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power to life.
GUIDE TO LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCH AND FUSEGEAR DEVICES
COMPANIES INVOLVED IN THE
PREPARATION OF THIS GUIDE
Contactum Ltd
Victoria House Eaton, Cooper Bussmann (UK) Ltd
2 Blackmoor Lane Melton Road, Burton on the Wolds,
Croxley Green Business Park Leicestershire, LE12 5TH
Watford Tel +44 (0) 1509 882600
WD18 8GA Fax +44 (0) 1509 882786
Tel: +44 (0) 208 208 7423 Email bulesales@eaton.com
Fax: +44 (0) 208 438 0282 www.eaton.uk.com
www.contactum.co.uk
MK Electric
Lewden Electrical Industries The Arnold Centre
Unit 4 Paycocke Road
Bradbury Drive Basildon
Springwood Industrial Estate Essex SS14 3EA
Braintree, Essex CM7 2SD Tel: +44 (0) 1268 563 720
Tel: +44 (0) 1376 336 200 Fax: +44 (0) 1268 563 064
Fax: +44 (0) 1376 322 161 Email: MK.Technical@Honeywell.com
www.lewden.com www.schneider-electric.co.uk
Siemens Ltd
Schneider Electric Ltd Sharston Road
Stafford Park 5, Wythenshawe
Telford Manchester
Shropshire M22 4RA
TF3 3BL Tel: +44 (0) 161 945 3956
Tel: +44 (0) 1952 290 029 Fax: +44 (0) 8456 053114
Fax: +44 (0) 1952 292 238 www.siemens.co.uk
www.schneider-electric.co.uk
ABOUT BEAMA
BEAMA is the long established and respected trade association for the
electrotechnical sector. The association has a strong track record in the
development and implementation of standards to promote safety and product
performance for the benefit of manufacturers and their customers.
Details of other BEAMA Guides can be found on the BEAMA website
www.beama.org.uk
DISCLAIMER
This publication is subject to the copyright of BEAMA Ltd. While the information herein
has been compiled in good faith, no warranty is given or should be implied for its use
and BEAMA hereby disclaims any liability that may arise from its use to the fullest extent
permitted under applicable law.
Acknowledgements
BEAMA would like to thank IEC and BSI for allowing references to their standards.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 6
2 Fuses 7
2.1 Fuse definitions 8
2.2 Fuse-link ratings 9
2.3 Fuse-link characteristics 10
2.4 Breaking range and utilization category 11
2.5 BS 1362 plug top fuse-links 11
3 Switching Devices 12
3.1 Definitions 12
3.2 Application of switching devices 14
3.3 Category of Duty 14
3.4 Frequent and infrequent use 15
4 Fuse Assemblies 16
4.1 Fuse-holders 16
4.1.1 Protection against electric shock 17
4.1.2 Cable Connection 17
4.2 Fusebanks 17
4.3 Distribution fuseboards 17
4.4 IP (International Protection) codes 17
7 Standards 23
7.1 Fuse standards 23
7.2 Switchgear and controlgear standards 23
7.3 Other relevant standards 23
8 Fuse Recycling 24
1
INTRODUCTION
The selection, specification or Fuse developments have been This guide considers switching devices
recommendation of equipment for a incremental, with the emphasis on according to BS EN 60947-3. Other
particular application can be critical increased performance, increased safety standards may apply for switches for
and carries a great deal of and the use of modern materials. household and similar applications.
responsibility. It is reassuring to know Computer modelling of the fuse-link
This guide starts from the fuse and
that modern fuse and switchgear is the behaviour is now helping designers to
continues through to various types of
result of extensive research and develop more compact and modular
switchgear and fusegear. It is intended
cumulative knowledge gained over devices. New technology is ensuring
as an introduction to fuse and
more than a century. that fuse-links are evolving to meet
switchgear solutions available from
today’s increasing technological
BEAMA members.
demands such as full-range high-speed
fuse-links for the protection of
semiconductors and fuse-links for the
protection of Photo Voltaic (PV)
modules and arrays.
