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Mean 5
++ + + + + + + + + 2
++ + ++ + + + + + + 5
+ +
+ + ++ + + (Zi – Zj)2 / 2
+ + + + + + 6
++ + + + 7
Lag + + + + + 6
++ + + + 5
y
+ + +
+ + 7
Distance between pairs of points +
x
Distance between pairs of points
Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences
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etc.)
+ + Range: d at which
+ + + semivariance is constant
+ + + + Sill
(Zi – Zj)2 / 2
+ + + + + Sill: constant
+ + + + + semivariance beyond
+ + + the range
+ + + + + Nugget
+ +
+ + + Distance (d)
+
+ +
Distance between pairs of points
Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences
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Goal: predict values where no data have been collected Map types:
Relies on first establishing: Prediction – contours of interpolated values
DEPENDENCY – z is, in fact, correlated with distance Prediction Standard Errors – show error distribution, as quantified by
STATIONARITY – z values are stochastic (except for spatial minimized RMS error (see below)
dependency they are randomly distributed) and have no other
dependence – use “detrending” or transformation tools if not Probability – show probability of values exceeding a specified
Gaussian threshold
DISTRIBUTION – works best if data are Gaussian. If not they have to
first be made close to Gaussian. Quantile – show where thresholds overestimate or underestimated
predictions
Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences
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Prediction map of radioceasium soil contamination levels in of Belarus Dark orange and red indicate a probability greater than 62.5% that
after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. radiocesium contamination exceeds the critical threshold in forest berries.
Figure from ESRI “Intro. to Modeling Spatial Processes Using Geostatistical Analyst” Figures from ESRI “Using Geostatistical Analyst”
Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences
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Spatial Dependence:
Kriging – Part II Semivariogram and Semivariogram Surface
Goal: predict values where no data have been collected Strong Spatial Dependence Weak Spatial Dependence
Relies on first establishing:
DEPENDENCY – z is, in fact, correlated with distance
STATIONARITY – z values are stochastic (except for spatial dependency they
are randomly distributed) and have no other dependence – use “detrending”
or transformation tools if not Gaussian
DISTRIBUTION – works best if data are Gaussian. If not they have to first be
made close to Gaussian.
Figures from ESRI “Intro. to Modeling Spatial Processes Using Geostatistical Analyst”
Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences
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Spatial Dependence:
Cross-Validation Diagnostic Kriging – Part II
Use a subset of the data to test measured vs. predicted values Goal: predict values where no data have been collected
Relies on first establishing:
Weak Spatial Dependence DEPENDENCY – z is, in fact, correlated with distance
Strong Spatial Dependence
STATIONARITY – z values are stochastic (except for spatial dependency they
are randomly distributed) and have no other dependence – use “detrending”
or transformation tools if not Gaussian
DISTRIBUTION – works best if data are Gaussian. If not they have to first be
made close to Gaussian.
Figures from ESRI “Intro. to Modeling Spatial Processes Using Geostatistical Analyst”
Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences
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Figures from ESRI “Intro. to Modeling Spatial Processes Using Geostatistical Analyst”
Figure from ESRI “Using Geostatistical Analyst”
Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences
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Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences
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Data Exploration:
Data Exploration Examine the Distribution
Normal (Gaussian) distribution? (central value, spread, symmetry;
1. Examine the distribution – normal (Gaussian)? mean and median the same?)
Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences
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1. Add and display the data 1. Incorporate results of Data Exploration into Model selection
2. Explore the data’s statistical properties This example:
remove underlying trends discovered during data exploration that have a
3. Select a model to create a surface – make a prediction map! rational explanation. (Analysis is then performed on residuals and trend
4. Assess the result surface is added back into final surface) = “Detrending”
Remove directional trends between pairs of points – in certain directions
5. Compare to other models closer points are more alike than in other directions = “anisotropy removal”
Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences
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2. Define search neighborhood for interpolation 1. Add and display the data
(c.f. I.D.W.) 2. Explore the data’s statistical properties
Use a search ellipse (or circle) to find nearest 3. Select a model to create a surface – make a prediction map!
neighbors; specify radii of ellipse, min. & max.
number of points per sectors 4. Assess the result – Cross Validation Plots
3. Examine Cross Validation plot 5. Compare to other models
Predicted vs. Measured for subset(s) of the data
“Mean error” should be close to zero
“RMS error” and “mean standardized error” should be small
“RMS standardized error” should be close to one.
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