Option 3

Chapter 1
3 3 3 3
Exercise 1.1 6 ⫺ + ⫺ + $ ; converges to 1
2 4 8 16
1 Converges to 0 2 Converges to 2 1 2 2 8
7 + + + + ; diverges by nth term divergence test
3 Converges to 0 4 Diverges 3 9 9 27 $
5 Converges to 0 6 Converges to 0 8 ⫺1 + 1 ⫺ 1 + 1 ⫺$ ; diverges by nth term divergence test
7 Diverges 8 Diverges 5 7 3 11
9 + + + + ; diverges by nth term divergence test
9 Converges to 2 10 Converges to 1 11 16 7 26 $
11 Diverges 12 Converges to 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 + 2 + 3 + 4 + $ ; converges to
13 Converges to 0 14 Converges to 1 e e e e e ⫺1
∫ xe dx = ⫺ e⫺x (x + 1) + C
⫺x
15 Converges to 1 16–18 Proof 11 a)
1 ∞
19 20 2 2
∫ xe
⫺x
2 b) dx = and therefore the series is convergent.
1
e
1
21 22 Converges to π 12 a) Divergent b) Convergent
2 1
23 ⫺1 24 ⫺ 13–14 Proof
3 ∞
1
1 1 15 For ∑ , lim an = 0 but it is a p-series with
25 26 n=1 n n→∞
6 3
1
28 ln ⎛ ⎞
a p= 艋 1 so the series diverges.
27 ln 2
⎝ b⎠ 2
16 Proof 17 Converges
29 1 30 Divergent
1 18 Diverges 19 Converges
31 32 π
2 20 Converges 21 Converges
1 22 Diverges 23 Diverges
33 34 Divergent
2
24 Diverges 25 Diverges
35 ln 2 36 2
26 Diverges 27 Converges
37 k
28 Diverges 29 Converges
38 a) Area increases without bound, i.e. infinite
30 Converges 31 Diverges
b) π units3
c) The area of the region is infinite; however, the volume of 32 5
10  016 1
the solid created by rotating the region about the x-axis is 33 a) S4 = ≈ 0.908   48; error <
finite. 11 025 81
b) S4 = 0.095  3083; error < 0.000 006
34 a) (n + 1)2 + 1
Chapter 2
∞
1 π
b) ∫ dx = lim [arctan (x + 1)]1 = ⫺ arctan (2)
b

( x + 1) 2
+ 1 b→∞ 2
Exercise 2.1 1
∞

= arctan ⎛ ⎞ ; since ∫
1 a) 8 b) ⫺1 c) 25 1 1
dx converges to
3 3 1 ⎝ 2⎠ (x + 1)2 + 1
1
2 a) b) c)
4 4 1+ x ∞
arctan ⎛ ⎞ , then ∑ 2
1 1
⎝ 2⎠ must also converge.
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
+ $ ; diverges by nth term n + 2n+2
3 35 Diverges
n =1
2 5 10 17
divergence test 36 a) 1.202 606 481 with error < 0.0061 b) 10 terms
3 3 3 37 11 terms
4 3+ + + + ; converges to 4
4 16 64 $ (⫺1)n+1
∞
1 1 1
38 ∑ = 1 ⫺ + ⫺ + $ is conditionally convergent.
n =1 2n ⫺ 1
1 1 1 3 5 7
5 0 + ln + ln + ln + $ ; diverges by nth term divergence
2 3 4 39 Converges absolutely 40 Converges conditionally
test
41 Diverges 42 Converges conditionally
 Answers

