Teresa Audesirk • Gerald Audesirk • Bruce E.

Byers

Biology: Life on Earth

Eighth Edition

Chapter 38
El Sistema nervioso y los
sentidos

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

 FUNCIONES DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO
• Integración y control de
los sistemas del cuerpo
humano.
• Sensitiva – motora.
• Aprendizaje,
sentimientos,
emociones, actitudes y
otros.
• Control de las
actividades
involuntarias y reflejas.
• Homeostasis. El amor:¿Una chispa encendida en los ojos de los amantes…
Una locura más discreta”, o sólo la mezcla exacta de
sustancias químicas en los cerebros de los enamorados?

Chapter 38 Opener Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 1 Synaptic terminals: 2 Dendrites:
Bring signals from Receive signals
other neurons. from other neurons.

3 Cell body:
Integrates signals;
coordinates
metabolic activities.

synaptic 4 Action potential

terminal starts here.

dendrite 5 Axon: Conducts

the action potential.
6 Synaptic terminals:
Transmit signals to
synapse other neurons.

7 Dendrites
(of other neurons).

Figure 38-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 4
(millivolts) action potential
potential

resting threshold
potential
3

1 2 5
less
more negative
negative

time
(milliseconds)

Figure 38-2 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 axon

node

axon

myelin nucleus

myelin-forming
cell
myelin sheath

Figure 38-3 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 synaptic
terminal

1 An action potential synaptic 6 Neurotransmitter

is initiated. vesicle taken into synaptic
terminal or degraded.
2 The action potential
reaches the synaptic
terminal of the
presynaptic neuron.

3 Synaptic
vesicles release gap
neurotransmitter.
neurotransmitter

4 Receptor binds dendrite of

neurotransmitter. postsynaptic
neuron
Figure 38-4 (part 1) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 5 Postsynapitic potentials
are produced in dendtrite.

threshold
(millivolts)

resting
potential

potential

EPSP

IPSP

time
(milliseconds)

Figure 38-4 (part 2) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 (extracellular fluid)
Cl– Na+
Na+
K+ Cl– Na+
Cl–
Na+ Cl–

K+
Org– Org– Org–
K+ K+
Org–
Org– K+
(neuron cytoplasm; negatively charged)

Figure E38-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 action potential starts resting potential restored
(extracellular fluid)
Cl– Cl–
Na+
Na+ K+
Na+
K+ Cl–
K+ K+ K+

K+
Na+ Na+ Na+
Na+ K+ K+ K+
Org– Org–
Na+ K+ Org– Na+ Org–
(neuron cytoplasm
becomes positively (neuron cytoplasm becomes
1 charged) 2 negatively charged again)

Figure E38-2 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 Na+ action potential

(axon)

(extracellular fluid)

Figure E38-3 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 Na+ action potential

(axon)

K+
(extracellular fluid)

Figure E38-4 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 excitatory Na+
Na+

neurotransmitter Na+

closed receptor/ Na+ transmitter binding

ion channel opens channel
permeable to Na+;
Na+ enters cell

Figure E38-5 (part 1) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 inhibitory

neurotransmitter K+

K+ K+
K+
transmitter binding opens channel
permeable to K+; K+ leaves cell

Figure E38-5 (part 2) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Table 38-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(a) Gentle touch
1
fires slowly
2
silent

(b) Moderate pressure

1
fires more rapidly
2
silent

(c) Strong pressure

1
fires very rapidly
2
fires slowly
Figure 38-5 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure E38-6 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 The Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

receives and processes information; transmits signals between the CNS
initiates action and the rest of the body

Brain Spinal Cord Motor Neurons Sensory Neurons

receives and processes conducts signals to and carry signals from the carry signals to
sensory information; from the brain; controls CNS that control the the CNS from
initiates responses; reflex activities activities of muscles sensory organs
stores memories; and glands
generates thoughts
and emotions

Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

controls voluntary controls involuntary responses
movements by activating by influencing organs, glands,
skeletal muscles and smooth muscle

Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division

prepares the body for dominates during times of
stressful or energetic "rest and rumination";
activity; "fight or flight" directs maintenance activities

Figure 38-7 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 PROTECCIÓN DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO
CENTRAL
• Armadura ósea: El cráneo
que rodea el encéfalo y la
columna vertebral que
protege la médula espinal.
• Meninges: Capa triple de
membranas de tejido
conectivo. Duramadre,
aracnoides y piamadre.
• Líquido cefalorraquídeo:
Transparente que amortigua
y nutre los órganos centrales.
• Barrera hematoencefálica:
Capilares disminuyen su
permeabilidad como
protección de las sustancias
nocivas.
SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL (SNC)
• Rombencéfalo
 Cerebelo (movimientos
finos y precisos, equilibrio
y aprendizaje motor)
 Puente de Varolio
(Transiciones entre el
sueño y la vigilia,
respiración)
 Médula oblonga o bulbo
raquídeo (controla la
respiración, ritmo
cardíaco, presión arterial
y deglución)
SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL (SNC)
• Mesencéfalo (Centro de
retransmisión de señales
auditivas y reflejas de los
ojos)

