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Newton raphson method

By-
Yogesh bhargawa
M.Sc. 4th sem.
Roll no. 4086
Introduction
As we know from school days , and still we have studied about
the solutions of equations like Quadratic equations , cubical
equations and polynomial equations and having roots in the
−𝑏± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
form of x= where a, b , c are the coefficient of equ.
2𝑎

But nowadays it is very difficult to remember formulas for higher


degree polynomial equations . Hence to remove these difficulties
there are few numerical methods, one of them is Newton
Raphson Method.
Which has to be discussed in this power point presentation.
Newton Raphson Method :
Newton Raphson method is a numerical technique
which is used to find the roots of Algebraic & transcendental
Equations .

Algebraic Equations :
An equation of the form of quadratic or polynomial.
e.g. 𝑥 4 +𝑥 2 +1=0
𝑥 8 -1 =0
𝑥 3 -2x -5=0
Transcendental equation :
An equation which contains some transcendental functions
Such as exponential or trigonometric functions.
e.g. sin , cos , tan , 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 𝑒 , log etc.
3x-cosx-1=0
logx+2x=0
𝑒 𝑥 -3x=0
Sinx+10x-7=38
Newton Raphson Method :
Let us consider an equation f(x)=0 having graphical representation as
• f(x) =0 ,is an given equation
• Starting from an initial point 𝑥0
• Determine the slope of f(x) at x=𝑥0 .Call it f’(𝑥0 ).
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )−0
Slope =tanѲ= = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑖 .
𝑥𝑖 −𝑥𝑖+1

From here we get


𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
• f’(𝑥𝑖 ) = .
𝑥𝑖 −𝑥𝑖+1

Hence ;
𝐟(𝐱𝐢 )
• 𝐱 𝐢+𝟏 = 𝐱𝐢 −
𝐟′(𝐱𝐢 )

• Newton Raphson formula


Algorithm for f(x)=0
• Calculate f’(x) symbolically.
• Choose an initial guess 𝑥0 as given below
let [a,b] be any interval such that f(a)<0 and f(b)>0 , then
𝑎+𝑏
𝑥0 = .
2
𝑓 𝑥0
• then 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − ′ .
𝑓 𝑥0
𝑓 𝑥1
• Similarly 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − .
𝑓′(𝑥1)
• Then by repetition of this process we can find 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , 𝑥5 … …
• At last we reach at a stage where we find 𝒙𝒊+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒊 .
• Then we will stop.
• Hence 𝒙𝒊 will be the required root of given equation.
NRM by Taylor series :
if we have given an equation f(x)=0.
𝑥0 be the approximated root of given equation.
• Let (𝑥0 +h) be the actual root where ‘h’ is very small such that
• f(𝑥0 + ℎ)=0
From Taylor series expansion on expanding to f(𝑥0 + ℎ)
ℎ2 ℎ3
f(𝑥0 + ℎ)=f(𝑥0 ) + hf’(𝑥0 )+ f’’(𝑥0 )
+ f’’’(𝑥0 ) +…….
2! 3!
Now on neglecting higher powers of h
• f(𝑥0 ) + hf’(𝑥0 ) =0
𝑓(𝑥0 )
From above h= -
𝑓′(𝑥0 )

Cont..
Hence first approximation 𝑥1 =(𝑥0 + ℎ);
𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑥1 =𝑥0 -
𝑓′(𝑥0 )
Second approximation ;
𝑓(𝑥1 )
𝑥2 =𝑥1 -
𝑓′(𝑥1 )

On repeating this process

We get
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 =𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′(𝒙𝒏 )

This is the required newton Raphson method.


How to solve an example :
F(x)= 𝑥 3 - 2x – 5
F’(x) = 3𝑥 2 -2
Now checking for initial point
F(1) =-6
F(2)= -1
F(3) =16
Hence root lies between (2,3)
2+3
Initial point (𝑥0 ) = =2.5
2
From NRM formula
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 =𝑥𝑛 − ,putting all these above values in this formula
𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )
xn3  2 xn  5
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
3 xn2  2
On putting initial value 𝑥0 = 2.5
We get first approximate root;
𝑥1 =2.164179104
Similarly:
𝑥2 =2.097135356
𝑥3 =2.094555232
𝑥4 =2.094551482
𝑥5 =2.094551482
Hence 𝐱𝟒 =𝐱 𝟓
Hence 2.094551482 is the required root of given equation.
Application of NRM
• To find the square root of any no.
• To find the inverse
• To find inverse square root.
• Root of any given equation.
Limitations of NRM
• F’(x)=0 is real disaster for this method
• F’’(x)=0 causes the solution to diverse
• Sometimes get trapped in local maxima and minima .
THANK YOU..!!!!!!

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