43 Converges absolutely 44 Converges absolutely 1 1

22 ⫺ <x<
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
45 1 + ⫺ + ⫺ + + ⫺ + $ ; the sum of this series (x ⫺ 1)3 (x ⫺ 1)4
3 2 5 4 7 9 8 23 (x ⫺ 1) e + (x ⫺ 1)2 e + e+ e
2 6
is 1. The terms of the alternating harmonic series are ∞
2 2x 3 2x 5
rearranged such that consecutive positive terms are added 24 ∑ x 2n⫺1 = 2 x + + +$
n =1 (2n ⫺ 1) 3 5
until the sum is greater than 1, then consecutive negative
∞
terms are added until the sum is less than 1, and so on. Note
that the difference between the partial sums and 1 is less than
25 a) ∑ (⫺1) n
x 2n = 1 ⫺ x 2 + x 4 ⫺ x 6 + $
n=0
the last term used, so the series converges to 1. b) Proof c) Proof d) π ≈ 2.976; error < 0.142 86
46 7 terms 47 Proof e x + (⫺1)n e⫺x
26 a) f (x ) =
(n)
2
x2 x4
b) f (x ) = 1 + + +$
Chapter 3 2 24
f ⎛ ⎞≈
1 433
c) = 1.127  604  16
Exercise 3.1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 384
1 R = 1; ⫺1 艋 x < 1 2 R = 1; 1 < x < 3 d) Error < 0.000 136
3 R = 2; 2 艋 x < 4 4 R = ∞; x ∈^ 27 ⫺1.59 < x < 1.59
5 R = 1; ⫺1 艋 x 艋 1 6 R = 1; 1 艋 x 艋 3 x n+1
∞
x3 x4
28 xe = ∑ = x + x2 + + +$
x

7 R = 1; 0 < x < 2 8 R = 1; ⫺1 艋 x < 1 n=0 n ! 2! 3!

4 4 4 2 x 4 17 x 6 62 x 8
9 R = 0; x = 0 10 R = ; ⫺ 艋 x < 29 sec 2 x = 1 + x 2 + + + +
3 3 3 3 45 315 $
11 R = 4; ⫺4 < x < 4 12 R = 3; ⫺ 3 艋 x 艋 3 ∞
e 2
30 a) ∑ (x ⫺ 2)n
13 R = e; ⫺ e < x < e 14 R = 0; x = 4 n=0 n !

n (x )
3 2 n +1
1 1 ∞ ∞
x 6n+ 3
15 ⫺ < x < b) ∑ (⫺1) = ∑ (⫺1)n
k
∞
k n=0 (2n + 1) ! n=0 (2n + 1) !
16 a) ∑ (⫺1) n
x n ; ⫺1 < x < 1 1 ∞
c) ⫺ ∑ (n + 1) nx n⫺1
n=0
2 n=0
1 1
b) A = , B= ∞
(⫺1)n
∞
2 2 d) ∑ n + 1 (x ⫺ 1) n+ 4

