,,
. .+-
------
,,,
‘,.
A Study of Forward Combustion in a Radial System
Bounded by Permeable Media ‘
!’
ABSTRACT
A /mathematical model of forward’ coinbus!ion in an
oii reservoir is treated in this paper. The model describes
a radial sys{fm hking a ve%ai section of essent[aliy
infinite t~ickness, all of which is permeable to gas flow.
Combustion, however, is presumed initiated over a limited
thickness, of the total vertical sectioq. In tile interval sup-
porting cotnbustion, the mecitanistns o~ radial conduction,
convection and heat generation are taken itzto account .-
Above and below the burning interval, heat transport in
the radial direction is by conduction and convection. Ver-
tical heat losses from the ignited interval are accounted
for by ,conduction alone.’
A general solution is’ presented /or the temperature
@tribution caused by t-adia~”moventent of the combustion
front. The results sho,w .titat no feedback of heat occurs
into the ignited intefval when convection and conduction
are acting in the ~ounding media. Peak temperatures are
also 5 to 10 per cent itigher than in the case whefe” heat
transport in the ~nding tnedia is by conduction alone.
We arbittqrily dffine vertical coverage to be that frac-
t/et>,of the ,tota( ignited jntervai which is at 600F above
ambient, or greater, at, any given titne. The radial dis-
tance’ at wh,icb the vet-tkal coverage becomes ze<o is the
propagation range of the combustion front. It was fouitd
that an increase iit vertical. coverage results when 1the
oxygen rottcentration, fuel concentration or gas-injection
rate is increased. Moreqver, the combustion front can
be propagated 10 to 15 per cent further than in the case
wkere only conduction is acting above and below the
ignited intervql.
INTRODUCTION
In the theoretical treatment of, forward combustion in
a radial system, one of the problems encountered is the
determination @f the transient temperature distributions
caused by an, expanding cylindrical heat source. Bailey
and Larkin’ and Ramey2 simultaneously presented aria- .
Iytical solutions to the problem asstni~ing heat. transport
by conduction alone. In a subsequent publication; Bailey
and Larkin! included, the effects of both conduction and”.
convection while treating linear and radial models. In
this,latter. work, however, vertical h~t losses were largely
neglected.?- “ - ‘-- ‘-” -- - -“
Srdig and Couch” dealt with a radial, model in which
both conduction’ tmd convection ..v&re acting. Onlyi a
. ,,
Original manuscript received in Society of Petndeurn Engineers o%e
July 12, 196S. Revised fianuscrlpt receltied Sept. ID, 1553. Ptmer m’e.
sented st SPE Annual Fall Mectthw, Oet: 6-9, 1917$h New Orleans.
Wsferences given at end of vaperr
j#cToBER. .196s. -., --: : ~~ - ----
.“. f.. . ..’ . . ....’ . . . .
--
““’”““- “-”*””b%’\’””
“,,~ ,,
“--:”
,,
G, W. THQMAS
JUNIOR MEMBERAIME
,“
I SINCLAIRRESEARCH,INC.
TULSA,OKLA,
, limiting case involving vertical heat ,losses was considered,
however. Namely, temperatures od the boundary of the
bed of interest wsre set equal to zpro. Solutiom thus ob-
. tained were representative of a system having a ma@mum
vertical. heat ‘flux. Chu$ recently treated a more general
case in which a permeable bed was’ considered bounded
by impermeable media. ,,Conduction and convection. took .
place within the bed, and only conduction outside of the ,
bed, The effects of vertical heat losses were included in
his study. Solutions were obtained by numerical tech-
niques. ‘
This paper is an extension of the theoretical work of
other authors pertaining *.o forward combustion in a
radial system. In particular, a :mathematical model of
. the process is treated io’ which heat generation occurs
over a small vertical inter$al of a larger permeable section.
[n the interval supporting heat’ generation, and above and
below this interval, the, mechanisms of radial conductiofi
and convection are also presumed acting. Heat losses
from the ignited jnterval are accounted for by vertical
conduction. An analytical soLution for the temperature
distribution caused by radial movement of the burning
front is presented, The effects of certain process variables
are indicated and comparisons with Chu’s results are made.
.“ .
THEORY
To render the ‘Mechanism of forward combustion tract-.
able to mathematical treatment, we idealize the problem’
to the extent of assuming continuous reservoir media
possessing hom~gefieous and iso}ropic properties. The
following additi~nal assumptions are implicit in this &rialy-
‘sis. ,
1. The thermal parameters, i.e., heat capacities, thermal
conductivities a~d thermal diffusivities are invariant with
temperature and pressure. Moreover, the bounding media
possess thq same thermal properties as the bed of interest.
2, The temperatures of the porous media and its wm-
&ined fluids at any point agd. at any time are equal.
~., The reaction rate between the oxidant gas and the
fuel is infinite. ~The assumption’ implies that the incoming
oxygen concentration instantaneously goes to, zero wi~in
an infinitesimal distance, I.e., the width of the com,~ustion
‘ zone is negligibk.
4. -T~e rate of gas injection is constant and correspotids ..-
to the average pate throughout the lifetime of the project.
5. The fuel concentration is constant throughout the
voh,tme of rock swept out by the burning zone.
6. There is cbmplete burnoff of fuel. This asstiption
demands that the rate of propagation of the burning front. : :
equals the rate of fuel burnoff. In a radial system, with a
. .
:-- --- --- :.7:. -: --
.,
. . .. . .. .. . .,. ----- .
. .
 . .. .. . . . . . ..——. . ..-. —
. .. ..—.-...-
t /)” / ,, f
..?
,, ,’ ,,
r
.: /

