A REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

At

CONSTRUCTION DIVISION PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT KASHIPUR

On
BHOGPUR ROAD NAER THE JASPUR RESERVOIR DAM

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD

OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(Civil Engineering)

Estd. 2005

JUNE-JULY, 2018
SUBMITTED BY:

NAME : MO ZAFAR ZISHAN

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO : 660080107015

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEVBHOOMI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

NAVGAON, DEHRADUN, U.K. (248007)

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 DEVBHOOMI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS,DEHRADUN

CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

I “MO ZAFAR ZISHAN” hereby declare that I have undertaken 28 days industrial
training at “CONSTRUCTION DIVISION PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMEN
KASHIPUR UTTRAKHAND” during a period from 11JUNE 2018 to 08 JULY
2018 in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech (Civil
Engineering) at DEV BHOOMI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, DEHRADUN. The
work which is being presented in the training report submitted to Department of
Civil Engineering at DEV BHOOMI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, DEHRADUN
is an authentic record of training work.

Signature of the Student

The 28 days industrial training Viva–Voce Examination of__________________

has been held on ____________ and accepted.

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to the God, my parents, faculties and all my seniors for giving me knowledge
and to extract my abilities and also for sharing their experience with me. There is so
many things to learn in life. The human life is full of learning and experience.

The satisfaction that accompanies the success in completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement makes us always excited to grab that knowledge.

I feel pleasure in conveying my profound thanks to my site guides, Er. ARUN

KUMAR (Site Civil Assistant Engineer) PWD, Er. MOHD ISLAM (Site Civil
Junior Engineer ) JASPUR (KASHIPUR),for their constant support, valuable
guidance and encouragement, during the entire course of this project they reviewed
with great care and their innovative ideas led to the successful completion of the
work. Their continuous strong and encouragement had some very profound effect
on me that went beyond scientific supervision

CONTENTS
Topic Page No.

Certificate by Company/Industry/Institute
Candidate’s Declaration 3

Acknowledgement 4

Abstract 6

About the Company/ Industry / Institute 7

List of Figures 8-11

Introduction 12

What Is Road Or Pavement 13

Types Of Pavement 14-15

Functions Of Pavement Component 16-17

Future Scope 17

Estimation 18

Conclusion 19

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 ABOUT THE PWD

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT: AN OVERVIEW

Public Works Department (PWD), under the Ministry of Public Works department, is the pioneer
in construction arena of Uttar Pradesh. Over about four centuries, PWD could successfully set the
trend and standard in the state`s infrastructure development. It plays a pivotal role in the
implementation of government construction projects. It also undertakes projects for autonomous
bodies as deposit works. Public works Department has highly qualified and experienced
professionals forming a multi-disciplinary team of civil, electrical and mechanical engineers who
work alongside architects from the Department of Archit3ecture. With its strong base of standards
and professionalism developed over the years, PWD is the repository of expertise and hence the
first choices among discerning clients for any type of construction project in Uttar Pradesh.
Besides being the construction agency of the Government, it performs regulatory function in
setting the pace and managing projects for the country's construction industry under the close
supervision of the Ministry of Housing and Public Works.

The Public works Department has highly qualified and experienced professionals forming a multi-
disciplinary team of civil, electrical and mechanical engineers who work alongside architects from
the Department of Architecture. As a sister organization falling under the administrative control
of the Ministry of Public Works department, the latter works well with the PWD in providing
service to the nation. With its strong base of standards and professionalism developed over the
years, the PWD is the repository of expertise and hence the first choices among discerning clients
for any type of construction project in Bangladesh. It is recognized as a leader and pacesetter in
the construction industry because of its consistently superior performance.

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Figure No.-1 Paver Machine At Site
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Figure No.-2 Road Roller At Site
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Figure No.-3 Wearing Course

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Figure No.-4 Temperature Meter Of Bituminous Concrete

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Development of a country depends on the connectivity of various places with adequate road
network. Roads are the major channel of transportation for carrying goods and passengers. They
play a significant role in improving the socio-economic standards of a region. Roads constitute
the most important mode of communication in areas where railways have not developed much
and form the basic infra-structure for the development and economic growth of the country. The
benefits from the investment in road sector are indirect, long-term and not immediately visible.
Roads are important assets for any nation. However, merely creating these assets is not enough, it
has to be planned carefully and a pavement which is not designed properly deteriorates fast. India
is a large country having huge resource of materials. If these local materials are used properly, the
cost of construction can be reduced. There are various type of pavements which differ in their
suitability in different environments. Each type of pavement has its own merits and demerits.
Despite a large number of seminars and conference, still in India, 98% roads are having flexible
pavements. A lot of research has been made on use of Waste materials but the role of these
materials is still limited. So there is need to take a holistic approach and mark the areas where
these are most suitable.