c) ∑ x 2n ; ⫺ 1 < x < 1 n=0

n=0
31 a) 1 1
b) __
x4 x6 x 2n 3
17 a) e ⫺x 2
= 1⫺ x + ⫺ + $ + (⫺1)n
2
+$; R = ∞
2! 3! n!
⎛ x4 x6 x 2n+1 ⎞ Practice questions
∫e ∫ ⎜⎝1 ⫺ x
⫺x 2
b) dx = 2
+ ⫺ + $ + (⫺1)n +
2! 3! (2n + 1) n ! $⎟⎠ 1 ln (cos x ) ≈ ⫺
x2 x4
⫺
2 12
x3 x5 x7 x 2 n +1 x4 x4
=x− + − + … + (−1)n + …; 2 a) sin 2 x ≈ x 2 ⫺ b) cos 2 x ≈ 1 ⫺ x 2 +
3 ⋅1! 5 ⋅ 2 ! 7 ⋅ 3! (2n + 1)n !
3 3
radius of convergence is also R = ∞. x 3
1
1 1 1 1 5651 3 e x sin x ≈ x + x 2 +
c) ∫ e⫺x dx ≈ 1 ⫺ + ⫺ +
2
= ≈ 0.747 ; 3
3 10 42 216 7560 9x 2 9x 3
0
4 e ≈ 1 + 3x +
3x
+
1 2 2
error < a6 = = 0.000 75 < 0.001
11 ⋅ 5 ! x 2 5x 4
5 sec x ≈ 1 + +
x4 x6 1 3 2 5 2 24
18 a) x 2 ⫺ + b) x + x + x
3! 5! 3 15 x2 x3 x4
6 a) e ≈ 1 + x +
x
+ +
1 2 7 3 2! 3! 4 !
c) x ⫺ x + x x4
2 6 b) e x ≈ 1 + x 2 +
∞ 2!
19 ∑ nx n⫺1
for ⫺1 < x < 1
c) e x ≈ 1 + x +
3 x 2
+
7 x 3 25 x 4
+
n=0
∞
x n+ 2 2 6 24
20 a) ∑ (⫺1)n!
n
b) Proof
7 ln(2 + 3x ) = ln 2 + x ⫺
3 ⎛ 3⎞ 2 x 2 ⎛ 3⎞ 3 x 3 ⎛ 3⎞ 4 x 4
+ ⫺ + ;
n=0
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 3 ⎝ 2⎠ 4 $
x3 x5 x7
21 a) sin x ≈ x ⫺ + ⫺
3! 5! 7 ! (⫺1)n 3n+1
R n (x ) = x n+1
⎛ π⎞ (n + 1) (2 + 3c)n+1
b) sin ⎝ ⎠ ≈ 0.258  819
12 x x2 x3 5x 4
⫺10
8 a) 4+x ≈ 2+ ⫺ + ⫺
c) Error < 1.4165 × 10 4 64 512 16  384
2
 1 ⫺3
7 9 e e
x 5 ; since 29 < (4 + 0.1)
1
b) R 4 ( x ) = 9
2 then c) P2 (x ) = e e ⫺ (x ⫺ e)2 , which is a parabola with
256 (4 + x ) 2 2
vertex (e , e1 e ).
7
0 艋 R 4 (x ) 艋 (0.1)5 < 5.34 × 10⫺10 24 Diverges by comparison with the harmonic series
256 ⋅ 29
2n 2n 2n
9 2 terms needed; 0.996 195 1 1 1 1
25 a) S2n = ∑ = Sn + ∑ 艌 Sn + ∑ = Sn +
k =1 k k =n +1 k k =n +1 2k 2
∞
(⫺1)n x 2n x4 x6
10 a) ∑ n!
= 1⫺ x2 + ⫺ +
2! 3! $
b) Proof
2n n n
26 a) S2n = ∑ uk = ∑ (u2 k⫺1 + u2 k ) = ∑ ⎛ ⫺ ⎞
3 1
∑
n=0
1 23
⫺x 2 ⎝ + k⎠
b) ∫ 0 e dx ≈ k =1 k =1 k =1 2 k 1 2
30 n
4k ⫺1
e =∑
c) Error < k =1 2 k (2k + 1)
42
1 ∞ b) Divergent by limit comparison test
11 a) = ∑ (⫺1)n+1 x 2n⫺2
1+ x 2
n =1
27 a) Integral test for ∑ an : Let an = f (n) ,where f(x) is a
π continuous, positive and decreasing function for all
b) Proof c) Proof d)
4 x 艌 N and N is some positive integer. Then the series
∞ ∞
1
12 a)
1+ x
≈ 1 ⫺ x + x 2 ⫺ x 3 + $ and ∑ an and the integral ∫ f (x ) dx both diverge or both
n= N N

1 converge. That is, if the integral is finite then ∑ an is

≈ 1 + x + x2 + x3 + $
1⫺ x finite, and if the integral is infinite then ∑ an is infinite.
⫺3 4 b) Converges by integral test
b) +
x ⫺2 x ⫺3 x3 x5 x7
28 a) (i) sin x ≈ x ⫺ + ⫺
x +1 1 11x 49 x 2 179 x 3 3! 5! 7 !
c) 2 ≈ + + + +
1296 $
4
x ⫺ 5 x + 6 6 36 216 2 x x6
(ii) e x ≈ 1 + x 2 + +
1 2! 3!
13 a)
1⫺ x x2 5 3 41 5
∞ b) e sin x ≈ x + x + x
6 120
b) ∑ ⎡⎣⫺ (x + 1) n⫺1
⎤⎦ = ⫺1 ⫺ (x + 1) ⫺ (x + 1)2 ⫺ (x + 1)3 ⫺ $ , 2
c)
5
n =1
6
⫺2 < x < 0 x 2 x 3 2x 4
29 ln(1 + sin x ) ≈ x ⫺ + ⫺
2! 3! 4!
14 a) Series converges by the ratio test
b) Series converges by the integral test 30 Ratio test gives interval of convergence as ⫺1 艋 x < 1.
c) Series converges by the alternating series test 31 Proof

