MS Theses Abstracts PDF

MS THESES
LG Abellanosa, Allan L. 1981. The effect of population density and spatial arrangement on the
995 productivity of corn (Zea mays L.) and mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilzeck] intercrop. MS Thesis
1981 (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 117 leaves.
A42 (unpublished)
A23
Abstract
The field experiment was conducted at the UPLB Central Experiment Station from January to
May 1981 to study the effects of population density and spatial arrangement on yield, yield
components, agronomic characters and the profitability of corn-mungbean intercrop. Five levels of
population density for corn, eleven density levels for mungbean and six spatial row arrangements of
corn and mungbean were evaluated. The hybrid corn variety IPB 218 and the mungbean variety CES
87 were used. A randomized complete block design with four replications was employed. Three (T1,
T2 and T10) out of 12 intercrop combinations evaluated gave corn yields comparable to sole corn
indicating that these corn-mungbean combinations are superior to monoculture because their
mungbean yields constitute an additional income. The intercrop combination T1 and T2 both at
53,333 plants/ha corn intercropped with mungbean at 200,000 and 106,667 plants/ha, respectively,
in a :1 row proportion, and T10 at 42,667 plants/ha for both corn and mungbean in a 4:2 row
proportion were comparable to sole corn based on corn yields. Nevertheless, T10 was considered
more applicable than either T1 or T2 due to convenience in carrying out the cultural practices such
as cultivation. Corn yield was highly correlated to the number of ears and kernels/m². Ear diameter,
number of kernels/ear, number of ears/plant, weight/1000 kernels and percentage shelling recovery
were not significantly correlated to yield. Days to tasseling were delayed and leaf area index was
reduced in the intercrop, whereas maturity, plant and ear height were not affected by
intercropping. The reduction of mungbean yield from 58.7 to 91.6 percent was partly due to the
competitive effect of corn. Mungbean yield was significantly correlated to the number of seeds/pod
and to the number of pods/m². Pod length, number of pods/plant, weight/1000 seeds and shelling
recovery were not correlated to yield. Maturity, height of plant and leaf area index were affected by
intercropping while the number of days to flower did not vary significantly from sole mungbean. The
results indicate that spatial arrangement and population density influence the productivity of corn-
mungbean intercrop. The adoption of 4:2 spatial arrangement with corn-mungbean combination
both at 42,667 plants/ha may be more profitable due to additional mungbean yield.
LG Acedo, Antonio L. Jr. 1984. Retardation of deterioration in pole sitao (Vigna sesquipedalis Fruw.)
995 with coconut water. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
1984 Laguna. 136 leaves. (unpublished)
A42
A34 Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the components of coconut water which could
explain its effect on pole sitao pods and to evaluate the influence of some factors on its efficacy. The
reduction of yellowing and chlorophyll loss in coconut water-treated pods was similar to that with
25 or 50 ppm kinetin indicating cytokinin involvement. Water from 12-mo old nuts was more
effective than from 6- and 10-mo old. It exhibited the highest cytokinin and growth-promoting
activity but the latter activity was much greater than that with kinetin. Thus, its effect cannot be
solely ascribed to cytokinin. Contributory effect of sucrose at 1.5% in the reduction of yellowing and
chlorophyll loss was insignificant. There was no interaction effect of sucrose and kinetin. The
optimum dipping duration was 2 minutes. There was no benefit from storing the nuts up to 2
months, concentrating the coconut water up to 50% of its volume, and the addition of sucrose or
kinetin to coconut water. Respiration rate was greatly stimulated in pods dipped in 1.5% sucrose,
coconut water concentrated up to 50%, and coconut water added with 1.5% sucrose or 25 ppm
kinetin. These treatments could have increased the substrate pool of the pods. Slight increases were
noted inpods dipped in water from stored nuts. All the experiments confirmed that coconut water
retarded yellowing and chlorophyll loss in pole sitao pods. However, in general, it did not affect
texture, weight loss and shriveling.
LG
995
Agillon Andrea B. 1984. Ripening Characteristics of ‘Improved Pope’ Tomatoes (Lycopersican
1984
Esculentum Mill) Subjected to Various Temperature Regimes. MS Thesis (Horticulture),
A42
University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 108 leaves. (unpublished)
A45
LG Agtarap, Maribel L. 1987. Response to salinity of two flue-cured tobacco varieties. MS Thesis
995 (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 99 leaves. (unpublished)
1987 Abstract
B6
T53 Two flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties which differed in salt resistance were
examined for their response to varying levels of sodium chloride. MRS-3 and PVV`77, a salt tolerant
and salt sensitive variety, respectively, were used as test plants. Plant development was more
delayed and dry matter accumulation was greatly reduced in sensitive than tolerant variety. Both
varieties exposed to salt stress suffered from water deficit. It appears from this study that plants
stressed with saline solution developed morphological and physiological adaptations (succulence,
decrease transpiration) which enable them to adapt to the stressed condition. The analyses of the
organic and inorganic constituents further revealed the possibility of osmoregulation as the
physiological basis for this adaptation. Ions which accumulate under salt stress include (1-, Na+, K+
and to some extent Ca++. There is likewise a significant increase in the proline content of the
stressed plants. All these were considered as possibly responsible for the decrease in the solute
potential of the vacuole and cytoplasm, respectively, which consequently brought about the
decrease of its water potential, thus allowing the flow of water from the soil to the plant.
Accompanying these changes is the general decrease in the starch and sugar content of the tissues
which is interpreted as possible sources of energy for accumulation against concentration gradient,
compartmentation of the salts and as source of carbon for synthesis of other organic compounds.
Cured tobacco leaves obtained from salt stressed plants and classified as salty were not dirctly
correlated with chloride content. These leaves might have been caused by NH4+-Cl- toxicity.
Chemical analysis shows that these types of leaves have low nicotine and reducing sugar content.
LG Andam, Carlos J. 1980. Effects of preharvest ethephon application on fruit retention, maturation
995 and quality of ‘Carabao’ mango (Mangifera indica L.). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
1980 Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 116 leaves. (unpublished)
A42
A53 Abstract
Four levels of ethephon (0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm) were applied on maturing `Carabao' mango
fruits. The result showed that fruit retention was significantly increased in ethephon treated fruits at
40 days from full bloom but not at 54 days and 58 days from full bloom. Effects on the physical
dimension in terms of length, width, breadth and volume of the fruits varied with stage of ethephon
application. In terms of weight, heavier fruits were noted with ethephon treated fruits at 54 days
from full bloom. Soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content of fruits
harvested at weekly interval after ethephon treatment were not affected by preharvest ethephon
treatments. However, 200 ppm ethephon applied at 54 days from full bloom seems to have
accelerated the fruits to mature 2 weeks earlier than the minimum acceptable maturity. When
applied at 68 days from full bloom, it improved the conditions in terms of soluble solids and
titratable acidity of the fruits at the minimum acceptable maturity. More detailed work on this line
is suggested. Physiological studies showed that on the average ethephon treated fruits evolved
higher ethylene production that untreated ones. This consequently stimulated higher respiratory
activity compared to the control. It did not however, alter the respiratory pattern but only the time
scale required to reach the climacteric peak. Generally, earlier climacteric peaks were observed in
treated fruits. No differences were also observed in the soluble solids, titratable acidity and rate of
color development of ethephon treated fruits at all stages of maturity, both in 10°C and 32°C
storage temperature level. Fruits treated at 68 days from full bloom appeared to have the most
improved fruit quality compared to those at 40 and 54 days from full bloom.
LG Anotharom, Supha. 1981. Pathogenicity and cultural requirements of the causal organisms of
995 banana (Musa sp) crown rot and chemical control of the disease in the Philippines. MS Thesis
P57
A55 Abstract
The crown rot fungi used in this study were Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum musae,
Fusarium sp. and Thielaviopsis paradoxe. Tests of infectiveness of these four fungi as individual
inoculum showed B. theobromae to be the most infective, C. musae was the next, followed by T.
paradoxa and Fusarium sp. combination of two and four inocula resulted in either high infectiveness
or low infectiveness. Resulting in high infectiveness were the combination of B. theobromae + T.
paradoxa, B. theobromae + C. musae + Fusarium sp, and low infectiveness were the mixed inocula
of B. theobromae + C. musae + Fusarium sp. + T. paradoxa. In in vitro culture, these fungi grew well
at 30°C and at ambient room temperature using potato dextrose agar at pH 6. They were induced to
sporulate under a wide range of temperature and pH. The control of crown rot on "Bungulan"
banana by using various fungicides and chemical demonstrated that hydrochloric acid (IN) gave
desirable control which was comparable to Benlate.
LG Apiag, Cleofe T. 1997. Evaluation of F1 Hybrids Between Isogenic Ripening Mutants and Tomatoes
995 (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) of tropical Background for improved Fruit Quality and Shelf Life.
1997 MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 62 leaves.
A42 (unpublished)
A65
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the yield, horticultural characteristics, fruit
qualites and shelf life of mature green and breaker fruits of nor, rin and alc hybrids and homozygous
ripening mutant cultivars with normal tomato varieties and to tet the adaptability and identify
homozygous ripening mutant cultivar with highest yield, improved fruit quality and shelf life.
Twelve entries for each tria were evaluated at the University of the Philippines, Los Baños, College,
Laguna and Northern Mindanao Integrated Agricultural Research Center (NOMIARC), Dalwangan,
Malaybalay, Bukidnon for yield and horticultural characteristics using Randomized Complete Block
Design. Fruit qualities were evaluated at NOMIARC and fruit shelf life was evaluated at the growing
areas and at central Mindanao University (CMU) after transport. Entries were laid out in a Complete
Block design. Results of the study revealed highly significant differences on yield, horticultural
characteristics and shelf life among entries. Nor hybrids exhibited highest yield performance with
good horticultural traits among entries at UPLB trial. Marikit X Nor2 out yielded significantly all the
entries with a marketable yield of 30 tons/ha, was the earliest to flower, (24 DAT) and to mature
(64.7 DAT) and had bigger fruit size (60g) per fruit. Maigaya X Nor2 got the highest marketable yield
( 60 tons/ha) at NOMIARC trial but flowered and matured later than the normal varieties. Cultivar
Fireball (rin) had high adaptability to NOMIARC condition than the other homozygous ripening
mutants with insignificantly yield difference between Marikit. Ripening of stored fruits was slower
in all hybrids and homozygous cultivar Fireball (rin) than the normal varieties MNarikit and
Improved Pope but only a week delay and with lighter red color. Homozygous LA3 (rin0, LA2 (alc)
and Nor2 ripened slowly than the hybrids and remained predominantly yellow in storage but
intensified differently at physiological maturity. Relatively the fruits remained very firm in all storage
conditions and maturity stags than the hybrids and normal varieties. Highest TSS content across
stages of maturity and in stored fruits was observed in LA3 (rin). Maigaya X La2 (alc) exhibited the
longest shelf life of 25 and 17.3 weeks respectively in mature green and breaker fruits stored under
ambient room temperature at UPLB i.e. when all of the fruits were no longer marketable. On the
other hand, all the nor hybrids had shortest shelf life significantly similar with Marikit. At NOMIARC,
homozygous LA2 (alc) significantly exhibited the longest average shelf life of 23.3 weeks in mature
green and 26.0 weeks in breaker stage among entries i.e. when 50 percent of the fruits were no
longer marketable. Remaining fruits were kept 7 months longer after harvest with good visual
quality. After transport, LA2 (alc) consistently had the longest shelf life among entries but only when
harvested at mature green stage with a mean 22.8 weeks. Homozygous cultivar Fireball (rin) and
Improved Pope X Fireball (rin) had the longest shelf life in both stages after transport but the hybrid
had uniform shelf life of 20 weeks from transport i.e. when all of the fruit samples were no longer
marketable. Nevertheless, a wet season trial was recommended for identification of adaptable,
improved fruit quality and longer shelf life ripening mutant cultivar at Northern Mindanao across
seasons.
LG Apuya, Nestor R. 1983. Auxin and kinetin effects on the IAA-oxidizing activity of isoperoxidases in
995 young stem callus of narra. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
1983 College, Laguna. 103 leaves. (unpublished)
B62
A69 Abstract
One-cm sections of young saplings of narra were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium
supplemented with different levels of IAA, 2,4-D or IAA, while IBA gave a negative effect on the
growth of callus. Electrophoresis of the extract of the narra stem with callus, using slab
polyacrylamide gel revealed four isoperoxidases, namely: IA1 (slow-moving, Rf = .08), IA2 and IA3
(moderately-moving, Rf=0.22 and 0.27) and IA4 (fast moving, Rf=0.46). The IAA-oxidizing activities of
IA1 and IA2 were relatively higher at the optimum concentration of 10 ppm of 2,4-D or 10 ppm IAA.
Subculture of callus promoted the appearance of another slow moving isoperoxidase, IA5 (Rf=0.13).
Maximum subculture growth of callus was obtained at 5 ppm, 2,4-D – 0.1 ppm kinetin. Gain in
weight of callus at this combination was significantly greater than the other combinations of 2,4-D
and kinetin and IAA and kinetin. High activities if IA1 and IA5 were determined at the said
combination.
At all IAA-kinetin and 2,4-D-kinetin combinations, no differentiation of the sub cultured narra callus
was observed.
LG Artes, Leonisa A. 1994. Role of low oxygen in the development of Ripening Disorder in ‘Saba’ Banana
995 (Musa BBB). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna.
1994 101 leaves. (unpublished)
A42
A78 Abstract
The ripening response of 'Saba banana to a combination of low oxygen and threshold levels of
ethylene was investigated. Fruits were exposed to 3-10 percent or 1-3 percent oxygen in a
flowthrough system and examined at different intervals. Specific physico-chemical, physiological
and biochemical changes were monitored to elucidate the etiology of green ripe condition (GRC) or
green soft disorder (GSD) in 'Saba' banana. In the absence of ethylene, ripening was completely
arrested under 3-10 percent oxygen, as indicated by the absence of changes in firmness, chlorophyll
content, chromameter values, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, and internal gas
levels. Fruits subjected to these oxygen levels exhibited normal ripening upon transfer to air. With
ethylene treatment, fruits held in 3-10 percent oxygen ripened but exhibited a desynchronization of
peel and pulp ripening. At lower oxygen levels (1-3 percent peel color development of both control
and treated fruits was completely inhibited. Ripening changes in ethylene-treated fruits were
arrested except softening. Ion leakage was reduced in both peel and pulp, but to a greater extent in
the former. Neither range of oxygen levels indiced the green ripe condition. In contrast, GSD was
induced in ethylene-treated fruits after prolonged holding at 1-3 percent oxygen. The inset of GSD
was preceded by the development of a fermented odor in the headspace. These results suggest that
GSD is a consequence of the temporal separation of senescence-related deterioration of the pulp
and peel in fruits subjected to threshold levels of ethylene and critically low levels of oxygen. The
adverse effects on quality associated with GSD result when this situation is aggravated by the
accumulation of acetaldehyde and ethanol as a consequence of anaerobic metabolism.
LG Aquino, Albino T. 2001. Off-season production of honeydew melons (Cucumis melo L.) using mulch
995 and protective cover. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
A69 Abstract
The effects of various mulch and row cover on the growth and yield of honeydew melon
(Cucumis melo L.) were studied from November 2000 to January 2001 at the Central Experiment
Station, U.P. Los Baños The combination of three mulching materilas (0.003 mm reflectorized silver
polyethylene plastic (PEP), black non-woven fabric (NWF) and rice straw) and three row cover
materials (0.076 mm polyethylene plastic (PEP), white non-woven fabric (NWF) and nylon net) were
compared. Treatments were laid out in a split-plot design with mulch as mainplot and row cover as
subplot. The combination of mulch and row cover, in general, did not significantly affect the
different parameters evaluated. But mulch and row cover alone had significant effects on the
different parameters. Plants grown with PEP, regardless if it used as mulch or row cover,
consistently showed superior performance followed by plants grown with NWF. PEP grown plants
have greater number of male and female flowers and the shortest day to onset of flowering. Plants
under this treatment also matured earlier and have the highest yield. Lesser pests and disease
incidence were also observed under this treatment. However, soil chemical properties such as
available phosphorus, exchangeable K and cation exchange capacity was consistently higher in plots
mulched with rice straw. These results showed that yield of honeydew melon during off-season
production can be enhanced through protective cultivation methods and with the use of
appropriate mulch and row cover materials.
LG Ativeerakul, Prasit. 1980. Effect of post-harvest storage conditions on the quality of canned green
995 bush sitao pods. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
F61
A85 Abstract
The chemical composition of the pods and the seeds of fresh bush sitao was determined
immediately after harvest and after storage for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours at 10°C and ambient
condition (30-32°C). The pod contained higher amounts of chlorophyll, beta-carotene, total sugar,
sucrose, glucose and fructose than the seed but lower ascorbic acid and starch. During the storage
period, there was a progressive loss of chlorophyll, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid both in the pod
and the seed. Higher temperature accelerated the loss. Starch was hydrolyzed in the pod at both
temperatures with a faster rate at ambient. In the pod at 10°C sucrose accumulated whereas
sucrose decreased at ambient stage. In the seed, there was a decrease in the sugar content
concomitant with an increase in starch at ambient. Sensory evaluation of canned sitao stored for 3
months showed an adverse effect of post-harvest storage on the quality of canned product. Texture
was the most affected quality attribute. Texture might be more affected by processing method
rather than storage condition. Pre-processing storage at 10°C was recommended for not more than
48 hours and only for 12 hours at ambient.
LG Aure, Luzviminda M. 1982. Demand analysis for fruit vegetables in the Philippines, 1973-1976. MS
995 Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 106 leaves.
1982 (unpublished)
A14
A87 Abstract
The study involves a test of major hypothesis regarding the economic behavior of Philippine fruit
vegetables consumers. Demand functions are estimated for the whole country in order to test
whether the consumers respond rationally, in terms of quantity consumed from purchases on the
one hand, and quantity consumed from "bought, given and home grown" sources on the other, to
changes in own price, price of other foods (substitutes and/or complements) and income. Likewise,
the study investigated whether "socio-economic" factors such as family size, income class and
education of the principal wage earner; regional differences and season influence the consumption
of fruit vegetables. Based on the regression models, the own price elasticity estimates were
consistent with prior expectations. In the linear model, the own price elasticity of demand for
tomato was computed at -0.32 for the market demand model and -0.28 for the total demand
model. On the other hand, the elasticities of ampalaya and squash was -1.37 for squash and a little
less than -4.0 for ampalaya. The cross-price elasticity of some of the variables did not have the
expected signs while the income elasticities for all the fruit vegetables in all the models were
extremely low. The study revealed that fruit vegetables responds more to changes in prices than to
changes in income. Besides the price variables, other economic factors were important in
influencing fruit vegetables consumption. The results of dummy variables show family size,
education and season to greatly influence vegetables consumption. The study also shows that
distinct regional differences exist in the consumption of fruit vegetables. The double log model
appears to have been greatly influenced by substituting an arbitrarily small number for the zero
quantities. The procedure used gave unusually elastic elasticity estimates and hence the elasticities
cannot be regarded as reliable. The failure to obtain "good" cross-price and income response is
partly due to model specification and inadequate data. However, Philippine fruit vegetables
consumers, in general, respond to price and other economic variables rationally.
LG Baltazar, Aurora M. 1978. Effects of trifularin, glyphosate and U-44, 078 in nodulation and nitrogen
995 fixation of soybean (Glycine max (L.)Merill). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A14
B86 Abstract
Triflularin (α,α,α_-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), glyphosphate [/N-

(phosphonomethyl)glycine/ and U-44,078 were tested for their effects on nodulation and nitrogen
fixation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill). Trifluralin did not inhibit nodulation and nitrogen
fixation of soybean at recommended rates when applied at 10 days before planting, reduced
nitrogen fixation when applied at 5 days before planting, and inhibited both nodulation and
nitrogen fixation when treated on the day of planting. Inhibitory effect of the herbicide on the two
processes is attributed to root injury and growth inhibition of soybean. It is postulated that the
herbicide is broken down into a non-toxic compound by a combination of chemical, physical and
biological processes. Glyphosate adversely affected nodulation when applied at 4 weeks after
planting but not at 2 weeks after planting. It did not have any pronounced adverse effect on
nitrogen fixation at both times of application. Inactivation of the herbicide through soil adsorption
explains its non-inhibitory effect except at 4 weeks after planting where reduced nodulation was
possibly caused by root injury due to direct contact between the roots or nodules and the intact
herbicide molecule before it was adsorbed into the soil surface. Observed inhibitory effects on
nodulation at 4 weeks and not at 2 weeks after planting suggests susceptibility of this stage to
herbicide application compared with the nodule initiation stage. U-44,078 inhibited nodule
initiation when applied through the roots at 2 weeks after planting, nodule development when
applied through both roots and leaves at 4 weeks after planting, and nitrogen fixation when applied
through the roots at 4 weeks after planting. U-44,078 also adversely affected nodule development
more than it affected nodule initiation. Root application was much more toxic than foliar
application. Reduction in nodulation of the foliar-applied treatments at 4 weeks after planting
indicated movement of the herbicide from the leaf to the root. Whether the inhibition of
nodulation and nitrogen fixation was a result of U-44,078 toxicity to either or both symbionts
cannot yet be ascertained. In general recommended rates and times of application of herbicides did
not affect soil rhizobia or the host plant. Inhibitions in nodulation and nitrogen fixation observed at
rates higher than normal were mainly because of inhibitory effects on root or plant growth and not
on the rhizobia. It was also recognized that the effect of herbicides on nodulation and nitrogen
fixation is a result of the interaction of environmental, herbicidal and plant factors.