constant fuel concentration, and under a constant gas liquid-rock matrix, respectively. Eq. 2 can be further
injection rate, complete burnoff also implies that the simplified by noting that (1 - # pm C. >> I@&; thus
radial rate of ,propagation of the combustion front must HR[(l-$hr)pmcm]T . . . , , . . .“ . (3)
necessarily decrease with iricreasing radius since the for-
mation volume burned out per-unit-time remains con- The radial heat flux q, .is “given by Fourier’s law aug-
stant, Thus, the propagation rate of the combustion front mented by a term to account for gas phase convection;
dill vqy iriverseiy ~ifi its radial location! thus, if radiation is negligible,
7, There is a vertical section of essentially infinite tbick-
hess, all of wldch is permeable to gas flow. Ignition is 91’= -K”: +poc,, u,T . . . .. , . (4)
,ipitiated over a limited thickness 1? of the total vertkal,
section. The volumetric gas flux u, in a radial system is repre-
sented by ,Un= V/2zrr where V is the volumetric injbction
8, Liqtiki phase flow through the combustion zone’ is rate per foot of bed thickness. Employing this equality
negligible, and all heat transfer, by convection is in the and making the necessary substitutions in Eq. 1, we
gas phase. obtain
9. The ‘thermodynamic and hydrodynamic effects of
vaporization and condensation are ne@igible., ,, 1 aT 8*T S(r, z, t) ;
r g+ (1-2v)---+ ::=::= -“-y .
10. The gas-mr& flux remains const@,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (5)
11, Heat transfer by radiation is negligible.
where w,= .&’(1 - +,)”;. C,,,, the thermal diffusivity; add
Attention is now direeted to the equation expressing v = pv C, V/&K, a dimensiordess constant, The solution
the conservation of energy within the system. For radial of J?q, 5 is desired subject to the conditions:
flow of gas the unsteady-state -form of ~this equation ~in
the absence ‘of angular temperature gradients is given in 1. T (r, Z, O) = O,
cylindrical coordinates by , 2. T is bounded, ”
3. Tiscohtinuous . . . . . . . . . . .’ (6)

DEFINITION OF THE HEAT SOURCE

for a system inwrporating a heat source producing
S(r, Z, t) units of heat per-unit-volume per-unit-time. H is Adopting the detiltion of Bailey: the heat source as a
the enthalpy per-unit-volume and is given by function of the space’ coordinates and time assumes the
form ,’
p :Ctbdhcd’+ (1 - 4J,)P!”CIIJT . . . . (2)
S(r,.z, t)”= Q (z,lZ/2)Hm vfi(/’ – r,) . . . :,’ (7)
where the’ subscripts g and m refe: to the gas and the :,
,’
.’ :
.— .. —---
~“’”–”” --”’”
“-””’”1
‘[:AS
1.
❑---

