Project Phase-I (401006)

Project Report on (Vertical Farming)

In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering

Submitted by

Priyanka Yashwant Bhoye ( T150610008 )

Guided by Prof. R. V. Thorat

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SANDIP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH CENTRE

NASHIK
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
2018-2019

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SANDIP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH CENTRE,

NASHIK
(SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE)

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the seminar on “VERTICAL FARMING” is a bonafide work

carried out by PRIYANKA YASHWANT BHOYE in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering from the Sandip Institute Technology and Research Centre (SITRC)
during the academic year 2018-2019. It is certified that the seminar report satisfies the
academic requirement in respect of seminar work described for the Bachelor of
Engineering degree.

Name Of Students Exam Seat No

Priyanka Yashwant Bhoye T150610031

Prof. R. V. Thorat Prof. Pradeep Kumawat

Seminar Guide Seminar coordinator

Prof. J.G.Nayak Dr.S.T.Gandhe

HOD, Civil Engg. Principal,SITRC

Prof.
External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEFGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the
possibility to complete this seminar report. A special gratitude I give to our seminar
guide [ Prof. R. V. Thorat ], whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and
encouragement.

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 SYNOPSIS

Vertical farming is the practice of planting the plants in vertically stacked layers which
optimize the land usage as it can be implemented in an indoor environment. The main
idea of vertical farming is to use a controlled-environment agriculture (CEA)
technology, where all environmental factors can be controlled.

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 CONTENTS
1. Chapter 1
Introduction.. 8
1.1 Indian Agricultural Scenario.. 8
1.2 Food Consumption and Population. 8
1.3 Challenges to Produce Sufficient Food. 8
1.4 Solution. 8
1.5 Advantages of Vertical Farming. 9
1.6 Problem Statement. 11
1.7 Objectives. 11
1.8 Scope. 11
2. Chapter 2
Literature Review. 13
3. Chapter 3
Flow Chart for Completion of the Project. 25
4. References 26
5. Bibliography 27

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 CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION

According to United Nations estimates in 2018 the population of India is [1]

1,354,051,845. Indian population is equivalent to [2]17.74 per cent of the total world
population. India ranks second in the list of countries by population. The population
density in India is [3] 460 per km2. The total land area is [4] 2,973,190 km2.
Interestingly [5] 33.2 per cent (449,545,216) of the Indian population is urban.
According to United Nations report [6] the population of India will become
1,658,978,162. And will share [7] 16.98% in the total world population by 2050. Also
India will have [8] highest population in the world. It is worth taking note that by 2050
the urban population of India will be [9] 49.1% of its population.

1.1. INDIAN AGRICULTURAL SCENARIO

India is agricultural driven economy. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for
[10]58% of Indian population. According to India Brand and Equity Foundation (IBEF)
[11] Gross Value Added by Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing is estimated at Rs. 17.67
trillion in FY18. As of 2011 the arable land in India was [12] 159.7 million hectares.
With share of 2.7% of the world agricultural production India is ranked sixth in the
world. Agriculture is the largest source of employment in India, even though its
contribution to the national economy has been shrinking over the years due to the growth
in other sectors.
1.2. FOOD CONSUMPTION AND POPULATION
According to the World Bank report the per capita availability of agricultural land in
India has declined from 0.34 hectares in 1961 to 0.12 hectares in 2016 [13] and it is
likely to decline to about 0.05 hectares by 2035.

1.3. CHALLENGES TO PRODUCE SUFFICIENT FOOD

1. Higher demand due to over population.

2. Lesser land availability under agriculture.
3. Air, water and soil pollution caused decrease in the productivity of
agricultural land.
4. Fast climate change results in natural disasters like drought, floods,
storms which causes loss in crop yields.
5. Less availability of labors as most of the young labors prefer to work in
service sector.

1.4. SOLUTION

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 1. Population control
2. Increase crop yield
3. Increase agricultural land
4.

We have chosen the third solution to tackle present problems. We are increasing the
agricultural land by construction of Vertical Farm.
Vertical Farm building is a building designed and planned for commercial cultivation
of crops vertically i.e. at each floor. This increases the possibility of multiple farming
on single land.

