Projections of Planes

Square
A square plate of 40 mm sides is resting on one of its corners A with
the surface inclined at 30° to the HP and the diagonal AC through A is
parallel to the VP. Draw projections of the square plate.

Square plate ABCD, with diagonals of 50 mm length, is resting on the

corner A on the HP with diagonal AC inclined at 45° to the HP and the
other diagonal BD parallel to the HP and inclined at 30° to the VP.
Draw the projections of the plate

Square plate of 50 mm sides has one of its diagonals AB inclined at 30°

to the HP and 45° to the VP, with A on HP. Draw the projections of the
plate and find the angle made by it with the VP. What is the height of
the corner C opposite to A above the HP?

A square lamina of 60 mm sides is projected as a rectangle abcd of 60

× 20 mm sides with ab 60 mm long and parallel to the XY line in the
TV. If AB is parallel to XY in the FV also, find the angle of inclinations of
the plate with the HP and VP.

An isosceles triangular plate ABC of base AB of 35 mm and altitude 55

mm length has one of its corners on the HP and the plate inclined to
the HP so that the TV appears as an equilateral triangle of 35 mm
sides. Draw the projections of the plate and measure the angle of
inclination made by the plate with the HP.
Hint: (i) Assume the plate parallel to the HP and AB perpendicular to
the VP. Draw the TV with ab perpendicular to XY and abc the given
isosceles triangle. Project FV as a horizontal line.

(ii) Draw the TV as an equilateral triangle with ab perpendicular to XY

and horizontally in line with ab in step (i). Project the FV as a line of
length equal to the length in FV in step (i). Measure the angle made by
the FV with XY line.

A thin triangular plate ABC has its edges AB, BC and CA, respectively,
equal to 65, 75 and 55 mm. The edge AB rests on the VP. The plate is
inclined at 30° to the VP and the side AB is inclined at 45° to the HP.
Draw the projections of the plate.

A 30°–60° set square with its longest edge of 125 mm length has that
side on the HP, making an angle of 30° with the VP. Draw the
projections of the setsquare if the surface of the setsquare is inclined
at 45° to the HP.
Hint: (i) Assume the longest edge AB perpendicular to VP and
setsquare parallel to HP.
(ii) Set square surface inclined at 45° to the HP.(iii) AB inclined at 30°
to the VP.

A 45° set square ABC is having its two sides AB and BC each 100 mm
long. It has its side AB in the VP and BC perpendicular to the VP. Draw
the projections of the set square if angle bca in TV is 30°.
What is the angle of inclination of the set square with the HP.

An isosceles triangular plate has its base AB 50 mm long and altitude

65 mm long. It is so placed that in the FV it is projected as an
equilateral triangle of 50 mm sides and the side AB is inclined at 45° to
the XY line. Draw the projections of the plate.
Hint: (i) Assume base AB perpendicular to HP and plate parallel to VP.
(ii) Plate perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP so that TV is equilateral
triangle.
(iii) ab, the TV of AB, inclined at 45° to XY line.

A triangle abc has its corners A, B and C 40, 50 and 30 mm above HP

and 25, 15 and 45 mm in front of the VP, respectively. The distance
between the projectors of A and B is 30 mm, that of B and C is 15 mm
and that of A and C is 45 mm. Find the inclinations of the triangle with
the reference planes and also find the true angles of the triangle ABC.
Hint: (i) Draw projectors and locate a9, b9, c9 as well as a, b, c and
draw triangles a9b9c9 and abc.
(ii) Draw a horizontal line a9d9 meeting b9c9 in d9 and project d in TV
on bc.
(iii) Join ad, which is true length of AD.
(iv) Redraw abc with ad perpendicular to XY so that its FV will be
projected as a single
line and the angle made by it with XY will be the required angle made
by the triangle
with the HP.
(v) Similarly draw a horizontal line ae in TV of step (i) and find true
length a9e9 in the FV.(vi) By redrawing FV with a9e9 perpendicular to
XY, project TV and obtain the TV as a line giving angle made by the
triangle with the VP.
(vii) Redraw one of the views where the triangle is projected as a line
and make that line
parallel to the XY line and project the other view to get the true shape
and true angles of
the triangle.