15
4
⫺
1 ⎛ sin x ⫺ x ⎞ = lim ⎛ cos x ⫺ 1 ⎞ =
32 lim ⎝
x x ⫺1 x →0 x sin x ⎠ x →0 ⎝ sin x + x cos x ⎠
16 a) Series converges by the ratio test ⎛ ⫺ sin x ⎞ =0
lim
x → 0 ⎝ 2 cos x ⫺ x sin x ⎠
b) Series diverges by the integral test
17 a) Proof b) k = ⫺
1 33 Proof
cos x 1
32 34 a) (i) y ′ = ; y ′′ = ⫺ ; ⫺
c) Proof d) 3.1550 1 + sin x 1 + sin x
cos x
∞
x 4n + 2
y (3) = ⫺ ;
18 a) ∑ (−1) (1 + sin x )2
n
b) 0.3103
(2n + 1) !
n=0
⫺ sin x (1 + sin x )2 ⫺ 2 (1 + sin x ) cos 2 x
19 a) R = 1 b) 4 艋 x 艋 6 y (4) =
(1 + sin x )4
20 Converges by the alternating series test; sum ≈ 0.63 (ii) Proof
∞
xn 1 1 1
b) (i) ln(1 ⫺ sin x ) = ln (1 + sin (⫺x )) = x ⫺ x 2 + x 3 ⫺ x 4 + $
21 a) ∑ (⫺1)n⫺1 b) Proof 2 6 12
n =1 n 1 1
(ii) ln(cos x ) = ⫺ x 2 ⫺ x 4 + $
22 a) Converges by comparison test 2 12
b) Converges by alternating series test 1 3
(iii) tan x = x + x + $
23 a) Proof 3
c) ⫺2
b) y 1
35 R =
4
(e , e 1 e )
36 a) (i) Converges by alternating series test
y=1 1 1 1
(ii) S4 = 1 ⫺ + ⫺ ≈ 0.841  468
3! 5! 7 !
x
(iii) Error < 0.000 002 76 = 2.76 × 10⫺6

3
 Answers

x3 x5 x7
b) (i) sin x = x ⫺ + ⫺ + 52 p > 1
3! 5! 7 ! $
x 2n⫺1 53 a) ln 2 b) ⫺3
(ii) an = (⫺1)n⫺1 e x + (⫺1)n e⫺x
(2n ⫺ 1) ! 54 a) (i) f (x ) =
(n)
2
(iii) Proof
x2 x4
x2 x4 x6 (ii) f ( x ) = 1 + + +
(iv) cos x = 1 ⫺ + ⫺ + 4 $
2! 4! 6! $
2
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 433
37 a) b) 0 (iii) f ⎝ ⎠ ≈ 1 + + =
2 2 8 384 384
38 a) (i) Proof (iv) Error < 0.000 136
1 b) Series is convergent by integral test
(ii) Converse is not true; a counter example is ∑ 2
n ⎡ π π⎤
1
which is convergent but ∑ is not. 55 a) (i) Domain [⫺1, 1] , range ⎢⫺ , ⎥
n ⎣ 2 2⎦
b) (i) k > 1 (ii) k ⭐ 1 x3
(ii) arcsin x = x + +$
39 a) (i) Proof 6
12 × 32 × $ (n ⫺ 2)2 x2 x4
(ii) an = , for odd n 艌 3 b) cos(arcsin x ) = 1 ⫺ ⫺
n! 2 8
r
b) R = 1 ⎛ q ⎞ ⎛ q r (r ⫺ 1) q 2 4 ⎞
c) (i) p r ⎜1 + x 2 ⎟ = p r ⎜1 + r x 2 + x
c) π ≈ 3.139 ⎝ p ⎠ ⎝ p 2 p 2 ⎟⎠
1 1
40 a) lim an = b) N = 1501 (ii) p = 1, q = ⫺1, r = ; hence, the series in b) and c)
n→∞ 2 2
is (1 ⫺ x 2 )
1
2
41 ⫺1.59 < x < 1.59 since
(
cos (arcsin x ) = cos arccos 1 ⫺ x 2 = (1 ⫺ x 2 ) 2 . )
1