LG Begum, Ferdous A. 1985. Root xylem vessels and their significance to water relations of rice (Oryza
995 Sativa L.). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 94
1985 leaves. (unpublished)
B62
B44 Abstract
The root xylem vessels of three upland and three lowland rice varieties were investigated
relative to their water relation. Upland varieties have bigger and higher number of root xylem
vessels than those of lowland varieties. The leaf water potential was high in upland varieties and low
in lowland varieties. Plant resistance was low in upland varieties but high in lowland varieties.
Correlation analysis showed that the water uptake resistance of each variety was positively
correlated with total root xylem vessel diameter and negatively correlated with root axial resistance.
This means that smaller xylem diameter causes root resistance which controls the water transport.
The transpiration rate in both upland and lowland varieties was almost similar. There were no
significant varietal differences in stomatal resistance. Correlation analysis shows that there is no
significant correlation between stomatal resistance and respiration rate. Water uptake rate was
positively correlated to the total root xylem vessel diameter but negatively correlated to plant
resistance. There were significant varietal differences in root xylemn vessel diameter, plant
resistance, leaf water potential and water uptake rate between upland and lowland varieties.
LG Berayon, Belen F. 1982. Persistence of dinitramine and pendimethalin in the soil. MS Thesis
1982
A42 Abstract
B47
The effect of different soil types, application rates and moisture levels on persistence of
dinitramine and pendimethalin were evaluated in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions.
Higher residual phytotoxicity from the herbicides was obtained in clay loam soil over clay and fine
sandy loam soils at 50 to 110 days due to its lower soil organic matter content. Herbicide residues
were very minimal after three months in all three soils. Dinitramine was lost faster than
pendimethalin at 50 to 80 days after application. However, both herbicides were almost
undetectable after three months. With sorghum bioassay the general ranking of recovered
pendimethalin residues was clay loam > clay > fine sandy loam. With gas chromatography the
ranking was changed to fine sandy loam > clay loam > clay. This is because the bioassay measured
plant response to the herbicide, hence only amounts in the solution are detected whereas with gas
liquid chromatography adsorbed herbicide molecule could be extracted and quantitatively
measured. Higher rates of application consequently gave greater and more prolonged residual
phytotoxicity and higher residues in all sampling periods than the recommended rate. Applying four
times over the normal dose gave reductions of 62 percent in sorghum growth and 60 percent in dry
matter yield three months after treatment. At twice recommended rate, it took more than 80 days
to bring down phytotoxicity to 50 percent. Residues were very negligible at the end of three months
when the recommended rate was used. Pendimethalin was again more persistent than dinitramine
although both were almost undetected at three months at the lowest rate of application. Loss of
dinitamine and pendimethalin under low soil water levels was very slow. Marked residual
phytotoxicities were still apparent at 110 days with 4-day interval watering with 19.56 percent and
with 2-day interval watering with 7.98 percent in contrast with the daily watered treatment having
only 2.98 percent. Dinitramine was again more readily lost than pendimethalin particularly in the
frequently wetted soil. Leaching is not a principal means of dinitramine or pendimethalin loss in high
soil water levels with most of the residues still present in the upper 5 cm soil layer even if water was
applied at 100 percent field capacity daily.
LG Bolaga, Hector Y. 1977. Physico-chemical properties of the coconut fruits of different ages. MS
1977 (unpublished)
A12
B35
LG Bondad, Nestor D. 1971. Regulation of tomato fruit ripening by the removal of ethylene or
995 application of ethrel and calcium carbide. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines
1971 Los Baños, College, Laguna. 78 leaves. (unpublished)
A42
Abstract
B66
The postharvest physiology of tomato fruits, variety `2029', was studied with and without
treatments to retard or hasten ripening. Except for the total soluble solids, fruits exhibited patterns
of color development, respiration, softening and changes in titratable acidity normally observed
during the ripening of climacteric type fruits. Ethrel hastened ripening most at 2500 to 10,000 ppm.
Ethrel-treated fruits harvested 21 and 28 days after fruit set ripened normally but 14 day old fruits
did not. Bulk tests with mixed maturities indicate that Ethrel could be promising in the timing of
tomato marketing. Calcium carbide at all concentrations used had little or no effect on tomato
ripening; hence its use for commercial purposes may not be advisable. Since the gas evolved by
CaC2 is pure acetylene, the hypothesis is advanced that acetylene is not an important hydrocarbon
in the metabolism of tomato fruits. Ethylene accumulations inside 5 mil polyethylene film bags
hastened the ripening of mature green fruits. Brominated carbon was most effective in absorbing
ethylene and delaying ripening, followed by KMnO4 on vermicullite and Purafil. Activated carbon
did not absorb ethylene nor delay ripening. A partial pressure of127 cm Hg and flow rate of 200
ml/min delayed ripening without injurious effects when 12 gm Ca(OH)2/kg fruit was added.
Ventilation had no effect on ripening.
LG Borromeo, Emerlito S. 1983. Characterization and postharvest control of erwinia carotovora subsp.
995 carotovora infecting cabbage (Brassica Oleracea var. Capitata L.). MS Thesis (Horticulture),
1983 University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 122 leaves. (unpublished)
A42
B67 Abstract
Soft rot bacteria were isolated from cabbage samples collected from different locations. Twelve
isolates were characterized and identified as belonging to the species Erwinia carotovora subsp.
carotovora (Jones) Dye. The isolates did not differ significantly in virulence. The level of inoculum
which induced lesion formation within 96 h was about 10² cells. Higher cell concentration caused
earlier appearance of soft rot symptoms. An inoculum with 10n6 bacterial cells caused lesion
formation within 12 h. Several chemicals were screened for possible control of soft rot development
in cabbage tissues. Alum (15% solution) and lime (75% suspension) were found to be promising.
Alum was bactericidal against the soft rot pathogen. The active component of alum was most likely
the Aln3+ ion although the pH effect could not be entirely discounted. Lime was not bactericidal.
Lime coating exerted control either by providing a protective barrier against the inroad of the
pathogen or by absorbing water in the inoculum suspension, thus depriving the pathogen of free
moisture required for infection. The possibility for commercial application of alum or lime was
indicated by the subsequent transport and storage experiments. Fifteen percent alum, when
sprayed towards the butt end before packaging, reduced the incidence of soft rot in transit during
the wet season. The effect of alum was enhanced by trimming prior to its application. Lime coating
during the wet season trial was impractical as it was easily washed out by the high amount of
surface water in the wrapper leaves. Neither alum nor lime application was required during the dry
season trial due to low disease incidence. Both treatments provided effective control of the disease
during storage in perforated plastic bags kept at ambient temperature.
LG Brena, Susan R. 1994. The Physiological and biochemical bases of flower opening and senescence in
995 Rosa hybrida cv. Mercedes. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
A42
B74 Abstract
Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of vareious duration of water stress and STS-
pulsing after water stress on the physical, biochemical, and physiological changes in Rosa Hybrida
cv. 'Mercedes'. Regardless of the water stress duration, flowers held in 8-HQc remained highly
acceptable and were almost fully open after 6 days. Vase life of flowers water stressed for12 hours
then soaked in 8-HQC lasted twice as long as those held in distilled water only. After 10 days at 20°C,
flowers soaked in distilled water after 12 hours of water stress had the lowest quality rating which
also failed to open completely. STS-pulsed flowers held in 8-HQC opened completely and had
longer vase life over those STS-pulseed but held in distilled water. Flower opening in STS-pulsed
roses held in 8-HQC was almost complete after 6 days at 20°C. It took 4 more days before STS-
pulsed flowers soaked in distilled water immediately after harvest and those water stressed for 4
hours to attain flower opening similar to those subjected to the same treatments but subsequently
held in 8-HQC. Carbohydrate and protein levels remained significantly. Carbohydrate and protein
levels remained significantly higher in flowers held in 8-HQC with or without STS-0 pulsing than
flowers held in distilled water. Ion leakage remained relatively higher in flowers water-stressed for
12 hours than those soaked in distilled water.
Respiration rate of flowers with or without STS-pulsing was higher if soaked in 8-HQC than in
distilled water.
LG Buenaventura, Cecilia G. 1983. The cytogenetic effects of age of donor, carbamate and
995 organophosphate insecticides on human leukocytes in vitro. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University
1983 of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 104 leaves. (unpublished)
A42
C35 Abstract
Leukocytes from thirty male volunteers falling under three age groups (16-25, 26-35, 36-45)
were treated with three concentrations of the carbamate insecticides Sevin anmely 2 mg/li, 3 mg/li
and 5 mg/li. Aberrations involving the whole chromosome set (aneuploidy, loose paring, condensed
chromosomes, loosely paired condensed chromosomes) and individual chromosomes (gaps, breeks,
fragments) were observed. However, only the frequencies of loose pairing and chromosome type of
gaps and breaks were significantly affected by the treatments. Significant effects of age of donors
were observed on the frequencies of both numerical and total structural aberrations and mitotic
index. As age of donors advanced, the percentage of aneuploid and structurally aberrant cells
increased. Another set of experiment using Tamaron at three different concentrations (0.1 ml/li, 0.2
ml.li, 0.4 ml/li) on leukocytes from male volunteers showed similar effects as Sevin with the addition
of sticky chromosome sets. Both Sevin and Tamaron exhibited clastogenic properties. Neither had
mitodepressive effects.
LG Bugante Jr., Restituto D. 1985. Quality of ‘carabao’ mango fruits from the major production areas of
995 the Philippines. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
B84 Abstract
Postharvest characteristics of mango fruits from nine sources were monitored at the packing
house in FTI, Taguig, Metro Manila. Days to and total soluble solids (°Brix) at CI 5 were determined.
Disease incidence 12 days after arrival at the plant was observed. Market grades of mangoes
harvested at three areas in Central and Southern Luzon were surveyed. Sensory evaluation and
chemical and physical analysis were also done on the fruits from the three areas. Maturity
determination based on temperatures was also made. The most common causes of fruit rot were
anthracnose and diplodia. Diplodia was prevalent in the early harvests while anthracnose was
present throughout the season. Days to CI 5 was attained by 25% of the fruit five days after arrival
at the packing house. Total soluble solids at CI 5 was 16.8°Brix. Fruits from Zambales wer smaller
than fruits from Pangasinan. A high percentage of the fruits in Zambales was rejected due to their
being undersized. Majority of the fruits in Batangas belong to medium-sized grades. Sensory
evaluation of peel and pulp quality showed that Batangas mangoes were comparable to those from
Zambales and Pangasinan mangoes. Total soluble solids were 17.11, 19.18 and 19.45 °Brix and total
acids (as malic) were 2.88, 2.40 and 2.95%, respectively, for pangasinan, Batangas and Zambales
fruits. Fruits were picked 120,119 and 117 days after induction, respectively, in Pangasinan,
Batangas and Zambales where heat units obtained at the weather stations nearest each area were
1144.5, 912.4 and 998.3 degree-days for Pangasinan, Batangas and Zambales, respectively.
LG Buyagawan, Evangeline B. 1985. The Philippine vegetable industry: a domestic resource cost analysis
995 on selected vegetable crops. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
A14
B39 Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the Philippines' comparative advantage in expanding the
production of garlic, onion and tomato to promote exportation. The methodology used in evaluating
comparative advantage was the domestic resource cost analysis (DRC). Furthermore, it aimed to
describe the production and marketing systems of garlic, onion and tomato. The study revealed that
marketing of the selected vegetable crops is dominated by middlemen. It was observed that there
were unnecessary duplication of functions performed by the middlemen. Regarding the production
of onion, garlic and tomato, it was observed that the farmers were not using the recommended rate
of fertilizer and protective measures as implied by the small expenditures made on these
intermediate inputs. The DRC analysis showed that the country possesses a comparative advantage
in the production of onion, garlic and tomato. Expanding the production of these vegetable crops
would not only create more jobs and provide more food for the population but also earn more
foreign exchange for the economy. Therefore, these vegetable crops could remain as priority for
development and expansion.
LG Cabalquinto, Agapito Paunil. 1983. Utilization of Lumbang (Aleurites Mollucana (L.)Willd.) meal as
995 organic fertilizer for cabbage. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
A42
C33 Four studies were conducted to determine (a) the effect of lumbang meal on germination and
growth and yield of cabbage, (b) the optimum rate and appropriate time of application, and (c) the
residual effect on glutinous corn. Percentage germination was decreased by lumbang meal whether
in water extracts or used as fertilizer for sowing media. No seedling survived at 8% extract however
this effect was nullified when the seedlings were transferred to plates without meal extract after
germination. Transferring seedlings from meal-free seedflats into those with lumbang meal caused
an initial reduction in the number of leaves and height of seedlings after 21 days with no effect on
stem diameter and weight of seedlings. Vigor was slightly improved except at the highest rate of
application. Application of 3 tons/ha lumbang meal resulted in earlier harvest, heaviest biological
and economic yield and larger beads. Large-size heads were only produced where 3 tons/ha was
applied. No head was produced from the unfertilized plots. The pH of the soil decreased 9 days
after application while soil temperature increased after 2-4 days. Applying the meal 7-15 days after
transplanting resulted in heavier biological and economic yield than when applied at or before
transplanting. The residual fertility of the meal applied to cabbage was sufficient for a succeeding
corn plant. Those receiving 3 tons/ha was the earliest to flower, silk and had the heaviest yield.
LG Callano, Reynaldo S. 1980. Mulching and fertilizer levels on the growth and bud-take of para rubber
995 (Hevea Brasiliensis Muell Arg.). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
A42
C35 Abstract
The growth of rubber seedlings of `TJIR 1', `RRIM 600', `PB-86' and old tree mulched with rice
straw, rice hull and sawdust and fertilized with 75:35:25:15, 75:100:65:60 and 75:245:150:130 kg/ha
NPKMg, was studied at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños, Laguna from November 1977
to May 1978. Fertilizer rate of 75:35:25:15 kg/ha NPKMg and rice straw mulch were effective in
producing big seedling which became buddable on the third month after application. `TJIR 1'
seedlings had stouter stems than the other clones prior to mulching and fertilizer application.
However, `RRIM 600' and old tree seedlings became much taller and stouter, even overcoming `PB-
86' and 'TJIR 1', when mulched with rice straw and fertilzed with 75:100:65:60 kg/ha NPKMg.
Seedlings bud-take and number of leaf storey was not influenced by fertilizer, mulch and clone. All
mulching materials reduced weed population, with rice straw as the most effective. The only weed
that could not be controlled was Imprerata cylindrica. Seedling mortality was high on rice straw and
sawdust and the most susceptible clone was `RRIM 600'.
LG Calvo, Ariston D. 1983. Resources to potassium nitrate application of Mangifera indica L. cultivars
995 and M. odorata Griff. in Digos, Davao del Sur. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A42
C43 Abstract
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) was sprayed to mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars and huani (M.
odorata Griff.) to (1) study their flowering and fruiting respnses and (2) to determine the best rate of
KNO3 suited for flowering fo mangoes in Digos, Davao del Sur. Potassium nitrate induced the
flowering fo mango cultivars and huani. This proved that the KNO3-induced flowering is not unique
to 1Carabao', `Pico', and `Pahutan' as earlier claimed. Huani and `Pico' exhibited 100% flowering
within 7 d. `Carabao' responded with 95% flowering. Its flower buds emerged 8 d after induction.
Digos mango and `Dudul' also flowered with KNO 3 but the intensity was only 50% or less and flowre
required 11-12 d to emerge. `Pico', the most responsive tto KNO3, produced the longest and widest
panicle and highest percent perfect flowers. `Carabao', `Pico' and huani developed multiple
panicles/terminal while digos mango and `Dudul' did not. Variations observed in weight, length,
width, and thickness of fruits were attributed mostly to the characters inherent to the cultivar.
Spraying KNO3 at 15 g/l gave the best result in `Pico'. At this rate, flowering was 100% and flower
buds emerged in 6 d. Moreover, panicles were longer, wider and had more laterals (total) and
perfect flowers. On the other hand, 10 g/l KNO3 was the best concentration for `Carabao' with 80%
flowering. Flower buds emerged earlier (7d) and panicles were longer with more laterals and perfect
flowers at 10 g/l. The best rate of KNO3 was uncertain for Digos mango since intensity of flowering
was still increasing and a rate beyond 10 g/l may give more beneficial results. Development of
multiple panicle/terminal in `Pico' was most likely dependent upon concentration of KNO3 but not in
`Carabao'. No multiple panicle was produced in Digos mango.
LG Cheyglinted, Sripan. 1993. The effect of Ethephon on the Physio-Chemical Changes During the
995 Ripening of ‘Chanee’ Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) Harvested at Different Maturity Stages.
A42 (unpublished)
C44
Abstract
'Chanee' durian fruits harvested at 75% maturity either failed to ripen or ripened abnormally,
although there was an apparent climacteric rise in rspiration and ethylen production. The sensory
characteristics and other ripening parameters were inferior, relative to more mature fruits. Fruits at
85% and 955 maturity had good eating quality at the table-ripe stage (TRS) which was attained 3
and 2 days after harvest (DAH), respectively. Normal ripening, i.e. yellowing of the pulp and
development of full flavor and aroma of fruits harvested at 75% maturity was obtained at TRS if
treated with 1000 or 2000 ppm ethephon. Ripening of 85% mature fruits was also advanced when
treated with ethephon. For all ethephon concentrations tried, internal ethylene production of fruits,
irrespective of harvest maturity was not enhanced. However, ethephon treatment consistently
advanced the onset of the respiratory climacteric in fruits harvested before they were 95% mature.
Ethephon treatment was no longer effective when used on fruits harvested at 95% maturity. Thus, it
appears that the failure of immature fruits to ripen normally can be attributed to a lower sensitivity
to lower amount of ethylene. The immature fruit requires a level of ethylene higher than the
endogenous level normally produced to elicit the normal ripening response. Three DAH, ethephon
treated fruits at 75% maturity were rated higher in firmness by mouth feel than fruits at 85% and
95% maturity, regardless of treatment. This indicated that harvesting at 75% maturity combined
with ethylene treatment extended shelf life of durian fruits by one day.
LG Colting, Lita M. 1983. Biological notes, assessment of losses and chemical control of potato tuber
995 moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines
E75
C65 Abstract
The life cycle, behavior, natural enemies and alternate hosts of P. operculella under field
condition were determined; losses in the field and storage were assessed; and insecticides on
storage were evaluated. P. operculella completes its life cycle from 37 to 68 days with four larval
instars. The female lives longer by 7.5 days than the male. No natural enemies and alternate hosts
were noted. Crop damage increases as larval density was raised and yield loss was lesser in the field
than on storage. The mean leaf damage in the field was 84.29 percent and the reduction in yield
was 50.17 percent at 20 larvae per plant. On storage, at the same larval density per kg tuber, 83.40
percent tubers wer infested within a week and 95.13 percent within four weeks. The corresponding
reductions in weight were 64.32 and 84.37 percent. Malathion EC at 0.301 percent reduced field
infestation. For treatment of potatoes for seed purposes, dusting was more effective than either
dipping or sack treatment. Storage of treated tubers inside a container was better than bulk storage.
The decreasing order of effectiveness of the insecticides was: one to two months storage- Carbaryl
at 1,500ppm = Malathion D at 10 ppm = Phosphine at two tablets per ton tuber < Malathion EC at
0.301 percent = B.t. var. thuringiensis at 0.006 percent = B.t. var. thuringiensis + kurstaki at 1,000
ppm. three months storage - Carbaryl at 1,500 ppm = Malathion D at 10 ppm = Phosphine at two
tablets per ton tuber. The insecticides tested could not be recommended for table potato since
residue analysis was not conducted. The ETL is 50 larvae per 100 plants per hectare (one larva per
two plants) and the best time to monitor larval population for controlling the pest is 14 to 30 days
after emergence of the plant in the field. On storage, the ETL is zero. The ETL needs further
evaluation.
LG Creus, Amornita T. 1977. Physio-chemical changes during commercial transport and storage of
995 mangoes. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 109
A42
Abstract
C76
Carabao mango fruits at mature green stage and packed in crates lined with different packaging
materials were transported from Cebu to College, Laguna. Fruits with color index numbers 4 and 5
were obtained from fruits packed in crates lined with newsprint followed by fruits from perforated
polyethylene bags. Sealed bags produced the least ripe fruits with the lowest percent injury. The
inclusion of KMnO4 inside sealed bags decreased the ethylene production of the fruits,
consequently ripening was delayed with advancing color development, total soluble solids increased
while firmness and titratable acidity decreased. The appearance of decay and the percent infected
fruits was reduced by hot water treatment but the rate of ripening in terms of color development
and other chemical changes were not affected. During storage, the rate of yellowing was faster on
exposed fruits than those kept in sealed and perforated bags. Fruits stored for one week in sealed
bags remained hard and green but brown spots developed after two weeks of storage with more
discoloration thereafter. Fruits inside perforated bags were not injured. No brown spots on the peel
was observed. The effectivity of calcium carbide for hastening ripening is inversely proportional to
the degree of ripeness of treated fruits. Fruits in sealed polyethylene bags stored for two and three
weeks failed to ripen normally in air even with the addition of CaC2. Hot water treatment extended
the shelf life of fruits, while CaC2 application reduced the shelf life of both hot-water-treated and
non-treated fruits.