A plane in the shape of a rhombus of diagonals 120 and 60 mm length

appears as a square with one of its diagonals parallel to the HP and VP
in the TV. Draw its projections and find the inclinations of the plane
with the HP and VP.
Hint: (i) Let AC be a diagonal of 120 mm length and BD the other one
of 60 mm length. As, in the projections, the length can reduce but
cannot increase and as both the diagonals of a square are equal, we
may have AC inclined to HP and BD parallel to both the HP and VP.
Hence, at first assume rhombus to be parallel to HP with BD
perpendicular to the VP. Next, assume diagonal AC inclined to the HP
and BD perpendicular to the VP so that the TV becomes the square.
Finally, redraw the TV with diagonal BD parallel to the VP.

A rectangular plate of 50 and 80 mm sides is resting on one of its 50

mm long edges. It is tilted about that edge so that the plate appears as
a square in TV. Draw the projections of the plate if the edge on which it
is resting is inclined at 30° to the VP.
Hint: (i) Assume AB = 50, BC = 80 in a rectangular plate ABCD. Next,
assume ABCD parallel to the HP with AB perpendicular to the VP and
project the FV and TV.
(ii) Draw the TV as square of 50 mm side with ab perpendicular to XY.
Project the FV with a9b9 on ground.
(iii) Finally, redraw the TV with ab inclined at 30° to XY. Project the FV.

A rectangular plate ABCD of edges AB = 50 and BC = 70 has its

diagonal AC inclined at 45° to the HP and the edge AB inclined at 30°
with the VP. Draw the projections of the plate.
Hint: (i) Assume the plate to be parallel to HP with diagonal AC parallel
to the VP.
(ii) Draw the TV as a rectangle with diagonal ac parallel to XY. Project
the FV.
(iii) Redraw the FV with diagonal a9c9 inclined at 45° to XY. Project TV.
(iv) Redraw the TV with AB inclined at 30° to the VP. To satisfy this, in
the TV draw ab2 with true length inclined at 30° to XY. Through b2
draw path of b parallel to XY. Measure length of ab in the TV and at
this distance from a, locate b on path of b.
(v) Redraw the TV on this AB and project required FV.

Pentagon
A pentagonal plate of 30 mm sides has its surface inclined at 45° to
the VP while one of the edges is in the VP and inclined at 30° in the HP.
Hint: Assume plate ABCDE parallel to the VP with edge AB
perpendicular to the HP in step one.
Next assume AB to be in the VP and plate inclined at 45° to the VP.
Finally, redraw FV with a9v9 inclined at 30° to XY and project the TV.

A regular pentagonal plate of 35 mm long edges has one of its corners

A on the ground and AF,which is the perpendicular bisector of the
opposite side CD, is inclined at 30° to the HP and 45° tothe VP. Draw
the projections of the plate and find the angle made by the plate with
the VP.

Hint: (i) At first, assume the plate to be parallel to HP, and CD

perpendicular to the VP.
(ii) Draw the TV with true shape and A at extreme left. Project the FV.
Then redraw the FV with a9f9 inclined at 30° to XY. Project the TV.
Finally find βAF for AF = 45°. Redraw the TV with angle of AF known
in the TV and complete the projection.

A regular pentagonal plate has one of its edges in the HP as well as in

the VP. Each side of the plate is 35 mm long and the plate is inclined at
60° to the HP. Draw the projections of the plate.

A regular pentagonal plate of 35 mm sides is resting on one of its

edges AB on the HP. AB is parallel to the VP and corner D, which is
opposite to AB, is touching the VP at a height of 25 mm above the HP.
Draw the projections of the plate and find the angle made by it with
the HP.

Draw the projections of a hexagonal plate of 30 mm side with two

opposite edges parallel to the HP and the VP and the surface of the
plate inclined at 60° to the HP while the nearest edge from the HP and
the VP is 25 mm away.

A hexagonal plate of 40 mm sides is having one of its corner A on the

ground with the diagonal through A inclined at 30° to the HP and 45°
to VP. Draw the projections of the plate.
A hexagonal plate of 40 mm sides has a square hole of 25 mm sides
cut centrally through it. The hexagonal plate is resting on one of its
edges with the surface inclined at 45° to the VP. Draw the projections
of the plate if two adjoining edges of the square hole are equally
inclined to the side on which the hexagon rests.

A hexagonal plate of 40 mm sides is having a central hole of 50 mm

diameter cut through it. The plate is resting on one of its corners on
the HP with the plate inclined at 45° to the HP and two parallel edges
of the plate perpendicular to the XY line in the FV as well as the TV.
Draw the projections.

A circular plate of 40 mm diameter is resting on one point A on the rim

on the HP and plate is inclined at 45° to the HP. Draw the projections
when diameter CD, which is perpendicular to diameter AB, is parallel to
the VP.
A circular plate of 60 mm diameter has a square hole centrally cut in it.
The diameter AB passing through two opposite corners of the square
has its point A on HP and the surface inclined at 45° to the HP and the
diagonal AB inclined at 30° to the VP. Draw the projections of the plate.

