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Freeboard
Praveen K. Malhotra, Senior Research Specialist, FM Global, Norwood, MA, USA
Introduction
The response of cylindrical liquid-
storage tanks to earthquake ground
motions is reasonably well understood
[1–7]. The liquid mass is divided into
two parts: (1) the impulsive mass near
the base of the tank moves with the
tank wall, and (2) the convective mass
near the top experiences free-surface
sloshing. The impulsive mass experi-
ences high accelerations, therefore, it
controls the seismic loads (base shear
and overturning moment) in the tank.
The convective mass experiences very
low accelerations, therefore, it con-
tributes negligibly to the seismic loads
in the tank. However, the convective
mass needs room to slosh freely in the
tank.
Fig. 1: Sloshing damage to an oil tank. The roof suffered damage and roof-shell junction
It is desirable to provide sufficient
leaked during the 1952 Kern County, California Earthquake (photo by: K. V. Steinbrugge)
freeboard so that the sloshing waves
do not impact the roof during earth-
quakes. For large diameter tanks, the
required freeboard can be quite high.
For tanks on deep/soft soil deposits
or those subjected to near-field mo-
tions [8-9], low-frequency ground mo-
tions increase freeboard requirement.
Elevated tanks on towers or roofs of
buildings also require high freeboard.
Freeboard means unused storage ca-
pacity, which can be quite expensive.
Sometimes, there is restriction on the
Spectral Acceleration, SA
this paper is to estimate the roof, shell cal for steel and pre-stressed concrete SA(Ti )
and foundation loads arising from in- tanks and 5 percent of critical for rein-
sufficient freeboard in tanks with cone forced concrete tanks. The convective
and dome roofs. For flat roof tanks, an damping is assumed to be 0,5 percent 5% damping
approximate solution with engineering of critical.
accuracy was presented by the author
[10]. This paper extends that solution
SA(Tc)
to cone and dome roof tanks. Impulsive and Convective
Responses
Ti Tc
Model of Tank-Liquid System The impulsive spectral acceleration Period, T
SA(Ti) is read from the 2% or 5% Fig. 4: Site-specific response spectra for
A sufficiently accurate model of tank damping site response spectrum and 5% and 0,5% damping
of radius R filled with liquid to height the convective spectral acceleration
H is shown in Fig. 3. The model param- SA(Tc) is read from the 0,5% damping
eters are: (1) impulsive and convec- site response spectrum (Fig. 4). Usual- the seismic loads. However, this can
tive masses mi and mc, (2) impulsive ly, SA(Tc) << SA(Ti), therefore, nearly change if the convective mass does not
and convective heights hi and hc, and half of the liquid mass, moving in con- have enough room to move freely in
(3) impulsive and convective periods vective mode, contributes very little to the tank.
Effects of Insufficient
Freeboard
2R Wetted Width of Roof
xf
hr
Next, consider the effect of insuffi-
d df
cient freeboard, i.e., actual freeboard
θ θ df is less than the required freeboard d
given by Equation (1). For a horizontal
H H
acceleration of SA(Tc), the slope of the
SA(Tc) SA(Tc)
free-surface θ is still given by Equation
(2). However, a portion of the tank
roof is wetted, as shown in Fig. 5b. For
Fig. 5: Liquid-filled tank translating with an acceleration SA(Tc): (a) sufficient freeboard; a conical roof of height hr (measured
and (b) insufficient freeboard from the top of the tank shell), the
2 2
1,6 1,6
hr/d = 0 (flat roof) hr /d = 0 (flat roof)
Normalized Wetted Width, xf / R
1,2 1,2
0,2 0,2
0,4 0,4 1
2
4 2
10 4
10
0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Actual/Required Freeboard, df /d Actual/Required Freeboard, df /d
Fig. 6: Cone roof tank. Normalized wetted width of tank roof Fig. 7: Dome roof tank. Normalized wetted width of tank roof
xf /R as a function of actual/required freeboard df /d and xf /R as a function of actual/required freeboard df /d and
normalized roof height hr /d normalized roof height hr /d
Pmax
Xf tan θ
hr
Xf hr /R
Fig. 8: Vertical distance of base of roof (top of shell) from the extension of free-surface of
results for cone roof tanks may also be
liquid used for dome roof tanks.
Acknowledgement
circumference of the tank shell may be the impulsive mass. Assuming that the
This research was carried out under an FM
approximated as given in Equation (6). convective mass reduces linearly from
Approval support project initiated by Jeffrey
mc to 0 as the actual/required empty
1 Gould. David Xu, a summer intern at FM
Fmax ≈ P ⋅x = space reduces from 1 to 0, the adjusted Global, generated some of the results pre-
2 max f values of the impulsive and convective sented in this paper. Anonymous reviewers
1 h masses are given in Equation (8) and provided helpful suggestions. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2
= ρ ⋅ g ⋅ x 2f ⋅ tan θ + r (6)
2 R (9). Courtesy: National Information Service for
Earthquake Engineering, University of Cali-
mc = ml − mi (9)
fornia, Berkeley.
Substituting, tan θ = d / R, Equation (7)
Where, ml = ρ ⋅ π R H = total liquid
2
can be obtained.
mass in the tank. The impulsive and References
convective periods may also be adjust-
1 d + hr ed as follows:
[1] JACOBSEN, L. S. Impulsive hydrodynam-
Fmax ≈ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ x 2f ⋅
R
(7) ics of fluid inside a cylindrical tank and of fluid
2 surrounding a cylindrical pier. Bull. Seismologi-
mi
Equations (6) and (7) assume that the Ti = Ti ⋅ (10) cal Soc. of Am., 39, 3, 1949, pp. 189–203.
mi [2] HOUSNER, G. W. The dynamic behavior of
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Technical Councils, ASCE, 107, 1, pp. 191–207.
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[6] VELETSOS, A. S. Seismic response and de-
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is applied near the circumference of the Conclusion Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline Sys-
roof, it can only excite higher modes of tems, Tech. Councils on Lifeline Earthquake
vibration of the roof, which are gener- A simple method has been presented Engrg., ASCE, New York, NY, pp. 255–370, 1984,
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to estimate the additional loads on
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the entire liquid in the tank is impul- [8] SOMERVILLE, P.; and GRAVES, R. Condi-
than to build taller tanks with sufficient
tions that give rise to unusually large long period
sive. The required empty space in the freeboard. The sloshing loads in cone ground motions, Structural Design of Tall Build-
tank to accommodate sloshing action and dome roof tanks are significantly ings, 2, 1993, pp. 211–232.
is π R 2 d and the actual empty space smaller than those in flat roof tanks of
[9] MALHOTRA, P. K. Response of buildings
is π R 2 d f + π R 2 hr / 3. Smaller the act- same size. The sloshing loads in dome to near-field pulse-like ground motions, J. Earth-
ual/required empty space in the tank, roof tanks are slightly smaller than quake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28, 11, 1999, pp. 1309–
smaller the convective mass and larger those in cone roof tanks. Therefore, the 1326.
[10] MALHOTRA, P. K. Sloshing loads in tanks
with insufficient freeboard, Earthquake Spectra,
d f + hr / 3
mi + mc ⋅ 1 − for d f + hr / 3 < d 21, 4, 2005, pp. 1185–1192.
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