LG Cruz, Alma A. 1990. Linkage relationship between isozyme loci and morphological markers in rice.
1990 (unpublished)
A42
C48 Abstract
A total of twelve crosses between isozyme and mutant marker stocks were made to study the
linkage relations in seven chromosomes of rice. The segregation data from the twelve F2
populations obtained were used to test 43 possible twl locus combinations for evidence of linkage.
Out of the seven chromosomes included in the study, pertinent linkage group for four chromosomes
were established. The linkage group for chormosome 1 has three genes mapped, four genes were
mapped for linkage group 2, four genes mapped for linkage group 4 and the distance of 2 genes for
chormosome 8 was established. In addition, the linkage maps proposed for chormosome 3 which
has seven genes and for chromosome 11 which has three genes need further verification. The
results illustrate the potential of the procedure to greatly accelerate the development of a complete
chromosome map of the rice plant. It was noted thatt the study was limited by the lack of enzyme
markets on certain dhromosomes and the lack of allelic polymorphism on some mapped enzyme
and morphological loci. The location of new enzyme loci as well as the synthesis of rare allele
enzyme locus marker stocks were suggested.
LG Cua, Agnes U. 1989. Ethylene biosynthesis in ‘Carabao’ mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) during
995 maturation and ripening. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
A42
C43 Abstract
Softening and carotenogenesis, events associated with ripening were initiated in the mesocarp
of the 'Carabao' mango prior to full maturation (121 days from flower induction, DFI). Other
ripening parameters such as respiration, total sugars, total soluble solids, starch and titratable
acidity showed marked changes only during ripening. Associated with the ripening changes were
increased production in ethylene in different tissues (inner and outer mesocarp and peel) as
indicated by the peaks during maturation and ripening. The observation that ripening changes
during maturation occurred ahead in the inner mesocarp than in the other portions of the fruit,
indicates a greater sensitivity of the inner mesocarp to the ripening action of ethylens. The non-
synchrony of changes can also be accounted for by the differential ethylene synthetic capacities of
the tissues. The latter is attributed to the differential rates in the activities of ACC synthase and EFE.
Results from this study indicate the involvement of the three major enzymes: ACC synthase, EFE and
malonyl-coA transferase, in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in the 'Carabao' mango fruit.
Results further indicate that the low ethylene production in the fruit throughout maturation and
ripening resulted from lack of ACC due to low activity of ACC synthase.
LG Data, Emma S. 1976. Physiology of wilting among leafy vegetables. MS Thesis (Horticulture),
1976
Abstract
A42
D37 Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. Pekinensis group) variety Tropicana, mustard (Brassica
juncea L.), and pechay (Brassica campestris L., Chinenesis group) variety Black Behi grown in the
greenhourse were allowed to wilt for a period of 9 hours after harvest by subjecting them to
different environmental factors. Chinese cabbage lost more water than mustard and pechay due to
the greater amount of trichomes and the large amount of hard wax. Pechay had no ttrichomes and
with the least amount of hard wax which made it the most resistant of the three leafy vegetables to
water loss. There were no differences in the size, number, length and diameter of their stomates.
Water loss through the structures in the leaves was modified by relative humidity, light and wind
velocity. RH had an inverse relationship with water loss, while light, temperature, and wind velocity
had a direct relationship with water loss. Chinese cabbage lost more water when exposed to higher
light intensity and greater wind velocity, while pechay lost the least under the same conditions.
However, mustard lost more water when exposed to lower RH as compared to other two leafy
vegetables. Wilting resulted in an increase in the total sugar content and free proline content, and a
decrease in percent protein, starch and ascorbic acid content among leafy vegetables held for 9
hours. Their rate of change did not differ among the leafy vegetables, except for the rate of
decrease in protein content, where Chinese cabbage had a more significant decrease than the other
two.
LG De Guzman, Florecta S. 1981. Photochlorination of the methyl esters of coconut (Cocos nucifer L)
995 fatty acids. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 118
A13
G89 Abstract
Coconut oil and solutions of lauric acid, methyl laurate and varying concentration of coconut
fatty acid methyl esters in carbon tetrachloride were photochlorinated for six hours using a 1000-
watt tungsten bulb. Chlorinated methyl laurate gave the highest percentage of chlorine
incorporated (81.41 percent) followed by chlorinated lauric acid (37.76 percent), the chlorinated
coconut fatty acid methyl ester mixture (7.12-31.99 percent) and lastly, chlorinated coconut oil
(4.43 percent). Increasing the concentration of the coconut fatty acid methyl ester solution in
carbon tetrachloride resulted in an increased amount of chlorine incorporated. Fire retardance tests
using pieces of cloth and wood coated with the starting materials and the chlorinated products
showed only slight fire-retardant properties of the chlorinated products over the starting material.
LG De Pedro, Clardine B. 1999. Postharvest detecting mango pulp Weevil (Sternochems

995 Frigious(F.)coleopfera Curlulionida) Infestation Using Biological Stains. MS Thesis (Horticulture),
A42
D4 Abstract
The use of stains as a non-destructive means of detecting the presence of mango pulp weevil in
harvested mangoes was investigated. Fourteen dyes were screened for their potential use in mango
pulp weevil detection. Of these dyes, three biological stains were chosen and further evaluated
namely: acid fuchsin, rose bengal, and congo red. Kruskal-Wallis test showed that 1 percent Acid
Fuchsin was the best concentration and stain which was able to detect 78.48 percent of all the
mango pulp weevil entryholes. Wiping the fruits with the dye instead of dipping did not improve its
effectiveness. The stain solution should be at ambient temperature and neutral pH to achieve
maximum effectiveness in detecting the entryholes. Increase in dipping time greatly reduced while
increasing the concentration of the dye improved its effectiveness. Spectrophotometric analyses of
the pulp and peel of treated mangoes showed that 1 percent Acid Fuchsin can be absorbed by the
fruit. However, as the fruit ripened, concentration of stain retained on the pulp decreased
suggesting possible stain degradation through time. There were no differences in the color intensity,
aroma, and marketability between fruits stained with acid fuchsin and the unstained ones. SDS-
PAGE of the gelatinous substances found on the peel of infested fruits revealed that the substances
were proteinaceous in nature having a band profile similar to that of bovine serum albumin with a
molecular weight of 66, 200 Daltons.
LG Del Rosario, Aurora G. 1980. Growth promoting activity and cytokinin-like substances of makapuno
995 coconut endosperm. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
B6
R67 Abstract
Growth promoting activity and cytokinin content of the makapuno coconut was investigated.
Unautoclaved makapuno liquid endosperm showed greater growth of carrot phlowm tissues than
the autoclaved one. On the other hand, soybean callus bioassay (a bioassay specific for cytokinin)
showed significantly greater growth in autoclaved than in unautoclaved liquid endosperm. In both
assays, makapuno liquid endosperm had higher activity than normal coconut water. Liquid
endosperm of makapuno nuts induced significantly better growth of carrot and soybean callus
tissues compared to the inner and outer layers of the solid endosperm. Liquid endosperm of Type B
makapuno nuts showed greater growth promoting activity than that of Type A makapuno in both
biosassays used. Growth promoting activity decreases with increasing thickness and proliferation of
the solid endosperm. Cytokinin-like substances have been demonstrated to be present in the
makapuno liquid endosperm. Paper chromatography and gel filtration chromatography on sephadex
LH-20 of the purified extracts indicate that these substances could be due to zeatin ribocide and
some other cytokinin-like substances. Purified extracts of the makapuno liquid endosperm was
shown to have greater cytokinin activity that of the normal coconut. Very slight activity was noted in
the makapuno solid endosperm.
LG Del Rosario, Rustico P. 1979. Some pre-harvest factors affecting quality of muskmelon (Cucumis
995 melo L.). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 64
A42
R67 Abstract
Three studies were made on muskmelon cvs. Dulce and Tamdew in order to determine: a) its
optimum stage for harvesting, b) whether fruit quality could still be improved through pre-harvest
application of SADH and effect a concentrated and early harvest by spraying with ethephon and c)
the possible effects of withholding irrigation at different stages of fruit development on quality.
Total soluble solids can be used as basis for quality estimate. The direct and blending methods of
obtaining TSS could be utilized to approximate the total sugar content of `Dulce' and `Tamdew',
respectively. Horticultural maturity characterized by `slipping-off for `Dulce' was attained at 34 and
39 days for late and early planting, respectively. In `Tamdew', it was attained at 40 days in the late
planting and characterized by the development of trace of yellow color on the rind. Harvesting was
hastened by 3 days in `Dulce' and `Tamdew' with 2000 ppm Ethephon without significantly affecting
the soluble solids. No favorable effect was obtained with preharvest application of SADH. Early
planting is recommended for better quality fruits and longer storage life. Fruit load of `Dulce' per
plant can be maintained up to four without adversely affecting fruit quality provided that other
factors are not limiting. Witholding irrigation at the second and third week from fruit setting (18 to
25 days before harvest) caused a decreased size and soluble solids. Weight, TSS and sensory
evaluation were not significantly affected when watering was stopped at the fourth week (11 days
before harvest) and fifth week (4 days before harvest).
LG Dela Paz, Alberto C. 1986. Identification of factors affecting the flower production of sampaguita
995 (Jasminum Sambac Linn. AIT). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
A42
D45 Abstract
Sampaguita growers in San Pedro, Laguna percieved rain and low temperature as the most likely
factors affecting bud seasonality. However, insects and diseases were observed to be severe during
the wet season. Despite this observation, growers applied only insecticides, suggesting that they do
not recognize the role of diseases in determining yield. Rainfall and other agroclimatic parameters
did not correlate with bud yield. It was shown that, although flowering does not stop during the wet
season, insect and disease damage resulted in low yield. Defoliation using 20 percent urea increased
sampaguita yield but manual defoliation did not. The only problem encountered with the use of
urea was that small flowers were sometimes produced. Flower production could be controlled by
subjecting plants to drought stress. By delaying drought stress relief, flowering could also be
delayed. The range of water stress for effectively controlling flower production was from -5 to -20
bars when drought treatment was applied from 5 to 10 days after first signs of permanent wilting.
Light intensity did not significantly affect sampaguita yield, although the yield patterns of shaded
plants became erratic.
LG Diputado, Misael T. Jr. 1984. Response of cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) to moisture stress and see
995 pretreatments. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna.
A42
D56 Abstract
The effects of moisture stress on three varieties of cowpea as reflected in their germinability,
seedling emergence and establishment as well as in some morphological, biochemical and
physiological changes were investigated. The possible influence of some pretreatments on plant
responses to moisture stress was also studied. Germination and seedling emergence were
maximum in the soil media (Lipa clay loam) with an initial moisture content of 30.00% whihc was
almost the same as the field capacity of the soil (32.67%). In the soil with an initial moisture content
of 20.00% germination was considerably reduced. The moisture content of this soil which had
dropped to about 14.18% after 4 days also proved too low to allow seedling emergence since this
moisture level was already near the moisture level at permanent wilting point (11.00%). Although
germination of UPLCP2 was relatively less sensitive to low osmotic potential, its seedling emergence
was lowest in soil media witn an initial moisture level of 25.36%. Seedling emergence was higher in
UPLCP3 and BPICP2 at this moisture level. In pot experiment, moisture stress imposed 10 days after
emergence until the peak vegetative stage caused considerable reduction in plant yield, number of
leaves, leaf area, shoot and root dry matter yield, chlorophyll content, pod yield and its
components. It increased stomatal resistance, leaf water potential and root to shoot ratio. Cowpea
appeared to be quite resistant to moisture stress. The internal stress exhibited by the plant was just
mild as indicated by the stress rating and leaf water potential in spite of the level of external stress
caused by low soil moisture content. From an initial soil moisture content of 35% it dropped to
about 13% at the end of the stress treatment. Drought resistance was one of avoidance. The major
mechanism was the reduction in total leaf area and the overall suspension of growth. Other
contributing features include increased stomatal resistance and root to shoot and the change in leaf
orientation with respect to the incident radiation. Under simulated moisture stress condition plants
exhibited a more severe physiological stress. UPLCP2 succumbed to the treatment while BPIDPs and
UPLCP3 survived. Also, under this condition, leaf free-prolinee content was considerably increased
in BPICP2 and UPLCP3. BPICP2 and UPLCP3 thus proved to be the more resistant variations as they
were more superior in terms of the aforementioned adaptive mechanisms and survived under the
simulated moisture stress condition. Under drought condition the absolute yield of UPLCP2 was
highest; however, yield reduction over that of the control was greatest. Seed pretreatments only
caused a slight advance in seed germination but did not affect subsequent seedling emergence and
establishment or caused any modification in the plant morphological and physiological responses to
moisture stress.
LG Esguerra, Elda B. 1982. Storage and transport of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under
995 modified atmosphere conditions. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
1982 Baños, College, Laguna. 104 leaves. (unpublished)
A42
E83 Abstract
One transport and three laboratory trials were made to determine ways of retarding ripening of
'Apollo' tomatoes using polyethylene bags with holes (DH) for gas diffusion, Ca(OH)2 to prevent too
much CO2 accumulation, KMnO4 insert to decrease ethylene concentration and CaCl2 to reduce
relative humidity without any unfavorable effects on the chemical characteristics or increasing
decay. Ripening of green mature 'Apollo' tomatoes was delayed for one week at ambient condition
when packed in 002 mils polyethylene bags with zero to four diffusion holes due to high CO 2 (75
percent) and low O2 (3 percent) inside the bags. Carbon dioxide levels greater than 5 percent
increased decay. Increasing the number of diffusion holes to eight solved the problem of CO 2
accumulation but O2 increased hence ripening was not retarded considerably. Moreover, C 2H4 tend
to accumulate inside the pack. Using Ca(OH) 2 inserts resulted in a drastic reduction in CO2
concentration to levels lower than that of the control (perforated). However, low O 2 level (3
percent) was obtained in 0 DH and 2 DH hence ripening was retarded. Potassium permanganate
inserts prevented C2H4 accumulation for three to four days and is effective only when used in sealed
bags. The same degree of ripening retardation was obtained as when KMnO 4 was not used. The
ripening of tomatoes transported from Misamis Oriental to Los Baños was retarded when packed in
12 DH (polyethylene bags, 002 mils) - line crates with or without chemicalinserts used singly or in
combination. The use of 12 DH liner alone during the 6-day period was as effective as that of DH-
lined crates with chemical inserts since CO2 and C2H4 levels were the same. Physico-chemical
composition of fruits from the polyetheylene bags was not affected by the presence or absence of
inserts. The fruits ripened normally upon removal from bags.
LG Estrada, Arnold B. 1990. Effect of temperature and humidity on germination and infection of
995 Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. On ‘Carabao’ mango (Mangifera indica L.). MS
P57 (unpublished)
E87
Abstract
The effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on germination, germ tube growth and
appressorial formation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. were evaluated on glass
slides, leaves, and peel surfaces of 'Carabao' mango fruits. Results of these experiments together
with actual field weather data were used to evaluate the worthiness of the scheduled/standard
spray program employed in a mango farm in Dasmarinas, Cavite. Experiments on the effect of
ethylene on conidia brushed on peels and slides were also conducted. Germination and growth of
C. gloeosporioides were found highly sensitive to temperature and atmospheric humidity. The
optimum temperature range for germ tube formation and growth was from 25 to 30°C. Spore
germination and fungal growth increased as the RH was increased from 90% to 100% with profuse
growth observed at 97.5 and 100% RH. Germination on glass slides was inhibited at humidities 90%
and below even after 36 h at 30°C. A higher germination percentage and more profuse growth were
observed on leaves and fruit peels than on glass slides. Spore germination and mycelial growth
were more abundant on peels than on leaves. There was no relationship between the stage of fruit
development (from fruit set to the green mature stage at harvest) and germination, germtube
growth as well as appressorial formation. This absence of correlation also appeared to exist on
fruits at different stages of ripeness. Appressorial formation, however, was shown to be favored by
fruit ripening. Appressorial formation increased with increasing temperature and humidity. No
appressoria were formed at 90% RH irrespective of the temperature of incubation. Very few were
formed at 20°C even at 100% RH particularly after 36 h or incubation. Less appressoria were
observed on peels. No appressoria were formed on glass slides. Increased appressorial formation
resulted in increased severity of anthracnose infection in mango leaves. Lesions appeared earlier
and were more abundant at the higher RH (97.5 and 100%) tested. Leaves incubated at 90% RH
generally remained free of infection. Lesions were severe at 25 and 30°C but were inhibited at 20°C
even at 100% RH. Ethylene did not affect germ tube formation and growth on peels. It however,
appeared to indirectly induce the development of appressoria by triggering the onset of ripening
and bringing about the necessary chemical changes within the fruit. Evaluation of the standard
spraying program employed in a mango orchard in Cavite revealed that majority of the scheduled
fungicide sprays were made during low anthracnose-risk periods.
LG Feliciano, Ascunia L. J. 1965. The practical utilization of heterosis in Capsicum frutescens L. MS

995 Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. leaves.
1965 (unpublished)
A42
Abstract
F45
Ten sweet pepper varieties were crossed in all possible combinations to compare yield, fruit
characteristics and agronomic features of the varieties and their F1 hybrids, to explore the
possibility of utilizing heterosis in commercial sweet pepper production and to identify good
combiners for future breeding work. Even with the low fruit setting obtained (22.1 percent), fewer
average number of seeds per cross pollinated fruit, and lower percentage germination of the F1,
results seem to point that it is economically feasible to produce hybrid seeds commercially by hand
pollination. Heterosis was most expressly manifested in yield. For the dry season planting, 11
hybrids exceeded the yield of the better parent, nineteen surpassed the mean yield of both parents
and 2 gave lower yields than the mean of the two parents. The hybrids generally exhibited earlier
maturity, longer peduncle, increase in plant height, and faster rate of stem elongation during the
early stages of growth than the parent varieties.
LG
995
Flor-Maligalig, Ma. Rachelle. 1984. Cold storage of gladiolus spike on a pilot commercial scale and
1984
controlled opening of spikes as an alternative to cold storage. MS Thesis (Horticulture),
A42
M35
LG Fontelo, Chona Y. 1982. The influence of spatial arrangement and population density on
995 performance of corn (Zea mays L.) and mungo [Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek] intercrops. MS Thesis
A42
F65 Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the UPLB Central Experiment Station from June to October,
1981 to determine the effect of row spatial arrangement and spacing or population densities on
corn-mungo intercrop yields. Grain yield did not respond to changes in row arrangements but was
significantly affected by spacing. Corn grain yield significantly increased with closer spacing between
hills (denser populations), with 6.35 t/ha average yield at 20-cm hill spacing and 2.38 t/ha average
yield at 75-cm hill spacing. This yield increase is due to significantly more and heavier corn ears/unit
area in closer spacing. In contrast, wider corn hill spacing led to significantly more ears/plant, longer
and larger ears and more kernels/row and per ear. Mungo grain yields significantly decreased with
closer corn hill spacing to which they were interplanted. Highest average yield (1119.41 kg/ha) was
at 75-cm corn hill spacing. Lowest average yield (573,39 kg.ha) was at 20-cm corn hill spacing.
Higher mungo grain yields in wider corn hill spacing resulted from significantly more pods/plant.
Combined grain and combined dry matter yields did not significantly differ due to row arrangement,
but were significantly higher at closer corn hill spacing. Significantly taller corn plants with higher
ear locations were observed at 20-cm hill spacing regardless of the row arrangement. Taller mungo
plants were also observed before maturity in double-row intercropping arrangement, regardless of
the corn hill spacing. Corn LAI at 4 and 8 weeks after emergence and dry matter yields were
significantly greater in single rows and generally greater at 20-cm hill spacing. In contrast, mungo
LAI at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after emergence were significantly greater in double rows and generally
decreased with closer corn hill spacing to which they were interplanted. These have been attributed
to the adverse competitive effects of corn over mungo. There were insignificant differences in
percent nitrogen for both corn and mungo either in grains, stovers/stems, and leaves and total
aboveground plant parts. Contrasting response was observed in N uptake in grains -- corn had
increasing N uptake at closer spacing, but not mungo. This supports the idea that more grain
yield/unit area requires more N. Land equivalent ratio continually and significantly increased with
closer corn hill spacing indicating that yield advantage was not yet maximized based on the
combinations undertaken in this experiment. Initial results indicate that the best scheme is to have
66,666 corn plants/ha with 253,333 mungo plants/ha either in single - or double - row arrangement
intercropping.