A semicircular lamina of 50 mm diameter is resting on its diameter AB

on the HP with the surface inclined at 30° to the HP and the diameter
line AB inclined at 30° the VP. Draw the projections of the plate.

A triangular prism of 30 mm sides of the base and axis 55 mm long is

resting on one of its side faces with the axis parallel to the VP. Draw
the projections of the prism.
(Hint: Side face being on the ground, the axis will be parallel to the HP
and already given. Parallel to the VP, it will be perpendicular to the PP.
Hence, only one step is required. Start drawing with true shape of base
in the side view.)

A square prism of 25 mm edges of the base and axis 60 mm long is

resting on its base with its two side faces inclined at 30° to the VP.
Draw its projections

A cone of 50 mm height and 60° apex angle has its axis perpendicular
to the VP. Draw its projections. (Hint: Apex angle being 60°, angles
made by the generators with the base will be (180 – 60 )/ 2 = 60°.
Draw an axis of 50 mm length as a vertical line in the TV and base as a
horizontal line.
Then draw two extreme generators, each inclined at semi-apex angle
with the axis, i.e., 60/ 2 = 30° to the axis. Complete the TV and then
project the FV as a circle.

The pentagonal prism of 25 mm edges of the base and axis 70 mm

long is resting on one of its side faces with the longer edges inclined at
30° to the VP. Draw the three views of the prism.

A triangular prism of 35 mm edges of the base and 70 mm long axis is

resting on one of its base edges with the axis inclined at 30° to the HP.
Draw the projections if the axis is parallel to VP.
A square prism of 30 mm edges of the base and axis 65 mm long is
resting on one of the corners of its base with the plane containing side
edge passing from that point and the axis parallel to the VP. Draw the
projections of the prism if the axis is inclined at 30° to the HP.

A hexagonal prism of 25 mm long edges of the base and axis 65 mm

long is having its one of the edges of the base on the ground and the
axis parallel to the VP and inclined at 30° to the HP. Draw three views
of the prism.
A rectangular prism of 35 × 25 mm edges of the base and axis 75 mm
long is resting on a corner of its base with the vertical plane containing
the side edge passing through that corner and the axis parallel to the
VP. Draw the FV and the TV of the prism when the axis is inclined at
30° to the HP.

A hexahedron of 50 mm edges is resting on one of its corners of the

base with two side faces containing that corner inclined at 45° to VP.
Draw FV, TV and SV of the hexahedron if the base of the solid is
inclined at 45° to the HP and perpendicular to the VP.
(Hint: The hexahedron is a cube. As the base is inclined to the HP and
perpendicular to the VP, the axis will be inclined to the HP and parallel
to VP. Hence two steps are required. Start with TV as true shape of the
base and having a corner at the extreme left or right with two base
edges inclined at 45° to the VP. Project the FV. Redraw the FV with
base inclined at 45° to the XY line and project the required TV.)

A hexagonal prism of 30 mm edges of the base and 20 mm length of

the axis has an axial hole of 45 mm diameter. Draw the projections
when the prism is resting on one of its side surfaces, with axis inclined
at 60° to the VP.

A pentagonal pyramid of 30 mm edges of the base and axis 50 mm

long has one of the slant edges parallel to the VP and inclined at 45° to
the HP. Draw the projections if the axis is parallel to the VP.

A cylinder of 50 mm diameter of the base and axis 75 mm long is lying

on one of its generators of the ground with its axis inclined at 30° to
the VP. Draw the three views of the cylinder.

A cylindrical disc of 60 mm diameter of the base and 20 mm thick has

a central axial hexagonal hole of 30 mm edges of the base. Draw the
projections of the disc when it is resting on one of its points on the
circular base edge with the axis inclined at 60° to the HP and two faces
of the hole parallel to the VP.

(Hint: Axis being inclined to the HP, start with true shape of the base in
the TV with the hole as a hexagon with two sides parallel to XY line.
Project the FV. Redraw the FV with axis inclined at 60° to the HP.
Project the TV).

