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dq irrev
1. From Clausius Inequality: dS But, đqIsol. Sys. = 0
T rev
dSI.S. 0 I.S. = universe = total
2. Also from Definition of Isolated System:
dSIsol. Sys. = dSsystem + dSsurroundings
= ( đqsys/T) + (–đqsys/T) 0
(See the example of the freezing
Again dSI.S. 0 of supercooled water – later)
2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy of the universe is increasing!!!
1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy of the universe is constant!!!
Entropy is Nature’s Arrow
6
Problems 1 – Entropy: 1-4. © Prof. Zvi C. Koren 20.07.2010
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (continued)
Stotal (universe) 0 spontaneous
equilibrium
Spontanoeus = Natural = Irreversible
Equilibrium = Reversible
Criterion for spontaneity:
If Stotal > 0, NOT just Ssys (process), then process is spontaneous!
(Not the most convenient of criteria, but a criterion nevertheless.)
So, to determine if a process would be spontaneous, we must calculate
Stotal (and not just Ssys) according to:
ΔS total ΔS sy s ΔS surr
If system process is a chemical rxn, then recall
the equation for Srxn from General Chemistry:
H rxn
0
Stotal,T,P S 0
Products
S 0
Reactants
T
If Stotal > 0, then rxn is spontaneous!
7 © Prof. Zvi C. Koren 20.07.2010
Some Thoughts About the 2nd Law
2nd Law indicates direction of spontaneous process
1st Law (Conservation of Energy) is not enough.
Is the 1st Law disobeyed if the opposite processes occur?
surface
Phi Plo
Disordered Ordered
‘Money’ ‘Money’
Energy
Bank:
Disordered Ordered
‘Money’ ‘Money’
ℓv
sℓ
time (continued)
10 © Prof. Zvi C. Koren 20.07.2010
REVERSIBLE Physical Process
dq rev
dS Clausius equation
T
dq rev [T] 1 q T,rev [P] q P,T,rev ΔH phy s
S dq rev
T T T T T
ΔH phy s
SREV ,phy s
T
Ssub > Svap >> Sfus > 0
Trouton’s Rule:
For MANY liquids,
Svap constant 85 J/Kmol Nike Problem
What do you predict would be the Svap for water relative to Trouton’s rule constant?
(Hint: What is S a measure of?)
11 Problems 1 – Entropy: 30, 31. © Prof. Zvi C. Koren 20.07.2010
First Law in Terms of Entropy
dU = đq + đw = đqrev + đwrev,PV = TdS – PdV
dU = đq + đw (1st Law in terms of system/surroundings interactions)
dU = TdS – PdV (1st Law in terms of system variables – state functions)
Fundamental Equation of Thermodynamics
for a Closed System (Constant Composition):
Energy-explicit 1st Law: dU = TdS – PdV
SA
1
V or P
For example, Ideal gas, [CV,CP]:
S = nCVℓn(T2/T1) + nRℓn(V2/V1) = f(initial & final states)
SA SB
T P γ 1)/γ
S = nCPℓn(T2/T1) – nRℓn(P2/P1) n C P n 2 1 Nike
1 2
T P
γ 1)/γ
T2 P2
For adiabatic + reversible: (as before) Nike
14 T1 P1 © Prof. Zvi C. Koren 20.07.2010
Entropy of Mixing Ideal Gases
Mixing process is effectively one of diffusion or expansion.
For isothermal mixing, for each ideal gas i: Si,T = nRℓn(V2i/V1i) Smixing = Si
Consider a system of two different gases “A” and “B”, both at same P & T
A B
nA, VA nB, VB mixing nA+nB, VA+VB
(P,T) (P,T) irreversible (P,T)
Proof that P of gas mixture = P of each gas
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures for Gas Mixture: Pmix = PA + PB
VA VB
n B
n RT n B RT n A n B
RT B RT n BRT Ppure B or A
V
Pmix PA PB A
in mix Vtot Vtot VA VB VA VB VB
proved
P of each lone gas before mixing: (see below)
n A RT n B RT n n V V
=P= A B nA nB A nA nB nB A nB
VA VB VA VB VB VB
VA VB Problems 1 – Entropy: 25-27.
nA nB n B
15 VB © Prof. Zvi C. Koren 20.07.2010
P (slowly)
IRREVERSIBLE Physical Process ℓ ℓ
The Freezing of Supercooled Water @ 1 atm: Stotal > 0
S = S1 + S2 + S3 T
H2O (ℓ) H2O (s)
–10 oC 0.01oC
273 263
n 263 (CP,ℓ/T)dT = S1,P S3,P = n 273 (CP,s/T)dT
0 oC
H2O (ℓ) H2O (s)
S2 = Hsolidification/T
Data for H2O: Cℓ 75.3 J/degmol, Cs 36.8 J/degmol,
Hofus,0 C = 6.004 kJ/mol, Hofus,-10 C = 5.619 kJ/mol
Ssystem = S1 + S2 + S3 = –20.54 J/Kmol Nike Problem
(why?)
Question: Why isn’t S = H/T for the main freezing step at –10oC?
From before: Ssurr,-10 C = –Hsys,-10 C/T = 21.37 J/Kmol
Stotal,-10 C = Ssys + Ssurr > 0, as required by the 2nd Law
Note: Stotal,0 C = Ssys + Ssurr = 0, as required by the 2nd Law
Though Ssys < 0, process is spontaneous.
16 (see next slide for another example) © Prof. Zvi C. Koren 20.07.2010
Cooling Off a Hot Object: Stotal > 0
Question:
A steel casting [CP = 0.5 kJ/kg-1K-1] weighing 40 kg and at a temperature of 450oC is
quenched in 150 kg of oil [CP = 2.5 kJ/kg-1K-1] at 25oC. If there are no heat losses, what
is the isobaric change in entropy of (a) the casting, (b) the oil, and (c) both considered
together?
Answer:
First: Heat Balance Equation: qi = 0 For each qP = H = mCPdT
(mCPT)casting + (mCPT)oil = 0 tfinal = 46.52oC.
Second: For each, SP = mCPln(T2/T1) (conditions?)
(a) Scasting = –16.33 kJ/K, (b) Soil = 26.13 kJ/K, (c) Stotal = 9.80 kJ/K > 0.
(why?)
2U CV U S
V T
VT T V T V T V T V T
2U π T U S S P
T T
TV V T V T V T V T V V T T V
S P U P
and πT T P
V T T V V T T V
Prove the following identity:
H
μ
Isothermal J-T Coefficient T V(1 αT) (used before)
P T
18 Problems 1 – Entropy: 7-10. © Prof. Zvi C. Koren 20.07.2010