LG Fortuna, Teresita C. 1982. Physical, chemical, and physiological changes during rambutan
995 (Nephelium lappaceum L.) fruit development. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A42
F67 Abstract
Rambutan fruits cv. Maharlika were tagged at anthesis and the physical, chemical and
physiological changes were traced up to maturation. The objectives of this study were: a) to
establish the growth pattern of rambutan fruits, b) to determine the major chemical and
physiological changes occurring during fruit development, c) to establish the actual time course of
maturation in rambutan, and d) to privide basic information to future researchers. The fruit showed
a simple sigmodial type of growth curve using fruit weight and aril thickness as the parameters. the
curve can be divided into three phases: I. a slow increase in fruit weight (from anthesis to the 12th
week), II. a rapid increase in fruit weight (12th week to the 14th week), and III. a declining rate of
growth (14th week to the 16th week). The fruit is round in the early phases of growth, then globose
at maturation. There was maximum gain in fruit weight, fruit diameter and aril thickness on the 12th
week. Spinterns found in the equatorial portion were the longest followed by those at the bottom
and the top being the smallest. The amount of ethylene production and respiration was quite high,
1 to 2 weeks after fruit set, then it immediately declined in the following weeks. On the other hand,
postharvest studies showed that ethylene levels and CO2 evolution, 2 to 3 days after harvest
decreased, except for cases where browning and disease infestation occurs. Rambutan fruit is ready
to harvest as early as 13 weeks from fruit set with total soluble solids (TSS) of 17.96°Brix. Titratable
acidity (TA) was high on the 12th week which decreased 3-fold in the subsequent weeks. The
increase in TSS was accompanied by a decrease in TA leading to an increasing TSS/Acid ratio. The
amount of dry matter and sugars increased with advancing maturity accompanied by a decreasing
starch content.
LG Gautam, Durga M. 1984. Postharvest behavior of ‘Carabao’mango (Mangifera indica L.) treated with
995 preharvest calcium sprays. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
A42
G38 Abstract
Preharvest applications of calcium (0.5% and 2% were carried out at 70, 80 and 90 d after flower
induction. Fruits were harvested at 113 d and were ripened at ambient temperatures, 21-29 and 24-
35°C. Preharvest spraying of calcium acetate was not effective in increasing the flesh calcium of
mango fruit. Calcium treatment was found to delay ripening by retarding change in peel color and
other associated changes. No differences were observed in the quality of the ripe fruit. Ascorbic acid
content was positively correlated with pulp Ca content; whereas incidence and severity of
anthracnose and stem-end rot showed a negative correlation with peel Ca content. Although
preharvest application of 2.0% Ca did not affect an increase in pulp Ca levels, it resulted in a
significantly reduced severity of internal breakdown in MA-stored fruits. Analysis of tissue affected
with internal breakdown showed high levels of Ca and low levels of K.
LG Gelido, Maria Emilia R.A. 1986. Characterization of the postharvest quality of candevish banana
995 (Musa sp. Cv. ‘Umalag’) from selected areas in Davao. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A42
G45 Abstract
Two sets of experiments were conducted. The first set included Ùmalag' bananas harvested at
the same age from 4 farms in Davao and compared with respect to chemical constituents and
postharvest behavior. The second experiment included fruits from only 2 farms from the previous
trial. Fruits were harvested at the young (8-9-week old from bagging) and mature (10-12-week old
from bagging) stages for characterization and comparison. For both experiments specific chemical
characteristics at harvest were related to subsequent fruit quality. A short storage life as indicated
by a high color index (CI) after storage, high incidence of finger drop, serious crown rotting and pale
peel color at CI 6 were exhibited by fruits of inferior quality. Contributory factors included high field
relative humidity and probable mineral imbalance. Postharvest behavior could have been modified
by transit time and possible exposure to high temperatures. Potassium and calcium were found to
correlate with dry matter content in the peel and with glucose content in the pulp. Increased dry
matter in the peel was associated with lower magnesium. Nitrogen correlated negatively with dry
matter content of the pulp. In the second experiment, mature fruits were observed to have a more
intense peel color at full ripeness, lower peel firmness and better sensory characteristics in terms of
flavor, taste and general appearance. Young fruits have dull peel color, high peel firmness which was
associated with high dry matter in the peel and pulp. These fruits were also characterized by a lack
of aroma and low sugar content. Correlations between mineral components in the peel and pulp
with organic analysis and physical attributes of bananas showed positive correlations between peel
magnesium and firmness, potassium and dry matter of peel and pulp as well as crown rotting at CI
5, and pulp nitrogen and moisture content.
LG Geronimo, Salud B. 1985. Postharvest loss assessment of papaya (Carica papaya L.): a case study.
1985 (unpublished)
A42
G47 Abstract
This case study on postharvest loss assessment of papaya fruits used pre-tested questionnaires
to document current handling practices of 31 farmers and eight traders of Limbon, Indang, Cavite.
Observation schedules were also utilized to monitor the commodity movement from March-June
1984. Farmers did not generally reegad proper cultural management as requisite to produce
optimum and good quality yield. Consequently, they produced poor quality fruits with 56 percent of
them lumpy and 22 percent small-sized. Postharvest losses and damage due to lumpiness (28%),
over-ripeness (13%), fruit-fly (12%), rot (10%) and size defects (7%) could decrease farm receipts by
as much as 25%. On the average, this was about seven percent or P23.00 per month. At the retail
level, over-riped and decayed papaya fruits accounted for 13 percent of the marketing cost or a
trader-retailer lost P57.00 a month on the average. Likewise, fruits with postharvest damage like
cuts, bruises and indentations which were sold at a lower price could decrease the monthly average
net returns by four percent. Majority of the farmers sold papaya to local traders at P1.50 for big-
sized fruits and P0.75 for smaller ones. These prices could also vary depending on fruit form and
degree of lumpiness. The farmers' share of the consumer peso was 41 percent while that of the
trader-retailers' was 59 percent. The average marketing cost per papaya fruit was P1.08 and this
accounted for 52 percent of the gross margin. The major component of marketing cost was
transport fee (47%), followed by permit/market fee (16%) and losses (13%). The state of papaya
postharvest system could be improved by utilizing effective extension programs and services to
encourage trimming of peduncles, lining of containers, wrapping of individual fruits with newsprints
during bulk handling as well as exploring/developing other market outlets. These should be a joint
undertaking of farmers and traders.
LG Golez, Hernani. E. 1986. Bionomics and control after mango seed bores Noorda Albizonalis
996 Hampson (Puralidaemlepidptera). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
E75
G65 Abstract
The mango seed borer, N. albizonalis Rampson, completed its life cycle in 28 to 41 days. The eggs
were laid in masses on the fruit surface and hatched in 3 to 4 days. The insect passed through five
larval instars with a total developmental period that ranged from 14 to 20 days. The pre-pupal and
pupal stages lasted from 2 to 3 and 9 to 14 days, respectively. Asults emerged at night with the
males emerging ahead of the females. The insect successfully developed into adults on the flesh
and seed of `Carabao' mango. However, individuals reared on the flesh have shorter developmental
period as compared with those reared on the seed. Four other mango varieties supported the
complete development of the insect. The larvae preferred to feed on `Carabao' and `Katchamitha'
as shown by the high damage rating and greater number of individuals present in the seeds. In
addition, these varieties were also preferred for oviposition with more eggs laid on green medium
size fruits. N. albizonalis was observed in the different mango growing areas of the country. It was
present throughout the fruiting season and was most abundant during summer. In the absence of
its host, adults failed to reproduce in other parts of the tree nor on fruits suspected as alternate
host of the insect. However, the larvae were observed to undergo a period of dormancy for about
two months as food became limiting. Insect population based on fruit infestation record was
relatively high in the province of Pangasinan than in Laguna and guimaras. Infestation started to
build up in the middle of January, reached the peak in April and declined in the succeeding months.
Similar trend was observed when the population was expressed as number of larvae per kilogram
fruit sample. On the other hand, the adult population was low in January and February with its peak
recorded in May. Three species of parasites and one species of predator were observed to attack
the immature stages of the mango see borer. Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Trichogramma
chilotraeae Naggaraja and Nagarkatti were recorded as egg parasites. On the other hand, Evania
appendigaster LL., and egg parasite of cockroach, was observed as larval-pupal parasite. As a whole,
the degree of parasitism was low and occurred in limited cases. Predation by Rhynchium attrisimum
van der Vedit was suspected to contribute to the high percentage of larval disappearance in the
field. The net income per hectare derived by protecting mango trees from borer infestation was as
follows: cyfluthrin - P145,701.68, deltamethrin - P140,200.92, azinphos-ethyl - P106,468,79,
fenvalerate - P99,543.52 and carbaryl - P77,806.38. By using the most effective insecticides,
cyfluthrin and deltamethrin, the net income per hectare could be increased by about 2.6 and 2.5
times, respectively over the control.
LG Hewage, Sarananda K. 1990. “Green Soft” disorder during simulated transport of Cavendish banana.
1990 (unpublished)
A42
H48 Abstract
Bananas kept in sealed PEB at 12.5°C, ambient and 40°C had no significant softening up to 17
days of storage and quality of fruits after ripening remained unaffected. Oxygen, carbon dioxide and
ethylene levels of the PEB were ranges from 4-6%, 3-3.5% and 0ppm respectively. Change in
firmness, TSS, TA, pH and sugar showed at the level of 2.5 ppm ethylene ripening changes has been
initiated regardless of the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the PEB. Production of "green
soft" was earlier at ambient temperature compared to 40°C. Physico-chemical properties of "green
soft" fruits were comparable to air ripened fruits at CI 5-6 except peel color and pulp pH. The role of
chlorophyllase exzyme onchlorophyll breakdown under MA conditions were negligible. Increased
pectinesterase (PE) extrct I activity was related to declining firmness. Inhibition of PE at 40°C caused
lumpiness of the pulp. PG activity was very high at ambient temperature and at 40°C completely
inhibited. Ethylene scrubber was able to extend the green life of banana compared to control and
carbon dioxide scrubber. Combination of ethylene and carbon dioxide scrubbers performance was
poor compared to ethylene scrubber. Color and the flavor of the ripened fruits with 500 ppm
ethylene in all treatments up to 17 days were comparable to air ripened fruits. Alcoholic odor and
off flavor were common features associated with fruits ripened after 23 days of MA in all treatments
except ethylene scrubber.
LG Ishak, Muhammad A. 1980. The effect of growth regulators, nutrition and media on growth of
995 mangosteen seedling. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
I83 Abstract
The effect of different growth regulators (GA3 250 ppm, IBA 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 300 ppm, naa 50
ppm, 100 ppm, 300 ppm, Vitamin B1 2 ppm, Hormex 3 pm), nutrients (nitrogen, boron and calcium)
and growing media (sand, sandy loam, perlite, garden soil mixed with sand and chicken manure) on
the growth of mangosteen seedling were studied at the Fruit Crops Orchard of the Department of
Horticulture, UPLB from June to December 1979. Important characters such as plant height stem
diameter, leaf area, anatomic condition of roots and cambium, root length, and protein content of
the plant leaf were analyzed. Among growth regulators, nutrients and media tested the combination
of GA3 and Vitamin B1 with IBA, NAA, and high ratio of nitrogen, calcium and boron increased
vegetative growth. Media consisting of perlite and mixture of sand, garden soil and chicken manure
had similar promotion effect on vegetative growth. Under sand culture, GA3 (250 ppm) + IBA
(100ppm) + NAA (100 ppm) + Vitamin B1 (2 ppm) increased plant height, stem diameter and
stimulated cambium activity. Hormex (3 ppm) increased the leaf area. Mixture of GA3 (250 ppm)
and Vitamin B1 gave the highest protein content. It also increased root length, and maturation and
elongation zones. In terms of the effect of medium, GA3, NAA, IBA and Vitamin B1, in combination
with mixture of sand, garden soil and chicken manure resulted in a good seedling growth. Perlite
was best in terms of plant height, root length and maturation zone. On the other hand, sand, soil
and chicken manure resulted in highest stem diameter, leaf area, protein content and root zone
elongation.
LG Ismaiel, Shatha I. 1979. Effects of two flower preservatives on some physio-chemical changes in
995 unstored gladiolus spikes (cv. Friendship). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines
A42
I84 Abstract
Five separate experiments were conducted on pink `Friendship' gladiolus spikes to: (a) determine
the major physico-chemical changes during and after storage; (b) to identify what physical and/or
chemical parameters could be utilized for evaluating the effects of floral preservatives; and (c)
evaluate the effectivity of several chemicals used singly or in combinations on the storage and
vaselife of gladiolus. Length of vaselife, floret size and increase in fresh weight were the parameters
identified to reflect best the usefulness of a potential preservative. Of the five solutions used, the
two preservatives, one consisting of 300 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate + 5 percent sucrose and
the other consisting of 200 ppm Physan 20 + 5 percent sucrose, consistently enhanced water uptake
to nearly twice that of the control, increased floret diameter by 1.6 to 2.6 cm and extended vaselife
to nearly twice as long as those of the control (9.5 days vs. 5.5 days for the control) for unstored
spikes, and nearly thrice as long as those of the control for the stored spikes (6.0 days vs. 2.5 days
for the control). The 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate-containing preservative appear to work better for
unstored spikes while the Physan 20-containing preservatives showed better performance when
used as holding solution during storage. The accumulation of vascular 'plugs' consisting mainly of
callus, lignin and protein, may be instrumental in the development of an unfavorable internal
moisture status of the spikes and as a consequence may shorten their vaselife. The development of
vascular blockage may be delayed by holding the spikes in suitable preservatives such as those used
in the present study.
LG Janolino, Gigi Corazon G. 1996. Soilless culture system for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using coir
995 dust medium and fertilizer-based solutions. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A42
J35 Abstract
This study aimed to develop a soilless culture system for cucumber that would require less costly
inpits and less labor by identifying the appropriate growing medium, growing system, nutrient
solution, and method of applying the nutrient solution. Coir dust was superior to volcanic cinder,
sawdust, or rice hull as a growing medium in terms of its effects on the fresh and dry shoot weights
of the plants. Combining it with other substrates resulted to either comparable or insignificant
effects on growth. The use of upright bags as a container was a better system than the horizontal
bag because it imposed less restrictions on growth. Fertilizer-based solution was 15-15-30 +
micronutrients to which MgSO4 and CaCl2 were added. Growth was further promoted and yield
increased with drip irrigation.
LG Josue, Rosemarie R. 1988. Growth of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L. Hemthell) in
995 aluminum-enriched culture solution. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
B62
J67 Abstract
Trigo 1, Trigo 3 C213-15 and C229-5 were first screened as to their response to graded levels of
aluminum in modified Hoagland's solution. Based on growth and dry matter yield, Trigo 3 was
selected to represent the A1-sensitive and C220-5 to represent the A1-tolerant cultivar in this study.
The response of Trigo 3 and Css0-5 to A1-P combination treatments was then investigated. The two
were grown in modified Hoapland's solution with the A1-P combinations. Both cultivars showed
proper growth and reduced dry matter yield with increasing A1-level. AT each A1 level, growth and
yield improved with increasing P level. A higher P (9 ppm) counteracted the damaging effects of high
A1 (10 ppm). The effect of A1-Fe combination treatment was also investigated. Trigo 3 and C220-5
showed, as in the earlier experiment, poorer growth and reduced dry matter yield with increasing
A1. All experiments showed that most of the tissue P, Ca, Fe and A1 were accumulated in the roots.
the concentration of the four elements in the roots and in the shoots was compared. The
relationship between uptake of the elements in the organs and the level of the elements in the
growing medium was discussed. Between the two cultivars used, C220-5 had always shown better
growth and dry matter yield in both A1-F and A1-Fe combination treatments.
LG Klib-ngern, Paramote. 1980. Flower induction and development of winged bean (Psophocarpus
995 tetragonolobus (L.)DC). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
N47 Abstract
The effect of photoperiod and plant growth regulators on flower initiation and development of
winged bean varieties UPS 22, Batangas medium, and Pangasinan long were studied. Under short
day condition of 9 hrs. light, 100 percent flowering of the 3 varieties was observed, but not under
long day of 15 hrs. light and natural daylength of 12.89 hrs. Critical daylength for 'UPS 22' was
around 12.58 while 'Pangasinan long' was 11.80. However,under an average daylength of 12.89 hrs.
28 percent of 'UPS 22' plants initiated 1-2 florals buds/plants, but they abscissed before anthesis.
Under a daylength of 12.75 hrs. 'UPS 22', 'Batangas medium' and 'Pangasinan long' required 5, 7 and
11 short day cycles, respectively for floral buds to be initiated and developed. Lesser than this, floral
buds were initiated but eventually abscissed. However, even if the plants were exposed to the
required number of short day cycles if exposed to long day afterwards, no flower develop to
anthesis. Exposure to 10-20 short day cycles and later to a long day of 15 hrs. effected 100 percent
flower initiation of 'Pangasinan long' but enough for flower development. A continuous flower
initiation and fast development was obtained from a continuous short day treatment. Under a
daylength of 12.58 hrs three levels of concentration of GA3 and ABA used did not induce flowering
in 'Pangasinan long'. ABA significantly hastened flowering of 'UPS 22' while GA3 delayed it.
Application of GA3 resulted in significantly longer plant vines in both 'UPS 22' and 'Pangasinan long."
LG Koryan, Henry J. 1983. Response of potted cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings to differential
995 levels of NPK fertilizers. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
K67 Abstract
Five cultivars of cacao seedlings were tested at the Department of Horticulture, University of the
Philippines at Los Baños, College, Laguna from March, 1982 to April, 1983 to determine the
influence of NPK fertilizer levels on the survival, growth and leaf nutrient concentration and to
determine the rate of NPK fertilizer for polybagged cacao seedlings grown on loam soil. The results
show that increasing rate of NPK fertilizer generally decreased the survival and growth rate of the
seedlings of the five cultivars. The fastest growth was observed in the control. Survival, girth
increment and the cumulated leaf increment were the same among cultivars but height increment,
root and shoot dry matter, monthly leaf production and leaf size were highest in GA11 x UF650 and
Amelonado followed by SCA6 then Criollo x SCA6 and lastly Am x CC54. The number of branches and
the percentage of seedlings with lateral branches was highest in SCA6. NPK fertilzier increased leaf K
content butt had no effect on leaf N, P, CA and Mg. Leaf N and Ca did not vary among cultivars but
Amelonado, GA11 x UF650 and Am x CC54 had significantly higher leaf P than SCA6 and Criollo x
SCA6. Leaf K and Mg contents were low in SCA6 and Am x CC54, respectively. Dry matter yield was
found to be positively and highly correlated with height increment; girth increment and number of
leaves per plant. Number of branches was positively correlated with percentage of seedlings with
lateral branches but not with any of the other growth characters. Leaf Mg concentration was
positively and highly correlated with girth and number of leaves. The other elements were not
correlated with any of the growth parameters observed.
LG Labios, Emma V. 1983. Postharvest dips for extending storage life of pole sitao pods (Vigna
995 sesquipedalis Fruw.) under ambient conditions. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A42
L34 Abstract
Studies on prolonging the storage life of sitao pods ÙPCPS1', under ambient conditions were
conducted, Several postharvest dips were tried: endrin at 0.046%, 0.058% and 0.088%; alum at
0.5%, 1% and 2% calcium carbonate and lime at 1%, 2% and 3%; water from young and mature
coconuts and tap water. Alum, endrin and coconut water did not reduce weight loss compared with
tap water. Calcium carbonate at 1% and 2%, and lime in combination with perforated polypropylene
bag significantly reduced weight loss. Coconut water significantly minimized yellowing and decline in
chlorophyll content with time. On the other hand, calcium application partially delayed yellowing. In
terms of firmness, it was not consistently affected by any treatment.
LG Ladilad, Ben D. 1980. Growth and flowering responses of unstopped and stopped potted
995 Crysanthemum Morifolium Ramat (cv. Golden Princess Anne) to Two Growth Retardants. MS
A42 (unpublished)
L33
Abstract
Growth retardants namely B-9 (N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid) and CCC (2-

chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride) were applied on chrysanthemum plants to control their
vegetative growth and flowering. Both were found effective at 6,000 and 10,000 ppm, respectively.
More pronounced reduction in height was observed in plants treated with B-9 than with CCC
however, at lower concentrations (2,000 and 4,000 ppm) CCC was more effective than B-9. This may
be attributed to the burning effect of CCC on the leaves of chrysanthemums. All leaves of unstopped
plants treated with CCC were damaged. Burning effects were more intense at higher concentrations,
especially in young leaves at the subapical region of the stems. Flowering of treated plants was
slightly delayed. Flower sizes were also reduced, much more so at higher dosage of the growth
retardants. Moreover, flower withering was slightly hastened by growth retardants application.
LG Laranang, Camilio C. 1982. Seasonal variation in the endogenous growth regulators of mango
995 (Mangifera indica L.) stem cuttings. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
A42
L37 Abstract
Branches of five to seven year old `Carabao' mango trees were cutback at each season and the
shoots were tag starting from bud break. Sixty (60) and ninety (90) days old shoots were harvested
and one-half of which is rooted in pure sand under continuous mist system for 60 days and the
other half is assayed immediately upon harvest. Their ability on shoot production, flushing, rooting
and growth regulator activity levels were determined. Shoot production was greater during the
rainy season than during the dry months. Branch diameter 3.0-4.5 cm produce the greatest and
gradually declines on bigger branches. Rainy season shoots took 6 days before bud break while dry
season shoots took an average of 8 days before the first bud appears. It took 3-4 weeks before leaf
matures and the same period is required prior to flushing and the appearance of succeeding flushes.
