T. museliani, m.

qobalia

eleqtromowyobilobaTa
teqnikuri diagnostika

(I nawili)

`teqnikuri universiteti”@
 saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

T. museliani, m. qobalia

eleqtromowyobilobaTa
teqnikuri diagnostika

eleqtromowyobilobaTa elementebisa da
aRricxvis kvanZebis diagnostika

(I nawili)

damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
 saxelmZRvanelos pirvel nawilSi warmodgenilia eleqtruli
wredebis ZiriTadi cnebebi da ganmartebebi; diagnostikis ZiriTadi
principebi, meTodebi da saWiro teqnikuri saSualebebi; eleqtru-
li da eleqtronuli wredebisa da maTi elementebis, eleqtruli
aparatebis, aRricxvis kvanZebis montaJisa da diagnostikis sakiT-
xebi. minimumamdea dayvanili Teoriuli msjelobebi da ZiriTadi
yuradReba gadatanilia eleqtroteqnikisa da eleqtromowyobi-
lobaTa diagnostikis problemebis gadawyvetis Cvevebis gamomu-
Savebaze.
naSromi warmoadgens praqtikul saxelmZRvanelos da gankuT-
vnilia, rogorc ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo, “eleqtromowyobilo-
baTa diagnostikis” specialobis umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTle-
bisa da bakalavriatis studentebisa da magistrantebisaTvis. igi
did daxmarebas gauwevs agreTve eleqtrosadgurebis, eleqtroqse-
lebisa da samrewvelo dawesebulebebis inJiner-teqnikur perso-
nals eleqtrodanadgarebis eqspluataciis, remontisa da diagnos-
tikis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros.

recenzenti prof. d. laoSvili

saxelmZRvanelo gamoica Sps `kavkasus eleqtromarketis~ finan-

suri mxardaWeriT.

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-572-8 (yvela nawili)
ISBN 978-9941-14-573-5 (pirveli nawili)
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
 uak Si naarsi
winasityvaoba ...................................................................................................................... 6
saxelmZRvanelos pirvel nawilSi warmodgenilia
Sesavali ................................................................................................................................... 7
eleqtruli wredebis ZiriTadi cnebebi da ganmartebebi;
Tavi I. eleqtruli wredebi da
diagnostikis ZiriTadi princi pebi, meTodebi da saWiro
eleqtroteqnikuri mowyobilobebi ................................................. 15
teqnikuri saSualebebi; eleqtruli da eleqtronuli wre-
1.1. eleqtroteqnikis ZiriTadi cnebebi
debisa da maTi elementebis, eleqtruli aparatebis, aR-
da ganmartebebi ..................................................................................................... 15
ricxvis kvanZebis montaJisa da diagnostikis sakiTxebi.
1.2. mowyobilobebisa da danadgarebis gamosaxvis
minimumamdea dayvanili Teoriuli msjelobebi da ZiriTa-
ZiriTadi saSualebani. eleqtruli sqema. eleqtruli
di yuradReba gadatanilia eleqtroteqnikisa da eleqtro-
sqemis ti pebi da saxeebi ............................................................................ 27
mowyobilobaTa diagnostikis problemebis gadawyvetis Cveve-
1.3. eleqtrul sqemebSi gamoyenebuli pirobiTi
bis gamomuSavebaze.
grafikuli aRniSvnebi ................................................................................... 29
naSromi warmoadgens praqtikul saxelmZRvanelos da
1.4. Zalovani da marTvis wredebi ............................................................... 30
gankuTvnilia, rogorc ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo, “eleq-
1.5. princi puli eleqtruli sqema .............................................................. 31
troteqnikisa da eleqtromowyobilobaTa diagnostikis”
1.6. eleqtruli sqemebis wakiTxva ............................................................... 33
specialobis umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTlebisa da baka-
1.7. sadenebisa da klemebis numeracia .................................................... 37
lavriatis studentebisa da magistrantebisaTvis. igi did
1.8. raze unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba
daxmarebas gauwevs agreTve eleqtrosadgurebis, eleqtro-
sqemebis wakiTxvisas ........................................................................................ 40
qselebisa da samrewvelo dawesebulebebis inJiner-teqni-
1.9. sqemebis wakiTxvis magaliTebi ............................................................. 42
kur personals eleqtrodanadgarebis eqspluataciis, re-
Tavi II. diagnostikis ZiriTadi princi pebi
montisa da diagnostikis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros.
da meTodebi ............................................................................................................. 49
2.1 diagnostikis safuZvlebi ............................................................................ 49
2.2. teqnikuri diagnostikis zogierTi
sawyisi cneba .......................................................................................................... 57
2.3. elmowyobilobis diagnostikis zogadi
recenzentebi
princi pebi ................................................................................................................. 61
2.4. diagnostikis meTodika da meTodebi ............................................. 65
2.5. diagnostikis magaliTi ............................................................................... 72
2.6. dazianebis analizi ......................................................................................... 75
2.7. dazianebis niSani da mizezi ................................................................. 80
2.8. diagnostikaSi farTod gamoyenebuli
xelsawyoebi ............................................................................................................. 82
2.9. eleqtroteqnikuri gazomvebi
diagnostikis dros ........................................................................................ 104
Tavi 3. eleqtruli wredebisa da
eleqtronikis elementebis diagnostika .................................. 129
3.1. eleqtrul wredebSi yvelaze xSirad
Semxvedri dazianebebi ................................................................................. 129
ISSN “teqnikuri universiteti”

3
3.2. eleqtronikis elementebis dazianebis ZiriTadi
saxeebi, maTi aRmoCenis xerxebi da diagnostika ............... 133
3.3. eleqtruli wredebis Semowmeba gamorTuli
Zabvis dros ............................................................................................................ 153
3.4. eleqtruli wredebis Semowmeba
Zabvis qveS ............................................................................................................... 156
3.5. Secdomebi eleqtruli wredis Semowmebisas ....................... 159
3.6. meoradi komutaciis sqemebis Semowmeba
Zabvis qveS ............................................................................................................ 163
Tavi IV. Eeleqtruli aparatebi da maTi
diagnostika ......................................................................................................... 167
4.1. eleqtruli aparatebis klasifikacia .......................................... 167
4.2. xeliT marTvis aparatebi ........................................................................ 170
4.3. distanciuri marTvis Zalovani aparatebi ............................. 180
4.4.Ddacvis Zalovani aparatebi .................................................................... 185
4.5. releebi ...................................................................................................................... 193
4.6. eleqtruli aparatebis koWebi da maTi
diagnostika ......................................................................................................... 206
4.7. rogor movaxdinoT eleqtruli aparatebis koWebis
gadaxveva erTi saxeobidan meoreze ............................................. 209
4.8. eleqtruli aparatebis kontaqtebi ................................................ 210
Tavi V. aRricxvis kvanZebis montaJi da
diagnostika ......................................................................................................... 218
5.1. eleqtruli mricxvelebi, maTi moqmedebis
princi pi da diagnostika ...................................................................... 218
5.2. mricxvelebis dayeneba da CarTva .................................................... 225
5.3. aqtiuri energiis erTfaza mricxvelis Semowmeba ......... 228
5.4. dabali Zabvis pirdapiri CarTvis aqtiuri
energiis samfaza mricxveli ................................................................. 230
5.5. gazomvis zRvaris gafarToeba ............................................................. 233
5.6. denis sazomi transformatori .......................................................... 234
5.6. Zabvis sazomi transformatori ......................................................... 239
5.7. dabali Zabvis arapirdapiri mierTebis aqtiuri
energiis samfaza mricxvelis montaJi
da Semowmeba .......................................................................................................... 244
5.8. dabali Zabvis reaqtiuli energiis samfaza
mricxvelis montaJi da Semowmeba .................................................. 249
2495.9. maRali Zabvis aqtiuri da reaqtiuli energiis
4 5
samfaza mricxvelis montaJi da Semowmeba ............................ 254
5.10. maRali Zabvis aRricxvis kvanZis Semowmeba ........................ 258
5.11. specialuri daniSnulebis mricxvelebi ................................ 264
5.12. aRricxvis kvanZebis elementebis uwesivrobani .............. 269
5.13. mricxvelebis diagnostika gamorTuli Zabvis
SemTxvevaSi ............................................................................................................. 275
5.14. mricxvelis CarTvis sisworis Semowmeba
moqmed mierTebebze ...................................................................................... 283
5.15. eleqtroenergiis gazomvis cdomileba da
moTxovnebi sazomi transformatorebisadmi .................... 288
5.16. eleqtronuli mricxvelebis Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba ....................................................................................................... 290
5.17. eleqtronuli mricxvelis Semowmeba ........................................ 293
5.18. mricxvelis Cvenebis sisworis Semowmeba
sayofacxovrebo pirobebSi .................................................................. 294
5.19. ra SeiZleba ganisazRvros mricxveliT garda
eleqtroenergiis xarjisa .................................................................. 298
literatura .................................................................................................................... 301
danarTi 1. pirobiTi grafikuli aRniSvnebi ................................. 304
danarTi 2. trigonometriuli funqciebis
mniSvnelobebi ................................................................................ 326
danarTi 3. sadenebisa da kabelebis standartuli
kveTebi da xangrZlivad dasaSvebi
datvirTvebi .................................................................................. 327
 winasityvaoba codna aucilebelia eleqtromowyobilobis diagnos-
eleqtromowyobilobis teqnikuri mdgomareobis tikis dros.
swor diagnostikaze damyarebulia xarisxiani remon- saxelmZRvanelos momzadebis saqmeSi mniSvnelo-
ti da eqspluataciis Tanamedrove meTodebis gamoy- vani daxmarebis gawevisaTvis uRrmes madlobas vuxdiT
eneba, rac uzrunvelyofs saxalxo meurneobis yvela inJinrebs: mixeil qadagiSvils, Temur gvencaZes
dargis uwyvet muSaobas, eleqtromowyobilobis eqs- (saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti), gia muselian-
pluataciisa da remontis xarjebis Semcirebas, muSao- sa da vaJa nozaZes (s/s “Telasi”).
bis xangrZlivobis gazrdas. aRniSnuli saxelmZRvanelo pirvel sawyisia
ukanasknel xanebSi moxda eleqtromowyobilobis eleqtromowyobilobis diagnostikis sferoSi da
diagnostikis, kontrolisa da gamocdisaTvis gankuTv- dazRveuli ara varT mcire Secdomebisagan. avtorebi
nili aparaturis arsebiTi cvlilebani. didi madlierebiT miiReben mkiTxvelTa yovel SeniS-
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos mizania diagnos- vnas, rac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba Semdgom gamoce-
tikis progresuli meTodebis, Tanamedrove eleqtro- mebSi.
mowyobilobebisa da marTvis wredebis uwesivrobis
moZebnis ZiriTadi problemebis Rrmad Seswavla.
naSromi warmoadgens profesiuli donis praq-
tikul masalas damwyebi eleqtroteqnikosebisa da im
specialistebisaTvis, romlebsac esaWiroebaT arse-
buli specializaciis mixedviT axali sferoebis
aTviseba an Tavisi codnis gaRrmaveba da ganmtkiceba,
rac saSualebas miscemT swrafad gamoasworon
eleqtromowyobilobis momsaxureobisa da eqspluat-
aciis dros warmoSobili problemebi.
masalis ukeT aTvisebis mizniT sasargebloa mini-
maluri codnis dagroveba eleqtruli wredebis Teo-
riaSi, risTvisac saxelmZRvanelo pirvel TavSi moy-
vanilia Teoriuli sakiTxebi, xolo danarTSi war-
modgenilia ZiriTadi pirobiTi aRniSvnebi, romelTa