1.5. ADVANTAGES OF VERTICAL FARMING

1. Increased and Year-round Crop Production

This farming technology can ensure crop production all year-round in non-tropical
regions. 1 indoor acre is equivalent to 4-6 outdoor acres or more, depending on the
crop. For strawberries, 1 indoor acre may produce yield equivalent to 30 acres.

Despommier suggests that a building 30 storeys high with a basal area of 5 acres (2.02
ha) has the potential of producing crop yield equivalent to 2,400 acres (971.2 ha) of
traditional horizontal farming. Expressed in ratio, this means that 1 high-rise farm is
equal to 480 traditional horizontal farms.[14]

Furthermore, indoor farming will minimize infestation and post harvest spoilage.

2. Protection from Weather-related Problems

Because the crops will be grown under controlled environment, they will be safe from
extreme weather occurrences such as droughts and floods.

3. Organic Crops Production

The advantages of this urban farming technology can be further exploited by large
scale production of organic crops. The controlled growing conditions will allow a
reduction or total abandonment of the use of chemical pesticides.

4. Water Conservation and Recycling

According to Despommier, the vertical farming technology includes hydroponics

which uses 70 percent lesser water than normal agriculture. Aeroponics will also be

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used which consumes 70 percent less water compared to hydroponics. Urban wastes
like black water will be composted, recycled and used for farming inside the building.
Sewage sludge will be converted to topsoil and processed for the extraction of water
for agricultural use or drinking water.

5. Environment Friendly

Every land area that will be developed for this farming technology will reduce by a
hundred fold the necessity of utilizing land for food production. These farms could be
reverted to their natural state. This will promote the regrowth of trees which are
effective in CO2 sequestration.

Growing crops indoor reduces or eliminates the use of mechanical plows, and other
equipment, thus reducing the burning of fossil fuel. As a result, there will be a
significant reduction in air pollution and CO2 emission that cause climatic change.
Furthermore, CO2 emission will be reduced from shipping crops across continents and
oceans. A healthier environment will be enhanced for both humans and animals.

Lesser disturbance to the land surface will also favor the increase in the population of
animals that live in and around farmlands. Vertical farming therefore favors
biodiversity.

6. Human Health Friendly

Indoor farms will reduce the occupational hazards associated with traditional,
horizontal farming. Such risks include: accidents in handling farming equipment,
exposure to infectious diseases like malaria, exposure to poisonous chemicals, and
confrontations with poisonous or dangerous animals.

The availability of fresh and safe food will be beneficial to the population.

7. Energy Conservation and Production

Selling of the crops in the same building in which they are grown will significantly
reduce the consumption of fuel that is used in transporting the crops to the consumers.

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Vertical farms can also generate power. Although a 30-story vertical farm needs 26
million kwh of electricity, it is capable of generating 56 million kwh through the use
of biogas digesters and by capturing solar energy (medicalecology.org).

8. Sustainable Urban Growth

Vertical farming, applied in a holistic approach in conjunction with other technologies,

can allow urban areas to absorb the expected influx of more population and yet still
remain food sufficient. The technology could provide more employment to the rural
populace expected to converge to the cities in the years to come. However, traditional
farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming.[15]

1.6. PROBLEM STATEMENT

HYPOTHESIS-

1. The amount of arable land is limited. If we increase the present land

under agriculture by traditional horizontal farming, wild life would
suffer thereby disturbing the natural ecosystem.

2. No specific building has been planned and designed for the commercial
Vertical Farming in India.

3. No building utilizes optimum resources and energy for crop production.

1.7. OBJECTIVES

1. To plan and design a building suitable for Vertical Farming

2. To create a network of components so that optimum resources of

energy can be used for crop production

1.8. SCOPE

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Vertical farming is limited in India at present to high value crops only. Cultivation
under polyhouse or nethouse is done mostly in case of export oriented flowers and
some vegetables. Vertical farming is also in vogue for production of disease free
nursery in case of banana, sugarcane, citrus fruits and many flowering plants.

Most common and successful vertical farming example is mushroom cultivation.

Temperature and humidity controlled conditions are economically possible to be
created only at limited spaces. European mushroom cultivation therefore is done
vertically so as to make best use of space.