,“
with Cmwcttan in 8wIW09 Mdte

E. t.
,.,
.~ 400.-....*’, ‘,. . ,.”.
120 160 200 240 200 320 V.a
ro’oeo
RAO14L O!STANCE FROM WELL BO.RE,ft.

FIG. 3—Confp!mrso?i OF CENTSR-PLANEPEAK TEiMPESATURES,

-—. —
: Fm l—TYPICAL RADIAL TEMPERATURE PROFILES AT VAREOUS $
POSITIONS OF THE COMBUSTIONFRONT.
I-”lloo -–
z r .7
,.. -._.– __+_ -. -.. .—. . -.— ..— ---
1.”.
i. d
... :
I I

~oL. ‘ /.2+, W%iy

o
( / .~
i/ 9no %c -’\ ‘N. ~ I

i’Oo~sNl
~ 5oo~ v = 941 ‘SCF/ft.-hr. ‘--=a
‘
.,.. . .. . ...

‘‘
.“
“:LIML(c’7?m -’:, + ‘O;O
I~1“!:...
20”.
‘0;5’
‘:-’
40- 60 ‘so
RAOIAL OISTANCE FROM WELL BORE,
.,.
100 S?o
f!.
140
-
DIMENSIONLESS ;~R/T/’AL OISTANCE

FIG. 4--E~PECTXVE OF COMBUSTION FRONT “tiCATION” oti .P&rc

“;

, :
FIG, 2—TYPICAL ISO~H-ERMSADOVE AMBIENT. TEMPERATUREAT VARIOUS LEVELSIN TZUI13ED.
. . ..
.. . ... . . .. .. . .. . . . . . ..— . ..-. . .,. ,.. — ../
11.16- : ..-. “.. jourt~hr.’ 6F. “PETROiiiM +ECHtiO-~06y-”” .-’-+;:
,.-.-.:.,...”....”.:. .>..-,..-. -. .:””.- .. . .. .,,. .,..” ‘... .:. . -. “.. . -.. ...: . . . . . . .. . .. _ . ... ., ..-, -.-+. . - .-. .. .. ;. =--+ -+ ----- .--- ..-.,?.-
---- ,
 -,- . .. ... . .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. ...- .—- ..—- t- -- ‘-<–---–
,..

where anism is by conduction alone, i.e., v =-’O, Eq. 12 reduces

1, 12]< w to an expression previously considered by Bailey and
‘ Q(z,ls/2)=
Qlzl>~/2 , , . ! . . Larkin’ and Ramey,’ Moreover, as h+ m, Eq, 12 becomes
{ . (8)
and h‘ is the thickness of the ignited interval. The Dtrac
HA t e--
delta function 8(r - rf) embodies the assumption of a
combustion zone of negligible thickness Iocat?d at r~.If,,,,
is the ,heating value per unit volume of the rock-fluid
T(r,t) = -47

,,
r,
J
.,, (t - t.) (At,J”’xl&:ft~J”
.,. . . . . . . . . . (13)
matrix. It will be noted” ‘from Eq. 8 that the vertical which cis the solution for the case of a null vertical tern-
coordinate z is measured from the center of the bed in perature gradient. This model was also considered hy
which heat generation takes place. ,Bailey and Larkin.”
In accordance with assumption 6, we consider the
,, pRo@)uf&
propagation rate to vary directly with the reciprocal O(
the combustion front location, i.e..
The integral in Eq. 12 was evaluateu’ numerically on a
drf k
(9) high-speed digital cotiputer for v =‘ 3/2 and v = 5/2 ‘eor:
‘=z’=-z’orr~=kt “ “ “ “ “ “ “ responding to gas-injection rates of 941 scf/ft-hr and
where A is a proportionality constant. 1,571 scf/ft-hr respectively. For this purpose the constants
listed in Table I were employed.
SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM
The constant A is given by 4KvC.W/F.C, where Co is the
, lt k possible to solve the system represented by I@. 5 oxygen’ concentration (lb/ lb) and F. is the fuel concen-
to 9 for the temperature field caused by a source distri- tration (lb/cu ft). H* is calculated from AHF,,/,IL
bution by means of a p;oduct of the source density and a !
Green’s function integrated over all space, The soisrce &~uLTS .,,
density in this instance is represented by Eq. 7. Given the
proper Green’s function G we can write immediately’ TYPICAL TEMPERATURE l) ISTRIBuTIONS

?mnm Fig. 1 indicates positions of the combustion front at

T(r,z,t) =
m
0 0.0

The Green’s function for this system is given by”