No rooting has occurred on both treatments. Bioassay on the extracts of mango stem cuttings
showed activity levels of root promoters and inhibitors. Auxin was detected at Rf 0-0.35. Mean
auxin activity were greater on cuttings assayed 60 days after rooting. Inhibitors were detected at Rf
0.7 to 1.0. Mean abscisic acid activity levels were higher on 60 day-old shoots than the 90 days and
cuttings assayed 60 days after rooting than activities of cutting assayed immediately (0 day)upon
harvest.
LG Lemana, Judy F. 1982. Morpho-histological development of the lateral bud of tobacco and its
995 control by chemicals. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
L45 Abstract
A study was conducted on Virginia tobacco var. MRS-3 to characterize the morph-histological
changes in the axillary bud prior to and on the imposition of apical dominance by the apex or by
exogenously applied phytohormones (IAA and ABA) after decapitation. The bud inhibited by other
synthetic growth regulants which are potential tobacco sucker control chemicals was also described.
The tobacco axillary bud elongated up to 3-4 mm with 10-11 subtending leaves before it was totally
inhibited by the shoot apex. At inhibition, procambial strands were continuous from the bud to the
main stele. The cells at the apex of the inhibited bud were quiescent. Within one week after
decapitation, the axillary bud was released from apical dominance. Consequently, the stem
elongated, more leaves were initiated and cell division occurred. A higher degree of secondary
vascularization in the bud stele and the junction between the bud stele and the main stele was also
attained. Treatment of the decapitaed stem with 500 to 10,000 ppm IAA preserved the status of the
inhibited axillary bud. The application of 50 to 100 ppm ABA did not inhibit the bud. Results indicate
that IAA in situ and that exogenously applied after decapitation can inhibit axillary bud growth of
tobacco after decapitation. It does not however, inhibit bud growth primarily through prevention of
vascularization. It is also unlikely that ABA coming from the apex of mature leaves plays a role in
axilalry bud inhibition. That the inhibition is the effect of a certain balance between auxin and
another substance which may come from the roots, the stem or the bud itself is the more likely
alternative. Despite the inhibitory effect of IAA on axillary bud growth, it is not suitable for sucker
control in tobacco because exogenously applied IAA is metabolized. The use of synthetic auxins like
3,6 dichloropicolinic acid at 9.37 mg ai/plant and inhibitors of cell division activity like pendimethalin
at 18.75 mg ai/plant appear more promising. These levels inhibited axillary bud growth without
injury to fully developed leaves, when applied as directed sprays on the stems of decapitated plants.
topping or decapitation was done at button stage, 3-4 leaves below the button leaving at least 24
leaves on the plant.
LG Lertpruk, Sujitra. 1983. Postharvest behavior of ‘Carabao’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit sprayed
995 with ethephon as a preharvest inducer maturation. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A42
L47 Abstract
Two levels of ethephon (0 and 250 ppm) were applied on `Carabao' mango fruits at 109 days
from flower induction and harvested at weekly interval after ethephon application. The results
showed that ethephon had no effect on physical characteristics, chemical changes, physiological
changes, postharvest life, and eating quality of ripened fruits from different locations. Obviously,
fruits harvested the latest had a better quality than those harvested earlier. Eating quality was
maintained at 10°C storage temperature.
LG Lopez, Cristobal R. Jr. 1983. Clay mineralogy and potassium release characteristics of the soils of
995 some coconut plantation of Mindanao. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
S72
L66 Abstract
The available potassium of the surface and subsoils of 40 coconut plantations in Mindanao was
determined through the potassium uptake of alabang-X (Dicanthium aristatum L.) for five croppings
in the greenhouse and through the chemical extraction with IN nitric acid; neutral ammonium
acetate; and continuous leachiung with 0.01N hydrochloric acid solution. The potassium uptake and
dry matter yield of the plants correlated significantly with the amount of available K extracted by
the chemical tests. The best correlation was obtained with the subsoil K extracted by the continuous
leaching method (r=0.672**) and r=0.720** for dry matter yield. Likewise, the estimated coconut
yield per tree per year and the available soil K were significantly correlated. The best correlation was
obtained with the subsoil K determined by continuous leaching (r=0.413**). The influence of the soil
clay minerals on the availability of K and on some soil chemical and physical properties was
determined by grouping the soils arbitrarily as montmorillonitic or kaolinitic based on the clay
mineral contents of 28 surface soils determined by the CEC/clay ratio method and by X-ray
diffraction analysis. Results revealed that the montmorillonitic group than the K uptake and dry
matter of alabang-X (2.16 m.e./100 g and 15.08 gg/pot, respectively) in the montmorillonitic group
than the K uptake and dry matter yield of the plants (1.96 m.e./100 g and 13.58 g/pot, respectively)
in the kaolinitic group. The estimated coconut yields obtained from the montmorillonitic and
kaolinitic groups (51 and 38.70 nuts/tree/year, respectively) were also significantly different. The
available K (3.22 m..e./100 g); soil pH (7.30); available phosphorus (18.28 ppm); and soil CEC (36.48
m.e./100 g) of the montmorillonitic group were all found to be significanttly higher than those of
the kaolinitic group. The soils were further grouped into high, medium and low yielding based on
the estimated coconut yield per tree per yea (60 nuts and above for high yielding; 37 to 59 for
medium yielding; and 36 nuts and below for low yielding. The high yielding group had the highest
amount ofavailable K (3.72; 1.78 and 2.48 m.e./100 g for HNO3, NH4oAc and continuous leaching
extraction, respectively) which differed significantly from the low yielding but not form the medium
yielding group. Furthermore, the high yielding group also had the highest soil pH (7.39); organic
matter content (2.73 percent); soil CEC (45.34 m.e./100g) and clay content (37.44 percent), all
significantly different from the medium and low yielding groups. The low yielding group had the
highest bulk density (1.43 g/cm3) which differed significantly from the bulk densities of the medium
and high yielding groups (1.35 and 1.20 g/cm3, respectively).
LG Lopez, Ester L. 1981. Longevity and quality of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)
995 and sampaguita (Jasminum sambac Linn. Ait) flowers: effects of some chemical treatments,
1981 storage temperature and stage of maturity at harvest. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
D46 Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 165 leaves. (unpublished)
L66
Abstract
A series of experiment was conducted to determine the effect of chemical preservatives and
stage of maturity at harvest on the longevity and quality of chrysanthemum cut flowers cv. Bowl of
Gold and the effect of storage temperature and chemical treatments on the storage and subsequent
useful life of sampaguita flower buds. Eight-hydroxyquinoline, the parent compound of the salts of
hydroxyquinoline commonly used in preservative solutions and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate
performed equally well as components of holding solutions for chrysanthemums. Different sucrose
levels in combination with 8-HQ or 8-HQS elicited distinct responses in chrysanthemum cut flowers.
Ten percent sucrose appeared to be the optimal concentration in increasing postharvest life while
20 percent sucrose resulted in significantly bigger flowers. Both concentrations, however, damaged
the leaves significantly as compared with those held in zero and 5 percent sucrose. A 5 to 9-day pre-
treatment of chrysanthemums with chemical solutions extended the vase life of cut flowers later
held in water. Regardless of the stage of maturity at harvest, in vitro-opened flowers had longer
vase life and better quality than field-opened chrysanthemums. The use of lower concentrations of
8-HQ (50 ppm) and sucrose (2 percent) increased the vase life of field-opened chrysanthemumcut
flowers. Halazone, a water disinfectant, in combination with 2 percent sucrose prevented the
occurence of 'stem break' and stem browning in chrysanthemums even at later stages of
senescence. In sampaguita, low temperature (5°C) increased the storage life of flower buds to 6
days; 10°C, to 4 days and 20°C, to 2 days. Sodium bisulfite treatment delayed browning but resulted
in 'purpling' of flower buds. BA, 2,4-D; 2,4-D mixture; ascorbic acid and phosphoric acid did not
delay the onset of browning in sampaguita flower buds. Storing in N2-atmosphere significantly
reduced the browning of flower buds but resulted in the production of off-odors and in rapid post
storage deterioration.
LG Lopez, Julite S. 1981. Factors affecting post-training performance of graduates of the UPLB-NFAC
995 Vegetable Production Training Program. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines
D46
L66 Abstract
The study attempted to identify factors associated with post-training performance of graduates
of the UPLB-NFAC Vegetable Production Training Program all over the country. It was hypothesized
that previous training activities attended, professional background in communication,
communication output, organizational production inputs, perceived agency commitment to training
program, perceived relevance of training program to agency objectives and perceived trainor
credibility were related to the graduates' total performances. Tests for independence using chi-
square tests gave the following results: 1. Professional background in communication was related to
total performance. Graduates with more communication subjects taken in training exhibited high
total performances. 2. Communication output, i.e., organization of training programs/or farmers'
meeting showed a highly significant relationship with total performance. Those who organized
training programs/or farmers' meeting before the training program were those who had high total
performance after. 3. Face-to-face contact was related to total performance. Graduates with more
outside personal contact had high total performance. 4. Organizational support factors were
significantly related to total performance. 5. Perception of agency's commitment to applied
research and organization of training programs/or farmers' meeting were significantly related to
total performance. Graduates who perceived their agencies as committed to both were high
implementors of the two post-training objectives. 6. Perception of trainor qualification and
trustworthiness were both related to total performance. However, the latter was negatively related.
7. Change in position/rank and responsibilities occurred among most of the graduates.
LG Luis, Elsa M. 1980. Major postharvest diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the Philippines
995 and their control. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
P57
L85 Abstract
Diseased potato tubers were collected from public markets, supermarkets, and storage rooms in
La Trinidad, Benguet, in Baguio City, in Metro Manila, in San Pablo City and in Los Baños, Laguna.
The causes of the postharvest diseases were determined. Fusarium tuber rot (caused by Fusarium
spp.) and bacterial soft rot (caused by Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora Dye) were the most
prevalent diseases. Other diseases observed were early blight (caused by Alternaria solani (Ell. & G.
Martin) Sor.), black scurf (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) and scab (caused by Streptomyces
scabies (Thaxter) Waksman & Henrici. Various postharvest treatments were studied to control
Fusarium tuber rot. Different combinations of fungicidal treatment and storage temperature were
tested. Benlate, Captan, Daconil, Dithane M-45 and Zineb were used as dips at different
concentrations for 2 minutes. The temperatures testes were 5 to 30°C at 5 degree interval with the
fungicide either 24 or 48 hours after inoculation then stored at a specific temperature. Reesults
showeed that Fusarium tubre rot could be controlled at 5°C for a week provided that the tubers are
stored at this temperature 24 hours afte inoculation. The disease was not controlled when the
tubers were stored at 5°C48 hours after inoculation. All the other temperatures did not prevent the
development of rotting. Among the fungicides tested, Benlate appeared to show promise of
controlling Fusarium tuber rot when tubers were stored at the different temperatures 24 hours
after inoculation, Benalte was promising at 5°C, 10°C and 15°C only. The other fungicides were
inferior to Benlate. To control bacterial soft rot, streptomycin sulfate and borax were used as
postharvest dips for 2 minutes. Both chemicals were tested as eradicants and as protectants.
Storage temperatures used were the same as in the previous experiment. Storage for 3 days at 5 to
25°C and at ambient room temperature controlled bacterial soft rot. Streptomycin sulfate was
effective against E. carotovora var. carotovora both as a protectant and as an eradicant after
storage at all temperatures for 3 days. Borax was effective as a protectant and as a eradicant at 5 to
25°C for 3 days.
LG Malijan, Loida C. 1987. Photosynthetic capacity in embryo-cultured coconut seedlings during

995 acclimation to greenhouse conditions. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
A42
M35 Abstract
A study on the changes in photosynthetic capacity and anatomical leaf characters in embryo-
cultured coconut seedlings as well as changes during acclimation to greenhouse conditions was
conducted in order to obtain some information which could serve as basis for designing an effective
transplant protocol. The culture of coconut embryos in vitro has reduced the specific leaf weight,
chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and stomatal index. Consequently, photosynthetic capacity was
reduced when compared with those seedlings cultured under natural conditions. Photosynthetic
competence of the embryo-cultured coconut seedlings became apparent as early as the 4th week
after transplant from the culture vessel to clay pots containing sand/compost as support medium.
full photosynthetic competence and almost 100% survival capacity was attained in the 8th week
after transplant. this increased photosynthetic competence and survival capacity may be attributed
to the full expansion of a new leaf which is hypostamatous with higher chlorophyll and carotenoid
content when compared to leaves produce during culture which are amphistonetous and devoid of
carotenoid pigments. Plant materials obtained from embryo-cultured trees had greater survival rate
during transplant because they had higher photosynthetic ability as compared to those materials
obtained from natural-germinated trees. This greater photosynthetic ability could be due to higher
chlorophyll content and stomatal frequency which appeared heritable. In hardening experiments
while seedlings were still in in vitro culture showed that removal of sugar from the support medium
tended to enhance the capacity of the seedlings to adopt to the greenhouse environment after
transplant. To ensure higher survival rates during transplant, the seedlings cultured in vitro should
be preconditioned to low relative humidity, high light intensity and high temperature. Sugar should
be removed gradually from the culture media to stimulate photosynthetic ability. After transplant,
the seedlings should be slowly hardened to low relative humidity and gradually exposed to full
sunlight. Synthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments should be enhanced by treatment with
cytokinin.
LG Manzanilla, Maria Victoria S. 2004. Preconditioning heat treatment to alleviate chilling injury of
995 mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Carabao) fruits. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A42
M7 Abstract
Preconditioning heat treatment of 40°C for 12 hours alleviated chilling injury (CI) in ‘Carabao’
mango fruits stored at 7°C for 4 weeks. It reduced severity of lenticel spotting, delayed the
occurrence of peel discoloration and prevented the development of vascular browning (VB) and
flesh breakdown (FB). Moreover, heat treatment reduced the incidence and severity of anthracnose
and stem-end rot. Control fruits exhibited increased susceptibility to these diseases when
transferred to 25°C, an indication of chilling injury. Higher preconditioning temperatures (44 and 46
°C) aggravated peel discoloration. Normal ripening of the preconditioned and cold-stored fruits
occurred upon transfer to 25°C as evidenced by the decrease in firmness, increase in peel color,
decrease in TA, increase in pH and TSS. Heated fruits stored at 7°C were of good quality until 4
weeks of storage and were highly preferred by sensory panelists. The low respiration rate and
ethylene production in the heated fruits relative to the progressive increase and burst of ethylene in
the control fruits coincided with the alleviation of CI symptoms in the heat-treated fruits. Electrolyte
leakage (EL) and peroxidase activity (POD), on the other hand, did not show direct relation to CI. The
increase in EL and POD activity coincided with the ripening of the fruits. Heated and control fruits
removed from 7°C storage exhibited comparable β-Carotene content. Higher β-Carotene value was
observed in fruits kept at 13°C than at 7°C which coincided with advanced ripening.
LG Marañon, Ramon P. 1997. Influence of location and preharvest season on the response of ‘Carabao’
995 mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits to heat treatments. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A42
M37 Abstract
The response of 'Carabao' mango fruits grown in Guimaras to heat treatmnets as influenced by
location and preharvest season was investigated. Mango fruits harvested from Oro verde Farm
(Location 1) and Chavez Farm (Location2) during the dry (Season 1) and wet (Season2) were
subjected to hot water and vapor heat treatments and the physio-chemical responses and
susceptibility to internal breakdown (IB) development were determined. Climacteric factors such as
high temperature, high light intensity and high rainfall or moisture during fruit ontogeny
predisposed the fruits to develop IB when subjeced to heat treatments. The ratio of (Mg+Ca) to K,
which differed between the two locations was shown to be a critical factor and was found to
correlate well with the susceptibility of the fruit to develop IB. Location and preharvest season did
not influence visual quality rating (VQR) in heat-treated fruits. However, shelf life was extended by
three (3) days relative to the untreated fruits which showed disease symptoms on the 5th day of
storage. Weight loss, soluble-solids, total sugars and alpha-amylase activity were significantly higher
in heat-treated fruits as compared to the untreated fruits during Season 1. On the other hand,
titratable acidity (TA) was significantly higher in fruits from Location 2 harvested during the wet
season as compared to fruits in Location 1 harvested during the dry season. Respiration rate and
ethylene production were not affected by location and preharvest season, although, higher
respiration rate was observed in fruits harvested in Season 1 than in Season 2. Diseases,
specifically anthracnose and stem end rot were prevalent in fruits harvested in Season 2. location
did not influence the development of the above-mentioned diseases.
LG Marciales, Louella B. 1980. Epicotyl grafting and budding of carabao mango (Mangifera indica L.).
1980 (unpublished)
A42
M37 Abstract
The study aimed to explore the commercial feasibility of using epicotyl grafting and/budding to
replace the time-consuming traditional cleft and splice grafting methos for mass propagation of
Carabao mango. The new methods involved the use of four-week old mango seedlings as stocks and
grafting them with sciuons obtained from superior Carabao mango strains. It was found out that the
degree of grafting and/budding, using semi-mature scions and employing skilled propagators.
Moreover, cutting back of the stock just above the point of union after two weeks, similarly
increased the union-take and hastened growth and development of grafts. Union-take was
complete four to five weeks after grafting/budding. From the economic standpoint, the superiority
of these new methods of propagation over those of the conventional ones was similarly shown.
LG Medrana, Generosa T. 1978. Some Physiological and biochemical changes in bush sitao (Vigna
995 unquiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.) and cowpea (Vigna unquiculata as indices
1978 of seed deterioration. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42 Laguna. 120 leaves. (unpublished)
M43
Abstract
Newly harvested seeds of bush sitao and cowpea were kept under 2 storage conditions (ordinary
room condition and air conditioned room for 6 months) and 2 accelerated aging conditions (room
temperature and 100 percent relative humidity for 42 days, and 45°C and 100 percent relative
humidity for 12 days) to study some physiological and biochemical changes during storage which
were then monitored by some "quick measures" of deterioration. Deterioration of bush sitao and
cowpea seeds during storage was characterized by decrease in germination percentage, seedling
growth (root and shoot growth), dehydrogenase activity (tetrazolium potential), and increase in the
number of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds, sensitivity to accelerated aging, respiration qoutient
and fat acidity levels. There were considerable fluctuations in glutamic acid decarboxylase activity
under all the given conditions. Cowpea exhibited longer storage life as measured in terms of rate of
germination loss than bush sitao under identical accelerated aging and storage conditions. Of the
"quick measures" used, germination percentage after accelerated aging, seedling growth (root
growth), tetrazolium potentials and changes in fat acidity appeared to be the most practical,
consistent and sensitive measures of deterioration.
LG Mercado, Ester L. 1981. Root activity in ‘Carabao’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees by radiotracer
995 technique using 32p. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
M47 Abstract
The zones of most active roots of 24-yr-old, grafted `Carabao' mango planted in Ibaan loam were
determined with the use of radioactive isotope 32p. Each tree received a total dose of 5 mci 32p
contained in glass ampoules inserted and crushed in holes dug around the tree at different
combinations of soil depths (15, 30, 60 cm) and lateral distances from the trunk (100, 200, 300 cm).
With a Geiger-Muller counter, activities of leaf samples were assessed 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after
32p placement. The zone of highest root activity, in terms of 32p uptake, occurred at a depth and
distance of 30 and 100 cm, respectively. The second peak of uptake was at the same depth and 200
cm from the trunk. Roots 15 cm deep were active when close to the trunk (100 cm). Lowest activity
was at 60 cm depth, for all lateral distances. Uptake of 32p was higher from the leaves at the top
one-third zone of the tree than from the leaves of bottom one-third zone.
LG Miranda, Maria Lourdes L. 1992. Grain Gibberellic acid-like content and seedling root apical
995 characteristics in parent and hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of
1992 the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 72 leaves. (unpublished)
B62
M57 Abstract
Eighteen parent and hybrid rices were used to investigate the relationships among grain
gibberrelic acid-like levels, seedling root apical characteristics, seedling growth and hybrid vigor.
Hybrids had significantly higher levels of grain gibberellic acid-like levels, meristem length, mitotic
indices, seedling length, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, compared with their immediate
parents. Early differentiation in root apex as shown by the short distance between the root cap
boundary to the first root hair in the root apex was also observed in hybrids. Correlation analyses
show direct relationship among the different root apex characteristics with gibberellic acid-like
levels, indicating the significance of the root apex in the expression of hybrid vigor. Based on the
present results, the above root apical characters may be used as selection criterion for seedling
vigor in rice. However, further experimentation in the hormonal control of root apical growth is
highly recommended to strengthen this proposal.
LG Molina, Gloria C. 1978. Survey, identification and pathogenicity of plant parasitic nematodes
995 associated with pineapple. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
P57
M66 Abstract
Ten genera of plant parasitic nematodes namely, Rotylenchulus, Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne,

Criconemoides, Hemicriconemoides, Hemicycliophora, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Xiphinema and
Tylenchorhynchus were identified in the survey carried out in 8 pineapple growing areas. Of these
the first three genera Botylenchulus, Helicotylenchus and Meloidogyne were the most prevalent
and widely distributed. Pathogenicity tests of three species, using various inoculum levels, indicate
that Meloidogyne incognita, was the most infective followed by Rotylenchulus reniformis while
Heliotylenchus dihystera was the least ineffective. M. incognita adversely affected root and top
weight developments at 1000-5000 inoculum levels. The same effect was noted on R. reniformis at
higher inoculum level of 10,000 larvae per pot. One diagnostic symptom, M. incognita manifested in
infected root is the formation of galls. Histopathological examinations of infected roots indicated
that M. incognita feeds inside root tissues. R. reniformis on the other hand, was observed to be
semi-endoparasitic, while H. dihystera was found to be both inside and outside feeder, although no
giant cell formation was noted.