6 7
 Sesavali
eleqtromowyobilobis teqnikuri diagnostika Se-
darebiT axali mecnierebaa, romelic aRmocenda gasu-
li saukunis meore naxevarSi teqnikis moTxovnebTan
dakavSirebiT.
teqnikuri diagnostika – es aris mecniereba eleqt-
romowyobilobis mdgomareobis garCevis Sesaxeb,
romelic moicavs problemebis farTo wres dakav-
Sirebuls diagnostikuri informaciis miRebasa da
SefasebasTan.
nebismieri samecniero disci plinis warmoCena mi-
Rebulia dawyebul iqnas am disci plinis zogadi daxa-
siaTebiT anu kvlevis sagnisa da ZiriTadi amocanebis
dasmiT. teqnikur diagnostikaSi aseTi winaswari aR-
wera garTulebulia rigi garemoebebis gamo, radgan
saubaria codnis axal sferoze, romelic imyofeba
Tavisi formirebis stadiaSi. erTis mxriv aq SeiZle-
ba movniSnoT da gamovyoT amocanebis sakmaod farTo
wre, romlebic eqvemdebarebian gamokvlevebs; meores
mxriv maTi umniSvnelo nawili moicavs sakvlev sam-
uSaoebs da warmodgenilia konkretuli SedegebiT.
Aamitom teqnikuri diagnostikis zogad winaswar aR-
weras aqvs dadgenilebiTi xasiaTi.
elmowyobilobis teqnikuri diagnostikis kvle-
vis obieqti SeiZleba iyos nebismieri Zalovani da
marTvis sistema. sistemis qveS igulisxmeba nebismieri
teqnikuri mowyobiloba, romelic asrulebs garkveul
funqcias. TiToeuli sistema SeiZleba daxasiaTdes
rigi parametrebiT, romelTagan erT-erTi ZiriTadia,
xolo danarCenebi – meorexarisxovani.
8 9
teqnikuri diagnostikis specifika mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom is ganixilavs teqnikur sistemas moqmedeba-
Si, romlis amocanaa dazianebuli elementis Zieba,
sadac mniSvnelovania dazianebuli elementis Ziebi-
sa da gamovlenis meTodebi. eleqtromowyobilobis
dazianebis mizezi SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime
elementis dazianeba an elementebs Soris kavSiris
darRveva, xolo TviT elementis dazianeba SeiZleba
gamowveuli iyos elementis TviTdazianebiT, gareSe
zemoqmedebiT, araswori eqspluataciiTa da sxva.
eleqtromowyobilobis elementebis mdgomareobis
gansazRvris dros Semowmebis Tanamimdevroba swar-
moebs winaswar Sedgenili diagnostikuri programis
mixedviT.
Semowmebebis erToblioba, romelic sakmarisia
mowyobilobis mdgomareobis SefasebisaTvis warmoad-
gens diagnostikuri testirebas, romelic defeqtebis
gamovlenis ZiriTadi saxea. diagnostikuri testireb-
is meTodebs miekuTvneba: izolaciis winaRobis, ga-
Jonvis denebis, Sinagani winaRobis, gragnilebis di-
eleqtrikuli danakargebis kuTxis tangensis gazomva
da sxva.
eleqtromowyobilobebisa da konstruqciebis diag-
nostikis mizania maTi narCeni saeqspluatacio maxasia-
Teblebis mixedviT dalageba.AmaxasiaTeblebis mixed-
viT elmowyobilobebi iyofa sam jgufad: pirvel
jgufSi Sedian resursebis gagrZelebis mowyobilobe-
bi, anu romelTac miuxedavad maTi muSaobis vadis
gasvlisa kidev gaaCniaT sakmarisi saeqspluatacio
maxasiaTeblebis resursi.
 meore jgufSi Sedian is elmowyobilobebi, romel-
Ta narCeni saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba
aRdgenil iqnan mimdinare an kapitaluri remontiT.
mesame jgufSi Sedian is elmowyobilobebi, romel-
Ta narCeni saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebi remontis
Sedegad aRar eqvemdebarebian aRdgenas.
teqnikurad dasabuTebuli diagnozis dasma Sesa-
Zlebelia mxolod srulyofili informaciis pirobe-
bis statistikuri monacemebis Sekrebis, gare daTva-
lierebisa da specialuri xelsawyoebis saSualebiT
Catarebuli eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTveloSi elmomar-
agebis sistemis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mowyobi-
lobebis - Zalovani transformatorebis mniSvnelo-
vanma nawilma amowura Tavisi muSaobis resursi. qvey-
nis ekonomiuri situacia, agreTve transformatoreb-
is saerTo raodenobis didi ricxvi ar iZleva uax-
les xanSi maTi Secvlis saSualebas. amitom trans-
formatorebis eqspluataciis saimedobis SesanarCune-
blad mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba maT diagnostikur
kontrols.
dReisaTvis Zalovani transformatorebis, av-
totransformatorebis, maSuntirebuli reaqtorebisa
da sxva eleqtromowyobilobebis saeqspluatacio ma-
xasiaTeblebis gansazRvrisa da sistemebis defeqtebis
ganviTarebis donis mdgomareobis SefasebisaTvis, sul
ufro farTod mimarTaven kompleqsur diagnostikur
gamokvlevas. aseTi gamokvlevebi saSualebas gvaZlev-
en ara marto gamovavlinoT ganviTarebadi defeqtebi,
SevafasoT maTi saSiSroebis done, aramed davasabu-
10
ToT kapitaluri remontis saWiroeba, moculoba da
vadebi.
ukanasknel xanebSi farTo gavrceleba hpova el-
eqtroapartebis, rogorc eleqtromowyobilobis Zvi-
radRirebuli da sapasuxismgeblo elementebis diag-
nostikis sxvadasxva meTodebma.
msoflio masStabiT ganuwyvetliv muSavdeba da
praqtikaSi inergeba qvesadgurebis, transformatore-
bis, eleqtro generatorebisa da Zravebis, maRali Zab-
vis amomrTvelebis, sahaero xazebis, Camiwebis winaRo-
bis, kabelebis, kontaqturi SeerTebebis, izolaciis,
sareleo dacvis, marTvis wredebisa da sxvaTa diag-
nostikuri meTodebi.
damuSavebulia Tanamedrove vibrodiagnostikis,
Tbovizoruli kontrolis, qromatografiuli anali-
zis da sxva meTodebi, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlev-
en qselidan gamorTvis gareSe davinaxoT Zalovan
transformatorSi lokaluri gacxelebebi da SeerTe-
bis gardamavali winaRobebi.
ukanasknel xanebSi energetikaSi gamoyeneba hpova
infrawiTeli teqnikis xelsawyoebma, gansakuTrebiT
eleqtromowyobilobisa da misi dengamtari nawileb-
is Tburi mdgomareobis Sefasebisas. infrawiTeli me-
Todi diagnostikis, rogorc aramrRvevi da maRalefeq-
turi saSualeba, aris eleqtromowyobilobis teqni-
kuri eqspluataciis kontrolis saerTo sistemis Ziri-
Tadi Semadgeneli nawili. infrawiTeli diagnostikis
Sedegi, romelic axasiaTebs sakontrolo obieqtis
Tbur mdgomareobas, bevrad aris damokidebuli mis
konstruqciaze, Tbogamomyofi wyaros ganlagebis ker-
11
aze, mis intensivobasa da gare zemoqmedebaze. miRebu-
li Sedegebi unda Sedardes sxva fazebSi an identur
mowyobilobaSi miRebul SedegebTan.
miRebulia, rom zeTiT Sevsebuli elmowyobilo-
bis kompleqsuri diagnostika yovelTvis dawyebuli
unda iqnas zeTis qromatografiuli analiziT, rad-
ganac zeTis gamocda tardeba yvelaze ufro regu-
larulad da saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvalyuri vadevnoT
aseT mowyobilobebSi mimdinare procesebs.
nebismieri obieqtis mdgomareobis Sefaseba eyrd-
noba Sesabamis klasifikaciis da maT Soris gamonak-
lisi arc Zalovani transformatoria, romlisTvisac
SemoTavazebulia amgvari klasifikaciis sxvadasxva
midgomebi. magaliTad TДM (transformatoris diag-
nostikis monitoringi) sistemis daniSnulebaa maRa-
li Zabvis Zalovani transformatorebis uwyveti kon-
troli da teqnikuri mdgomareobis analizi. igi gam-
oiyeneba uwyveti monitoringisa da kontrolis re-
JimSi informaciis registraciisa da SedarebisaTvis.
igi saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaanalizoT transforma-
toris ZiriTadi qvesistemebis parametrebis mdgomar-
eoba da CamovayaliboT transformatoris mdgomare-
obis Sesaxeb kompleqsuri daskvna.
cvladi denis eleqtruli Zravebi eleqtruli
energiis udidesi momxmareblebi arian. ukanaskneli
gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom evropis masStabiT ga-
momuSavebuli energiis 80%-ze meti moixmareba swored
am ti pis eleqtruli Zravebis mier. amasTanave sxva-
dasxva mizeziT gamowveuli avariuloba Seadgens 25%-
ze mets. Zravas mwyobridan gamosvlas mivyavarT did
12
materialur zaralamde, rac dakavSirebulia te-
qnologiuri danadgaris mocdenasa an produqciis
wunTan. zarals damatebiT emateba eleqtro da saxan-
Zro usafrTxoebis moTxovnebis daweva, romelic dakav-
Sirebulia eleqtroZravas statoris an rotoris
gragnilSi momxdar mokled SerTvasTan.
sayovelTaod miRebuli dacvis saSualebebi yovel-
Tvis ver uzrunvelyofen Zravas dacvas. saWiroeba
moiTxovs eleqtroZravas diagnostikas misi muSaobis
procesSi. muSa ZravaSi adreul stadiaze defeqtis
ganviTarebis aRmoCena ara marto amcirebs remontis
xarjebs, aramed axangrZlivebs misi muSaobis vadasac.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi eleqtroZravebis diagnostiki-
saTvis gamoiyeneba vibroakustikuri; moTxovnili
denis speqtraluri analizisa da “xelovnuri neironu-
li qselebis~ safuZvelze agebuli kompleqsuri di-
agnostikis meTodebi. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens
programul-aparaturul kompleqss, romelic Sesdge-
ba kompiuterisagan da cifruli mowyobilobisagan.
cifruli mowyobiloba awarmoebs saWiro gazomvebs
da gadascems maT kompiuters Semdgomi damu-
SavebisaTvis.
elmomaragebis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravT agreTve maRali Zabvis amomrTvelebs, romel-
Ta mtyunebaTa 80% modis meqanikur defeqtebze, ro-
melnic saWiroeben agreTve droul aRmoCenasa da
aRmofxvras. sistemis normaluri muSaobis warmarTvi-
saTvis.
mxedvelobaSi viRebT ra zemoTTqmuls SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom teqnikuri diagnostika es aris samecnie-
13
ro disci plina, romelic ikvlevs elmowyobilobis Tavi I. eleqtruli wredebi da
dazianebis gamovlenis formebs, amuSavebs maTi aR- eleqtroteqnikuri mowyobilobebi
moCenis meTodebs da diagnostikuri sistemebis konst- 1.1. eleqtroteqnikis ZiriTadi cnebebi da
ruirebis princi pebs. ganmartebebi
eleqtromowyobilobis efeqturi diagnostiki-
saTvis aucilebelia gvqondes sakmarisi codna eleq-
troteqnikaSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi, Cven ganvixilavT
eleqtroteqnikis ZiriTad cnebebsa da ganmartebebs,
eleqtrul sqemebSi gamoyenebul ZiriTad aRniSvnebs.
TiToeuli Tavis dasawyisSi moviyvanT sadiagnosti-
ko elmowyobilobis aRweras, moqmedebis princi ps,
eqspluataciisa da momsaxureobis wesebsa da diag-
nostikis Catarebis Tanmimdevrobas.
nebismier samrewvelo mowyobilobaSi sxvadasxva
kvanZebisa da meqanizmebis gadaadgileba xdeba eleqt-
roZravas muSaobis Sedegad. eleqtroZravebi kvebas
iReben eleqtromomaragebis qselidan an warmoebis
sakuTari eleqtrogeneratoridan. moTxovnili Zab-
vis donis misaRebad gamoiyeneba transformatorebi.
eleqtroteqnikur danadgarTa erTobliobas, ro-
melTa daniSnulebaa Seqmnas Sekruli gza eleqtru-
li denisaTvis, eleqtruli wredi ewodeba.
eleqtruli energiis saxeobidan damoukideblad
eleqtruli wredi flobs sam ZiriTad mdgenels: Zab-
va, deni da winaRoba.
Zabva ewodeba or wertils Soris potencialTa
sxvaobas. igi aRiniSneboda U da u asoebiT, amJamad
aRiniSneba V da v asoebiT. Zabva izomeba voltebSi