A cone with 50 mm diameter of the base and axis 65 mm long is

resting on one of its generators on the HP with the axis parallel to VP.
Draw the three views of the cone
A cylinder of 50 mm diameter of the base and 35 mm height is resting
on one of the points on the base circle with the axis inclined at 60° to
the HP and the plan of its axis inclined at 30° to the VP. Draw the
projections of the cylinder.
(Hint: Axis being inclined to the HP and VP, three steps are required to
solve the problem:
Step I: Assume axis perpendicular to the HP.
Step II: Assume axis inclined at 60° to the HP with a point of base circle
on the ground.
Step III: Redraw the TV in II step with axis TV inclined at 30° to XY line.
And project the FV.)

A square pyramid of 35 mm edges of the base and 70 mm length of

the axis, has an edge of the base in the VP and inclined at 30° to the
HP while the triangular face containing that edge inclined at 30° to the
VP. Draw the projections of the pyramid.
(Hint: As the side face is inclined to the VP, the axis will also be inclined
to the VP. Further when base edge which is in the VP becomes inclined
to the HP, the axis will be inclined to the HP Hence three steps are
required.
Step I: Assume axis perpendicular to the VP and base edge AB
perpendicular to the HP.
Step II: Redraw the TV of step I with the side face OAB inclined at 30°
to XY line. Project the FV.
Step III: Redraw the FV of step II with the base edge AB inclined at 30°
to the HP. Project the TV.)

Frustum of a hexagonal pyramid with edges at the base 30 mm and

those at the top 15 mm long has the axis 65 mm long. It is resting on
one of its trapezoidal faces, with parallel edges within that face
inclined at 45° to the VP. Draw the projections of the frustum.

A tetrahedron of 30 mm long edges has one of its edges in the VP and

a face containing that edge perpendicular to the VP. Draw the
projections of the tetrahedron if the edge, which is in the VP, is inclined
at 30° to the HP.
Hint:
Case (i): If base edge AB is in the VP with OAB perpendicular to the VP,
axis will be inclined to the
VP and when AB will be inclined at 30° to the HP, the axis will be
inclined to the HP and
hence three steps will be required to solve the problem.
Case (ii): If base edge AB is in the VP and the base surface ABC is
perpendicular to the VP, the axis will be parallel to the VP. Then, when
AB will become inclined at 30° to the HP, the axis will be inclined to the
HP. Hence two steps will be required to solve the problem.
A hexagonal pyramid of 30 mm edges of the base and slant edges of
60 mm length is resting on its base with the edge of base AB parallel to
the VP. It is tilted on AB so that the triangular face OAB containing that
edge is projected as an equilateral triangle in the FV. Draw the
projections of the pyramid.

A pentagonal pyramid of 30 mm edges of the base and axis 60 mm

long is resting on one of its corners A of the base with the triangular
face opposite to it, inclined at 45° to the HP. Draw the projections if
one of the slant edges within that face is inclined at 30° to the VP.

A hexagonal pyramid of 30 mm edges of the base and 60 mm length of

the axis has one of its triangular faces inclined at 45° to the HP and the
edge of base within that face is in the HP and inclined at 45° to the VP.

A triangular pyramid, with 40 mm edges of the base and 65 mm long

axis, has one of its triangular faces inclined at 30° to the HP and
perpendicular to the VP. Draw the projections of the pyramid

A pentagonal prism of 35 mm edges of the base and 60 mm length of

the axis is resting on its base with an edge of the base parallel to the
VP and nearer to the observer. The prism is tilted on that edge towards
the observer so that the rectangular face containing that edge appears
as a square in the FV. Draw the projections of the prism.

A cone, with the length of the axis 60 mm and generators 75 mm long

is resting on one of its generators with that generator inclined at 60° to
the VP, the apex being nearer to the observer. Draw three views of the
cone.

A cone of 50 mm diameter of the base and the axis 65 mm long is

resting on a point on its circular edge of the base, with the generator
passing through that point perpendicular to the HP and the plane
containing that generator and the axis inclined at 45° to the VP so that
the vertical generator remains away from the observer. Draw the
projections of the cone.

A frustum of a cone, with 60 mm diameter of the base, 30 mm at the

top, and 60 mm length of the axis, is resting on one of its base circle
points on the ground and the generator passing through it
perpendicular to the HP. Draw the projections of the cone frustum if
the plan view of the axis is inclined at 30° to the VP.

A cone with a 70 mm long axis is has one of its generators in the VP

while the base is inclined at 45° to the HP. Draw the projections of the
cone, if its generators are inclined at 60° to the base.
A cone, with 50 mm diameter of the base and the axis 60 mm long, is
resting on one of the points on the base circle with the base of the
cone inclined at 30° to the HP and 60° to the VP. Draw the projections
of the cone.