-w
S(r.,z,,,t~)Gdt. r.dr.dO,,dz., ‘.< (lo)
various times “after ignition. Temperature proffles are cons-
tructed along different planes of the burning interval cor-
!resporlding to values of 2z/hj It will be noted that tern-’
peratyres at the center of the bed (2z/h = O) decrease
/’ more. rapidly with time, as the burning front .adva.nce~s,
than those at the boundary (2z/}z”= 1).
Fig. 2 presen@ typical isotherms when the heat source
is .Jocated at a distance of 100 ft from the wellbore. It
is of interest to compare this figure with a cor.responding
.sig’”(@– f).) .. ~ . . (1 lJ one from Chu’s, work’ in which the isotherms in the area
where RJ = rl’ + r.’ ,– 2rr.cos(6 - @.). Making the a~ound the point r = 10 ft and z = 20 ft, showed a bend-
appropriate wsbstitutions in Eq. ” 10 and performing the ing back toward the ignited intervaL He concluded that
first three integrations yields this was a manifestation of heat feedback from the
. bounding formations into the bed: of interest at the trail-
ing edge of the heat wave. From the isotherms in the
/
present work, it is obvious that the feedback ‘phenomenon
ii not present. Nameiy, where the bounding formations
of the ignited interval are permeable to gas flow; there is
essentially no regenerative effect. ‘ Heat that ordinarily
would feed back into the formation to augment temper-.
atures on the trailing edge of the wave is instead carried
ahead in the bounding media by gas-phase convection to .,
regiony’ in the proximity of the peak temperature, Con-
designa&s the modified Bessel func- sequently, the vertical temperature gradient in these reg-
wherei2&iJ) ‘ ‘““ “ “’‘ ‘ “ ‘ “ ’12) ions is less than in Chu’s model. As a result, the peak
tion of th&first kind hf ordtm v, and erj represents the error temperatures, in this instance, exceed those in Chu’s model
function. For a system in which the heat transport mech- .
. . by approximately 5, to 10 per cent. This is demonstrated
.,. in Fig. 3 where ceuter-plane peak temperatures from
— . .. .. ——.—.— both modefi are compared fcir ,two typical cases of oxygen :
1
concentration.
-. I
Fig,’4 is a plot of “the peak ‘temperature ab~ve ambient
as a function of 22/h for various posithms of the conl-
. bustion front, For the range of data covered, the more
, rapid decline in center-plasje temperatures, ,,with time is
.: .. .=. .,’
-. . --- , -, -. - . -- -- ”.. . . . . --- ... . . . .
TASLE l-THiRMAL CONSTANTS. ‘
..3
Constant ‘ value
.,
,0- . ., \
K 1 Bfu/hMt:”F ‘1
~O__$o_—._&... . ..+.<O. . . . L-, .....&_.__ + ~.__
(t -- qgJpmc,,,‘ 27.5 Btu/ft+” F I ‘
am 700 350
0.0765 lb/fF
[. RAWL ,0,914NCE ~DM THE WELL @ORE
OS TRC COWU$llO# FR,WT, M
g ,. 0.24 Stu/lb.” f .-. ,
~ 5—EFFEC~ OF OXYGENCONCENTRATICiN”
l%. citi Pm-i CENT 0.. ..’. ’,.- 0.0364 f@/hr
(.! 0.331 lb-fuel/lb.O!
,. , V~RTICAL COVERACR ..’ JH:’ 57S0 Stw/lb.Oi
,.,
.—.
ft@{}SSl?R; i96”3° ‘-~ “—.- .-- ”.: ‘ “,” ””--- ~’:. :’ -.
-.
‘.-—,. - ------ ,.-. ‘. .._ .--. T1 i~~-,
., .’~”. .:!
. . .. . . .. .. . . . ..! ,,. . . ... . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . ,.- ..: ::-. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . ..~.,. !..”..,.”.:...=- ..:. ;. .. . ::. . .,: ~
..
. ..l -
‘,
. ..=_ ,- . .. .- .<, l.-_-. . L , - :. ~.’’?:.. ._”’... . .. . ‘ -.” <. .: ~- . . ..?. ‘:.. : ::.’ . .. . . . . ,,.’..L _.,-.”> ..,...:::.
. . .
 i