India has one of the largest road networks in the world (over 3 million km at present).For the
purpose of management and administration, roads in India are divided into the following five
categories:

 National Highways (NH)

 State Highways (SH)

 Major District Roads (MDR)

 Other District Roads (ODR)

 Village Roads (VR)

The National Highways are intended to facilitate medium and long distance inter-city passenger
and freight traffic across the country. The State Highways are supposed to carry the traffic along
major centres within the State. Other District Roads and Village Roads provide villages
accessibility to meet their social needs as also the means to transport agriculture produce from
village to nearby markets. Major District Roads provide the secondary function of linkage between
main roads and rural roads.

ACCORDING TO 2011 CALCULATION 12

CHAPTER - 2
WHAT IS ROAD OR PAVEMENT?

Pavement or Road is an open, generally public way for the passage of vehicles, people, and
animals.

Pavement is finished with a hard smooth surface. It helped make them durable and able to
withstand traffic and the environment. They have a life span of between 20 – 30 years.
Road pavements deteriorate over time due to-

 The impact of traffic, particularly heavy vehicles.


 Environmental factors such as weather, pollution.

PURPOSE
Many people rely on paved roads to move themselves and their products rapidly and reliably.

FUNCTIONS
 One of the primary functions is load distribution. It can be characterized by the tire loads,
tire configurations, repetition of loads, and distribution of traffic across the pavement, and
vehicle speed.

 Pavement material and geometric design affect quick and efficient drainage. These
can eliminating moisture problems such as and pounding (puddles). Drainage system
mud consists of:

Surface drainage: Removing all water present on the pavement surface, sloping, chambers,
and kerbs.

Subsurface drainage: Removing water that seep into or is contained in the underlying sub-
grade.

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CHAPTER -3
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
Based on the structural behavior, pavements are generally classified into the following three
categories:
 Flexible pavement
 Rigid pavement
 Semi-rigid pavement.

3.1.1. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Flexible pavements are those which are flexible in their structural action under the loads.
Some important features of these pavements are:

 It has no flexural strength

 It reflects the deformation of lower layers,
 It will transmit the vertical compressive stress to bottom layers by grain to grain transfer,
 The lower layer have to take up only lesser magnitudes of stress and there is no direct
wearing action due to traffic loads, therefore inferior materials with low cost can be used in the
lower layers.
Flexible pavements consist of the following components:

 Soil sub grade

 Sub base course
 Base course
 Surface course
Bituminous concrete, granular materials with or without bituminous binders, WBM, soil
aggregate mixes etc.., are common examples of flexible pavements.

Flexible pavements are commonly designed using empirical charts or equations. There are
also semi-empirical and theoretical methods for the design of flexible pavements.

Figure No.- 3.1 Typical Cross Section Of Flexible Pavement

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3.2.2. RIGID PAVEMENT

Rigid pavements are those which possess note worthy flexural rigidity.

  It possesses flexural strength

 Load transfer is by the way of slab action and it distributes the wheel load to a wider
 area below
  Flexural stresses will be developed due to wheel load temperature changes
 Tensile stresses will be developed due to bending action of the slab under the wheel
 load
 It does not deform to the shape of lower layer, but it bridges the minor variations of the
lower layer.

 Rigid pavement consists of the following components:
o Cement Concrete slab
o Base course
o Soil sub grade

Rigid pavements are made of Portland cement concrete either plain, reinforced or prestressed. The
plain cement concrete is expected to take up about 40kg/cm2 flexural stress. These are designed
using elastic theory, assuming the pavement as an elastic plate resting over an elastic or viscous
foundation.