14 15
(v). gamoiyeneba jeradi erTeulebic: kilovolti (kv)
= 103 volts; milivolti (mv) = 10-3 volts; mikro-
volti (mkv) = 10-6 volts.
deni ewodeba damuxtuli nawilakebis mimarTul
mowesrigebul moZraobas. denis raodenobrivi maxas-
iaTebelia denis Zala. denis Zala es aris gamtaris
ganivkveTSi drois erTeulSi gamavali muxtebis raode-
noba. igi aRiniSneba I an i asoTi da gamoisaxeba
formuliT:
q q
I
an i  , (1.1)
t t
sadac q muxtebis raodenobaa da izomeba kulonebSi
(kl), xolo t aris dro da izomeba wamebSi (wm).
denis Zalis erTeulia amperi (a). praqtikaSi gam-
oiyeneba denis Zalis jeradi erTeulebic: kiloam-
peri (ka) = 103 a; miliamperi (ma) = 10-3 a; mikroamperi
(mka) = 10-6 a.
nebismieri eleqtroteqnikuri mowyobiloba mu-
Saobs cvlad an mudmiv densa da Zabvaze. cvladi deni
(inglisuri aRniSvniT AC ) da Zabva (inglisuri aRniS-
vniT AV ) droSi icvlebian, rogorc sididiT, aseve
mimarTulebiT, xolo mudmivi deni (inglisuri aRniS-
vniT DC ) da Zabva (inglisuri aRniSvniT DV ) droSi
ucvleli sidideebia.
praqtikaSi umetesad gamoyenebulia is cvladi
denebi da Zabvebi, romlebic icvlebian sinusis kano-
niT:
i  I m sin t   i  da v  Vm sin  t  vu  ,
16
sadac i da v denisa da Zabvis myisi mniSvnelobebia
anu maTi mniSvnelobebi drois nebismier momentSi;
I m da Vm denisa da Zabvis maqsimaluri anu ampli-
tuduri mniSvnelobebia;
 t   i  da t  v  maTi fazebia;
 i da  v sawyisi fazebia. isini izomebian gra-
dusebSi an radianebSi da gviCveneben myisi sididis
mniSvnelobas dakvirvebis dawyebis (t=0) momentSi;
 rad 
  2 f - aris kuTxuri sixSire  wm  ;
 
f aris sixSire anu erT wamSi Sesrulebuli rx-
evaTa ricxvi; misi erTeulia herci (hc).
samrewvelo sixSire Cvens qveyanaSi miRebulia 50
hc, xolo amerikasa da iaponiaSi - 60hc. sixSiris Se-
1
brunebul sidides periodi ewodeba T  f . misi er-
Teulia wami [wm]. periodi is umciresi drois Suale-
dia, roca myisi sidideebi iwyeben TavianTi mniSvnelo-
bis ganmeorebas.
garda myisa da amplituduri mniSvnelobisa cv-
ladi denis wredebSi gvaqvs agreTve moqmedi anu efeq-
turi mniSvneloba, romelic amplitudur mniSvnelo-
baze naklebia 2 -jer da denisa da ZabvisaTvis gva-
qvs:
Im Vm
I ;V .
(1.2) 2 2
sazomi xelsawyoebi zomaven moqmed mniSvnelobebs.
17
 mowyobilobas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, mivi-
RoT gamtaris boloebze potencialTa sxvaoba el-
eqtruli energiis wyaro ewodeba. aseT wyaroebad
gvevlineba galvanuri elementebi, akumulatorebi da
generatorebi. aseTi wyaroebi xasiaTdebian eleqtro-
mamoZravebeli ZaliT (emZ).
emZ ewodeba im muSaobas, romelsac asrulebs
eleqtruli energiis wyaro wredSi erTeulovani da-
debiTi muxtis gadasatanad. igi aRiniSneba E an e aso-
Ti da izomeba Zabvis erTeulebSi anu voltebSi.
winaRoba aris gamtaris Tviseba xeli SeuSalos
masSi gamavali Tavisufali eleqtronebis gadaadgi-
lebas. igi aRiniSneba R an r asoebiT. winaRobis
erTeulia omi (om). praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba jeradi
erTeulebic: kiloomi (kom)=103 omi; megaomi (mom)=106
omi.
winaRobis Sebrunebul sidides ewodeba gamtar-
oba. gamtaroba aris nivTierebis Tviseba gaataros
masSi eleqtruli deni. gamtaroba aRiniSneba G an g
 1 
asoTi  G  g   R r  gamtarobis erTeulia simensi [sim].
  