• Formación reticular
(neuronas
interconectadas que se
extienden desde el bulbo
raquídeo al prosencéfalo)

• Interviene en el sueño y
vigilia, las emociones, el
tono muscular,
movimientos y reflejos.
SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL (SNC)
• El prosencéfalo
 Tálamo (Canaliza información sensorial de todas las partes
del cuerpo al sistema límbico y a la corteza cerebral. Las
señales que van del cerebelo y el sistema límbico a la
corteza cerebral).
 Sistema Límbico (Colaboran para producir nuestras
emociones, impulsos y conductas básicas y primitivas: ira,
temor, tranquilidad, hambre, sed, placer y respuestas
sexuales). Formación de recuerdos.
Está formado por el hipotálamo, hipocampo y amígdala.
 Hipotálamo (liberan hormonas, homeostasis, temperatura
corporal, hambre, equilibrio de agua, ciclo menstrual y ciclo
de sueño y vigilia)
 Hipocampo (emociones, ira, excitación sexual, memoria a
largo plazo).
 Amígdala (sensaciones de placer, ira, temor, excitación
sexual)
 cerebral cortex
limbic region corpus callosum
of cortex
thalamus

hypothalamus hippocampus
amygdala
Figure 38-13 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL (SNC)
• La corteza cerebral
está integrada por:
• Hemisferios cerebrales
• Circunvoluciones
• Cuerpo calloso
• Lóbulos frontales,
parietales, temporales
y occipitales.
 meninges skull
cerebral
cortex corpus
callosum
hypothalamus
thalamus
pituitary
gland pineal
gland

midbrain

cerebellum
pons hindbrain
medulla

spinal cord
Figure 38-12 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 primary
Frontal sensory area
Lobe primary Parietal
motor area
Lobe
premotor leg
area
trunk
arm sensory
higher association
intellectual hand area
functions Occipital
face visual Lobe
tongue association
speech area
motor area primary
primary visual
auditory area
area auditory association
area: language
comprehension
memory

Temporal
Lobe

Figure 38-14 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 Left HEART Right
LEFT HEMISPHERE RIGHT HEMISPHERE
1. Controls right side 1. Controls left side
of body of body
2. Input from right 2. Input from left
visual field, right ear, visual field, left
left nostril ear, right nostril
3. Centers for language, 3. Centers for spatial
speech, reading, perception, music,
mathematics, logic creativity, recognition
of faces and
emotions

retina
optic nerve
optic chiasma
corpus callosum

visual cortex
Figure 38-15 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 Hearing Words Seeing Words

Reading Words Generating Verbs

0 max
Figure E38-7 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure E38-8a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure E38-8b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 38-16 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL (SNC)
• La médula espinal se
localiza en la cavidad
vertebral.
• Comunica el encéfalo
con el resto del
cuerpo.
• Centro de actos
reflejos (Respuestas
rápidas de protección)
 central canal gray matter
contains contains cell
bodies of motor dorsal root
cerebrospinal fluid contains axons
white matter peripheral nerve neurons and
interneurons of sensory
contains neurons
myelinated
axons
dorsal root
ganglion
contains cell
bodies of
sensory neurons

peripheral nerve

ventral root
contains axons of
motor neurons

Figure 38-9 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 1 A painful
stimulus activates
a pain receptor. 2 Signal transmitted
by a pain sensory neuron. dorsal
root
sensation
relayed
to the brain

REFLEX
receptor ARC
stimulus
5 Effector muscle
causes withdrawal effector
response.
ventral 3 Signal transmitted
root to a motor neuron by an
interneuron within the
spinal cord.
4 Motor neuron
stimulates the
effector muscle.