LG Morito, Celestino C. 1977. An economic analysis of sweet potato farms in Eastern Visayas, 1975. MS
995 Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. (unpublished)
1977
Abstract
A14
M47 This study aims to (1) determine the levels of inputs used and the corresponding level of output
of sweet potato farms, (2) determine the profitability of sweet potato farms through costs and
returns analysis and selected measures of income, (3) analyze the effect of selected inputs on
productivity and family income from sweet potato, and (4) suggest alternative ways of enhancing
efficiency in the use of resources in sweet potato production. On the average, farm area was 2.85
hectares; cropland area, 2.58 hectares; and cropland area for sweet potato, 0.55 hectare. Average
effective crop area was 3.3 hectares, of which only 0.76 hectare was planned to sweet potato. Total
capital investment per farm was P1665.95, of which land comprised 47 percent, work animals, 48
percent; tools and equipment, 4 percent; and farm buildings one percent. Labor used was 44.33
man-days per farm or 58.33 man days per hectare; 20 percent was paid labor, and 80 percent,
unpaid labor. Sweet potato production averaged 1142.89 kilos per hectare. Gross return of 50
tenant-operated farms was P262.20 per farm, or P345.00 per hectare; net return was P15.63 per
farm, or P20.58 per hectare. The gross return from 85 owner-operated farm was P379.78 per farm,
or P499.71 per hectare; net return was P167.04 per farm, or P219.79 per hectare. The net farm
earning was P232.72 per farm; the simple rate of return to capital, 10 percent; operator's farm labor
earning, P32.80; family farm labor earning, P98.81; and family income from sweet potato, P298.72.
the effects of farm size, labor, value of tools and equipment, and operating expenses on production
per farm were characterized by increasing trends resulting from the increase in the level of labor,
value of tools and equipment, and operating expenses. There were economies of scale for all farm
sizes when labor input and value of tools and equipment were increased except operating expenses
which has none. Family income per hectare for all farm sizes varied directly with the change in labor
input but had irregular responses with the change in value of tools and equipment and operating
expenses. Production and family income responses on fertilization att the rate of 1.11 bags per
hectare were 5380 kilos of tubers and P1369 per hectare, respectively.
LG Muñasque, Vivian S. 1987. Developmental physiology and ripening behavior of ‘Señorita’ banana
995 (Musa sp. L.) fruits. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
M85 Abstract
`Señorita' banana fruits were tagges at shooting time (emergence of the floral apex at the crown)
and their physical, chemical and physiological changes were monitored during the entire
development period and subsequent ripening. The `Señorita' banana fruit exhibited a sigmoidal
growth pattern. Growth was characterized by a slow then a rapid increase in size, volume, weight of
finger, pulp and peel weight during fruit development. A steady and/or declining rate of growth was
observed between the 6th and 7th week from removal of male inflorescence. Respiration rate was
high at the early stage of fruit development then decreased as the fruit matured. Ethylene gas
production remained undetected during the entire period of fruit development. The amount of
ethylene evolved was detected as the fruit began to ripen. Internal CO2 concentration was high at
the time of male inflorescence removal and continued to decrease until the 4thweek of
development followed by a sharp rise on the 5th week then remained steady up to the 6th week.
Thereafter, it declined. On the other hand, internal ethylene concentration was detected at a very
low level on the 4th week then rose gradually until the 7th week. Total sugar content of the pulp
remained low during development until the 4th week; during this period starch accumulated at a
rapid rate. Thereafter, total sugar increased and starch content decreased. Soluble solids increased
gradually as the fruit developed. This could be a consequence of sugar accumulation. Likewise,
titratable acidity increased during fruit development. During ripening, fruits harvested at 3 stages of
maturity (3, 6 and 7 weeks after male inflorescence removal) exhibited a climacteric pattern of
respiration. The rise in respiration coincided with ethylene evolution. Ethylene production, which
remained undetected at the earlier picking dates, increased suddenly during the course of ripening,
then declined. The change from the unripe to the ripe stage was accompanied by decrease in starch
content and increase in total sugars, total soluble solids and titratable acidity. Titratable acidity
increased continually until CI 3 (more green than yellow) then decreased as the fruit turned yellow
in color.
LG Naing, U T. 1991. Physical, physiological and chemical characteristics of ‘saba’ banana (Musa BBB
995 Group) during growth and maturation. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
A42
N55 Abstract
The developmental physiology and posttharvest physiology of `Saba' banana (Musa-BBB group)
were analyzed both on field and laboratory condition. Fruits were tagged at shooting time
(emergence of the floral apex at the crown) and their physical, chemical and physiological changes
were monitored during the entire development period and subsequent ripening. The `Saba' banana
fruit exhibited a sigmoidal growth pattern. Growth was characterized by a slow increase in size,
volume, weight of finger, pulp and peel weight between 2nd and 10th week from last hand
appearance. Then a rapid increase between 10th and 20th week followed by a slow or constant rate
between 20 and 24 weeks. Starch was found to be a major component of the banana fruit, which
increased steadily, reaching about 35-40% at fully mature stage. Starch content after 20 weeks was
not significantly different among means. Starch degraded rapidly after the initiation of ripening.
Total sugar percentage in the pulp remained very low during fruit development until 16th week, but
starch accumulated at a rapid rate. Thereafter, total sugars increased while starch content
decreased during the latter part fruit maturation. As the fruit develop, total soluble solids (TSS)
increased gradually. Although it had very low value, titratable acid increased during fruit
development. High respiration rates was observed at the early stage of fruit development within
two weeks, from last hand appearance, then decreased as the fruit matured up to 16 weeks,
followed by a constant rate thereafter. Ethylene production during early part of the development
from 2nd week to the 14th week remained undetectable. Small amount around 0.1 n1.g-1h-1 was
observed only starting on the 2oth week. Internal CO2 concentration continued to decrease from
the 2nd week up to the 6th week followed by a gradual change with the values ranging between 2-
4% for the rest of the entire fruit development. Changes in O2 concentration was inversely
proportional to that observed for CO2. Oxygen was observed 16-20% during entire development.
Internal ethylene concentration was detected only after the 6th week and the highest concentration
was found (2ppm) on the 24th week (fully matured). All the samples from 16 weeks to 24 weeks
could normally undergo ripening process. The differences among the maturities are the number of
days it takes for the onset of the various physico-chemical changes such as the color development,
decrease in pulp firmness, ethylene production, respiration, starch hydrolysis to sugars, TSS and TA
occurred and the degree of changes. The more mature the fruit is the earlier is the onset of the
change and the greater is the magnitude of changes during the course of ripening. The rise in
respiration coincided with ethylene evolution at around CI-2. Ethylene production remained very
low during preclimacteric stage for all maturities, increased abruptly during the course of ripening,
then declined. Initially high starvh content decreased with increase in total sugars, total soluble
solids and titratable acid at CI-2. Total sugars and TSS continually increased with CI development,
while TA % decreased as the fruit turned yellow, after CI-3.
LG Napitupulu, Besman 1995. Post-harvest changes associated with browning in stored injured okra
996 (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)Moench). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
A42
N36 Abstract
Five studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of mechanical injury, maturity, temperature,
relative humidity, and wind velocity on the rate of browning, and the physical, physiological,
biochemical and marpho-anatomical characteristics of okra carefully harvested okra
stored under proper condition (12°C and 95% RH) did not turn brown in 12 days. In injured okra, the
effect of high temperature and/or low relative browning compounded the effect of injury on the
incidence of browning which was the single most important factor of visual quality under such
conditions. Scraping the surface resulted in the removal of the cuticle, collapse of 8-16 layers of
cells, and shattering of the trichomes. Browning could be seen microscopically in 40 seconds after
scraping. It became visible as early as 0.5 day at 40°C and 50% RH. It occurred at the same time in
okra of different ages within the horticulturally mature stage (5 and 7 days after flowering). At high
temperature, the greater the moisture loss the greater is the browning. Moisture loss and browning
were positively correlated. At wind velocity of 6-12 km/h injured pods exhibited browning after one
hour or more while uninjured pods did not discolor in 9 hours of exposure to the same wind
velocity. The rate of respiration and ethylene production was initially rapid in injured pods and
eventually decreased with a corresponding increase in phenols and PPO activity. Browning was
positively correlated with phenol content and PPO activity.
LG Nasrullah, Sri T. 1986. Ethylene from leaves for ripening acceleration of tomato (Lycopersicon
995 esculentum Mill.). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
A37 Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the leaves of eight species (gliricidia, sesban,
peanut, butterfly tree, horseradish tree, crotolaria, calopogonium, and leucaena) as potential
ethylene producer and to determine methods of optimizing the use of selected leaves to hasten the
ripening process of Ìmproved Pope' tomatoes. Based on ethylene production and accumulation as
well as respiratory rates of leaves, sesban was found to be the most promising source of ethylene.
However, when used subsequently, it generally produced lesser amount of ethylene than gliricidia,
which had been earlier recommended as an ethylene source. Its use also resulted in consistently
higher CO2 and lower O2 than gliricidia. The reason for the differences in ethylene levels has been
traced to the condition of the leaves used. Insect- or mechanically-induced damage and water loss
increased ethylene production. Thus, gliricidia is still a better source of ethylene than sesban.
Although inclusion of leaves in bags of tomatoes resulted in higher ethylene levels, ripening was not
apparently accelerated. However, compared to the unbagged fruits (control) it hastened the rate of
color change during the earlier part of the ripening period and caused lesser variability in the
number of days to ripen. The concomitant increase in CO2 and decrease in O2 levels inside the bags
may have negated the effect of the ethylene produced. Sixteen diffusion holes seemed to be
insufficient to reduce CO2 to a tolerable limit and maintain O2 to a desirable level. Four day
enclosure of the tomatoes with the leaves was more effective than two days. The quality of the
fruits ripened with leaves was comparable with those that were not, but better than those kept
continuously in air, essentially because of the lesser water loss.
LG Navachinda, Seubsakd. 1981. Effects of pruning and irrigation on sugarapple (Annona squamosa L.)
995 production in Thailand. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
N38 Abstract
Pruning caused lateral bud growth, flower bud initiation and fruit maturity in 23, 46 and 183
days, respectively. Pruning did not affect total soluble solids, keeping quality and total yield, but
significantly increased fruit size, economic yield and income. Irrigation caused earlier shooting,
flowering and harvesting 10-15 days when compared with control. It also increased the number of
shoots and fruits, fruit size, total and economic yield and income. Irrigation and pruning had no
significant interaction on number of flowers, percentage of fruit retained, harvesting period,
number of mature fruits, yield and income but had significant interaction on days to lateral bud
sprouting, number of shoots and days to flowering.
LG Ona-Cedo, Maria Lourdes D. 1983. Ontogenetic studies on the development of Makapuno and
995 normal coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) endosperms. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A42
C43 Abstract
Controlled pollination proved that the makapuno character is genetically controlled by a

recessive gene and that embryo-cultured makapuno tree are pure makapuno-bearing, therefore are
homozygous for the character. Pollination of these trees with any embryo-cultured makapuno tree
consistently produced makapuno nuts while pollination with normal trees consistently produced
normal nuts. Influence of the pollen is directly manifested in the type of endosperm of the nut
developed from the pollination process and thus may be regarded as a general case of `xenda'
particularly `metaxenda'. Development of makapuno and normal coconut endosperms both pass
through the free nuclear stage, a similar early cellularization stage and solid endosperm thickening
through cell division and expansion. However, the free nuclei in the makapuno endosperm were
bigger and showed higher frequency of budding than those in the normal endosperm. Furthermore,
solid endosperm thickening in these nuts were accompanied by loosening of cell arrangement. An
estimated cell division phase in the makapuno endosperm is also indicated.
LG Ortiz, Guinevere I. 1994. Physiological and biochemical characterization of hyperthermal injury in

995 double dip treated ‘solo’ papaya fruits (Carica papaya L.). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of
A42
O78 Abstract
The effect of double dip treatment (DT) on Philippine-grown 'Solo' papaya was investigated.
Fruits were obtained from two sources: Kabankalan, Negros Occidental and Balingasag, Misamis
Oriental. Fruits were subjected to the standard DT protocol which consists of an initial 30-min dip at
42°C, followed by a 20-min dip at 49°C and 20 min of hydrocooling. Specific physico-chemical,
physiological and biochemical changes were monitored. Fruit response to DT appeared to depend
on maturity. Although even mature fruits displayed persistent green spots at the full ripe stage,
ripening was otherwise not affected by DT in these fruits. Consistent with this observation is the
absence of well-defined effects on the physiology of the fruit. DT had no significant effect on the
enzyme involved in ethylene biosynthesis. It did not affect the ethylener forming enzyme activity
nor the levels of the immediate precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and its
conjugate, 1-(malonylamino)-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Polygalacturonase activity was
comparable in control and treated fruits. Immature fruits, in contrast, exhibited uneven softening of
the pulp, accompanied by a low rate of ethylene production relative to control fruits. As with
mature fruits, persistent green spots were observed even at the full ripe stage. The results of this
study suggest that other than the normal effects associated with elevated temperatures; papaya
should ripen normally if subjected to DT at a sufficiently mature stage. The mature fruit recovers
fully from the effects of temperature employed in DT, and, is therefore, not susceptible to
hyperthermal injury. However, the effect of differences among strains cannot be discounted.
LG Pagcaliwagan, Paulina C. 1983. Growth response of fluid-drilled tobacco seedlings to gibberellic acid,
995 fertilization and seedling rate. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
A42
P34 Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effect of growth adjuvants, fertilization and seeding
rate on the growth of fluid-drilled tobacco seedlings raised in seedbed or directly sown in the field.
Growth adjuvants, gibberellic acid and liquid fertilizer applied at fluid-drilling time, did not enhance
the growth of the tobacco seedlings. Ggiberellic acid promoted stem elongation at the early seedling
stage but degressed growth at the later stage. Stem diameter, leaf area, dry root and shoot weights
of the treated seedlings were not also favored by the growth adjuvants. Basal fertilizer and seeding
rate were proven as critical considerations in raising tobacco seedlings. Enhanced seedling growth
was obtained with basal fertilization using 4.5-75-45 complete fertilizer. Favorable seedling growth
response was manifested in terms of longer roots, larger leaf area, bigger stem diameter and
heavier dry shoot weight. Growth of fluid-drilled tobacco seedlings was enhanced at seeding rates
of 36 and 78 mg/m². Seedlings had greater root length, leaf area, stem diameter, dry root and shoot
weights. Plants basally fertilized with 4.5-755-45 complete fertilizer responded favorably to nitrogen
supplement. At lower seeding rate, N as starter solution + foliar spray enhanced the growth of the
seedlings. Favorable response to the N supplement was not, however, obtained among seedlings
basally fertilized with 6-9-16 complete fertilizer. The growth of seedling directly fluid-drilled under
field conditions was improved with basal fertilization of 4.5-75-45 fertilizer mixture.
LG Payot, Joselito A. 1993. Ripening response of ‘bungulan’ bananas to low temperature storage. MS
1993 (unpublished)
A42
P38 Abstract
A laboratory trial was conducted to test the effectiveness of lower ripening temperatures on the
rate of peel color development and storage life of 'Bungulan' fruits and to characterize its ripening
behavior while being held at lower temperatures and subsequent transfer to ambient condition.
'Bungulan' fruits stored continuously at 25° and 15°C developed full yellow peel areas whereas
those at ambient condition exhibited greenish-yellow peel only. In addition, storage at 25° and 15°C
extended the shelf life of the fruits by at least one week and three weeks, respectively, and without
exhibiting differences in visual quality, firmness, and other characters (TSS, TA, pulp pH, and total
sugars) relative to color index. 'Bungulan' fruits also failed to develop full yellow peel when
transferred to ambient condition at CI4 (more yellow than green) from lower ripening
temperatures. Ambient-transferred fruits ripened rapidly upon transfer but remained at CI5 (yellow
with green tips) only until over-ripe. Fruit quality also deteriorated rapidly. Storage at 15°C appears
to be the best temperature regime for 'Bungulan' fruits. Storing the fruits at 15°C provided
advantages not only in terms of delaying ripening and developing full yellow peel but also in the
enhancement of flavor and characteristic 'Bungulan' aroma.
LG Peiris, Kamaranga H S. 1989. Effect of soil chemical enhancers on the growth of some crop seedlings
995 for rootstocks. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna.
A42
P45 Abstract
The growth response of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), durian (Durio zibethinus L.) and
lanzones (Lansium domesticum Corr.) seedlings grown on soil-based potting media amended with
either manure of manure + sand and treated with some liquid soil chemical enhancers and
supplements were studied under nursery condition. The effects and action of media amendments
and chemical enhancers and supplements on media properties and seedling nutrition were also
investigated. Rambutan seedlings treated with Union Hikari Liquid Fertilizer (UHLF) had the
significantly highest leaf dry weight. Plant hgeight and stem diameter increments, dry weight of
leaves, stems, roots and shoots of rambutan were significantly highest in seedlings grown in
unamended soill media. Durian seedlings grown in unamended soil media treated with Agrowell +
supplementary NPK (NPK) showed highest dry weight of leaves, stems and shoots. Lanzones
seedlings grown in soil + manure + sand (SMSa) media had significantly highest stem diameter
increments, dry weight of leaves, stems, shoots and roots. Soil chemical enhancers and supplements
studied did not influence lanzones seedling growth. Soil chemical enhancers did not affect the bulk
density of NPK contents of amended potting media. Microbial biomass in the media grown to durian
was higher in response to UHLF application. Media pH was greatly influenced by the soil chemical
enhancers. Union Hikari Liquid Fertilizer (UHLF) and NPK supplemented soil chemical enhancers
showed considerable lowering of media pH. Media pH affected the growth of seedlings. Significant
correlations were found between media pH and dry weights of shoots and roots of seedlings. Media
amendments x chemical enhancers and supplements interaction influenced the leaf and stem P
contents of all three seedling species. NPK contents and microbial biomass of the potting media
were higher with manure amendment while bulk density and pH were lower. Seedlings grown in SM
or soil + manure + sand (SMSa) media had high nutrient contents both in leaves and stems.
However, growth response of seedlings differed among species. Rambutan and durian seedlings
grown in unamended soil media had significantly highest dry weights compared with SM or SMSa
media. But SMSa medium promoted the growth of lanzones seedlings compared with soil and SM
media.
LG Pepito, Ma. Fe B. 1993. Physiological characterization of the green soft disorder of ‘saba’ banana.
1993 (unpublished)
A42
P46 Abstract
'Saba' bananas exhibited the green soft disorder (GSD) when subjected to modified atmosphere
(MA) by sealing in 0.03 mm thick polyethylene bags (PEB) for longer than 6 days at 25°C. The levels
of oxygen int he bag were depleted to as low as 1-3 percent. Concomitant with the decline in
oxygen is the accumulation of carbon dioxide to as high as 23 percent. Ethylene production in the
bananas under these conditions led to a buildup of this volatile to a level of 28 ppm. Anaerobiosis
was indicated by the presence of ethanol (EtOH) and acetaldehyde (AA) in the bags. GS fruits had
fermented odor and flavor with pulp and peel discoloration. Anaerobiosis stimulated ACC synthesis
in GS fruits but the low oxygen levels in the bags depressed the EFE activity. Despite the high levels
of ACC, sustained ethylene production which requires oxygen, was inhibited. Low oxygen was
subsequently found to completely inhibited ethylene- induced peel color development but not pulp
softening. Similarly, 20 percent EtOH and 10 percent carbon dioxide were shown to effect the
inhibition of peel color development without the concomitant inhibition of pulp softening. In
contrast, AA could enhance pulp softening without significantly retarding peel color development.
Under nitrogen, which leads to very low oxygen levels, both ethylene-induced pulp softening and
peel color development were arrested. The result of this series of studies are consistent with the
hypothesis that the GSD arises from the combined effects of low oxygen (5 percent) and threshold
levels of ethylene which lead to anaerobiosis. Elevated carbon dioxide, EtOH, and AA in the fruits,
which, in turn, arise from anaerobic metabolism, inhibit peel color development but not softening.
LG Pisithkul, Kraisri. 1994. Organic and Inorganic nitrogen fertilizer sources on soybean growth, seed
995 yield, germinability and storability. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
A42
P57 Abstract
Modern seed production is highly chemical based. Alternatives are currently being sought. The
study was conducted to compare the performance of soybean varieties in terms of growth and seed
production using inorganic and organic N sources during the wet season at the UPLB experiment
station. The soybean varieties (PSB-Sy2 and BPI-Sy4) were fertilized with organic N (carabao manure
and gliricidia leaves) at N level of 24 kg/ha and inorganic N (24-30-30 kg/ha N,P2O5 and K2O)
sources. A control (without N fertilizer) was included and all treatments were inoculated with
Rhizobium. No pesticide was applied but infestation was controlled by manual picking of larvae. The
study was conducted in a split plot design with varieties as main-plot and N sources as sub-plot with
three replications. Parameters such as plant height, lea area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR),
above-ground and root biomass, number of nodules and plant moisture content (MC) were studied.