2.2 Fuse-link ratings Conventional time – the time specified Fusing factor – A term used previously
for which the fuse-link shall to indicate the speed of operation of the
Rated voltage Un – the maximum fuse-link, being the ratio between
nominal voltage that the fuse-link is a) Carry the conventional non-fusing
minimum fusing current and rated
designed to interrupt. The fuse-link may current without operating and
current. There were four classes which
have an a.c. rating, a d.c. rating or both. b) Operate within when carrying the are similar to the utilization classes
conventional fusing current. of today:
Rated current In – the maximum value
Conventional times for gG, gM, gU, gR • Class P Fusing factor = Exceeds
of current that the fuse-link will carry
and gS fuse-links are: 1.0 but not exceeding 1.25
continuously without deterioration
under specified conditions. • Class Q1 Fusing factor = Exceeds
• 1 hour for ratings of 63A and
1.25 but not exceeding 1.5 is the
below
Current carrying capacity Iz – most common, and is still referred
current-carrying capacity of a cable for • 2 hours for ratings above 63A to in some customer
continuous service under the particular and up to 160A specifications. Now replaced by
installation conditions concerned. • 3 hours for ratings above 160A utilization category gG which
and up to 400A includes a cable overload test at
Dual rating – commonly used in the UK
• 4 hours for ratings above 400A 1.45Iz
to designate the current rating of a
motor fuse (for example 32M63 means • Class Q2 Fusing factor = exceeds
Minimum breaking current – The
the fuse has a maximum continuous 1.5 but not exceeding 1.75
minimum value of current that the fuse-
rating of 32A but the time/current and link can satisfactorily interrupt at rated • Class R Fusing factor = 1.75 and
energy let-through characteristics of a voltage. above which was generally
63A rating). referred to as a motor starting
Pre-arcing time (melting time) – the fuse-link. Now replaced by
Rated breaking capacity – is the value interval of time between the beginning utilization category gM
of prospective current that a fuse is of a current large enough to cause a
capable of breaking at a stated voltage break in the fuse element and the
under prescribed conditions of use and instant when an arc is initiated.
behaviour. The fuse link may have an
a.c. breaking capacity, a d.c. breaking Arcing time (of a fuse-link) – the
capacity or both and this is the interval of time between the instant of
maximum fault current that the fuse-link the initiation of the arc in a fuse and the
is certified to break. instant of final arc extinction in that
fuse.
Conventional non-fusing current Inf –
Operating time (total clearing time) –
is the value of current specified which
sum of the pre-arcing time and the
the fuse-link is capable of carrying for a
arcing time.
specified time (conventional time)
without melting. Power dissipation (of a fuse-link) – The
power released in a fuse-link carrying a
Conventional fusing current If – is
stated value of electric current (usually
the value of current specified (usually
rated current) under prescribed
1.6 x In) which causes operation of the
conditions of use and behaviour.
fuse-link within a specified time
(conventional time). This was previously
known as the ‘minimum fusing current’.
2.4 Breaking range and 2.5 BS 1362 plug top Protection against excessive damage by
a short circuit is still achieved even if the
utilization category fuse-links smaller cable sizes are inadvertently
The first letter indicates the breaking The UK uses 3-pin fused plugs which protected by a 13A fuse.
range: must be fitted with a BS 1362 fuse-link.
The use of BS 1362 fuses to protect
For domestic installations the use of the
“g” fuse-links (full-range breaking flexible cables from overload conditions
BS 1363 plug and socket system and the
capacity fuse-link, typically used for and from fault conditions such as short-
fitting of a BS 1362 fuse-link into a plug
overload and short circuit circuits, earth faults and over-currents
is a legal requirement under the UK
protection); has long been an essential feature in the
Plugs and Sockets etc. (Safety)
UK. It is the only system to offer total
“a” fuse-links (partial-range breaking Regulations 1994 (S.I. 1994/1768).
protection of flexible cables in this way.
capacity fuse-link, typically used for
With a correctly fused BS 1363 plug, the
short circuit protection only).
flexible cable connected to the
The second letter indicates the equipment is always fully protected
utilization category; this letter defines against the effects of short circuits or
with accuracy the time-current overloads as follows: -
characteristics, conventional times and • 3A fuse protects 0.5 mm² or larger
currents and gates. cables.