Figure No.-3.2 Typical Cross Section Of Rigid Pavement

3.2.3. SEMI-RIGID PAVEMENT:

When bonded materials like pozzolanic concrete, lean concrete or soil cement are used, then the
pavement layer has considerably high flexural strength than the common flexible pavement is
called a semi-rigid pavement.
These materials have low resistance to impact and abrasion and are therefore used with flexible
pavement surface course.

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CHAPTER - 4
4.1. FUNCTIONS OF PAVEMENT COMPONENTS:

4.1.1. SOIL SUBGRADE:

 The pavement load is ultimately taken by soil sub grade and hence in no case it should be
over
 stressed and top 50cm layer of soil sub grade should be well compacted at O.M.C.

 Common strength tests used for evaluation of soil sub grade are :
a. California Bearing Ratio test
b. California resistance value test
c. Triaxial compression test
d. Plate bearing test

4.1.2. SUB BASE AND BASE COURSES:

 These are broken stone aggregates. It is desirable to use smaller size graded aggregates at
sub
 base course instead of boulder stones.
 Base and sub base courses are used under flexible pavements primarily to improve load
supporting
 capacity by distribution of load through a finite thickness.

 Base courses are used under rigid pavements for :
a. Preventing pumping
b. Protecting the sub grade against frost action.

4.1.3. WEARING COURSE:

 Purpose of this course is to give smooth riding surface. It resists pressure exerted by
tyres
 and takes up wear and tear due to traffic. It also offers water tightness.
 The stability of wearing course is estimated by Marshalling stability test where in optimum
percent of bituminous material is worked out based on stability density, voids in mineral aggregate
(V M A) and voids filled with bitumen (V F B). Plate Bearing test are also sometimes made use
for elevating the wearing course and the pavement as a whole.

4.2. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN OF PAVEMENTS:

Pavement design consists of two parts:

a. Mix design of material to be used in each pavement component layer

b. Thickness design of the pavement and the component layer

The various factors to be considered for the design of pavement are:

 Design wheel load

 Sub grade soil

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 Climatic factors
 Pavement component material

 Environmental factors

 Special factors in the design of different types of pavements.

Figure No-4.1 Components Of A Flexible Pavement

4.3. FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

This ANN based Pavement design Procedure can be implemented in a program to get
overlay thickness as IRC based overlay thickness design procedure is yet to see dedicated software
for the same. Also dedicated MATLAB toolbox may be designed for the same.
Effect of temperature can be predicted using Linear relationship where regression linear
equation solving method may be used.
The pavement overlay design method can be extended to other types of overlay design
similar to cold mix based pavement design etc. whose straight calculation is unavailable in IRC.

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CHAPTER- 5
ESTIMATION

An estimate is a computation or calculation of the qualities required and expenditure likely to be

incurred in the construction of a work. The primary objective of estimate is to enable one to know
beforehand the cost of the work.

For all engineering works, it is desirable to know beforehand the probable cost of construction
known as estimated cost. If the estimated cost is greater than the money available, then attempts
are made to reduce the cost by reducing the work or changing the specifications. In preparing the
estimate, the quantities of different items of work are calculated by simple mensuration method
and from these quantities, the cost is calculated.

Accuracy in estimate is very important, if an estimate is exceeded, it becomes a very difficult

problem for the engineers to explain, to account for and arrange for the additional money.
Inaccuracy in preparing of estimate, omission of items, changes in design, improper rates etc..,
are the reasons for exceeding the estimate, though increases in rate is also one of the main reason.

The rate of each item should be reasonable and workable. The rates in the estimate provide for the
complete work, which consists the cost of the materials, cost of labour, cost of tools and plants,
cost of water, taxes, establishment, supervision cost, reasonable profit of contractor etc..,

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CHAPTER – 6

CONCLUSION

In this project work, an attempt is made to incorporate latest techniques of geometric design. The
IRC specifications are based on rational thinking, the proposed road is safe in both geometrics as
well as pavement design.
It is also proposed to design a flexible pavement by Group Index method and CBR method. Some
more methods are available in the design of flexible pavement, which are much advanced like
California resisting value method, Mc leod method, Triaxial method and Burnister method.
Because of the limitations of time and scope, only GI method and CBR method are adopted.

To have a practical concept of estimation analysis, an attempt is made to estimate the quantities
of earth work of flexible pavement.

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