Three spheres of 25, 50 and 75 mm diameters are resting on the HP,

touching each other. Draw the projections when the smallest sphere is
nearer to observer and the line joining the centres of the other two
spheres is parallel to the VP.

Four spheres, each of diameter 90 mm, are kept in a pyramidal form,

such that each one touchesthe other three. Draw the projections of the
spheres if a line joining the centres of spheres nearerto VP is parallel to
the VP.
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
a pentagonal prism with 30 mm edges of the base and 90 mm length
of the axis is resting on itsbase with an edge of the base parallel to the
VP. It is cut by a cutting plane perpendicular to the VP,inclined at 30°
the HP and passing through a point on the axis 15 mm from the apex.
It has a squarehole of 28 mm sides through it. The axis of the hole is
perpendicular to the VP and intersects the axisof the prism 30 mm
above the base while the side faces of the hole are equally inclined to
the HP.Draw the FV, the sectional TV and the development of the
lateral surface of the prism with the hole.

A square prism of 30 mm edges of the base and 60 mm length of the

axis is resting on its base with two edges of the base inclined at 30° to
the VP. It has a hole of 35 mm diameter cut through it. The axis of the
hole is perpendicular to the VP and bisects the axis of the prism. Draw
the projections and the development of the lateral surface of the prism
with a hole.

A hexagonal prism of 30 mm edges of the base and 70 mm length of

the axis is resting on one of its side faces with the axis parallel to the
VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the HP, inclined at 60°
to the VP and passing through a point on the axis 15 mm from one of
the bases. Draw the sectional FV, the sectional SV, the TV and the true
shape of the section. Also develop the lateral surface of the plane.

Cylinder
A cylinder of 50 mm diameter and 90 mm length of the axis is resting
on one of the generators with the axis inclined at 45° to the VP. It is
cut by a section plane perpendicular to the VP, inclined at 30° to HP
and bisecting the axis. Draw the FV, the sectional TV and the true
shape of the section of the cylinder. Draw also the lateral surface
development of the cut cylinder.

A cylinder with 50 mm diameter of the base and the axis 80 mm long

has a point on the rim of its base on the ground with the axis inclined
at 30° to the HP and parallel to the VP. It is cut by section plane
perpendicular to the VP, inclined at 60° to the HP and intersects the
axis 20 mm from the top end of the cylinder. Draw the FV, the
sectional TV and the true shape of the section. Also develop the lateral
surface of the cut cylinder.

Pyramid
161. A pentagonal pyramid with 40 mm edges of the base and axis 75
mm long is resting on its base with an edge of the base parallel to the
VP and away from the observer. A cylindrical hole of 30 mm diameter
is cut through it, the axis of the hole is perpendicular to the VP and
intersects the axis of the pyramid 30 mm above the base. Draw the FV,
the TV and the development of the lateral surface of the pyramid.

A square pyramid with 30 mm edges of the base and axis 65 mm long

is resting on its base with an edge of the base inclined at 30 degrees to
the VP. A string starting from the corner of the base nearest to the
observer is wound around the pyramid and brought back to the
starting point by the shortest path. Draw the projections of the
pyramid and show the path in the FV and TV.

A cone of 50 mm diameter of the base and axis 70 mm long is resting

on one of its generators with the axis parallel to the VP. It is cut by a
cutting plane perpendicular to the HP, inclined at 30° to the VP and
intersecting the axis 10 mm from the base. Draw the development of
the lateral surface of the cone if the apex is retained

A cone with 70 mm diameter of the base and axis 70 mm long is

resting on its base on the ground. It has a square hole of 25 mm sides
cut through it such that the two side faces of the hole are inclined at
30° to the VP. Draw the projections of the cone showing the curves of
intersection, if the axis of the hole coincides with that of the cone.
Draw also the development of the lateral surface of the cone with the
hole.

A cone with 70 mm diameter of the base and apex angle 60° is resting
on its base with the axis perpendicular to the HP. It has a
semicylindrical hole of 40 mm diameter
cut through it. The axis of the hole is perpendicular to the PP;
intersects the axis of the cone 45 mm from the apex and the flat face
of the hole is parallel to the VP and contains
the axis of the cone in it. Draw three views of the cone with the hole
showing the curves of intersection and draw the development of the
lateral surface of the cone.

A hexagonal pyramid with 20 mm edges of the base and axis 70 mm

long is resting on its base with two edges of the base parallel to the VP.
A string starting from the
midpoint of the edge of the base nearest to the observer is wound
around the pyramidal
surface and returned back to the starting point by the shortest path.
Draw the projections of the pyramid showing the path of the string in
both the views