42 Convergent by comparison with geometric series ∑ 2 ⫺n

43 a) Proof b) Proof 56 a) 2 b) ⫺1 c) Proof

2 4
c) S = e ⫺1 57 a) (i) Proof (ii) Proof (iii) p = ,q=
3 3
44 a) Proof b) Proof b) Proof c) Proof
c) GDC value: ln (1.5) ≈ 0.405   465  1081 58 Series is convergent by the ratio test
∞
x 3 3x 2 11 1
For x = 1.5 : ⫺ + 3x ⫺ = 0.416. 59 a) Proof b) 1.18 < ∑ < 1.22
3 2 6 n =1 n3
x 3
x 2
3x 5 1 60 a) 0
For x = 1.5 : ⫺ + ⫺ ⫺ = 0.406   25.
12 2 2 6 4x 1 1 2
b) f ′ (x ) = , f ′′ (x ) = ( )
2 , f ′′′ x =
The second approximation is nearer to the true value. 1⫺ x (1 ⫺ x ) (1 ⫺ x )3
1 ⎛ 1 + α 2n 2 ⎞ 1 1 1 2
45 a) (i) In = ln ⎜ c) ln 2 ≈ + + =
2 ⎝ 1 + n 2 ⎟⎠ 2 8 24 3
d) Error < 0.25
1
(ii) lim In = ln (α ) or lnα 2
2
n→∞ 2 e) Actual error = ln 2 ⫺ ≈ 0.026   48; upper bound for
3
b) ⫺2 error found in d) is much larger than the actual error, so
46 a) (i) 2 (ii) 2 2
the estimate of found in c) cannot be considered a
b) The argument is incorrect because the denominator is not 3
good estimate.
zero when x = 3.
1 1
47 a = 1, b = 1, c = , d = 0 61 a) b) ⫺2
2 2π
48 a) Convergent by comparison test, or limit comparison test 62 a) Proof
1 1 3 π π2 π4 π
b) (i) ⫺ (ii) b) Using x = : ln 2 ≈ + ; using x = :
2n 2 (n + 2) 4 3 4 18 972 4
49 ⫺1 艋 x < 1 π2 π
ln 2 ≈ + .
5 1 16 1536
50 a) ⫺ b) ⫺ 63 a) R = 3
8 2
1 1 b) Converges by limit comparison test (comparing to
51 a) A = , B = ⫺ ∞
1
4 4 convergent series ∑ 2 )
n=1 n
b) Sn = ⎛ ⫺
1 1 1 ⎞
64 a) Proof
4 ⎝ 3 4n + 3⎠ b) ln (1 + sin x ) = x ⫺
x2 x3 x4
+ ⫺ +
∞ 2 6 12 $
∑ ⎛⎝ 16r ⎞ = lim 1 ⎛ 1 ⫺ 1 ⎞ = 1 ; hence,
1
c)
r =1 +2
8 r ⫺ 3 ⎠ n→∞ 4 ⎝ 3 4n + 3⎠ 12 x2 x3 x4
c) ln (1 ⫺ sin x ) = ⫺x ⫺ ⫺ ⫺ ⫺
the series is convergent. 2 6 12 $