winaRobas cvladi denis wredSi aqtiuri wina-
Roba ewodeba. gamtaris winaRoba damokidebulia im
masalaze, romlisganac is aris damzadebuli. amitom
gamtaris winaRobas axasiaTeben kuTri winaRobiT.
kuTri winaRoba aRiniSneba  asoTi da igi warmoad-
gens 1m sigrZisa da 1mm2 ganivkveTis gamtaris winaR-
omi  mm 2 
obas. kuTri winaRobis erTeulia  
 m 
18
omi m  . misi mniSvnelobebi gamtaris masalis mixed-
viT mocemulia specialur cxrilebSi.
gamtaris winaRoba damokidebulia temper-
aturaze. temperaturis 1 -iT gazrdisas metaluri
gamtaris winaRoba saSualod 0,4%-iT izrdeba, xolo
Semcirebisas igive sididiT mcirdeba.
Zabva, deni da winaRoba eleqtrul wredSi erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebulia omis kanoniT:
V
I
, (1.3)
R
sadac V - Zabvaa; I - denis Zala; R - winaRoba.
winaRobaSi denis gavlis dros joul-lencis kano-
nis Tanaxmad  Q  I Rt 
2
eleqtruli energia gardai-
qmneba siTbur energiad. aseT elementebs rezis-
toruli elementebi ewodebaT, isini grafikulad
aRiniSnebian R(r) an R(r)
garda winaRobisa eleqtrul wredSi gvxvdeba
induqciuri elementi – induqciurobis koWa da teva-
duri elementi – kondensatori.
induqciurobis koWa aris wredis elementi,
romelic agrovebs magnituri velis energias. eleqt-
rul sqemaze igi aRiniSneba L asoTi, xolo grafiku-
lad niSniT. L
misi erTeulia henri [hn]. praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba
misi jeradi erTeulebi: milihenri (mhn)=10-3 hn; mikro-
henri (mkhn)=10-6 hn.
an
19
 induqciurobis koWi xasiaTdeba sixSiris pirda-
pirproporciuli sididiT – induqciurobis reaqtiu-
ri winaRobiT, romelic gamoisaxeba formuliT:
X L   L  2 fL [omi].
garda am winaRobisa induqciurobis koWas gaaCnia
xviebis aqtiuri winaRobac Rk .
kondensatori aris wredis elementi, romelic
agrovebs eleqtruli velis energias. eleqtrul sqema-
ze igi aRiniSneba C asoTi, xolo grafikulad niS-
niT. c
misi erTeulia farada (f). farada Zalian didi
erTeulia da amitom praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba misi jera-
di mcire erTeulebi: mikrofarada (mkf)= 10-6 f; nano-
farada (nf)=10-9 f; pikofarada (pf)=10-12 f.
kondensatori xasiaTdeba sixSiris ukupropor-
ciuli sididiT – tevadobis reaqtiuli winaRobiT,
romelic gamoisaxeba formuliT:
1 1
XC   .
 c 2 fc
Tu wredSi (nax. 1.1) mimdevrobiT CarTulia aqti-
uri ( R ), induqciuri ( X L ) da tevaduri ( X C ) winaR-
R XL XC
nax. 1.1. MmimdevroboT SeerTebuli R, X L , X C
20
V I
I V
I V
a) b) g)
(1.4) nax. 1.2. Zvris kuTxeebi denebsa da Zabvebs SorisM
obebi maSin iangariSeba wredis sruli winaRoba for-
muliT:
2
Z  R2   X L  X C  , (1.6)
a) aqtiur winaRobaSi deni da Zabva faziT erTmaneTs
emTxveva (nax. 1.2. a)
b) induqciurobaSi Zabva uswrebs dens 90 -iT (nax. 1.2. b)
g) tevadobaSi deni uswrebs Zabvas 90 -iT (nax. 1.2. g)
eleqtro da radioteqnikaSi garda gamtari masa-
lebisa gamoyenebulia dieleqtrikebi anu izola-
torebi, es is masalebia (mina, rezina, faifuri, qarsi
da sxva), romelTac ar gaaCniaT Tavisufali eleqtrone-
bi. magram Tu maTze movdebT maRal Zabvas, maSin Sei-
Zleba moxdes dieleqtrikis garRveva da igi gar-
daiqmneba gamtarad. praqtikaSi amis gamo adgili aqvs
(1.5)
kondensatorisa da transformatoris gragnilebs
Soris moTavsebuli izolaciis garRvevas.
eleqtruli denis mier muSaobis Sesrulebis un-
ars energia ewodeba. igi ricxobrivad tolia Zabvis,
denisa da denis dinebis drois namravlisa da gamoi-
saxeba formuliT:
W  VIt. (1.7)
energiis erTeulia [vt.wm.] anu jouli [j]. energi-
is es erTeuli Zalian mcirea da amitom praqtikaSi
wredi gamoiyeneba didi erTeuli kilovat.saaTi [kvt.sT].
21
 1 kvt.sT =1000 vt  3600 wm = 3,6  106 vt  wm = arastabiluroba =
Zabva datvirTvis gareSe - Zabva sruli datvirTvisas
Zabva sruli datvirTvisas
= 3,6  106 jouli.
d a x a r j u l i e l e n e r g i i s r ao d e n o b a g an i -
drois erTeulSi moxmarebul energias simZlavre
sazRvreba 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi moxmarebuli simZ-
ewodeba da mudmivi denis SemTxvevaSi gamoisaxeba
lavriT. am raodenobas gansazRvraven kilovatsaaTiT
formuliT:
[kvt.sT.].
W VIt arsebobs eleqtruli wredebis SeerTebis sami saxe:
P   VI . (1.8)
t t mimdevrobiTi, paraleluri da Sereuli.
am simZlavris erTeulia vati [vt]. vati mcire er- mimdevrobiTi SeerTebis dros (nax. 1.3) erTi
Teulia da amitom praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba didi er- elementis bolo uerTdeba meoris sawyiss, meoris
Teulebi: bolo mesamis sawyiss da a.S. aseTi SeerTebisas yvela
kilovati [kvt] = 103 vt ; megavati [mvt] = 106 vt. elementSi gadis erTi da igive deni, xolo Zabvebi
formula (1.8) samarTliania agreTve cvladi de- damokidebulia am elementebis winaRobebze.
nis im wredebisaTvis, romlebic Seicaven mxolod rez-
V  V1  V2  V3    Vn  I  R1  R2  R3    Rn   I  R , (1.10)
istorul elementebs.
zogad SemTxvevaSi simZlavre ar warmoadgens I
R1 R2 R3 Rn
ubralod Zabvisa da denis namravls. cvladi denis
wredSi gvaqvs Semdegi saxis simZlavreebi: V V1 V2 V3 Vn
sruli simZlavre - S  VI [voltamperi (va)];
aqtiuri simZlavre - P  VI cos  [vati (vt)]; nax.1.3. mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli wredi
reaqtiuli simZlavre - Q  VI sin  [voltamperreaq-
tiuli (var)]. sadac R  R1  R2  R3    Rn . (1.11)
simZlavris koeficienti warmoadgens aqtiuri paraleluri SeerTebis dros (nax. 1.4) element-
simZlavris fardobas srul simZlavresTan ebis sawyisebi erT kvanZad aris Sekruli, xolo bo-
P P loebi – meore kvanZad. am dros yvela elementze
K p  cos  
 . (1.9) moqmedebs erTi da igive Zabva, xolo denebi damokide-
S VI
misi maqsimaluri mniSvneloba 1-is tolia. bulia am elementTa winaRobebze.
gamosavali Zabvis arastabiluroba datvirTvis V V V V V
I  I1  I 2  I 3    I n      , (1.12)
denis mixedviT R1 R2 R3 Rn R

22 23
 I samfaza sistemaSi fazebis sawyisebi aRiniSneba A,
I1 I2 I3 In B, C asoebiT, xolo boloebi Sesabamisad _ X, Y, Z –iT.
Rn gam anawilebel mowyobilobebSi A fazis
V R1 R2 R3
salte SeRebilia yviTeli, B fazis _ mwvane, C
fazis _ wiTeli feriT.
eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalebisa da Zabvebis siste-
nax. 1.4. paralelurad SeerTebuli wredi
ma Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:

1 1 1 1 1 eA  Em sin  t v A  Vm sin t

sadac R  R  R  R    R (1.13)  
1 2 3 n eB  Em sin  t  120  an vB  Vm sin  t  120  (1.17)
 
anu G  G1  G2  G3 . (1.14) eC  Em sin t  120  vC  Vm sin  t  120 
Sereuli SeerTebis dros (nax. 1.5) gvaqvs rogorc
samfaza wredebis SemTxvevaSi arsebobs SeerTebis
mimdevrobiTi, aseve paraleluri SeerTeba.
ori saxe: varskvlavad da samkuTxedad.
Sereuli SeerTebis dros wredis saerTo winaRoba
varskvlava SeerTeba naCvenebia nax. 1.6-ze.
R2  R3 varskvlavad SeerTebis dros xazuri da fazuri
R  R1  R23  R1  , (1.15)
R2  R3 denebi tolia Ix  If . xolo xazuri Zabva 3 -jer me-
V V V tia fazur Zabvaze.
I1  ; V1  I1  R1 ; V23  I1  R23 ; I 2  23 ; I 3  23 . (1.16)
R R2 R3
A IA A
iseT eleqtrul wreds, romelSic moqmedebs erTi da
igive amplitudisa da sixSiris da erTmaneTisagan sivrce- VA
RA
Si 120 -iT daZruli emZ-ebi, samfaza wredi ewodeba. EA VAB
I0 VCA
0 0
R1 EC
I1 EB
I2 I3 VC RB

V R2 R3
B RC VB
generatori VBC B
C C
IC IB mimRebi
nax. 1.5. Sereulad SeerTebuli wredi nax. 1.6. varsklavad SeerTebuli samfaza wredi

24 25
 Vx  3Vf fazuri Zabvebia VA ,VB ,VC , xolo xazuri P  3Vf If cosf  3Vx Ix cosx ,
Zabvebia VAB ,VBC ,VCA . Q  3Vf If sin f  3Vx Ix cos x ,
samkuTxedad SeerTeba naCvenebia nax. 1.7-ze.
S  P2  Q 2 .
samkuTxedad SeerTebis dros xazuri da fazuri
Zabvebi erTmaneTis tolia: Vx  Vf ; xolo xazuri deni nax. 1.6-ze mocemuli SeerTebas pirobiTad aRniS-
naven - iT, xolo nax. 1.7-ze mocemuls .
3 -jer metia fazur denze. Ix  3If xazuri denebia
garda amisa arsebobs Semdegi saxis SeerTebebi: var-
I A , I B , I C ; fazuri denebia: I AB , I BC , I CA . skvlavi – samkuTxedze ( ), samkuTxedi – varskv-
samfaza wredSi aqtiuri, reaqtiuli da sruli
simZlavreebi tolia: lavze ( ) .

P  VA I A cos A  VB I B cos  B  VC I C cos C ,

Q  VA I A sin  A  VB I B sin  B  VC I C sin C , 1.2. mowyobilobebisa da danadgarebis
gamosaxvis ZiriTadi saSualebani. eleqtruli
S  P2  Q 2 . sqema. eleqtruli sqemis ti pebi da saxeebi
Tu datvirTva simetriulia anu yvela fazis mowyobilobebisa da danadgarebis sxvadasxva wre-
datvirTva erTnairia, maSin: debis gamosaxvis saSualebad, agreTve maTi montaJisa
da eqspluataciis gasacnobad gamoiyeneba special-
uri naxazebi – sqemebi. mowyobilobaSi Semavali el-
A IA A ementebis saxeebis mixedviT arsebobs kinematikuri,
hidravlikuri, pnevmaturi, eleqtruli da sxva saxis
ECA EAB VAB
VCA sqemebi. arsebobs agreTve kombinirebuli sqemebi, rom-
RCA RAB lebic Sedgebian sxvadasxva saxis elementebisagan.
C RBC IAB magaliTad eleqtrohidravlikuri sqemebi Seicaven
ICA
B B
C IBC rogorc eleqtrul, aseve hidravlikur elementebs.
EBC eleqtruli sqema ewodeba eleqtruli wredis
VBC
IB pirobiT grafikul gamosaxulebas. Tavisi daniSnuleb-
IC mimRebi
generatori is mixedviT eleqtruli sqemebi iyofa Semdeg saxee-