The scope of vertical farming is however increasing fast in India. The scheme has been
reflected as one of the high priority area. Good technical and financial support is now
available for establishing vertical farming units and protective agriculture.

According to Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR) the technologies which

emphasize on making and developing a business model from farms are highly
peddled, and India has been trying to develop one such model and policy framework
for the development of the same in the country to encourage such advancements in the
agriculture sector.[16]

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1. The vertical farm: feeding the world in the 21st century

By Dickson Despommier
Macmillan, 2010

" The vertical farm is a world-changing innovation whose time has come. Dickson
Despommier's visionary book provides a blueprint for securing the world's food
supply and at the same time solving one of the gravest environmental crises facing us
today."--Sting Imagine a world where every town has their own local food source,
grown in the safest way possible, where no drop of water or particle of light is wasted,
and where a simple elevator ride can transport you to nature's grocery store-imagine
the world of the vertical farm. When Columbia professor Dickson Despommier set out
to solve America's food, water, and energy crises, he didn't just think big-he thought
up. Despommier's stroke of genius, the vertical farm, has excited scientists, architects,
and politicians around the globe. Now, in this groundbreaking book, Despommier
explains how the vertical farm will have an incredible impact on changing the face of
this planet for future generations. Despommier takes readers on an incredible journey
inside the vertical farm, buildings filled with fruits and vegetables that will provide
local food sources for entire cities. Vertical farms will allow us to:-Grow food 24
hours a day, 365 days a year-Protect crops from unpredictable and harmful weather-
Re-use water collected from the indoor environment-Provide jobs for residents-
Eliminate use of pesticides, fertilizers, or herbicides-Drastically reduce dependence on
fossil fuels-Prevent crop loss due to shipping or storage-Stop agricultural runoff
Vertical farms can be built in abandoned buildings and on deserted lots, transforming
our cities into urban landscapes which will provide fresh food grown and harvested
just around the corner. Possibly the most important aspect of vertical farms is that they
can built by nations with little or no arable land, transforming nations which are
currently unable to farm into top food producers. In the tradition of the bestselling The
World Without Us, The Vertical Farm is a completely original landmark work
destined to become an instant classic.

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 3.2. Is contract farming a risk management instrument for Chinese
farmers? Evidence from a survey of vegetable farmers in Shandong

H Holly Wang, Yanping Zhang, Laping Wu

China Agricultural Economic Review 3 (4), 489-505, 2011

Purpose
–
The purpose of this paper is to investigate contract farming in China, using vegetable
production as a case. Specifically, the authors analyze farmers' contract decisions for
different types of contracts, their contract compliance behaviors, and their profitability
affected by the contracts both analytically and empirically.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors assume growers with alternative risk preferences make the contract
decisions to maximize their expected utilities, under exogenous market price risks and
contract terms determined by the processor or wholesaler. Both fixed price and
floating price contracts are analyzed. Two surveys of 185 and 85 farm households,
respectively, are obtained in Shandong province in 2010, and econometric analyses
with both Logit and least square regressions are conducted.

Findings

The results indicate that the determining factors for contract farming are related to
farmers' risk attitude, gender, yield, farm size and labor availability. However,
contrary to the common belief that contracts are a risk management tool for risk averse
farmers, the risk lovers tend to use contract farming instead of risk averters. Female
household heads and farms with more labors tend not to use contracts, but larger farms
with more acreage are more likely to contract. These suggest Chinese farmers' primary
motivation of contracting is not market price risk management, but rather seeking
better offers and marketing transaction cost reduction.

Originality/value

The authors believe that this is the first econometric study to analyze contract farming
allowing different types of contracts in China. The scenarios include cases without
contracts, with fixed price contracts, and with floating price contracts, where the
contract price changes to reflect the market price, a very unique yet popular situation
in China. Each of the cases is also considered under the situation whether default is
possible.