4
 d) Proof 5 a)
e) 0
8
65 ⫺
315
∞
66 Given ∑ an and an = f (n) , integral test can be applied if
n=1
∞
f(x) is positive, continuous and decreasing for x > 1; ∑ n e⫺n
2

converges. n =1

67 8 + 17 (x ⫺ 1) + 16 (x ⫺ 1) + 7 (x ⫺ 1) + (x ⫺ 1)
2 3 4

68 a) 0 for ⫺1 ⭐ sin n ⭐ 1
π 2
b) c)

2 5 5 5
d) 0 e) 0 f) ⫺1 b)
2
c)
2
1 d) Regardless of the initial value of the population, as time
69 a) Converges; geometric series with r = , so r < 1.
1.1 increases, the population stabilizes at 2 500.
b) Diverges by nth term divergence test
6 y = ⫺ x + tan x + 25
2
c) Converges by limit comparison test
d) Diverges by integral test 7 a) Proof
e) Converges; comparison test (compare to p-series with x +1
b) y =
p = 3) x ⫺1
π 2 (x ⫺ 12 ) π 4 (x ⫺ 12 )
2 4

70 a) sin (π x ) ≈ 1 ⫺ + −$ 8 (i) b (ii) d (iii) c (iv) a

b) 0.924 2! 4! 7x + 1
9 y=
7⫺x
1 1
10 a) ⫺
Chapter 4 3 (x ⫺ 2) 3 (x + 1)
b) proof
Exercise 4.1
1 (i) c (ii) a (iii) d
(iv) b 11 a) y = C (x 2 ⫺ 1) + 1
x
2 a) 2 x ⫺ y = C
2 2
b) y = dy ⎛ 2 x ⎞ 2x
1⫺ Cx b) + y= ; integrating factor is
1 y 1 dx ⎝ 1⫺ x 2⎠
1⫺ x2
c) ln ( y ⫺ 1) ⫺ ln y + C1 = ⫺ or = C2 e x 1
x y ⫺1 ; leads to same solution as in part a)
d) x = C1 sin y or y = arcsin (C2 x ) 1⫺ x2
C x2

x2
12 a) y = x 4 + 2 b) y = Ce 2 ⫺ 1
e) y = Ce 2 f) y 2 = 2 x 2 + 1 + C x
1 4
c) y = x + Cx d) y = xe + Ce cos x
cos x
y ⫺1 3
g) ln = ex + C h) x = y ln y ⫺ y + C
y +1 x3
e) y = xe + Ce
x3
f) y = x ln x + Cx
y +1 x +1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
3 ∫ y
dy = ∫
x
dx ⇒ ∫ ⎜⎝1 + y ⎟⎠ dy = ∫ ⎝1 + x ⎠ dx 13 y = x csc x + C csc x

⇒ y + ln y = x + ln x + C 14 a)–c) Proof
x arcsin x 1
e y + ln y = e x + ln x +C ⇒ e ln y e y = e ln x e x e C ⇒ ye y = Axe x d) y = + +
2 2 1⫺ x2 1⫺ x2
4 y = ± 2 sin x + C
15 a)–b) Proof
The constant C cannot be completely arbitrary because c) y = tan x + C sec x
2 sin x + C 艌 0. If C < ⫺1, then 2 sin x + C will always 1 C
be negative, regardless of the value of x. If C > 1, then 16 y = x 2 +
3 x
2 sin x + C will always be positive. If ⫺1 艋 C 艋 1, then
1 2 1 10
whether 2 sin x + C is positive or negative will depend on 17 y = x ln x ⫺ x 2 +
the value of x. 3 9 9x
y⫺x
18 C =
( y + x )2
19 a) y = Cx + C b) y = Cx ⫺ x
2

c) y = Cx ⫺ x d) 2 x + 3xy + 3 y = C
3 3 2 3

2
x C
e) y 2 = ⫺ 2 f) y = x ln (Cxy )
2 x

5
 Answers

20 a) Proof b) x 2 + 4 xy ⫺ 3 y 2 ⫺ 1 = 0 11 Proof
21 Proof 12 a) y ≈ 1.84
22 Proof
b) (i) y = 4 ⫺ x 2 (ii) y ≈ 1.77
y y 1
23 a) =C x b) = x c)