• 7A fuse protects 0.75 mm² or
larger cables.
• 13A fuse protects 1.25 mm² or
larger cables.
gR Semiconductor and conductor protection Full range (optimised to low I2t values)
gS Semiconductor and conductor protection Full range (optimised to low power dissipation)
gL, gF, gI, gII Former types of general purpose fuses replaced by type gG Full range
Fuse-switch-disconnector double NOTE: These mechanical units are intended The position of the word ‘fuse’ at the
opening – fuse-switch-disconnector for power distribution systems where beginning of the description indicates
which provides an interruption in the switching and/or isolation of an individual that the fuse-link forms part of the
circuit on both sides of the fuse-link phase may be necessary and they should not moving contact system whereas the
be used for the switching of the primary
that satisfies the requirements specified word ‘fuse’ at the end indicates a static
circuit of three-phase equipment.
for the isolating function fuse-link.
Whilst at first sight these definitions may
Single pole operated three pole The symbols used to identify these
appear complex and confusing there is
switch – mechanical unit consisting functions are shown in the following
logic to the terminology with each
of three individually operable single table from BS EN 60947-3 and must be
device having its own specific features
pole switches and/or disconnecting placed on the front of the device in
and functions. The key to identifying
units according to this part, rated as a such a position that they are visible
the functions of a device and specifying
complete unit for use in a three-phase when the device is installed.
it for a particular application rests in the
system
recognition of terms and the order in
which these terms are used in the
definition.
Functions
Making and breaking current Isolating Making, breaking and isolating
NOTE Equipment shown as single opening may comprise multiple openings in series
Switching of PV circuits.
DC-PV0 Opening and closing a PV circuit to provide disconnection
when no current is flowing.
DC-PV1 Connecting and disconnecting single PV string(s) where
reverse currents and significant overcurrent cannot occur.
DC-PV2 Connecting and disconnecting PV circuits where significant
overcurrents may prevail and where current flow can be in
both directions; for example, where several strings are
connected in parallel and to the same inverter, or, one or
more strings with a battery.
4.1 Fuse-holders
Fuse-holders for the U.K. market are
designed to meet the requirements of
BS HD 60269-2/BS 88-2. The fuse-
holders normally consist of a separate
base and a carrier with the base
containing the main incoming and
outgoing cable terminals and the carrier
holding the fuse-link. Cable terminals
are shrouded and the base and carrier
mouldings prevent finger contact with
live parts as the fuse-link is withdrawn.
Front/Back Stud – combination of the In general, all distribution fuseboards should have a means of isolation, either
above types. as an integral component or as a separate unit. The most common method is
to supply the distribution fuseboard through a switch-disconnector.
Front/Busbar – top or bottom cable
entry at one end and a special terminal
block for connection to a busbar at the
4.4 IP (International Protection) codes
opposite end. Selection of enclosures is determined by external influences (application,
location, environment, etc.) and is specified in accordance with BS EN 60529
Fuse-holder/fuse-link combinations are
Specification for degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code).
widely used within industry for circuit
protection and can be used either as The specified IP Code only applies when the equipment/enclosure is properly
stand-alone single or three-phase installed, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Further detailed
devices or incorporated into distribution information on the definitions and application of IP Codes is included in the
boards or control panels. BEAMA Guide to IP Codes.
Previous versions of UK fuse standards have been withdrawn after their contents were
written into the above series including the following:
• BS 88-2.1 and BS 88-2.2 are now both incorporated in BS HD 60269-2/BS 88-2
• BS 88-5 and BS 88-6 are now both incorporated in BS HD 60269-2/BS 88-2
• BS 1361 is incorporated in BS HD 60269-3/BS 88-3