nax. 1.7. samkuTxedad SeerTebuli samfaza wredi

26 27
bad: struqturuli, funqcionaluri, princi puli,
SeerTebebis, CarTvebis, saerTo da ganlagebis.
struqturuli sqema gviCvenebs mowyobilobis
ZiriTad funqcionalur nawilebs, maT daniSnulebas
da maT Soris urTierTkavSirs. aseTi sqemebi Ziri-
Tadad sruldeba sxva ti pis sqemebis winaswari da-
muSavebis stadiaze da gamoiyeneba mowyobilobis gasac-
nobad.
funqcionaluri sqemebi gviCveneben mowyobilo-
bis an danadgaris wredebSi mimdinare calkeul pro-
cesebs da gamoiyeneba maTi moqmedebis zogadi prin-
ci pis Sesaswavlad.
princi puli sqemebi warmoadgenen sakonstruq-
toro dokumentaciis damuSavebis safuZvels. aseT
sqemebSi mocemulia yvela elementi da maT Soris
kavSiri. isini iZlevian mowyobilobis moqmedebis
princi pze detalur warmodgenas.
SeerTebis sqemebi gviCveneben mowyobilobis
elementebs Soris kavSirs. am kavSiris ganxorcielebis
saSualebebs (sadenebi, CaliCebi, (“?aoo ”) milsadenebi
da sxva), agreTve SeerTebebisa da Semyvanebis adgilebs.
es sqemebi gamoiyeneba sakonstruqtoro dokumentaci-
is damuSavebis dros, gansakuTrebiT sakonstruqtoro
naxazebis damuSavebisas, romlebic gansazRvraven
sadenebis, CaliCebis, kabelebis, milsadenebis, aparate-
bisa da sxvaTa ganlagebisa da damagrebis sakiTxebs.
CarTvis sqemebi gviCveneben mowyobilobis gare
CarTvis adgilebs.
28
saerTo sqemebi gviCveneben kompleqsebis Semad-
genel nawilebs da eqspluataciis adgilze maT Soris
SeerTebebs.
ganlagebis sqemebi gviCveneben mowyobilobaTa
Semadgeneli nawilebis ganlagebas.
sqemebi SeiZleba iyos SeTavsebuli. magaliTad,
SeerTebis sqemaze SeiZleba naCvenebi iyos mowyobi-
lobis gare CarTva; struqturuli sqema SeiZleba
SeTavsebuli iyos funqcionalur sqemasTan da a.S.
rogorc cnobilia, eleqtroenergiis miRebis,
gardaqmnis, gadacemis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis pro-
cesebi xdeba eleqtromowyobilobisa da eleqtrodan-
adgarebis eleqtrul wredebSi. amitom eleqtromow-
yobilobisa da danadgarebis gamosaxvis ZiriTad sa-
Sualebad gamoiyeneba iseTi sqemebi, romlebic saSu-
alebas gvaZlevs gavigoT eleqtrodanadgaris yvela
elementebs Soris urTierTqmedeba. aseT sqemebs war-
moadgenen princi puli eleqtruli sqemebi.
1.3. eleqtrul sqemebSi gamoyenebuli
pirobiTi grafikuli aRniSvnebi
nebismieri eleqtruli sqema warmoadgens eleqtru-
li sistemis an wredis models, romelic saSualebas
aZlevs adamians swrafad gaerkves sqemis struqtura-
Si, rac metad mniSvnelovania diagnostikis Catarebis
dros.
aTasobiT adamiani adgens eleqtrodanadgaris
sqemebs, xolo milionobiT adamiani muSaobs am sqemebze.
amitom sqemebi Sedgenili unda iqnas kargad cnobili
pirobiTi aRniSvnebiT; sxvagvarad adamianebi erTma-
29
neTs ver gaugeben, ver waikiTxaven sqemebs an waikiTx-
aven SecdomiT, rac migviyvans araswor moqmedebamde.
amitom pirobiTi aRniSvnebi da eleqtruli sqeme-
bis Sesrulebis wesebi ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo
standartebiT.
eleqtrul sqemaze yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli
zogierTi aRniSvnebi mocemulia danarTSi 1.
1.4. Zalovani da marTvis wredebi
eleqtruli wredebi Cveulebriv iyofian Zalo-
van da marTvis wredebad. Zalovani wredi Seicavs
mTavar Zalovan mowyobilobebs (transformatorebi,
eleqtruli Zravebi, generatorebi da sxva) mZlavri
gamtarebiT, kontaqtorebiTa da mcvelebiT.
Zalovani wredebi gadascemen did simZlavreebs
mZlavr eleqtromowyobilobebs. isini izolatoreb-
is, amomrTvelebisa da denmkveTebis daxmarebiT gan-
amxoloeben; kontaqtorebis, gadamrTvelebis da sxva-
Ta daxmarebiT marTaven, xolo gadatvirTvis Tburi
releebis, eleqtromagnituri releebis, avtomaturi
amomrTvelebis, gadasaxsnelebis mcvelebisa da sxva-
Ta daxmarebiT gadatvirTvisa da mokled SerTvisagan
icaven eleqtrul wredebs.
marTvis wredebi emsaxurebian mowyobilobisa
da damcavi blokirebis marTvas; adgenen mowyobilo-
bisa an manqanis operaciis Sesrulebis Tanmimdevrobas.
marTvis wredebi Sesdgebian gadamrTvelebis, mom-
Werebis sxvadasxva daniSnulebis releebis, maTi kon-
taqtebis, koWebis, mricxvelebisa da SemaerTebeli
sadenebisagan. isini warmoadgenen Sesaval kontaqtebs,
30
romlebic asaxaven sxvadasxva mdgomareobas. am mdgo-
mareobidan gamomdinare gamosaval gragnilebze
miewodeba an ar miewodeba kveba.
Sesavali kontaqtebi asaxaven or mdgomareobas
“CarTulia~ an “gamorTulia~. amis gamo arsebobs ori
ti pis kontaqtebi: normalurad Caketili (n.C) da nor-
maluri Ria (n.R) kontaqtebi.
Sesavali kontaqtebia: releebis, kontaqtorebis,
taimerebis, mricxvelebis, magnituri da Rilakiani
gadamrTvelebis, saboloo amomrTvelebis da sxvaTa
kontaqtebi.
gamosavali gragnilebi SeiZleba imyofebodnen or
mdgomareobaSi – CarTul an gamorTulSi. gamosaval
gragnilebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT mTavar an damate-
biT kontaqtors.
1.5. princi puli eleqtruli sqema
princi puli eleqtruli sqema es aris gaSlili
saxiT Sesrulebuli eleqtruli SeerTebebis sqema.
igi warmoadgens sawarmoo meqanizmebis eleqtromow-
yobilobis proeqtis ZiriTad sqemas da gvaZlevs zogad
warmodgenas mocemuli meqanizmis eleqtromowyobi-
lobis Sesaxeb; asaxavs meqanizmis avtomaturi mar-
Tvis sistemis muSaobas da gamoiyeneba SeerTebebisa
da CarTvis sqemebis Sedgenis, konstruqciuli kvanZe-
bis daproeqtebisa da elementebis CamonaTvalis ga-
formebis wyarod.
Tavisi daniSnulebis mixedviT princi puli sqeme-
bi iyofa: marTvis, teqnologiuri kontrolisa da
31
signalizaciis, avtomaturi regulirebisa da kvebis
sqemebad.
princi puli sqemis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa sakma-
risi sizustiTa da TvalsaCinoebiT asaxos urTierT-
kavSiri avtomatizaciis sistemebis funqcionalur
kvanZebSi Semaval xelsawyoebs, avtomatizaciis saSua-
lebebsa da damxmare aparaturas Soris maTi muSao-
bisa da moqmedebis princi pis Tanmimdevrobis mxed-
velobaSi miRebiT.
princi puli sqemis mixedviT xorcieldeba eleqt-
romowyobilobis montaJisa da gawyobis dros eleqt-
ruli SeerTebis sisworis Semowmeba. am sqemebis da-
muSavebis xarisxzea damokidebuli sawarmoo meqanizme-
bis muSaobis mkafiooba, misi mwarmoebloba da eqs-
pluataciaSi saimedooba.
princi puli sqemebi warmoadgenen proeqtis da-
muSavebis sxva dokumentebis, samontaJo sqemebisa da
pultebisa da farebis cxrilebis, gareSe sadenebis
SeerTebis sqemebis da sxvaTa safuZvels.
zogadad princi puli sqema Seicavs:
1) avtomatizaciis sistemis ama Tu im funqciona-
luri kvanZis moqmedebis princi pis pirobiT gamosax-
vas;
2) ganmartebiT warwerebs;
3) mocemuli sqemis calkeuli elementebis (xel-
sawyoebis, eleqtruli aparatebis) nawilebs, romlebic
gamoyenebulia sxva sqemaSi, agreTve sxva sqemebis mow-
yobilobebis elementebs.
4) mravalpoziciani mowyobilobebis kontaqtebis
gadarTvis diagramas.
32
5) mocemul sqemaSi gamoyenebuli xelsawyoebisa
da aparaturis CamonaTvals.
6) im CamonaTvals, romelic ekuTvnis mocemul
sqemas, Tavisi ganmartebebiTa da SeniSvnebiT.
1.6. eleqtruli sqemebis wakiTxva
eleqtruli sqemis wakiTxva niSnavs, rom misgan mivi-
RoT is maqsimaluri informacia, romelic saWiroa
gansazRvruli samuSaos Sesasruleblad. saangariSo
sqemebis wakiTxvisas miviRoT monacemebi Canacvlebis
sqemis SedgenisaTvis. Canacvlebis sqemis wakiTxviT
ganisazRvreba is sidideebi, romlebic unda Caisvas
gaangariSebis saboloo Sedegis misaReb formulebSi.
princi puli sqemebis dazepirebis mcdeloba usar-
geblo mecadineobaa da imisaTvis, rom wavikiTxoT
sqema saWiroa raRac sakiTxebis damaxsovreba, iseve
rogorc unda gvaxsovdes gamravlebis tabula an Semok-
lebuli gamravlebis formulebi.
1. unda gvaxsovdes yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli
pirobiTi aRniSvnebi; magaliTad, gragnilebis, kontaqte-
bis, transformatorebis, Zravebis, gammarTvelebis, na-
Turebis da a.S.
2. unda gvaxsovdes profesiidan gamomdinare xSi-
rad gamoyenebuli pirobiTi aRniSvnebi.
3. yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli eleqtrodanad-
garebis kvanZebis, Zravas, gammarTvelis, ganaTebis qse-
lis da sxvaTa sqemebi.
4. unda vicodeT mimdevrobiT da paralelurad
CarTuli kontaqtebis, gragnilebis, winaRobebis, in-
duqciurobebisa da tevadobebis Tvisebebi.
33
 5. yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis unda
vflobdeT elteqnikis Sesabamis codnas da agreTve
unda vicodeT sqemis wakiTxvis Tanmimdevroba.
6. sqemis wakiTxvis procesSi unda SevamowmoT ga-
keTebuli varaudis siswore.
eleqtruli sqemebis wakiTxvis Tanmimdevroba ase-
Tia:
1. eleqtruli sqemebis wakiTxvisas yovelTvis
iwyeben misi da CamonaTvali elementebis zogadi gac-
nobiT. pouloben sqemaze TiToeul elements, ecnobi-
an yvela SeniSvnasa da ganmartebas;
2. gansazRvraven eleqtruli Zravebis, magnituri
gamSvebis gragnilebis, releebis, eleqtromagnitebis,
xelsawyoTa kompleqtebis, regulatorebisa da sxvaTa
kvebis sistemebs. amisaTvis sqemaze pouloben yvela
kvebis wyaros, gamoavlenen TiToeuli maTganisaTvis
denis saxeobas, nominalur Zabvas, fazirebas cvladi
denis wredebSi da polarobas mudmivi denis wredeb-
Si da miRebul Sedegebs Seapirebireben gamoyenebu-
li aparaturis nominalur monacemebTan.
sqemis mixedviT gamoavlenen saerTo sakomunika-
cio aparatebs, agreTve dacvis aparatebs: avtomatur
amomrTvelebs, mcvelebs, maqsimaluri denisa da mini-
maluri Zabvis releebs da sxva. warwerebis, cxrileb-
is an SeniSvnebis mixedviT gansazRvraven aparatebis
dayenebas da afaseben TiToeuli maTganis dacvis zonas.
3. swavloben TiToeuli eleqtromimRebis: eleqt-
roZravas, magnituri amamuSavebels. gragnilis, reles,
xelsawyos da sxva yvela SesaZlo wreds. sqemaSi
eleqtromimRebebis didi raodenobaa da sul erTi
34
ar aris saidan daviwyoT sqemis wakiTxva. es gan-
isazRvreba dasmuli amocanis mixedviT. Tu sqemis
mixedviT unda ganisazRvros elmimRebis muSaobis
pirobebi, maSin wakiTxvas iwyeben ZiriTadi eleqtro-
mimRebidan da Semdegi eleqtromimRebi TviTon gamoCn-
deba.
magaliTad, eleqtroZravas gaSvebisaTvis unda Cavr-
ToT magnituri amamuSavebeli. saTanadod Zravas Sem-
degi elmimRebi unda iyos magnituri amamuSavebelis
gragnili. Tu wredi Seicavs saSualedo reles kon-
taqts, maSin unda ganvixiloT misi gragnilis wredi
da a.S. magram SeiZleba iyos meore amocana: wredis
raRac elementi magaliTad, sasignalo naTura ar ain-
To, maSin pirveli elmimRebi iqneba swored igi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu sqemis wakiTxvisas ar
gagvaCnia gansazRvruli mizanmimarTuleba, maSin Sei-
Zleba ise davxarjoT bevri dro, rom veraferic ver
gadavwyvitoT.
amgvarad, vswavlobT ra arCeul elmimRebs, unda
mivyveT mis yvela wreds polusidan polusamde
(fazidan fazamde an fazidan nulamde kvebis sistemi-
dan gamomdinare). am dros pirvel rigSi unda gam-
ovavlinoT wredSi Semavali yvela kontaqti, diodi,
rezistori da sxva elementebi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom ar SeiZleba erTdroulad
ganxilul iqnes ramdenime wredi. saWiroa pirvelad
SeviswavloT magaliTad, “win~ magnituri amamuSavebe-
lis gragnilis CarTvis wredi adgilobrivi marTvis
dros. davadginoT am SemTxvevaSi ra mdgomareobaSi
unda iyos am wredSi Semavali elementebi (reJimebis
35
gadamrTveli unda iyos mdgomareobaSi ~adgilobrivi
marTva”, xolo magnituriA amamuSavebeli ~ukan”_ gam-
orTuli). imisaTvis, rom CavrToT magnituriamamuSave-
beli (davaWiroT TiTi Rilaks ~win”) da a.S. amis
Semdeg azrobrivad gamovrToT magnituri amamuSave-
beli ~win” da isev azrobrivad gadaviyvanoT reJime-
bis gadamrTveli mdgomareobaSi ~avtomaturi marTva”
da SeviswavloT Semdegi wredi.
eleqtruli sqemis TiToeuli wredis gacnobas
aqvs mizani:
1. ganvsazRvroT moqmedebis piroba, romelsac
akmayofilebs sqema;
2. gamovavlinoT Secdomebi: magaliTad, wredSi
mimdevrobiT SeiZleba SeerTebuli iqnes kontaqtebi,
romlebic erTdroulad arasdros ar iqneba CarTuli;
3. ganvsazRvroT mtyunebis yvela mizezi;
4. davadginoT wredis elementebi, romlebSic
SeiZleba darRveuli iqnas droiTi damokidebuleba
araswori regulirebis an damproeqteblis mier eqs-
pluataciis pirobebis araswori SefasebiT. risi ti-
piuri magaliTia Zalian mcire an Zalian didi xangr-
Zlivobis impulsebi;
5. gamovavlinoT aparatebi, romelTac SeiZleba
mieces araswori dayeneba; amis ti piuri magaliTia
denuri reles araswori dayeneba marTvis wredSi;
6. gamovavlinoT yovelgvari cru wredi, rogorc
normalur aseve gardamaval reJimebSi. magaliTad,
kondesatorebis gadamuxtva. cru wredebi SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes mkvebavi Zabvis miwodebis rigiTobis
36
darRvevis dros, rac gviCvenebs proeqtirebis dabal
xarisxs;
7. SevafasoT sqemis TiToeul wertilSi izolaci-
is darRvevis gamo mosalodneli Sedegi;
8. davadginoT sqemis moqmedeba kvebis nawilo-
brivi gamorTvis dros.
sqemis analizis dros did daxmarebas gviweven
urTierTmoqmedebis droiTi diagramebi, romlebic
asaxaven sqemis muSaobis dinamikas.
1.7. sadenebisa da klemebis numeracia
nebismieri marTvis eleqtrul sistemaSi aris sa-
denebi, romliTac erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia sxvadasxva
elementebi. saWiroa. rom es elementebi erTmaneTTan
SeerTebuli iqnas Sesabamisi sadenebiTa da swori
polarobiT. darwmunebuli rom viyoT sadenebis CarT-
vis sisworeSi, elementebsa da maT klemebs eniWebaT
e.w. unikaluri nomrebi. aseTi praqtika gamoyenebulia
damuSavebis, montaJisa da momsaxureobis dros. es nu-
meracia gvexmareba agreTve dignostikis procesSi
elementebis, sadenebisa da klemebis identifikciaSi.
klemebi emsaxureba sadenebis SeerTebas eleqtrul
panelSi. isini Cveulebriv gaerTianebulia jgufSi,
e.w. “klemis kalapotSi~. isini jgufdebian an funq-
cionaluri daniSnulebis an mowyobilobis raime kuT-
vnilebis mixedviT. TiToeuli klemis kalapots mini-
Webuli aqvs Tavisi unikaluri nomeri. Cveulebriv
klemis erTi mxare emsaxureba Siga elementebis CarT-
vas, xolo meore mxare – gare elementebis CarTvas.
37
 eleqtrul panelebSi gamoiyeneba sadenebi da JB1-1-0001-LS1