3.3. Gearing up to support urban farming in California: Preliminary

results of a needs assessment

Rachel Surls, Gail Feenstra, Sheila Golden, Ryan Galt, Shermain Hardesty,
Claire Napawan, Cheryl Wilen

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30 (1), 33-42, 2015

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According to the United States Census, California is the most urban state in the nation.
Although there are many outstanding examples of urban farms in California, in
general, urban agriculture (UA) has been slower to gain momentum here than in some
other states with large urban populations. Over the past several years, urban
agriculture's popularity in California has begun to escalate, with strong emerging
interest in San Francisco, San Jose, Oakland, San Diego, Los Angeles and other
metropolitan communities. One challenge for urban farmers and municipal decision
makers engaged with UA in California has been limited availability of relevant
information and technical assistance. A new project team at the University of
California Cooperative Extension, part of the Division of Agriculture and Natural
Resources (UC ANR) is working to develop web-based educational resources that will
be grounded in a needs assessment that is currently underway. The needs assessment
includes a literature review, an internal survey of UC ANR personnel, and community
clientele interviews. This paper will report on preliminary findings and analyses of the
needs assessment, particularly how UC ANR personnel are engaged with UA, and
what tools they think would best serve urban farmers. We suggest implications for
those involved with UA, such as personnel of land-grant universities, local
governments and non-profits seeking to address the needs of urban farmers in an
environment of constrained resources.

3.4. farming increases lettuce yield per unit area compared to

conventional horizontal hydroponics

Dionysios Touliatos, Ian C Dodd, Martin McAinsh

Food and energy security 5 (3), 184-191, 2016

Vertical farming systems (VFS) have been proposed as an engineering solution to

increase productivity per unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production into
the vertical dimension. To test whether this approach presents a viable alternative to
horizontal crop production systems, a VFS (where plants were grown in upright
cylindrical columns) was compared against a conventional horizontal hydroponic
system (HHS) using lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. “Little Gem”) as a model crop. Both
systems had similar root zone volume and planting density. Half‐strength Hoagland's
solution was applied to plants grown in perlite in an indoor controlled environment
room, with metal halide lamps providing artificial lighting. Light distribution
(photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD) and yield (shoot fresh weight) within each
system were assessed. Although PPFD and shoot fresh weight decreased significantly
in the VFS from top to base, the VFS produced more crop per unit of growing floor
area when compared with the HHS. Our results clearly demonstrate that VFS presents
an attractive alternative to horizontal hydroponic growth systems and suggest that
further increases in yield could be achieved by incorporating artificial lighting in the
VFS.

3.5.Opportunities and challenges in sustainability of vertical farming:

A review

Fatemeh Kalantari, Osman Mohd Tahir, Raheleh Akbari Joni, Ezaz Fatemi

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Journal of Landscape Ecology 11 (1), 35-60, 2018

As the world population continues to grow at a rapid rate, accompanied by a

substantial growth in food demand which is expected to transpire in the next 50 years,
80% of the population will be living in urban areas. In order to feed this growing
population, there is a need for sustainable urban food. Producing sustainable urban
food requires considering all factors of sustainability collectively including,
environmental, social and economic advancement. A new method that has been
proposed to address the issue of sustainability and to meet the growing food demand
is, designing and implementing vertical farms. Vertical farming is a concept that
involves cultivating plants with livestock on vertically inclined surfaces such as in
skyscrapers in urban areas, where there is a lack of available land and space. However,
there is a paucity of information and a limited number of published critical reviews on
Vertical farming in urban areas. This study, in an attempt to review the major
opportunities and challenges of Vertical Farming, uses the framework of sustainability
to examine the role of it in prospective food provision in cities. This study is a critical
review of 60 documents from related published papers from relevant journals and
scientific online databases. Vertical Farming can be potentially beneficial in increasing
food production, maintaining high quality and safety and contributing to sustainable
urban farming. Well-known advantages of growing food within the urban territory can
be beneficial environmentally, socially and economically. Vertical farms can also
provide solutions for increasing food security worldwide.

3.6 PRESENT STATUS

We have some examples where Vertical Farming is being implemented.

1. Lufa Farms, Montreal, Canada

Lufa Farms in Montreal has two sprawling rooftop greenhouses that produce greens,
herbs, peppers and eggplants, which it delivers to approximately 4,000 customers each
week. The goal is to create a “local food engine”, says the company’s greenhouse
director Lauren Rathmell.

