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Among young children found that girls receive physical com- fort twice as often as
boys (Fearon, McGrath, & Achat, 1996).
It’s unhelpful to tell a child that “it’s OK to cry” when the child is facing a painful
procedure.
Parents, however, should never be required to coerce or restrain their child. This is
not their role in medical care.
Parental anxiety in medical situations has been found to predict their children’s
anxiety (Jay, Ozolins, Elliott, & Caldwell)
If we want the child to do well, we must ensure that the parent is doing well too –
they affect each other. The parent is a key to the child, and a key to the success of
the treatment plan and its follow-up.
Children experience and observe how their parents deal with pain, talk about pain,
and cope with pain.
By helping the child make sense of pain, giving it a name, and putting it in its place,
the parent may influence the formation of the early circuitry of the child’s
neuromatrix
The early years are a time of particular rapid learning to establish pain attitudes
and potentially develop the brain’s neural patterns for pain processing, modulation,
and inhibition. When alerted by a child’
Parents explain and interpret con- fusing and alarming pain signals. Whatever
their temperament,
Infants: 0-12 mo
Toddlers: 1-2 yr
Pre-schoolers: 3-5 yr
How they understand pain
Understand that pain is "something that hurts"
Use simple words to describe their experiences
Cause and effect concepts are not like adults
Magical thinking
Concrete in perceptions of life
Time - Today is the center of the world
Physical proof that pain will end => holding a Band-aid while having blood drawn
School-aged: 6-12 yr
Adolescents: 13-18 yr
Theory
Family systems theory
Sees a child as a part of a larger family system within the environment
They are impacted and affected me that system
Stressors of the family may impact the stress and perspective of events by a
child
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model
Human development is influenced by the different types of environmental
systems.
Society
Culture
Norms
Values
Mass media
Social policy
Neighborhood
School
Peers
Social, health and legal services
Friends of family
Parent/ Family
Child
Bandura’s Social Learning theory
Human behavior is learned through observationally through modeling
We are surrounded by different models in our lives (parents, peers, tv
characters etc.)
Children may copy these behaviors (more likely to copy behaviors of people
who they identify with)
These behaviors will either be rewarded (strengthened/ reinforced) or
punished by those around them
Observe and learn consequences (positive & negative) = vicarious
reinforcement
Lazarus & Folkman (1984) on Stress & Coping
In order to care for one’s stress point potential, various factors should be
considered.
How a child experiences and perceives pain (a child in pain model)
Outside influences which impact an child’s stress (ecological model, and family
systems theory)
How the role of the CCLS can impact patients’ pain and stress levels
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030541791630496X
- https://academic.oup.com/jpepsy/article/31/4/343/925275
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107484070100700202
References
Kuttner, L. (2010). A child in pain: What health professionals can do to help. Wales:
Crown House.
Rollins, J. H., Bolig, R., & Mahan, C. C. (2017). Meeting childrens psychosocial needs
across the health-care continuum. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.