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运动系统

THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM Chapter 1 骨学


Osteology
骨 bones
骨连接 joints
肌肉 muscles

Section 1 总论
General Description
Shape:
位置分布: 1 长骨 Long Bones
中轴骨 axial bones
2 短骨 Short Bones
头颅骨 bones of skull
躯干骨 bones of trunk 3 扁骨 Flat Bones

附肢骨 appendicular bone 4 不规则骨 Irregular Bones

上肢骨 bones of upper limb


下肢骨 bones of lower limb 含气骨 pneumatic bone
籽骨 sesamoid bone

长骨 Long Bones

体 shaft or body
两端 ends or extremities

骺 Epiphyses
关节面 articular surface
干骺端 metaphyses
骺软骨epiphyseal cartilage
骺线 epiphyseal line

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3 扁骨 Flat Bones Surface marks:

外板 outer plate 突起:突(process) 棘(spine)


隆起(eminence)
内板 inner plate
结节(tuber) 嵴(crest)
板障 diploe 线(line) 角(angle)
粗隆(tuberosity)
弓(arch)

凹陷: 窝 (fossa) 腔隙:腔(cavity) 窦(sinus)


凹 (fovea) 房(antrum) 小房(cellules)
小凹(foveola) 管(canal) 道(meatus)
沟 (sulcus) 口(aperture) 孔(foranmen)
压迹 (impression) 裂孔(hiatus)
隐窝 (recess)

Structure:
骨端:头 (head) 骨质 bony substance
小头 (capitulum)
髁 (condyle) 密质 compact bone
上髁 (epicandyle)
松质 spongy bone
颈 (neck)
滑车 (trochlear) 骨小梁 trabeculae

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骨膜 periosteum

骨髓 bone marrow

红骨髓 red bone marrow


黄骨髓 yellow bone marrow

昨日,台盟广东省委和省台联的领导来到南方医院看望接
受骨髓移植的黄振腾。17岁的黄振腾于2003年12月患上
急性淋巴白血病,海峡两岸同胞为他捐助手术费22.56万
Specimen making 元,从台湾找来的匹配骨髓送到了他所在的医院。6月25
日,黄振腾在广州市南方医院成功接受了骨髓移植手术。
(新华社记者周文杰摄)

骨的物理特性 骨的化学组成 Chemical Composition


Physical Properties 有机质 inorganic component

Hardness
无机质 organic component :

Toughness

Specimen making

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骨的可塑性 plasticity 功能 The Functions of Bones

Neural factors 神经因素

Endocrine factors内分泌因素

Nutritional factors营养因素

Long time oppression 长期的非正常压迫

Section 2 躯干骨 I Vertebrae 椎骨


Bones of Trunk
颈椎 Cervical V 7
胸椎 Thoracic V 12
椎骨 the vertebrae
胸骨 the sternum 腰椎 Lumbar V 5
肋 the ribs 骶椎(骶骨) Sacral V5
尾椎 Coccygeal V1

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1. The General Characteristics
椎骨一般特征
突起 processes
椎体vertebral body
椎孔 vertebral foramen articular processes
关节突
椎弓vertebral arch transverse
椎弓根 pedicles processes 横突
椎弓板 laminae

spinous process 棘突

2. 各部椎骨主要特征
椎间孔 The Main Characteristics
intervertebral
foramen

寰椎(C1 )
atlas.
2. 各部椎骨主要特征
The Main Characteristics
(1) 颈椎 The cervical Vertebra 枢椎(C2)
a. 横突孔 transverse foramen axis
b. 棘突分叉bifid spines (exception C1 & C7)

隆椎(C7)
vertebra
prominens

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Atlas Greek mythological character.
In Greek legend Atlas was a Titan (2) 胸椎 The thoracic vertebrae
who took part in the revolt against
the gods. As a punishment he was
condemned to hold the heavens aloft
forever.

(3) 腰椎 The lumbar vertebrae


a. 棘 突 斜 伸 向 后 sloping
caudaward spines a. Larger body

b. 肋凹 costal facets b. 棘突平伸向后


Horizontal
上肋凹 superior costal facet
quadrilateral
下肋凹 inferior costal facet spines
横突肋凹 transverse costal
facet

(4 ) The sacrum 骶骨 Median sacral crest 骶正中嵴

外侧部 lateral part


intermediate sacral
底 base crest 骶中间嵴

尖 apex Lateral sacral crest 骶外侧嵴


岬 promotory
posterior sacral foramina
骶后孔
横线 transverse
sacral cornu (horn)骶角
ridges(lines)
auricular surface 耳状面
骶前孔 anterior sacral
foramina

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(5) The coccyx 尾骨 II. 胸骨 The sternum
尾骨角 coccyeal cornu (horn)
胸骨柄 Manubrium

胸骨角 sternal angle

胸骨体 body

剑突 xiphoid process

III. 肋 Ribs (Costae) 1 肋头 head


2 肋颈 neck
3 肋结节 tubercle
肋骨 costal bones
4 肋角 angle
肋软骨costal cartilage 5 肋沟 costal groove

1-7 真肋 true ribs 21


8-12 假肋 false ribs 3
4
11 12 浮肋 floating ribs

肋弓 costal arch
5

1 anterior scalene
tubercle 前斜角肌结节

2 sulcus of subclavian
vein 锁骨下静脉沟

3 sulcus of subclavian artery 31


锁骨下动脉沟
2

Helan Mountain

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