2. Prinzessinnengarten, Berlin, Germany

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The Prinzessinnengarten is an urban farm nestled in the shadow of the former Berlin
Wall, where a wide range of vegetables grows in repurposed Tetra Paks, rice sacks and
plastic crates.

3. Brooklyn Grange, Brooklyn, New York, US

The Brooklyn Grange operates the world’s largest rooftop soil farms, which produce
more than 50,000 lbs of vegetables each year. In addition to boosting New York City’s
local food supply, the farm also absorbs more than 1m gallons of stormwater every
year, reducing the load the city’s systems must manage.

4.GrowUp Box, London, UK

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In a 20-foot shipping container, GrowUp Box farms tilapia in tanks and uses the waste
to fertilize greens, which are cultivated in vertical columns. Photograph: GrowUp Box
Kate Hofman and Tom Webster are giving new meaning to the phrase "box lunch"
with their reinvented shipping container, the GrowUp Box.

TYPES OF VERTICAL FARMING

There are different types of Vertical Farming as follows:

1. Hydroponics – Growing Plants Without Soil

Hydroponics is a predominant system of growing that is used in vertical

farming, and it is slowly but steadily, gaining importance. It involves around the
growth of plants in solutions of nutrients that are essentially free of soil.

In this vertical farming innovation, the roots of the plants are submerged in a
solution of nutrients. This is frequently circulated and monitored in order to
ensure that there is the maintenance of the correct chemical composition in the
nutrient solution

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Plant Root System Support

Generally in Hydroponic system sand or gravel or plastics are used for a supporting
the plant root system.

Supply of Nutrients

In the soil based farming system, nutrients are supplied from organic content. Whereas
in the Hydroponic farming, fertilizers are added in the water for providing well
balanced nutrition to the plants.

Supply of Oxygen

In the soil based farming plants get oxygen from soil whereas in Hydroponic farming
plants get the oxygen from water.

Supply of Water

In soil based farming plants get water from soil to establish root system in the soil,
whereas in Hydroponic farming water is directly supplied to the plants.

Advantages

1. It requires less water and less space as compared to soil based farming.
2. All the minerals nutrients are provided in the water without any wastage thus it
is less polluting farming.

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 3. As in Hydroponics water PH level is controlled and all the essential nutrients
are provided in the optimized way faster growth and high yield of crops can be
expected.
4. Hydroponics system can be automated and managed easily.
5. The product quality is high.
6. This technology can be combined with greenhouse technology to get better
results.

Disadvantages

The only disadvantage of this method is its high initial set up cost.

2. Aeroponics – Growing Plants With No Soil and Very Little Water

It is undoubtedly the most efficient way in vertical farming as it uses a staggering 90%
less amount of water than the most efficient hydroponics systems too. It has also been
observed that the plants that are grown with the Aeroponics system uptake more
vitamins and minerals, thus making the plants potentially healthier and more
nutritious.
This sustainable growing technique was invented by NASA in the 1990s when it was
looking for efficient techniques to grow plants in space.

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Aeroponics systems nourish plants with nothing more than nutrient-laden
mist. The concept builds off that of hydroponic systems, in which the roots are
held in a soilless growing medium, such as coco coir, over which nutrient-
laden water is periodically pumped. Aeroponics simply dispenses with the
growing medium, leaving the roots to dangle in the air, where they are
periodically puffed by specially-designed misting devices.
In Aeroponics systems, seeds are “planted” in pieces of foam stuffed into tiny
pots, which are exposed to light on one end and nutrient mist on the other. The
foam also holds the stem and root mass in place as the plants grow.

Advantages of Aeroponics
1. It turns out that eliminating the growing medium is very freeing for a
plants’ roots: the extra oxygen they are exposed to results in faster
growth.
2. Aeroponics systems are also extremely water-efficient. These closed-
loop systems use 95 percent less irrigation than plants grown in soil.
And since the nutrients are held in the water, they get recycled, too.
3. This method has the ability to grow large quantities of food in small
spaces.
4. Since Aeroponics systems are fully enclosed, there is no nutrient runoff
to foul nearby waterways. Rather than treating pest and disease with

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 harsh chemicals, the growing equipment can simply be sterilized as
needed.