1 0000-TB1-1 1 TB1-1-JB1-1-0000 1 LS1

mravalZarRva kabelis ZarRvebi. sadenebi da ZarRvebi
0000-TB1-2 TB1-1-JB1-1-0001
CarTulia mowyobilobis klemebTan da klemis kal- 2 2 2
JB1-2-0001-LS2
apotebTan. yvela isini danomrilia. amisaTvis sadenebi 3 3
.
.
.

markirebulia asoebiTa da cifrebiT. 4 4 +24 B DC

+
sadenebis numeracia unda Seicavdes:
- kabelis nomers;
5 24 B DC
{ _

6 JB1
- sadenis an mravalZarRva kabelis ZarRvis nomers;
7
- klemis kalapotis nomers;
8
- klemis nomers, romelzec unda CairTos sadeni.
TB-1
radganac sadeni irTveba ori mxariT, amitom Zalian
nax. 1.10. sadenebis numeracia programul-logikuri
moxerxebulia gamoviyenoT sadenebis numeraciis jvare-
kontroleris (plk) panelze damatebiTi elemente-
dini meTodi. sadenis an kabelis ZarRvis jvaredini biT plk misamarTebis saxiT

sadeni 1 mm
2
2
nomeri Seicavs informacias imaze, Tu sad aris CarTuli
3CX1,5 mm
meore bolo. agreTve SeiZleba Seicavdes iseT in-
0000-TB1-1 TB1-C12-1-JB2-1 1
0000 1 1 1 formacias, rogoricaa “panelis nomeri~, “klemis kal-
2
2 apotis nomeri~ da “klemis nomeri~.
0001 2 2 2
nax. 1.9-ze naCvenebia sadenebisa da klemebis ti pi-
3 3
0002 3 3 3 uri jvaredini numeracia. SeiZleba praqtikaSi gamoy-
TB1-C12-3-JB2-3 JB2-C12-3-TB1-3
0003-TB1-4 enebuli iqnas mravalricxovani wesebi da meTodebi.
0003 4 4 4
jvaredini numeracia warmoadgens kabelebis Cade-
5 bisa da CarTvis, “garekvisa~ da diagnostikis dros
gamoyenebul erT-erT meTods.
6
rogorc nax. 1.9-zea naCvenebi C12 kabelis ZarRv-
7 isTvis TB1 da JB 2 klemebis kalapotebs Soris gamoy-
8
enebulia jvaredini markireba. TB1 klemebis kal-
apotze markireba. gviCvenebs, Tu sad aris CarTuli
TB-1
kabelis ZarRvis meore bolo.
nax.1.9. sadenebis jvaredini numeracia da klemebis
numeracia

38 39
 magaliTad, nax. 1.10-ze naCveneb sqemaze plk-s pan-
elze sadenebis jvaredin markirebas emateba kidev
erTi samisamarTo informacia. misamarTi sadenis
markirebaSi kabelis, ZarRvisa da klemis nomerTan
erTad Zalian sasargebloa diagnostikis dros.
nax. 1.10-ze naCvenebi jvaredini markireba gamoyene-
bulia savele xelsawyoebisa da klemebis kalapoteb-
is SesaerTeblad; agreTve klemaTa Soris SeerTebi-
saTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom markirebis aseT saxes
mivyavarT grZel nomrebTan, mainc praqtikaSi aseTi
markireba Zalian gamarTlebulia.
1.8. raze unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba
sqemebis wakiTxvisas
1. elementebis aRniSvna sqemaze gviCvenebs mis ga-
morTul mdgomareobas, anu roca eleqtruli kveba ar
miewodeba. es SeiZleba iyos taimeris an reles nor-
malurad Ria (nR) an normalurad Caketili (nC) kon-
taqtebi. garda amisa amomrTvelebi da kontaqtorebi
momaragebulia damatebiTi nR da nC kontaqtebiT, raTa
asaxos mowyobilobis mdgomareoba sasignalo da mab-
lokirebel wredebSi.
2. eleqtrul sqemas gaaCnia furclis nomeri, xolo
TiToeuli furceli iyofa 1, 2, 3, 4.... da a.S. striqone-
bad da A, B, C, D ... da a.S. svetebad. aseTi matriculi
saxe gvexmareba swrafad movZebnoT furcelze gan-
sazRvruli elementi an kontaqti. amgvari wesi gam-
oiyeneba kontaqtebis jvaredini aRniSvnisaTvis.
3. gragnilisa da misi kontaqtis erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebis mizniT pirobiTi aRniSvnis gverdiT iw-
40
ereba asoebi da cifrebi. magaliTad: K1, K2 an C1, C2.
kontaqtoris kontaqtebi aRiniSneba igive asoebiT,
rogorc TviT kontaqtoris gragnili.
4. erTi da igive reles sxvadasxva kontaqtebi
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes sxvadasxva wredebSi.
gaugebrobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT TiToeul kon-
taqts aqvs jvaredini nomeri, romelic gviCvenebs
furclisa da mis matricul nomers.
5. msxvili xazebi gviCvenebs mZlavri denebis
sadenebs (kvebis xazebi, eleqtroZravas gamomyvanebi
da sxva), xolo wvrili xazebi gamosaxaven susti denebis
sadenebs (marTvis wredebi).
6. marTvis wredebSi kvebis xazebi aRiniSneba L1
da L2 asoebiT; datvirTva (reles gragnili) mimdevro-
biT CairTveba gadamrTvelTan, mcvelebTan da a.S.
7. erTmaneTis gadamkveT sadenebs ara aqvs erTma-
neTs Soris eleqtruli kontaqti Tu gadakveTis adg-
ilas ar aris wertili da piriqiT, Tu arsebobs
wertili, maSin gvaqvs gadamkveT gamtarebs Soris
eleqtruli kontaqti.
8. eleqtrul sqemaze wyvetili xazi gviCvenebs
meqanikur SeerTebas. umTavresad es miekuTvneba Rilake-
bs an gadamrTvelebs. zogjer aseTi xazebi gviCveneben
or an met elements Soris meqanikur urTierTkav-
Sirs; magaliTad, kontaqtorebsa da amomrTvelebs
Soris.
9. punqtiri xaziT aRiniSneba agreTve xelsawyo-
Ta gare korpusebi.
41
 10. SeerTebis eleqtruli sqema gviCvenebs sxvadasxva L1
L2

elementebis fizikur ganlagebasa da maT Soris L3

mcveli
eleqtrul kavSirs. 9F9

11. sadenebi eleqtrul sqemaze markirebulia iri- C1 C1

9F2
bi xazebiT da gverdiT naCvenebia maTi zomebi. L 9F1 9F3

4-5,4 A
qvemoT yvelaferi es ganmartebulia ramdenime marTvis salte
0/L
9F4

eleqtruli sqemis magaliTiT. gadatvirTvis

U V W rele
9F5

1.9. sqemebis wakiTxvis magaliTebi

elZrava
magaliTi 1. nax. 1.11-ze naCvenebia eleqtroZravas M avtomat.
9F6
9F7
xeliT