Biomass produced, N concentration and N content in plant parts, total plant N content, partitioning
of biomass and N in terms of harvest index (HI) and N harvest index (NHI), N use efficiency in terms
of conversion to biomass (NUE B, g biomass/g plant N) seed yield and seed quality (germinability
and storability) were compared. Number of pests and beneficial insects, scale leaf damage and soil
N status were also examined. Both PSB-Sy2 and BPI-Sy4 varieties differed in the parameters
mentioned but growth rates, total plant N content and pest infestation level were similar. Varietal
response to N sources were consistent except during pod filling stage for LAI and plant MC but such
differences did not relate to other growth parameters, pest infestation level and seed yield.
Differences in plant height due to N sources were not observed except at three weeks after planting
where plants given inorganic N were taller. For subsequent stages, growth response in terms of
plant height, LAI, CGR, above-ground and root biomass were similar tended to suppress nodulation
especially at an early stage but this did not affect accumulation of plant N. No differences among N
sources were found for soil N status. Plant biomass, N concentration and N content in plant parts,
HI, NHI, as well as N utilization efficiency in terms of NUE B, NUE G and NUE GN were also not
affected by N sources. This apparent lack of differences may be partly due to the relatively high
native N of the soil and the short experimental duration (one season). Despite a generally higher
plant MC observed for inorganic N, the level of pest infestation was similar to inorganic N sources.
The infestation level was generally low despite no pesticide application. Seed yield and quality did
not differ with N sources. Also, carabao manure and gliricidia leaves had similar effect on all
parameters measured except that the former increased plant MC at seed filling stage in PSB-sy2.
Results indicated that organic N sources is comparable to inorganic N sources for soybean seed
production at least in the short term.
LG Punzalan, Apolinario S. 1976. Some factors affecting the post-harvest life of cut roses. MS Thesis
1977
Abstract
A14
P46 Vase life of unstored and dry-packed stored cut `Mirandy' roses grown under lowland and
upland conditions were evaluated. Based on the over-all numerical scoere of the 4 vase-life indices
used (maturity, color quality, leaf condition and neck turgidity), lowland-grown cut flowers shoed
longer vase-life than upland-grown flowers. Evaluation of 6 different holding solutions (distilled
water, 8-HQS, citric acid, cycocel, 7-Up and Silver nitrate) for the extension of vase-life of dry pack
stored cut `Mirandy' roses showed 7-UYp to be the best. Vase-life was extended to an extent equal
or even better than the vase-life of unstored bloms.
LG Quevedo, Marcelo A. 1982. Some pre and postharvest factors affecting vascular streaking and
995 quality cassava roots. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
Q84 Abstract
A study to determine the factors that affect the shelf life of cassava roots and durability during
storage. Root durability is determined by its resistance to vascular streaking, rotting and the degree
of starch degradation during storage. Detopping at 50-100 percent and stripping of all the leaves
significantly delayed vascular discoloration; however, it reduced the dry matter content of the roots.
Five to ten percent carbon dioxide also delayed vascular discoloration. Above 10 percent CO2
concentrations injury probably occurred. Storage at different O2 concentrations did not show any
significant differences on vascular streaking of cassava roots. High relative humidity also suppressed
vascular streaking. There was a correlation between severity of rotting and severity of streaking but
not between vasuclar streaking and percentage rotting. Starch content was not affected by
detopping and storing at shorter time. However, at longer storage starch content declined. HCN
content decreased slightly during storage.
LG Rajesh, George J. 1998. Influence acclimatization factors on postharvest keeping quality of
995 agloanema (Agloanema Marantibolium Shout), cordyline (Cordyline Terminalis L. Kunt. KIWI) and
1998 dracaena (Dracaena Godsyfiona L. Florida Bemta) on coconut coir dust-based medium. ms thesis
A42 (horticulture), university of the philippines los baños, college, Laguna. 84 leaves. (unpublished)
R35
Abstract
Agloanema (Agloanema marantifolium Schott.0, Cordyline (Cordyline terminalis L. Kunth. 'Kiwi'),

and Dracaena (Dracaena godseffiana L. 'Dracaena) plants were grown on 100 percent coconut coir
dust potting medium in a polypropylene fabric covered shadehouse receiving 25 percent, 50 percent
or 75 percent shade (295, 590, 885 mol/s/m2 respectively). Plants were fertilized at different rates
(2.1, 4.2 and 8.4 g per pot using a 24-8-16 (N:P:K) slow release fertilizer after a period of growth.
Plants were acclimatized to be able to sustain lower light conditions for 4 and 8 weeks and
subjected to a stimulated indoor environment (24+-2 mol/s/m2). Carbon dioxide evolution, quality
rating, leaf color and plant grade were determined before simulated refrigerated transport, after
simulated refrigerated transport and every two weeks during simulated indoor environment.
Ethylene evolution was determined before and after simulated refrigerated transport. All plants
acclimatized for 8 weeks evolved lower carbon dioxide and ethylene after simulated refrigerated
transport and had better quality rating. Plants acclimatized for 8 weeks deteriorated less in
simulated refrigerated transport and simulated indoor environment relative to those acclimatized
for 4 weeks. Agloanema plants acclimatized for 8 weeks at 295 mol/s/m2 resulted in good quality
rating and leaf color; and maintained the same during simulated refrigerated transport and
simulated indoor environment. Quality rating increased with decreasing fertilizer rate and
decreased with increasing light level from 295 to 828 mol/s/m2. Cordyline acclimatized under high
light (885 mol/s/m2) yielded plants with good quality rating and leaf color. Increasing fertilizer levels
improved plant growth and quality. However, plants produced under high light levels suffered
chilling injury during simulated refrigerated transport and deteriorated earlier than plants grown
under 590 and 295 mol/s/m2 light levels. Plants acclimatized for 8 weeks at 590 mol/s/m2 with 4.2g
fertilizer had the best quality after simulated refrigerated transport and holding for 6 weeks in
simulated indoor environment. Dracaena plants acclimatized under medium light and low light
9295 and 590 mols/m2) with medium fertilization (4.2g) resulted in plants with good quality rating
and leaf color. Plants acclimatized under low light tolerated simulated refrigerated transport, but
deteriorated earlier during simulated indoor environment than plants acclimatized under medium
light. In general, quality and leaf color of all the three plants were more influenced by the
combination of shade and fertilizer than either of them alone.
LG Reyes, Bella T. 1983. A study of the marketing system of mungo [Vigna radiata (Wilczek)] and peanut
995 [Arachnis hypogaea(L.)] in Isabela province. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A14
R49 Abstract
The study was conducted to identify the marketing channels for peanut and mungo and their
corresponding marketing margins, to identify the product market structure, to describe the
marketing practices, and to point out some marketing problems and their possible solutions. The
middlemen involved is peanut marketing were the agents, assembler-wholesalers, wholesalers,
wholesaler-retailers and retailers, while in mungo marketing the middlemen involved were the
wholesalers, wholesaler-retailers and retailers. Volume of products handled by middlemen in one
week period varied considerably. Volume of peanut handled increased in the following ascending
order: agent, retailer, wholesaler-retailer, assembler-wholesaler and wholesaler while in mungo, the
order was: retailer, wholesaler-retailer and wholesaler. Wholesalers proved to be the major outlet
for both mmungo and peanut. Gross margins of middlemen were generally higher in mungo than in
peanut. In the regression models developed for gross margins, buying price, selling price, volume of
product handled, total cost and operating capital as significant explanatory variables accounted for
the variations in the ggross margins of middlemen. Ten marketing channels were identified in
peanut and six channels in mungo. Channel VI (Farmer to wholesaler to consumer) for peanut and
Channel I (Farmer to wholesaler to wholesaler-retailer to retailer) and Channel II (Farmer to
wholesaler to retailer) fior mungo were considered the most efficient on account of their
corresponding low gross margins. The generally high marketing margins among identified channels
resulting in increased consumer's price was attributed to the duplication of services. The presence
of numerous small farmers, buyers and sellers competing with each other; freedom to enter and to
get out of the business with few barriers; selling of identical products classified as to color, seed size,
shelled or unshelled (peanuts), and farmers' and buyers' knowledge of the market, except for those
residing in remote barangays, were reasons to believe that the market structure for both legumes
were nearly perfect competition. Both peanut and mungo farmers generally disposed of their
products just after harvest primarily because of the need for cash and fear of incurring losses due to
the lack of good storage facilities. The absence of standard unit of measurement and grading
scheme, cast doubts in product valuation. In addition, farm prices hardly appear to reflect the fair
market value of the products.
LG Rivera, Francis N. 1981. The use of protein and isoenzyme banding patterns in determining
995 taxonomic relationships among Philippine cooking bananas and their parents (Musa species). MS
A42 (unpublished)
R58
Abstract
Acrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to establish relationship between Sba and other
cooking bananas and to delineate clonal groupings among them. Electrophoretic patterns of Musa
acuminata, M. balbisiana and 17 cooking banana clones were analyzed for leaf proteins and
isoenzymes: peroxidase, esterase, polyphenol oxidase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alkaline
phosphatase. A total of 33 protein, 16 peroxidase, 12 each of exterase and polyphenol oxidase and
one each of isocitrate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase bands were resolved. There were
bands unique or common to the Musa species and cooking clones. Ploidy level had no effect on the
total number of bands resolved. Based on the presence or absence of electrophorograms,
dendrograms were constructed, The clone affinity between BBB and ABB and within BBB clones was
discussed. Only perxidase and polyphenol oxidase confirmed the separation of clones into Saba
(BBB) and Bluggoe (ABB) groups at 0.281 and 0.25 coefficient of dissimilarity, respectively. The same
results were obtained at 0.06 coefficient value when summary dendogram was obtained from
proteins and isoenzymes except isocitrate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. The results
also showed that `Bigihan' and `Gubao' could be ABB and `Pitogo' of the BBB clones. Individual
results from leaf proteins, esterase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase suggested
that they were not suitable as a tool for differentiating clonal groupings in bananas. However, using
other tissues, techniques and more clones might confirm the above findings.
LG Rosete-Daquioag, Victoria. 1978. Latent infection of anthracnose fungus and the histopathology of
995 infected mango fruits. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
P53
D36 Abstract
The presence of latent fungal infection and histopathology of infected mango fruits were
studied on naturally infected and artificially inoculated wounded and unwounded fruits. Calluses
were formed on wounded mango fruits still attached to the tree whether or not spores of C.
gloeosporioides were introduced. Seemingly, this response served as a barrier which inhibited
hyphal ramification and extensive colonization. Likewise, no typical lesions were observed on
unwounded attached fruits not until they were fully ripened. Appressoria and hyphae were the form
in which the fungus survived the period of latency. Mature green fruits picked from the tree and
incubated for 3 days produced anthracnose lesions. This clearly indicates detachment as one of the
pre-requisites for symptom development. Typical lesions were observed on detached wounded
immature fruit 4 days after inoculation; mature green fruits, 48 hr and ripe fruits, 24 hr. On
wounded detached fruits, typical lesions were also observed on immature ones at about 13 days; on
mature green fruits, more than 8 days and on ripe ones at 4 days after inoculation.
Germination of spores on wounded and unwounded mature green and ripe fruits was observed at
12 hr after inoculation. The fungus penetrated directly through the epidermis of the fruit and the
hyphae ramified inter- and intra-cellularly in the tissues of the exocarp and mesocarp. Penetration
of hyphae on wounded mature green and ripe exocarp tissues was noted at 24 hr. However,
penetration and infection was much faster on wounded mature green had just reached the
parenchyma while on wounded ripe fruit the hyphae had already ramified and disintegrated the
tissues of the mesocarp. Hyphal accumulation and spore formation on wounded mature green
fruits could be observed at 72 hr while on ripe ones acervuli were starting to form at which time,
tissues of ripe fruits have collapsed. At 96 hr, cells of mature green fruits had just turned brown and
began to disintegrate. No penetration was observed on unwounded mature green fruits at 24 to
168 hr. On unwounded ripe fruits, the germ tubes had already reached the sub-epidermal tissue at
48 hr. On unwounded mature green, the hyphae had reached the epidermal tissue at 192 hr. The
hyphae on ripe fruits were present at the mesocarp at 144 hr and on mature green fruits at 240 hr.
LG Sajise, Crisanta E. 1985. Post production aflatoxin contamination in cassava (Manihot Esculenta
995 Crantz) in the Philippines. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
P37
S25 Abstract
The incidence of aflatoxin in cassava roots at different stages of maturity and post production
steps namely, harvesting processing and storage were determined. Likewise, the effect of different
processing methods on aflatoxin formation was investigated. No aflatoxin was obtained at different
stages of maturity (from 7 to 14 months old cassava roots) and at 24 to 48 hours of sundrying.
During storage, however, trace amounts of aflatoxin B1 were observed in stored cubes but not in
stored chips and unprocessed roots. When dried adequately (12.0 percent moisture content)
cassava chips had better keeping qualities than cassava cubes not only because of reduced microbial
contamination but also due to the abscence of aflatoxin. Cassava cubes dried slowly and showed
higher level of microbial contamination during storage. Blanching inhibited the growth of other
fungi but not Aspergillus Flavus. In the absence of competing fungi fresh cassava roots proved to be
a good substrate for the growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus but no for aflatoxin production. A
flourescent compound behaving like aflatoxin B1 was observed in samples exhibiting vascular
discoloration. The confirmatory test conducted proved these compounds were not aflatoxin.
LG Sales, Alicia C C. 1978. Color stability of bignay (Antidesma bunius (L.)Spreng Wine. MS Thesis
1978
F61 Abstract
S35
Anthocyanin degradation is principally responsible for color changes in wine during aging. It is
hastened at room temperature as compared to aging at 10-15°C inwine produced from juice with
pH 2.95, followed by the wine from the juice with pH 3.45. Light quality does not significantly affect
color stability of vine during aging. Soluble solids, pH, percent alcohol, titratable acidity and reducing
sugars do not change significantly during aging. Flavor, aroma, color and general acceptability
indicate that the wine with initial pH 3.45 stored at 10-15°C to be of highest quality. Each sensory
factor, i.e. flavor aroma and color affects the general acceptability of the vine.
LG Shrestha, Ram L. 2002. Critical stage of boron application on the seed development and quality of
995 bush snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
A42
S56 Abstract
The experiment was conducted to determine the critical stage of boron (B) application on the
seed development and quality of bush snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The commercial variety of
snap bean “Contender” was used in this experiment. Plants were grown in the nutrient solution
formulated by John Mason for bean crops. Boron (B) was applied at the rate of 0.05 g/L (50 ppm) of
water at weekly intervals according to treatments up to the seed physiological maturity stage. The
experiment was designed in single factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments
and four replications. All observed parameters were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System
(SAS) program. The significant effect of B application was observed during the vegetative and
productive stages of the plant. Leaf area was significantly greater at 0 days B treatment (783.7
2 2
cm /plant) as compared with control (298.8 cm /plant). There were no significant effects of B in root
and shoot growth. The number of flowers and pod set were increased at 0 days and 21 DAS B
application and decreased continuously as time of B application was delayed. Boron was highly
effective in increasing the seed size and weight. Application of B at 0 day increased the seed weight
and decreased continuously as time of B application was delayed. The significant effect of B
application was likewise observed on leaf and seed tissue. The amount of B in the leaf tissue was
5.67 mg/kg dry weight and seed tissue 6.43 mg/kg dry weight at 0 days B treatment and gradually
reduced as application of B was delayed. Seedling emergence and vigor percentage of 0 days B
applied seed were greater under favorable and unfavorable conditions as compared to control. Seed
germination and seedling emergence under lab and soil conditions were 99.25% and 98.25%,
respectively, at 0 days B applied treatment whereas 80% and 66.6%, respectively, in control (-B).
The seed vigor was 81.0% at 0 days B applied treatment and 10.0% in control treatment under
unfavorable condition. The seedling dry weight was higher (3.70g) at 21 DAS B applied seed as
compared to the control treatment (1.73g). Boron applied seed showed better quality than without
B. Seeds harvested from earlier B applied treatment had higher germination, vigor and produce
strong seedlings as compared to without B. There were no significant differences in the vegetative,
reproductive and seed quality between the 0 days and 21 BAS B applied treatments. The critical
stage of B requirements for Contender bean to vegetative, reproductive and seed developmental
stages was identified at 28 DAS. It can be concluded that earlier stage of B application give better
performance in terms of plant growth, development and better quality of seed of bush snap bean.
LG Sienes, Alicia L. 1986. Clonal propagation of Phalaenopsis equestris (Schauver) Reichb. ff. and some
995 selected Phalaenopsis hybrids using floral and floral stalk bud cuttings in vitro. MS Thesis
A42
S54 Abstract
The study was undertaken to (1) investigate the most expedient means of cloning Phalaenopsis
equestris and some Phalaenopsis hybrids in vitro; (2) determine which basic media and growth
regulator supplements would best support the growth Phalaenopsis explants; (3) develop a
technique for vegetative propagation of Phalaenopsis species and hybrids; and (4) become familiar
with the finer points of orchid tissue culture. An inflorescence tip from Phalaenopsis equestris
produced 12 to 15 plantlets after 4 to 5 months when cultured in Vacin and Went medium
supplemented with 5 ppm NAA, 5 ppm Ki and 15 percent CW. Maintenance of the cultures in
darkness and modification of the excision technique minimized phenolic oxidation in the cultures.
Similarly, excision of apical bud meristem activated basal bud initials which continued to develop
into plantlets (ca. 10 to 12 plantlets/meristem) after 4 to 5 months culture in the same medium as
those used for the inflorescence tip.
LG Simbolon, Ivan D. 1992. The Adoption of Tomato Production Technology in Lembang West Java,
995 Indonesia. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 152
A16
S56 Abstract
This study tried to trace the adoption stages of each of the recommended tomato production
technologies, such as tomato HYV, use of fertilizer, and pesticide, and packaging, and to determine
the factors which were related to the time of occurrence of these stages. The study was conducted
in West Java, Indonesia, using 166 farmer respondents randomly selected from a total of 1,855
household heads who were growing tomato in 1989/1990. The study looked at farmer's socio-
economic-demographic and bio-physical factors as independent variables, and the stages of the
adoption process of the four recommended technologies as the dependent variables. Data were
collected through personal interview by the researcher using a questionnaire written in English and
translated to Bahasa Indonesia. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric
correlation analysis. This study found that the adoption
process of the recommended tomato production technologies goes through the awareness stage
(AW), introduction stage (IN), evolution stage (EV), and trial/adoption (TR/AD) stages. There were
gaps in time as the process moved from one stage to the next except at the TR and the AD stages
which happened at the same time after the EV stage. The gaps between EV and TR/AD in all the
technologies were longer than the introduction-awareness (IT-AW). aW-IN, and the IN-EV gaps.
The longest EV-TR/AD was in fertilizer technology, which was 2.0 years. The longest gap from IT to
TR/AD in fertilizer technology. This study found significant relationships between farmers'
educational level of attainment, farming experience, access to credit, contact with Extension
Worker, perception of farm to market, and availability of production inputs and some of the stages
in the adoption process of the four recommended tomato production technologies.
LG Solangi, Abdul H. 2001. Characterization of twenty coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties based on
995 leaf morpho-physiological markers. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
A42
S65 Abstract
Ten accessories each of Tall and Dwarf coconut varieties, established at the Coconut Breeding
Trial Unit (CBTU), Panay State Polytechnic College, Mambusao, Capiz, were characterized based on
several morpho-physiological traits of the leaves. Gross morphological structure, stomatal features,
epuciticular wax content, moisture content and transpiration rate of the leaves were assessed for
their usefulness as important markers to differentiate between and among the Tall and Dwarf
varieties. The Tall varieties consisted of Bago-Oshiro (BAO), Byabay Tall (BAY), Gazelle (GPT), KarKar
(KKT), Laguna Tall (LAG)), Tahiti/Polynesian Tall (PYT), San Ramon Tall (SNR), Tagnanan (TAG), West
African (WAT) and Zamboanga Tall (ZAM). The Dwarf varieties included Aromatic (ARO), Catigan
green (CAT), Cameron Red (CRD), Galas (GAL), Kinabalan (KIN), Malayan Red (MRD), Malayan Yellow
(MYD), Pilipog (PIL), Sri Lanka Green (SGD) and Tacunan (TAC). The Dwarf varieties had generally
reduced sized than the Tall varieties. The leaf and rachis lengths were the only morphological
features that provided distinct differences between the Tall and Dwarf varieties. Nevertheless,
varieties with extreme values were identified among the Tall and Dwarf coconuts. Among the Tall
varieties, KKT had the most number of distinguishing parameters namely: longest leaf and petiole
lengths and smallest petiole width and thickness. Among the 20 varieties, ARO had the shortest leaf,
leaflet, rachis and petiole lengths, smallest leaflet area and least petiole width and thickness.