Disadvantages
1. The nutrient concentration of the water must be maintained within precise
parameters and even a slight malfunction of your equipment can cause the loss
of a crop.
2. If the misters don’t spray every few minutes – maybe because the power goes
out, the roots will quickly desiccate.
3. The misters need regular cleaning to keep them from becoming clogged by
mineral deposits in the water.
4. There is also one major drawback, environmentally-speaking: aeroponic
systems rely on electrical power to pump water through the tiny misting
devices. And while they can be employed in the natural light of a greenhouse,
they are more often used with energy-intensive grow lights.

3. Aquaponics – An Ecosystem that Promotes Plants and Fish Farming

Together
An Aquaponics System is much like the Hydroponics System but is only better. It
aims to combine the fish and plants in the same ecosystem. In this system, fish grow in
indoor ponds and produce a nutrient-rich waste that further acts as a food source for
the plants grown in vertical farms.

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Advantages

1. Aquaponics relies on the recycling of nutrient-rich water continuously.

2. In Aquaponics there is no toxic run-off from either hydroponics or aquaculture.
3. Aquaponics uses only 1/10th of the water of soil-based gardening, and even
less water than hydroponics or recirculating aquaculture.
4. No harmful petro chemicals, pesticides or herbicides can be used. It’s a natural
ecosystem.
5. Aquaponics systems can be put anywhere, Aquaponics systems are scaleable.
They can fit most sizes and budgets.

Disadvantages

1. High start-up investment costs for Aquaponics technology and equipment

2. Aquaponics systems include several places where dysfunction could lead to
failure of the whole system (and loss of fish).
3. Several variables are involved in the configuration of aquaponics systems
(construction, aquatic conditions, surrounding environmental factors, etc.),
leading to difficulties in predicting ideal conditions for any given system.

TECHNOLOGIES AND DEVICES

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1. The modern ideas of vertical farming use indoor farming techniques
and controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) technology, where all
environmental factors can be controlled.
2. These facilities utilize artificial control of light, environmental control
(humidity, temperature, gases...).
3. Some vertical farms use techniques similar to greenhouses, where
natural sunlight can be augmented with artificial lighting and metal reflectors.

CHAPTER 3

Flow Chart for Completion of the Project

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 REFERENCES

Research Articles:

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 1. Future food production systems: vertical farmung and controlled environment.
Kurt Benke and Bruce Tomkins.
2. Planning and design of vertical farm building. Mr. sunny suresh mahajan, Mr.
Amol Mahadev Godhade.
3. Vertical Cultivation for beginners
https://www.agrifarming.in/vertical-cultivation-information-beginners/
4. Vertical farming- Innovations that could revolutionize agriculture
https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.interestingengineering.com/13-vertical-
farming-innovations-that-could-revolutionize-agriculture
5. Current situation and prophase exploration on vertical farming and urban
agriculture in china. Dr. Quichang Yang.
6. Study of the Sustainbility Issues of Food Production Using Vertical Farm
Methods in anUrban Environment within the State of Indiana, Victor Mendez
Perez,Purdue University

Web Articles

1. http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/ [1] to [9]

2. https://www.ibef.org/industry/agriculture-india.aspx [10] to [12]
3. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.lnd.Arbl.HA.pc [13]
4. https://krishijagran.com/news/major-emphasis-on-turning-farms-to-factories-vertical-
farming-workshop/ [14]

BIBLOGRAPHY

1. The Vertical Farm

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 Despommier, D. 2010. The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st
Century. New York: Picador
2. Is contract farming a risk management instrument for Chinese farmers? Evidence from
a survey of vegetable farmers in Shandong
H Holly Wang, Yanping Zhang, Laping Wu
China Agricultural Economic Review 3 (4), 489-505, 2011
3. Gearing up to support urban farming in California: Preliminary results of a needs
Assessment
4. Vertical farming increases lettuce yield per unit area compared to
conventional horizontal hydroponics
Dionysios Touliatos, Ian C Dodd, Martin McAinsh
Food and energy security 5 (3), 184-191, 2016
5. Opportunities and challenges in sustainability of vertical farming: A review
Fatemeh Kalantari, Osman Mohd Tahir, Raheleh Akbari Joni, Ezaz Fatemi
Journal of Landscape Ecology 11 (1), 35-60, 2018

28