Figure 38-10 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 SISTEMA NERVIOSO PERIFÉRICO (SNP)
• Lo integran todos los
nervios voluntarios e
involuntarios que nacen
de los centros nerviosos:
encéfalo y médula
espinal.
• Los nervios son haces de
fibras nerviosas o axones.
• Los nervios craneales o
encefálicos nacen en el
encéfalo (12 pares)
• Los nervios medulares o
raquídeos nacen de la
médula espinal (31 pares)
 COMPARACIÓN DEL S. N. P. SOMÁTICO Y
AUTÓNOMO
S. SOMÁTICO SISTEMA AUTÓNOMO
• Incluye nervios • Incluyen dos neuronas
sensitivos-motores. preganglionares y
• Las neuronas hacen postganglionares.
sinapsis en el encéfalo • Las neuronas hacen
y médula espinal. sinapsis en los ganglios
• Control voluntario de nerviosos.
los músculos • Control involuntario de
esqueléticos. las glándulas, músculo
• Neurotransmisor liso y cardíaco.
acetilcolina. • Neurotransmisores
• Centro de arco reflejo. norepinefrina y
acetilcolina.
S.N.P. SOMÁTICO (Nervios craneales o
encefálicos)
S.N.P. SOMÁTICO (Nervios medulares o raquídeos)
COMPARACIÓN DEL SISTEMA AUTÓNOMO
SIMPÁTICO Y PARASIMPÁTICO
S. SIMPÁTICO
• Los ganglios nerviosos están
cerca de la médula espinal.
• Neurona preganglionar es
más corta que la
postganglionar.
• Las fibras motoras se ubican
en los nervios espinales
cervicales, torácico-
lumbares.
• Neurotransmisor
norepinefrina.
S. PARASIMPÁTICO
• Los ganglios están cerca o
en el interior de los órganos.
• Neurona preganglionar es
más larga que la
postganglionar.
• Las fibras motoras se ubican
en los nervios craneales y
espinales sacrales.
• Neurotransmisor
acetilcolina.
GANGLIO NERVIOSO: Son agrupaciones de los cuerpos
celulares de las neuronas localizadas fuera del SNC.
 Parasimpático Simpático
eye

salivary and
lacrimal glands

cranial cranial
lungs
cervical heart cervical

liver

pancreas
thoracic thoracic
kidney stomach

kidney
spleen

small
lumbar intestine large lumbar
intestine
rectum
urinary
sacral bladder sacral

sympathetic
uterus ganglia
external
genitalia

Figure 38-8 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 El Sistema Nervioso Autónomo Simpático y
Parasimpático realizan funciones antagónicas.
Table 38-2 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 free nerve endings
(touch, pain, or Merkel’s disc
temperature) (steady touch)

epidermis
sebaceous
(oil) gland
hair end- dermis
organ (hair
movement)

hair subcutaneous
root tissue
Ruffini’s end-
organ (pressure)
Pacinian
Meissner’s corpuscle corpuscle
(light touch, rapid (rapid movement)
movement)

Figure 38-17 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 (a)
Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear
bones of vestibular system
pinna middle ear (detects head
movement
and gravity)
auditory nerve
to brain

cochlea
auditory (b)
canal
tectorial bony
membrane cochlear
tympanic wall
membrane round
oval window to
window auditory pharynx
(beneath tube
stirrup) (Eustachian tube)

tectorial
(c) membrane
auditory
hair nerve
hair cells basilar
cell axons of membrane
auditory
basilar membrane nerve

Figure 38-18 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 hair cells

scar

Figure 38-19a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 X hours before hearing can be damaged jet takeoff
1/4
loudness range
(at 200 ft)

rock concert

subway, stereo headphones 2

(high volume)

motorcycle, lawn mower 8

urban street

normal talking

quiet
background

decibels
Figure 38-19b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 Compound eyes

Figure 38-20a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 Ommatidia Single ommatidium

lenses

pigmented
cells

receptor
cells

Figure 38-20b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Anatomy of the human eye
ligaments
sclera
choroid
retina
iris
fovea
vitreous
humor eyelash
blood
vessels

lens pupil
cornea

aqueous
optic humor
nerve
lens
blind spot muscle

Figure 38-21a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Layers of the retina

axons form
ganglion cell
(photoreceptors) optic nerve
rods cones

light

signal-processing ganglion
neurons cell

membrane discs
bearing
photopigment molecules

Figure 38-21b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(a) Normal retina
eye

Distant object, Close object, lens

lens thins to fattens to focus
(b) Nearsighted focus on retina. on retina.
eye

Distant object
Concave lens diverges
focused in front
rays, object focused on
(c) Farsighted of retina.
retina.
eye

Close object
focused Convex lens converges
behind retina. rays, object focused
on retina.
Figure 38-22 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 blind
spot

fovea

Figure 38-23 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 38-24 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 38-25a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 38-25b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 olfactory
epithelium
olfactory structure of brain
nasal
cavity

bone

olfactory
receptors

air with mucus

layer
odor molecules
olfactory
nasal cavity dendrites

Figure 38-26 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
The human tongue

papillae

Figure 38-27a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Taste bud

microvilli taste pore

epithelium
of tongue

supporting
cells
taste
receptor
cells nerve
fibers
to brain

Figure 38-27b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 injury

Blood proteins
are released
by damaged
capillary.

K+ and enzymes
are released by pain
cell damage. receptor
capillary neuron
Figure 38-28 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 38-29a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 38-29b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 38-30a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 nonconducting
object

electric field

electric
organ
electroreceptors

Figure 38-30b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.