y +1 y +1 2

c) xn yn
1.2 1.400
1.4 1.960
1.6 2.789
dy
1.8 4.110 Since is decreasing, the value of y is overestimated at
dx
each step.
d) xn approx. yn exact yn % error 1 1 1
13 a) a = , b = , c = ⫺
1.2 1.400 1.5 6. 6 2 2 2
1 1 1
b) (i) I = ln 1 + x + ln 1 + x − arctan x + k
2
1.4 1.960 2. 3 16.5 2 4 2
1.6 2.789 4.5 30.3 3π 3
(ii) C = ⫺ ln 2
1.8 4.110 9.5 54.3 8 4
24 y ≈ 1.5405 14 y ≈ 3.5
25 y ≈ 5.9584 15 a) Proof b) sec x
c) y = sin x + 2 cos x
26 y 2 = Cx 3 ⫺ x 2
27 16 a) Proof b) y 2 = 6 x 2 ln x + Cx 2
xn yn c) y = 6 x ln x + 4 x
2 2 2

1.1 4.2 17 y ≈ 2.14

3x 3 ⫺ x
1.2 4.425 43 18 a) Proof b) y =
3x 2 + 1
⫺ sin x
1.3 4.677 87 19 a) Proof b) e
1.4 4.959 04 c) y = ⫺ sin x ⫺ 1 ⫺ e sin x
1.5 5.270 81 20 a)–b)

28 a) Proof
b) y (1) ≈ 0.327  68
c) y (1) ≈ 0.348  678   4401
d) Actual value to 10 s.f. is y (1) ≈ 0.367  879   4412; using
more steps (and a smaller step size) gives a better
approximation.

Practice questions
1 a) y = (x + c) x 3 b) y = (x + 1) x 3

2 y= 2x 5 6x 2 3
+ +
5 5 5
1
3 y = Ce ⫺
x c) y = x ⫺1 + 4e
C sin x 21 a) (i) Proof
4 y= + ⫺ cos x
2 x 2 x 2 10 x 3 2 x 4
x x (ii) y = 2 + ⫺ ⫺ + +
C x3 16 x 3 1! 2! 3! 4! $
5 a) y = + b) y = + b) y (0.5) ≈ 2.55
x 4 x 4
c) y (0.5) ≈ 2.67
6 a) 6 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3 e) 4 f) 5
d) Approximation using Maclaurin series can be made
7 y = 8 sin x ⫺ 2
2

8x more accurate by computing more terms of the series;

8 a) y = ⫺2 x + 12 b) y = approximation using Euler’s method can be made more
x +1
9 y = tan x + sec x accurate by decreasing the step value.
y2
10 a) Proof b) 5 x =
x2
(
+ 1 or y = x 5 x ⫺ 1 )
6
 3
1 1
22 yx 2 =
3
(1 + x 2 )2 +
3
23 a) Proof
y ⫺ 2⎞ 1 ⎛ ⎛ y ⫺ 2⎞ 2 ⎞
b) ln x ⫺ 1 = 3 arctan ⎛⎜ ⫺ ln 1 + +C
⎝ x ⫺ 1 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ ⎜⎝ x ⫺ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠
1 2 ⎛ π⎞
24 a) 2 b) y = x arctan x + 1 ⫺
x ⎝ 4⎠
2
25 ln 2
3
26 a) (i) y (1.3) ≈ 2.14 (ii) Decrease the step size
b) y = x 2 + e1⫺x
2

x + 2⎞ ⎛
27 y = ⎛ + C⎞
1
ln (x + 2) +
⎝ x + 1⎠ ⎝ x+2 ⎠
28 y = x (x + 1) + C (x + 1)
2 2 2

E⎛ ⫺ t⎞
R
E RL t E
29 I = 1⫺ e L
; I = e ⫺
R ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ R R
30 sec (xy ) = ⫺2 ln (cos x ) + C

⫺x