BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (CT410)

1. FOUNDATIONS

1.1 Components of a Building: (List-out & Explanation)

1.1.1 Cross Section of a Wall & Elevation of a Simple Building (Draw Neat Sketches)

1.2 Definition of Foundation: (Explanation)

1.3 Parts of Structure:

(1) Substructure or Foundation and (2) Super structure. (Explanation of Each)

1.4 Functions of foundation: (List-out)

1.5 Requirements of a good Foundation: (List-out & Explanation)

1.6 Causes of failures of good Foundations and remedial measures: (Explanation of Each)

1. Unequal settlement of sub-soil: 5. Lateral Movement of sub-soil:

2. Unequal settlement of masonry: 6. Weathering of sub-soil due to trees and shrubs:
3. Sub-soil moisture movement: 7. Atmospheric action:
4. Lateral pressure on the walls:

1.7 Setting-Out of Foundation Trenches: (Explanation of Each with Figure)

 Setting out with the help of pegs.

 Settings out using masonry pillars.

1.8 Types of foundations:

1.8.1 Shallow Foundations or Open Foundations: (Explanation of Each with Figure)

From the point of view of design, shallow foundations may be of the following types:

A. Spread Footings B. Combined C. Strap or D. Mat or RAFT

footings Cantilever footing Foundation
1) Isolated Footing or Pad Footing 1)Rectangular
i)Single Footing for a Column or Combined
Simple Pad Footing – Footing
a. Square Footing,
b. Rectangular Footing,
c. Circular Footing
ii) Stepped Footing for a Column
iii) Sloped Footing for a Column
2) Strip Footing or Continuous Footing 2)Trapezoidal
i) Wall footing without step Combined
ii) Stepped Footing for Wall Footing
3) Grillage Foundations 3)Combined
i) Steel Grillage Foundation Column-Wall
ii) Timber Grillage Foundation Footing
 1.8.2 Deep Foundations
Deep foundations may be of the following types: (Explanation of Each with Figure)
1. Deep strip, rectangular or square footings. 3. Pier foundation or drilled caisson foundation.
2. Pile foundation. 4. Well foundation or caissons.

1. Deep strip, Rectangular or Square footings: (Explanation of Each with Figure)

2. Pile foundation: (Explanation of Each with Figure)

Classification of Piles

C.Based on
E.Based on
A.According to B.Based on Mode of method of
D. Based on use displacement of
material used Transfer of Loads construction/
soil
Installation
a)Timber Piles a)End-bearing Piles a)Driven Piles a)Load bearing a)Displacement
(point bearing piles) Piles Piles
b)Concrete Piles b)Friction Piles b)Driven and b)Compaction b)Non-
(cohesion piles) Cast-in-situ Piles Piles displacement
Piles
c)Steel Piles c)Combined end c)Bored and Cast- c)Tension Piles
bearing and friction in-situ Piles (Uplift Piles)
Piles
d)Composite d)Screw Piles d)Sheet Piles
Piles
e)Jacked Piles e)Fender Piles

3. Pier foundation or drilled caisson foundation. (Explanation of Each with Figure)

Pier foundations may be of the following types:
(i) Masonry or concrete pier (ii) Drilled caissons.

Drilled caissons may be of three Types:

(i) Concrete caisson with enlarged bottom
(ii) Caisson of steel pipe with concrete filled in the pipe and
(iii) Caisson with concrete and steel core in steel pipe.

4. Well foundation or caissons. (Explanation of Each with Figure)

 Bottom Plug:

 Sand Filling:

 Intermediate Plug:.

 Top Plug:.

 Well Cap:.

1.9 Foundations in black cotton soils / problematic soils: (Definition & List-out each Types)
Text Books:

1. Building Construction by B.C. Punmia, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2008.
2. Building Construction by S.C. Rangwala, Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, India, 2010.

Reference Books:

1. Building Construction by Varghese P.C.,Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.Ltd. , New Delhi, 2007.

2. Building Construction and Materials by Gurucharan Singh , Standard Book House, Delhi, 1988.
3. Building Construction by Jha, J. &Sinha, S.K.,Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 1977