again vividly illustrated as in Fig.’ 1. Eventually, the
temperature throughout the entire vertical cross section
becfmes’ essentially equalized and drops uniformly; This
figdre, as well as Fig. 1, demonstrates that the radial dis-
tance over which the combustion front can travel will be
limited by the heat losses, since, presumably, below some
temperature extinction results.
VERTICAL COVERAGE
We arbitrarily define the vertical coverage to be that
fraction of the total ignited interval which exceeds or is
equal to 6~OF above ambient at any given time. In a
.. —- --
sense, it is u measure of the conibustion front conformance.
Fig. 5 demonstrates the effect of oxygen concentration
on per cent vertical coverage. For an increase in oxygen
concentration it is seen that vertical coverage is enhanced.
Figs, 6and7show asimilar @ectfora nincreaseinfue1
concentration and gas-injection rate respectively, Fig. 6 is
of particular interest. It is noted that for the lower fu~l
concentrations the per cent vertical coverage becomis
quite low over a limited radial distance. Bailey and Lar-
kin:’ have shown that there is a minimum fuel concentra-
tion required to sustain a,given temperature over a wide
range of gas injection rates. Tfiis is reflected in Fig. 8
,. m
.-..—- ---

50(
v.941 SCF/hr.-ft,
‘, FQ=i,51tf./ft?
/“”
h = 36$ ft.
4ot

with Cofi;ection in
@oundlnghfedta
-.
“’ \
O.—— \. ‘: \ 1: : A. Without Convection in
40 io 120 1s0 200 240 Sso 320. 360 40
Bounding Medio (After Chu)
RAOIAL 0[91ANCE FROM WELL BORE OF THE COMBUSTION FRONT, f t.
“:/
Fmx. CONCENTaATIOS
~,/’
FIG. f+~FFsCT OF OX PF.R ~EXT
VERTICAL COVERAGE. ‘

Ioc

o I I 1 -
0.116 0.232 0.34 0.4s4
OXYGEN CONCENTRATION, lb./ lb.
l%, 9–- Ewcr OF OXWS CONCENTRATION ON TIIK
.,, .., K.XTINCTIOX LIMIT.
. . :. .;
‘Oiotw. .!ilai lin2J iia.,u.a6a0ccaHl IOo

—.
—
#-
r ,~‘-------–——--
. .
— I
500 –
—-.1 t Vs 941 SCF/hr.-ft.
~.,

-
400
I CD=0.232 lb./lb. .
~ c 36,0 ft.

. .
w/th Convection in 8ouh@ing
c. , ~><z/
1=
% 300
i
“[”
,E20J / “- +
‘1

.
Wfhouf COJrvectionL Bounding
., Mediq (After Chu}

1...
g
1- i’
x
u

.= . ...! . ~.-.. ___ .. .. ,. [00 - ‘

. ..! . ., .,x -..
~ ..l~
a
w
Q.
n
“o 0.4 0.8
I “ I !
I
2.0,
,;
,0 L–J.d-l
1.0 1.2 1.4
“ ‘ -A—

1,8
I I
.
,, FUEL CONCENTRJ%ON’, lb./$ FUEL. CONCENTR~TION , lb./ft?
: Fm 3--DWF.NDENCG OF PEK CENZ VERTICAL COVERAGE AT Wm.r,: Frc. IO---EFFECTOF FUEL CONCENTRATION ~N THE
rEoR~ON Frzr.’ CONCEXTRATIOX, ExTrxcmn’ LIMIT.
,- . . .
-. --,.- .- ..-. JOUltNAi 6F. p*:~ROLEi+~ ‘-TicW?L~~~
,., ,-.
1’. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. ... .. .- . .. ..- ,.. ,. . -. .: ..=:.
..”— ~~-.
.—.
,’ ,.,, :, ‘ ,.’,
.. -J.
.
-._”>. .. . . . . .3=. .. L----. ...’..: ,, .,=.. J.
., ...
—.’ . . . .. —..
._
.. -...” . . .
.,,
f
. .
..
. . . .‘, ..:
.
... ..- - = -- -- .. . ..
.,,
, . .
. .
J . : _ . _ . .. ..._”..! ..:. J._.- .
.. . . . . . . ,.
 . .—.*’ -- . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .

where the minimum fuel concentration required to sus- I,(Z).’= Modified Bessei ?function of first kind,
tain a temperature of 600F above ambient rtt the wellbore dimensionless
for an injection rate of 941 scf/ft-hr is 0.?S lb/cu ft. J K = Thermai conductivity, Btu/hr-ft-°F
:’
i3XTINCTIONLIMITS S(r,z,t) = Source density functiott, Btu/hr-fP
If we assign 600F above ambient as the temperature at T = Temperature rise, ‘F
which extinction occurs, then the radial distance at which v = Gas injection rate, sef/hr-ft ~
the center-plane peak temperature dro s to this value be-
comes a measure of the radial extinct I’on limit. It should qr = Heat flux, Btu/hr-sq ft
he emphasized that this definition of the extinction limit r = Radiai space coordinate, ft
and extinction temperature is pureiy arbitrary. Figs. 9 and r, = RadiaI location of the combustion front, ft ‘”
10 show the eflects of (oxygen concentration and fuel con- r,, = Integration variable, ft .,
conce.ntration on the extinction limit. r purposes of ),
t = Time, hours , ,,
comparison, simiiar resuits from Chu’ig # odel are shown
in which there was no convection in the bounding media. t“ “= Integration variabie, hours -
. In generai, the combustion front can be propagated about M,,= Gas flux, scf/hr-sq ft
10 to 15 per cent further when the bounding media sup- a v = Combustion zone veiocity, ‘ft;hr
port a convective heat flux. z =, Vertical space coordhate, ,ft
(
z,, = IntegrationL variabie, ft
. CONCLUSIONS a = Thermai diffusivityy = K/(1 — I#J P.,C,.,
, I
1. No feedback of heat occurs intofthe ignited interval / sq ft/hr
when the bouitding media have “the same convective flux A = Proportionality constant = 4kvC,,JF,,C,,, ‘1
as theignitcd interval.
2. When heat transfer occurs by conduction and con- v= Dimensionless irijection rate, P,,C,V/4nK
vection abo~and below the burning intervai, peak tem-
,’ p. Density of ~as, lb/cu ft
=
peratures are 5 to IO per cent higher t~an in the case
where heat transfer in the bounding media is by condtiJ- . p,. = Density of rock-iiquid matrix, ib)’cu h
tion aione, 8, = Gas phase porosity, dimensionless
3. Increasing the oxygen concentration, fuel concentrw m = Fuel-oxygen ratio, ib fuei consumed/lb 0,
, tion ok gas injection rate resttits in an increase in the per,
cent vertical coverage and a greater extinction limit.
REFERENCES

“1
4. When heat transfer occurs by conduction and con-
vection hbove and below the burning intervai, the com- 1. Bailey7 H. R, Bud Larkin, Ii K.: “Heut Conduction in UndI;r-

.,.
bustion’ front can be propagated 10 to 15 per cent fur- ground Combustion”, ?’rans. AIME (1959) 216, IX.
ther than in the case where heat transfer in the bounding ~. Ramey, Ii. J.: “Trangient Heat Conduction Ihuin t Rtdi~l
media is by conduction alone, hfovement of a Cylindrical S&aw-Appiirtttions to ti e TiNw-
mal Recovery Process”, TrwIs. AIME (1959) 216.? 115.
NOMENCLATURE ,3. Bailey, H. R. and Larkin, B. K:; “Condacti&COlivectimi ill ‘1
Underground Combustion’., Trans. ALMK ( 19f
~, = Specific heat of.gas, Btu/lb-°F .1. Selig, F. and Couci], E. J.: “Unterirdisti]e Vefiwennu& nls
C,,, = Specific heat of the rock-fluid matrix, Btu/lb-”F ~)iforderwngrimethof’, dsterr. Inger. jeur-.lrchiv, (1%1 ) Ild. xi.
Heft 1-4.
C. ==Oxygen concentration, ib/lb .5. Clm, C.:’ “r\so.1)in16rlsior]ul ,4mIiysis of u ksdiul Hmt JVaw.’,
FO= Fuel concentration, lb fueI/cu ft
G = Green’s function, OF/Btu ‘-. 6.
h = Thickness of ignited intervai, ft
H = Enthalpy, Bt,u/cu ft. i
H. = Heat generated per-unit-voiume of rock,
Btu/cu ft 8,
AH = Heahng vaiue of oxygenl Btu/1~ 0,

,.

-’

.. ,, )

,. ,. ,,.
. .. . . . .-.. ” .,.
---- ~-, .-- .’- [
. . ~.:,,.,
,
,. ., .

.“. ->
,-
. . . ‘“””

.,