Synchronous Machine Model

28 October 2018
Lesson Summary

• Introduction
• Synchronous Machine Types
• Round Rotor Machine Model
• Equivalent Circuit
The Synchronous Machine

𝑁𝑃 𝑃 𝑁 𝑃
𝑓𝑒 = 120
= 2 60
= f Hz
2 m

Where:
f = electrical frequency in Hz
P = number of poles
N = rotor speed in revolutions per minutes (rpm)
fm= mechanical frequency in rps
Round Rotor Machine
Salient Pole Rotor Machine
Question

1. A 50 Hz synchronous generator has 30 pairs of poles.

a. What is the speed in RPM?
b. Indicate the generator type?
c. In which type of power plant could this generator be
used?

2. A generator, that was delivering 150 MW, experiences

a sudden frequency rise from 50hz to 61.5hz. If the
generator does not have any control, what occurs with
the load? Explain your answer
a. Remains unchanged
d. Decreases
e. Increases
Idealized Three Phase Generator
Idealized Three Phase Generator
Circuit Model

𝐿𝑠 = 𝐿𝑎𝑎 = 𝐿𝑏𝑏 = 𝐿𝑐𝑐

−𝑀𝑠 = 𝐿𝑎𝑏 = 𝐿𝑏𝑐 = 𝐿𝑐𝑎
𝐿𝑎𝑓 = 𝑀𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑
𝐿𝑏𝑓 = 𝑀𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑑 −1200 )

𝐿𝑐𝑓 = 𝑀𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑑 −2400 )

Flux Linkage

𝜆𝑎 = 𝐿𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑎 + 𝐿𝑎𝑏 𝑖𝑏 + 𝐿𝑎𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐿𝑎𝑓 𝑖𝑓

𝜆𝑎 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑎 − 𝑀𝑠 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐿𝑎𝑓 𝑖𝑓
𝜆𝑏 = 𝐿𝑏𝑎 𝑖𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏𝑏 𝑖𝑏 + 𝐿𝑏𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐿𝑏𝑓 𝑖𝑓
𝜆𝑏 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑀𝑠 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐿𝑏𝑓 𝑖𝑓
𝜆𝑐 = 𝐿𝑐𝑎 𝑖𝑎 + 𝐿𝑐𝑏 𝑖𝑏 + 𝐿𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐿𝑐𝑓 𝑖𝑓
𝜆𝑐 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑐 − 𝑀𝑠 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐿𝑐𝑓 𝑖𝑓
Flux Linkage (2)

𝜆𝑎 = 𝐿𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑎 + 𝐿𝑎𝑏 𝑖𝑏 + 𝐿𝑎𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐿𝑎𝑓 𝑖𝑓

𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 = 0
𝜆𝑎 = (𝐿𝑠 +𝑀𝑠 )𝑖𝑎 + 𝐿𝑎𝑓 𝑖𝑓
𝜆𝑏 = (𝐿𝑠 +𝑀𝑠 )𝑖𝑏 + 𝐿𝑏𝑓 𝑖𝑓
𝜆𝑐 = (𝐿𝑠 +𝑀𝑠 )𝑖𝑐 + 𝐿𝑐𝑓 𝑖𝑓
Question

What are the four conditions that must be satisfied before a

synchronous generator can be connected to the grid?
Steady State Operation

𝑑𝜃𝑑
= 𝜔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃𝑑 = 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑑0
𝑑𝑡

𝜆𝑎 = (𝐿𝑠 +𝑀𝑠 )𝑖𝑎 + 𝑀𝑓 𝑖𝑓 (ω𝑡 + 𝜃𝑑0 )

𝜆𝑏 = (𝐿𝑠 +𝑀𝑠 )𝑖𝑏 + 𝑀𝑓 𝑖𝑓 (ω𝑡 + 𝜃𝑑0 − 1200 )
𝜆𝑐 = (𝐿𝑠 +𝑀𝑠 )𝑖𝑐 + 𝑀𝑓 𝑖𝑓 (ω𝑡 + 𝜃𝑑0 − 2400 )
Steady State Operation

𝑑𝜆𝑎
𝑣𝑎 = −𝑅𝑖𝑎 −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑎
= −𝑅𝑖𝑎 − 𝐿𝑠 + 𝑀𝑠 + 𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝐼𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑑0 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑒𝑎′ = 2 𝐸𝑖 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑑0 )

𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝐼𝑓
𝐸𝑖 =
𝑎
Armature Equivalent Circuit
 Steady State Operation
𝜃𝑑 = 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑑0 = (𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 + 900 )

𝑒𝑎′ = 2 𝐸𝑖 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)
𝑑𝑖𝑎
𝑣𝑎 = −𝑅𝑖𝑎 − 𝐿𝑠 + 𝑀𝑠 + 2 𝐸𝑖 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)
𝑑𝑡
𝑖𝑎 = 2 𝑖𝑎 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 − 𝜃𝑎 )

𝑖𝑏 = 2 𝑖𝑏 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 − 𝜃𝑏 − 1200 )

𝑖𝑐 = 2 𝑖𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿 − 𝜃𝑐 − 2400 )

𝜆𝑓 = 𝐿𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑓 + 𝑀𝑓 [𝑖𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑 − 1200 + 𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑 − 2400 ]

Synchronous Reactance and
Equivalent Circuit

𝑣𝑎 = 2 𝑉𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡

𝑒𝑎′ = 2 𝐸𝑖 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿)

𝑖𝑎 = 2 𝐼𝑎 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃)
Equation
Equivalent Circuit
Question

A three phase synchronous generator is radially connected to an

infinite bus with voltage magnitude of 1 p.u. and zero angle by
means of a reactance of 0.4 p.u. The generator supplies an active
power of 0.8 p.u. The magnitude of the generator internal voltage
is 1.3 p.u, and the generator reactance is 0.8 p.u. Calculate the
power angle δ of the generator.
The Synchronous Motor (1)
Magnetic field generated by a three-phase coil system
The Synchronous Motor (2)
Synchronous motor connected to an infinite bus