Scanning electron micrographs showed that stomata, found only on the abaxial epidermis, were
arranged in parallel rows and sunken below the epidermis. The stomatal complex is characterized by
the presence of two guard cells and four subsidiary cells, two of which are roundish and the other
two are lateral to the guard cells. The values of the stomatal features were statistically significant
for some Tall and Dwarf coconuts; however, they cannot be used reliably to establish differences
between the two coconut types. Statistical analysis revealed important differences for some of the
Tall and Dwarf varieties in terms of the physiological parameters examined. In general, wax and
moisture contents, and transpiration rate could not also be utilized to classify the two coconut
types. Simple correlation analysis showed significant positive relationship among leaf morphological
parameters; between stomatal length and leaflet area; between total number of stomata per leaflet
and leaf morphological parameters; between wax content and leaf length, rachis length, total
number of leaflets and total number of stomata; and between moisture content and transpiration
rate. Significant negative correlation was noted between stomatal density and stomatal length, and
moisture content and stomatal density. The study confirmed that evaluation of coconut genetic
diversity based on leaf morphological parameters is often inadequate. The absence of significant
results on physiological characters suggests that this aspect needs further investigation.
LG Soliven, Maura Luisa S. 1986. Maximizing the use of rain tree (Samanea saman Merr) as an ethylene
995 source for ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University
1986 of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 98 leaves. (unpublished)
A42
Abstract
S65
Four experiments were conducted to determine ways of maximizing the use of rain tree leaves
as a source of ethylene for the ripening of Ìmproved Pope' tomatoes. Rain tree leaves proved to
have a higher rate of ethylene production and accumulation on the first day of enclosure in jars than
gliricidia, a proven source of ethylene, or a combination of rain tree and gliricidia. However, its high
CO2 production inhibited subsequent ethylene production and thus failed to accelerate ripening of
tomatoes. When CO2 produced was scrubbed by 10-15 g Ca(OH)2 or CaO, rain tree leaves
continuously produced ethylene at a high rate and ripening was accelerated. Fruits thus ripened
have the same quality as those in air (control). While 10 g CaO (line) got saturated with CO2 a day
faster than 15 g, there was no advantage of using the higher concentration in the acceleration of
ripening. Ca(OH)2 and CaO were equally effective, but CaO was cheaper and more available.
Amount of leaves found to be effective for ripening was 5 percent of the fruit weight. No further
acceleration in ripening was observed when the amount was increased to 10 percent. Stressing the
leaves increased ethylene production for 2 to 3 h but the total amount of ethylene accumulated by
stressed leaves and tomatoes in 2 or 4 days was not sufficient to trigger autocatalytic ethylene
production of the fruits. Three to four days exposure of tomatoes to the leaves resulted in a faster
and more uniform ripening of the fruits than 2 days. Enclosing the fruits in bags accelerated ripening
to a lesser extent than enclosing them in bags with leaves.
LG Tandang, Leonica L. 1984. Yield and yield components of ten promising pole sitao lines (Vigna
995 sesquipedalis Fruw). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College,
A42
T35 Abstract
Weight and number of fresh pods per plant and per hectare, weight of dried bean per plant and
per hectare, number of flower clusters per plant, number of flowers per cluster, number of pods per
cluster, percentage pod setting, pod length, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and plant
height of ten promising lines of pole sitao were evaluated during the 1983 dry and wet seasons.
Highly significant genetic variations among lines were obtained for these characters. Considering
overall correlation coefficients worked out, the number of pods per plant indicated to be the highly
associated yield component to yield. In terms of weight of marketable fresh pod yield during the dry
season, Accessions 4. 21, 58, UPL-PS1, UP-PS1 and EG-PS4 had higher productivity than the rest of
the lines, while BPI-PS3, UPL-PS1 and E.G. Asparagus were the high yielders during the wet season.
BPI-PS3 was the highest yielder over the two seasons having the greatest number of marketable
pods produced per plant.
LG Tarigans, Doah D. 1986. Effect of foliar sprays of urea on the growth of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)
995 seedlings. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 95
A42
T37 Abstract
A nursery experiment to determine the effects of urea as a foliar spray was conducted on 5
cultivars of coconut seedlings in polybags at the Horticulture Department, University of the
Philippines at Los Baños, College, Laguna from February to July 1982. The effect of foliar sprays of
urea on height increment among cultivars varied significantly, with Laguna Tall (LA) as the tallest
(56.01 cm) and RGD/YD had the least (3.3). The girth of the stem was not affected by the N spray
levels, frequency of application and cultivar but was positively correlated with height, number of
fully-opened leaves to earliness to leaf splitting. Leaf splitting was significantly earlier in the hybrids
than in the seedlings of LA variety but it was not affected by N levels and frequency of applications.
Leaf N varied with cultivars but did not vary with N spray while leaf P was not influenced by N level
and frequency of spraying. Leaf K did not vary among cultivars but N sprays and frequency of
application of N tended to increase leaf K. Leaf Ca was not affected by N spraying and cultivar but
was highly negatively correlated with leaf P and Kand at least positively significantly correlated with
Mg and Mn. P and K were also positively correlated with each other at 1 percent level. Leaf Mg was
significantly higher in hybrids ATG/YD and RGD/YD than the rest while Mn varied among cultivars
but both Mg and Mn were not affected by N sprays and frequency of application.
LG Thomas, D K. 1983. Social, political and economic factors affecting the post-harvest systems of
995 selected tropical agricultural commodities. Morgantown, West Virginia: West Virginia
1983 University.
E3
T46 Abstract
The study examined the literature on the fruit and vegetable post-harvest system in the
Philippines. The problem of the study was to identify and interpret the social, economic, and
political factors which affect fruits and vegetables from their harvest to eventual domestic market.
The five major subject areas examined were the socio-economic dimensions of the harvest: the
socio-economic dimensions of handling, packaging, storage, and processing; the socio-economic
dimensions of transport; the socio-economic dimensions of marketing; and the political dimensions
promoting or impending the post-harvest system. Relevant documents from the West Virginia
University Library and the National Agricultural Library were codified by discrete categories to
facilitate data presentation and analysis. It was found that the Philippine fruit and vegetable harvest
utilized an externalized labor force, an unstructured labor market, and contract production to
minimize social and economic transaction costs. It was found that the kaing provided essential
functions making it the handling and packaging technique of choice. Four variables in storage were
perishability, price fluctuation, participation in the storage process, and cost. Processing was
performed by traditional, rural methods and by the food industry. It was found that a wide variety
of transport modes were utilized, owing to variable cost and food distribution characteristics. It was
found that variables in marketing of fruits and vegetable were scale of production, degree of
perishability, and market intermediary characteristics. It was found that political functions provided
by the public and private sectors included information services, regulation, investment, and exercise
of power.
LG Tolentino, Evalour G. 1984. In vitro shoot and root formation and in vitro plantlet growth and
995 development in abaca (Musa textiles). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los
A42
T65 Abstract
Multiple shoot regeneration was observed in four abaca varieties inoculated on modified
Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 4% dextrose, 5 ppm Benzyladenine and 15%
coconut water. The four abaca varieties are Pacol x Maguindanao, Itihin Balud, Tangongon x Samina
and Tangongon. Enhancement in root formation and elongation of abaca tissues are more
pronounced in sucrose- than in dextrose-containing culture medium. This study demonstrated that
root has higher sugar optima than shoot. Abaca varieties tested have varying response to the auxins
added singly or in combination, to the culture medium. The treatment combinations are IAA + NAA;
IBA + NAA; IAA + IBA. Rooting can be stimulated by any of the above treatment combinations.
However, the response of the abaca varieties vary with the different concentrations of the auxins
used. Higher percent survival was observed in plants grown in 1 part sand and 1 part compost
(S1C1) covered with polyethylene bags. However, more suckers emerged in medium consisting of 2
parts sand and 1 part compost (S2C2). Leaf development of four abaca varieties as well as plant
elongation were enhanced in S2C1, hence plants were more vigorous than those grown in S1C1.
LG Umali, Bethilda E. 1986. Endegenous carbohydrate, nitrogen auxin and abscisic acid in easy-to-root
995 and difficult-to-root Pili (C. ovatum Engl.) cuttings. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the
A42
U42 Abstract
Ringed stem cuttings of difficult-to-root (F-9) and easy-to-root (F-28), treated with 1000, 2000
and 3000 ppm IBA were rooted in sand under continuous mist system. the sugar, starch and
nitrogen contents and the endogenous growth regulator level of ringed and unringed cuttings from
both trees were determined. IBA at 1000 and 3000 ppm induced 4.8 percent and 12.5 percent
rooting respectively, in easy-to-root (F-28) cuttings. Difficult-to-root cuttings developed only callus,
after 3 months in mist beds. Shoot development might have reduced root formation in both types of
cuttings. Sugar and starch contents of difficult-to-root pili were not statistically different from the
levels found in easy-to-root tree. The nitrogen level in easy-to-root tree was higher. Ringing pre-
treatmentincreased slightly the sugar, starch and nitrogen content of both types of cuttings.
Chemical extraction and bioassay showed auxin and abscisic acid activity in both difficult-to-root
and easy-to-root samples. Auxin activity was highest at Rf 0 - 0.35 in difficult-to-root (F9) and Rf 0.7 -
1.0 (F-28) in easy-to-root (F-28). Ringing pretreatment increased slightly the activity levels at all Rf
zones of F-28 and F-9 extracts. Inhibitory activity in difficult-to-root (f-9) extracts was slightly higher
than in easy-to-root, but at the same Rf 0 - 0.35. Ringing decreased the concentration of the
inhibitor in difficult-to-root cuttings, at Rf 0 - 0.35. However, in easy-to-root cuttings, the inhibitory
activity increased at Rf 0 - 0.35. This increase could have been counteracted by increase in auxin
levels, so that this tree could be rooted relatively easier. In difficult-to-root tree the auxin type and
concentration, was not enough to counteract the inhibitor.
LG Valdez, Emma Ruth T. 1981. Some factors affecting the occurrence of senescent spotting in banana
995 cv. Bungulan. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna.
A42
V35 Abstract
Degreening of mature, green `Bungulan' bananas with 1000 ppm ethephon solution was
accomplished in 4 to 7 days at 25°C. Superficial senescent spotting developed naturally in the peel
during the latter phase of the ripening process at color index 4 to 6 (more yellow than green to full
yellow). Spotting started either from small black, round sunken or water-soaked areas the size of
pin-pricks in any of the angular sides at the stylar peel region. Subsequent days showed spot
occurrence and coalescence all over various parts of the peel. The disorder increased in number and
intensity with time and temperature, with least spotting at 15°C. The degree of spotting in the
controlled atmosphere tests were maintained in the following order: 6 percent O 2, 3 percent CO2 < 5
percent O2 < 21 percent O2. Holding fruits at 25°C for a day prior to modified atmosphere (MA)
treatment, Prolong at full- and half-strength levels and ethylene at 10 and 100 ppm minimized
spotting of ethephon-treated bananas. Total and reducing sugars of the pulp increased with time
under the various holding conditions. Acceptability was similar for flecked and non-flecked but fully
ripe bananas. However, fruits under MA gave lower acceptability relative to the control but not with
ethylene-added MA-treated fruits. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of the peel and endogenous 1-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (AAC) content of the pulp were found to be negatively
correlated with senescent spotting in the ethylene-added MA-treated fruits.
LG Valmayor, Maria Angeles L. 1987. The role of ethylene in potassium nitrate-induced flowering in
995 mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Carabao). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines
A42
V35 Abstract
Although KNO3 has been successfully used to induce flowering in `Carabao' mango, its
mechanism of action has not been elucidated. Since other methods of flower induction in this
cultivar are believed to be associated with ethylene, the action of KNO3 spraying was characterized
in terms of its effect on ethylene production in the shoot. This was done by measuring internal
levels of the gas in the shoot, the concentration of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and
1-(Malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC) in the leaves and apical buds, and the
ethylene forming enzyme activity (EFE) in the leaves. Internal ethylene concentrations of shoots and
the EFE activity in mango leaves increased when treated with KNO3. These increases were significant
only at 2 hours after spraying, suggesting that the effect of KN03 on ethylene biosynthesis is rapid
and transitory. In terms of the immediate precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, no
detectable levels in the buds and leaves of either control or KNO3-treated shoots were observed
while the levels of its conjugate, 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, were not
significantly affected by KNO3 treatment. Analysis of the responses to KNO 3 of apical, apical middle,
basal middle and basal leaves within a shoot in terms of EFE could not explain the differential
response of shoots treated with KNO3 at different leaf positions. Comparing the responses of young
and mature shoots, leaves of the latter exhibited enhanced EFE after KNO3 treatment. Data
obtained indicate that the inductive effect of KNO3 is ethylene-mediated.
LG Villareal, Corazon P. 1976. The influence of temperature on some carbohydreses in the white potato
995 tuber (Solanum Tuberosum L.). MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños,
A13
V56 Abstract
Comparison of enzyme levels in the early developing white potato tubers grown at high (20-
25°C) and at low (10-15°C) night temperatures, with the same day temperatures of 25-30°C, were
made for each of the following carbohydrases; sucrose synthethase, starch phosphorylase, granular
starch synthetase, and soluble starch synthetase. A heat sensitive variety (Nohrin no.1) was used in
the study. Sucrose synthetase level in the tubers grown at high night temperatures was found
significantly lower than that in tubers grown at low night temperatures. The levels of the other
three enzymes remained essentially constant in the tubers grown under the two temperatures.
Moreover, when the plants were shifted temperatures for a week, from high to low and vice versa,
only sucrose synthetase showed a marked reversal in concentration. These are strong indications of
the temperature-sensitivity of potato sucrose synthetase. Kinetic studies done on a partially purified
potato sucrose synthetase showed that the enzyme exhibits sigmoidal behavior towards both
substrates, UDP and sucrose, at incubation temperature of 37 °C. However, at 25°C, it follows the
normal hyperbolic curve with respect to UDP. Although, it still gives a sigmoidal response towards
sucrose. The S0.5 (UDP) at 37°C is 0.65 mM and Km (UDP) at 25 °C is 0.16 mM. The S0.5 (sucrose) is
90 mM at 37°C and 125 mM. at 25°C. Optimal activity is shown between pH 6.5-6.8. On the basis of
these observations, possible explanations for the poor tuber enlargement of the white potato at
high temperatures were discussed.
LG Zara, Dominador L. 1981. Tuber production in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.)Lam) intercropped
995 with coconuts: effects of K fertilization and vine pruning. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of
A42
Z37 Abstract
To establish the trend in root production and to determine the effects of potassium and vine
pruning on potential tuber production and yield, three sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)
varieties were intercropped with coconuts in Maahas clay loam in Barangay Maahas, Los Baños,
Laguna. They were fertilized with potassium at planting or one month after planting and pruned one
or two months after planting. Among fertilized plants, significant differences in potential tuberous
root production were obtained at 12 weeks after planting. Tuber yield also differed significantly
among K fertilized plants. In a descending order plants fertilized with 160 kg K2O ha-1 one month
after planting had the highest yield followed by those applied with 60 or 160 kg K2O ha-1 at
planting, and 60 kg K2O ha-1 applied one month after planting. Pruning significantly increased
tuberous root number and weight at week 12. From week 2 to 8, pruning did not affect potential
tuberous root number. After 12 weeks, BNAS 51 had significantly the highest number of tubers
(1.27), followed by Kinabacab (0.62) and Minuras (0.34). Harvest Index was highest (10.25) in plants
pruned by 30 cm two months after planting and fertilized with 160 kg K2O ha-1 one month after
planting, while the least (6.00) was obtained in the control plants. Tuber yield at harvest (24,000
plants ha-1) was highest for BNAS 51 (10.17 tons ha-1), followed by Kinabacab (5.34 tons ha-1) and
Minuras (4.9 tons ha-1) the least.
Garcia, Anna Reah O. 2012. Response of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Carabao) fruits of varying
maturities to heat conditioning prior to extended hot water dip. MS Thesis (Horticulture),
Abstract
The physiological and physic-chemical changes of ‘Carabao” mango fruits harvested in April and
May at 108, 115 and 118 days after flower induction (dafi) were characterized in response to two
heat conditioning treatments; hot air (HA) at 38-40°C for 12 hours and hot water treatment (HWT)
at 52-55°C for 10 minutes prior to extended hot water dip (EHWD). Mature (115 and 118 dafi) fruits
have higher thermotolerance than immature (108 dafi) fruits since no incidence of internal
breakdown (IB) was observed even without heat conditioning prior to EHWD. In immature fruits,
both HA and HWT conditioning prior to EHWD resulted in zero IB incidence which was attributed to
enhanced α-amylase activity resulting in very low starch and higher sugar content which imparted
thermo tolerance. Non-heat-conditioned fruits on the other hand, exhibited 15% IB incidence
characterized by the presence of starchy areas and cavitation in the inner mesocarp. Heat
treatments regardless of fruit maturity resulted in increased respiration rate, fast ripening rate,
enhanced water loss, and reduced incidence of anthracnose and stem end rot. The physic-chemical
attributes of the fruits like firmness, total soluble solids content, titratable acidity and pH were not
affected by the heat conditioning treatments prior to EHWD. Between the two heat conditioning
treatments, hot air conditioning at 38-40°C for 12 hours is recommended sine HWT conditioning
resulted in lenticel spotting and skin scalding.
Torres, Carolyn A. 2010. Morpho-anatomical basis of postharvest responses of mature and

immature mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Carabao) fruits to carnauba-based shin coating. MS
Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 120 leaves.
(unpublished)
Abstract
Physiologically immature (95 DAFI) and mature green (112 DAFI) green mango fruits were coated
with 40% carnauba-based skin coating and stored at ambient (25±2°C) and in cold store (13°C) for
21 days. The mango peel was examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) to view its
anatomy. The dermal layer was then related to some physic-chemical, physiological and chemical
responses of the fruit at each peel color index (PCI) to the skin coating applied. Sensory analysis by
consumer acceptance test was also done and the market implication on the use of skin coating was
briefly discussed. Results obtained from the scanning micrographs showed sharper pentagonal
circular platelets at PCI 1 flattened out at advanced peel color stages. Cuticular platelets (67 to 83
μm diameter) from immature fruits seemed closer together while in the mature fruit, cuticular
platelets appeared bigger (110 and 200 μm diameter) and stretched. Regardless of maturity,
application of skin coating caused cuticular platelets to be indiscernible especially at PCI 6.
Examination of the peel cross section images revealed small intercellular spaces in the dermal
tissues and initially (PCI 1), the dermal tissue showed flaky scales then became spongy and
disintegrated at PCI 6. Skin coating minimized dermal tissue disintegration even at advanced PCI.
Regardless of maturity, skin coating added sheen to the fruits, significantly prevented weight loss
and extended postharvest life relative to the uncoated fruits. Uncoated mature and immature fruits
at ambient reached full yellow color 10 and 15 days, respectively, before the cold stored uncoated
and skin coated mature fruits (21 days). Immature mangoes (coated or uncoated) stored in the cold
did not reach PCI 6. Application of skin coating on immature mangoes stored in the cold was able to
delay attainment of PCI 5 (23 days) relative to skin coated mature mangoes (18 days). Skin coated
mature and immature fruits stored in the cold exhibited longer postharvest life (33 days) than
uncoated ones (31-32 d). However, the postharvest life of uncoated and skin coated mature and
immature fruits stored at ambient was low (17 and 21 days, respectively). For mature fruits,
unsynchronized pulp and pee ripening was observed at PCI 6 with the delay of the attainment peel
color concomitant with lowering of flesh firmness and increased total soluble solids (TSS). Internal
breakdown (IB), a physiological disorder of ‘Carabao’ mango was observed in immature fruits but
not in the mature fruits. The fruits followed a climacteric peak then rising again at a later stage of
ripening. The skin coated mature mangoes in cold store had lower levels of internal oxygen and
higher levels of internal carbon dioxide compared to the uncoated mature mangoes in cold store. At
2009 mango prices and considering other cost assumptions, application of skin coating even to
mature ‘Carabao’ mango fruits was found not to be economically viable if marketed locally.
Villota, Elmar M. 2012. Respiration modeling of Philippine carabao mango (Mangifera indica L.)
under modified atmosphere conditions. MS Thesis (Horticulture), University of the Philippines
Los Baños, College, Laguna. 129 leaves. (unpublished)
Abstract
The study aimed to model respiration rate of the Philippine “carabao” mango under perforation-
mediated modified atmosphere package using enzyme kinetics equation. The paradigm of
respiration as enzyme driven process affected by substrate and product concentration is the basic
premise of the enzyme kinetic model and is widely reported to well represent the respiration
kinetics of many commodities. Relations of O2 as the substrate and the inhibitory mechanism of CO 2
as the product of the process on respiration rate of are then outlined based on Michaelis-Menten
inhibition models. Respiration rate of Philippine “carabao” was calculated from the mass balance
analysis at the steady state of the system. Rates were found to be affected by O 2 and CO2
concentrations, and temperature. Temperature dependence of the respiration rate under
perforated MAP was found to follow Arrhenius kinetics with derived activation energy that ranges
-1 -1 -1 -1
636.57 kJ mol to 59.34 kJ mol for O2 consumption and 46.65 kJ mol to 63.92 kJ/mol for CO2
evolution. With Q10 value of 1.69 and 1.93 for O2 consumption and CO2 evolution under MAP,
mango respiration can be reduced by half 10°C reduction in storage temperature. Results of the
enzyme kinetic modeling revealed that respiration rate as function of O2 and CO2 follows
uncompetitive inhibition scheme. Temperature dependence analysis show that majority model
2
parameters follow Arrhenius kinetics (R >0.88) except for the Ki parameter which was not affected
by temperature in the 10-25°C range.

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