑄2
∆𝐻𝐹 = 𝐶𝐻𝑓 ∗ 𝑚
335𝐽
=( 𝑔
) (10𝑔)
∆𝐻𝑉 = 𝐿𝐻𝑉 ∗ 𝑚
2259𝐽
= (10𝑔)
𝑔
𝑄2 = 𝑀𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ∗ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑡 ∗ ∆𝑇
2.1𝐽
= (10𝑔)( )(120 − 100)℃
𝑔−℃

3. +3 -1 +4 -2 +1 -2 +2 -1 +2 +6 -8
𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙3 + 𝑀𝑛𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑀𝑛𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝐶𝑟𝑂4
+3 Oxidation +6
+4 Reduction +2

[0]
𝐶𝑟 +3 → 𝐶𝑟 +6 + 3𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑥2
[𝑅]
𝑀𝑛+4 + 2𝑒 − 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 → 𝑀𝑛+2 𝑥3
[0]
2𝐶𝑟 +3 → 2𝐶𝑟 +6 + 6𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡
[𝑅]
3𝑀𝑛+4 + 6𝑒 − 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 → 3𝑀𝑛+2
2𝐶𝑟 + 3𝑀𝑛 → 2𝐶𝑟 + 3𝑀𝑛
Thermochemical Equations
1
Ex. 𝐻2(𝑔) + 2 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
𝐾𝐽
∆𝐻 = −285.83
𝑚𝑜𝑙

Conventions:

1. ∆𝐻 = −𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐 ; +𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐
2. ∆𝐻 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 25℃ & 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
3. 𝑠, 𝑙, 𝑔, 𝑎𝑞 → 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐾𝐽
𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ∆𝐻 = −285
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐾𝐽
𝐻2 𝑂(𝑠) − ∆𝐻 = −242.0
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Balance Equations

5. 2𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ∆𝐻

2(−285.83) = −571.66
1 𝐾𝐽
6. 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻2(𝑔) + 2 𝑂2(𝑔) ∆𝐻 = +285.89 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Ex.1 Given the following thermochemical equations:

𝐾𝐽
∆𝐻, 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐶(𝑠) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) −393.52

1
𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) −285.83
2

𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 2𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) −890.37

Calculate for the value of ∆𝐻𝑟 for the reaction:

𝐶(𝑠) + 2𝐻2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔)

Solution:

Multiple Step: 𝐶(𝑠) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) −393.52

2𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) 2(−285.83)

𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 2𝑂2(𝑔) +890.37

𝐶(𝑠) + 2𝐻2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) = −74.81𝐾𝐽

1
𝐶𝑂(𝑔) + 2 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) −282.97
3
3𝐶𝑂(𝑔) → 3𝐶(𝑠) + 𝑂
2 2(𝑔)
3(110.54) = 331.62

2𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) 2(−285.83) = −571.66

3𝐶(𝑠) + 6𝐻2(𝑔) →3 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) 3(−74.85) = −224.55

4𝐶𝑂(𝑔) + 8𝐻2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 3 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) 747.56

Single Step:

∆𝐻𝑓𝑟 = ∆𝐻𝑓𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∆𝐻𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽
= [(3𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 ) (−74.81 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 ) + (1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂) (−110.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙) + (8𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐻2 )(𝑂)]

= −747.61
2.) Given:
1
𝐶(𝑠) + 2 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂(𝑔) −110.54
1
𝐶𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) −282.83
2
1
𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) −285.83
2

𝐶(𝑠) + 2𝐻2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) −74.85

Calculate ∆𝐻𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

4𝐶𝑂(𝑔) + 8𝐻2(𝑔) → 3𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸 → 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸 → 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 (𝐸 − 𝐶 − 𝐸)

𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸 → 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸 → 𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 (𝐶 − 𝐸 − 𝐺)
Electrical Current

 Flow of electric charges

 Transfer Electrons

Transferred in Two Ways

1. Metallic Conduction
2. Electrolytic Conduction

Metallic Conduction

I =electric Current

=Amperes (A)
1𝑐
IA = 𝑠

Q =Electric charge, coulombs (C)

Q =I*t = Amp
𝑐
= ∗𝑠
𝑠

Electromotive force, Emf → Volts, V

1𝐽
IV = 𝐶

Power, P = J ∗ Emf
=Amp-Volts
 =watts
𝐽
IV =
𝐶(𝐴𝑚𝑝 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐)
J = Volt(𝐴𝑚𝑝 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐)
𝐸(𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦) = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑡
=Watt-sec

=Joule