Zalovani wredi. naxazidan Cans, rom samfaza wredi X3.1

(L1, L2, L3) eleqtroZravasTan CarTulia kontaqtoris X3.2

gavliT. eleqtroZravas kveba miewodeba mxolod kon- 835

9F16

taqtoris kontaqtebis (1-2, 3-4, 5-6) Caketvis dros. elZra- sdeq

vas muSaobis dros avariuli situaciebis Tavidan 836

9F8

acilebis mizniT elZra- L1 C1

vas mimdevrobiT Car- L2 gaSveba

L3 1 3 5 gaCere-
kontaqtori
Tulia dacvis mowyobi- 9F9
bulia
2 4 6
lobebi, rogorebicaa N/L
C1

CarTulia
n1 n2
mcveli
mcvelebi da gadatvir- 5
0
9F0 9F2

1 3 marTvis
gadatvirTvis
Tvis rele. reles
salte
X3:3 9F12 9F13
X3:4

magaliTi 2. nax. 1.12- 2 4 kontaqti

9F14 9F15
X3:5 X3:6
ze warmodgenilia sam- gadatvirTvis
rele
faza eleqtroZravas mag- 80
9F10 9F11
191
6
nituri gamSvebiT pirda- T1 T2 T3
9F8 9F9
X2:3 X3:4
piri gaSvebis Zalovani
(nax.1.12-a) da marTvis eleqtroZrava
(nax.1.12-b) wredebis ti p-
M a) b)
nax. 1.12. samfaza eleqtruli Zravas magnituri
iuri eleqtruli sqema. nax.1.11. eleqtroZravas gamSvebiT pirdapiri gaSvebis Zalovani da marTvis
Zalovani wredis sqema wredebis ti piuri eleqtruli sqema

42 43
 Zalovani wredi iwyeba samfaza kvebis (L1,L2,L3) oloo amomrTvelebi). eleqtroZravas gaCereba swar-
qselidan mcvelebis nakrebTan erTad. Semdeg CarTu- moebs “sdeq~ Rilakze xelis daWeriT. am Rilakis nC
lia Zalovani kontaqtoris kontaqtebi. kontaqtoris kontaqtebi gaiTiSeba da eleqtrokveba Seuwydeba kon-
gamosaval klemebTan CarTulia gadatvirTvis rele taqtoris — gragnils, rac Tavis mxriv gaTiSavs Tavis
da bolos reles gamosasvlelze CarTulia eleqt- Zalovan kontaqtebs da elenergiis miwodebas Seuwyvi-
roZravas gamomyvanebi. tavs eleqtroZravas da Zrava gaCerdeba.
eleqtroZravas marTvis wredi muSaobs 110v sidi- marTvis wredis saerTo wertili CarTulia nei-
dis erTfaza cvladi deniT. kvebis wyaros faza CarTu- traluri (nulovani) xazis N/L klemasTan. eleqt-
lia gadatvirTvis reles nC kontaqtebTan. ( 0 L ) am roZravas CarTvis indikaciisaTvis kontaqtors parale-
reledan sadeni midis “avtomaturi/xeliT~ reJimebis lurad CarTulia sasignalo naTura n1, romelic ain-
gadamrTvelTan. Teba kontaqtoris CarTvis dros.
avtomatur reJimSi eleqtroZrava iRebs “gaSveba/ eleqtroZravas gaCerebis indikacias ukeTebs n2
gaCerebis~ brZanebas reles e.w. “mSrali~ (anu galva- naTura, romelic CarTulia gadatvirTvis reles nor-
nurad ganmxoloebuli) kontaqtebis gavliT (835-836 malurad Ria kontaqtebTan. es kontaqtebi Caiketeba
klemebi).
rele imarTeba programul-logikuri kontrol-
eris (plk) gamosasvleliT (romelic naxazze naCvene-
bi ar aris), xeliT marTvis reJimSi eleqtroZravas
gaSveba xdeba “gaSveba~ Rilakis daxmarebiT. am Rilakze
xelis daWeriT marTvis wredi CairTveba da amuSavde-
ba C1 kontaqtoris gragnili. ris Sedegad Caiketeba
am kontaqtoris ‘mSrali~ C1 nR kontaqtebi da Rilakze
xelis aSvebis Semdeg kveba miewodeba C1 gragnils.
CarTuli kontaqtoris dros eleqtroZravas kvebis
wredi CarTulia da is imuSavebs manam, sanam C1 kon-
taqtori ar gamoirTveba da ar gaTiSavs wreds.
xeliT marTvis reJimSi muSaobis dros X3.1 da X3.2
klemebs Soris SeiZleba CarTuli iqnes eleqtroZravas
blokirebis sxvadasxva mowyobilobebi (magaliTad, sab-
nax. 1.13. elmomaragebis radialuri sqema

44 45
Zravas gadatvirTvis dros da naTura anTia manam san-
am gadatvirTvis rele ar Camoiyreba.
X3:3 - X3:4; X3:5 - X3:6; 80-191 da X2:3 - X2:4 klemebis
wyvilebTan CarTulia C1 kontaqtoris ori wyvili nC
da ori wyvili nR ~mSrali” kontaqtebi.
nR kontaqtebi gamoyenebulia CarTul mdgomare-
obaSi kontaqtoris fiqsaciisaTvis. es kontaqtebi
nax. 1.14. eleqtruli sistemis saangariSo sqema
nax. 1.15. eleqtruli sistemis Canacvlebis sqema
fardobiT erTeulebSi Catarebuli gamoTvlebiT
miiReba, rom:
X1=0,33; X2=0,158; X3=0,09; X4=0,055; X5=0,15; X6=0,012;
X7=0,143; X8=0,072; X9=0,24; X10=0,3; X11=0,73
46
CairTveba X2:3 da X2:4 klemebTan gamSvi Rilakis nR
kontaqtebis paralelurad. es kargad Cans 9F8 da 9F9
aRniSvnebiT, romlebic gviCveneben kontaqtebis mdgo-
mareobas sqemaze.
magaliTi 3. nax. 1.13-ze moyvanilia eleqtromoma-
ragebis radialuri sqema.
am sqemidan Cans, rom mTavar damwev qvesadgurSi
(mdq) transformatoris saSualebiT xdeba 110kv Zabvis
daweva 10kv Zabvamde. mdq-Si dgas ori Zalovani trans-
formatori Tavisi seqciebiT (I seqcia, II seqcia). se-
qciebs Soris gaTvaliswinebulia rezervis avtomaturi
CarTva (raC), rogorc 10kv, ise 0,4kv Zabvis mxares.
ortransformatorian qvesadgurebSi (sq1 . . . sq2)
TiToeuli transformatori kvebas iRebs sxvadasxva
seqciidan damoukidebeli xaziT. aq gamoyenebulia
rogorc erTi, ise orsafexuriani sqema saSualedo
(sr) releTi.
sq 4 da sq 5 qvesadgurebSi dgas TiTo transforma-
tori, magram maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan damakavSire-
beli dabali (0,4kv) Zabvis kabeliT saWiroebis SemTx-
vevaSi Tavis Tavze aiRos meore transformatoris
datvirTva. sq 6-Si dgas erTi transformatori, magram
gaaCnia ori mkvebavi kabeli.
magaliTi 4. nax.1.14-ze K wertilSi mokledSerTvis
denebis saangariSod mocemulia eleqtruli siste-
mis sqema, romelSic gvaqvs oTxi Zabva. generatoris
nominaluri Zabva 10 kv-ia, t1, t2 da t3 transforma-
torebis Zabva 220kv-ia. t-4 transformatoris t-3 trans-
formatorTan SemaerTebeli xazis Zabva 110 kv, xolo
datvirTvisa da misi mkvebavi xazis Zabva-35 kv.
47
 vkiTxulobT sqemas. pirvel rigSi vsazRvravT Tu
ra saxis winaRobebiT (aqtiuri, induqciuri, tevaduri)
unda SevcvaloT saangariSo sqemis elementebi.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi yvela elementi unda Seicva-
los misi Sesabamisi induqciuri winaRobiT. meore
rigSi vsazRvravT rogor unda SeerTdes es winaR-
obebi erTmaneTTan. amis Semdeg monacemebis mixedviT
vangariSobT Canacvlebis sqemis winaRobebs da bo-
los vxazavT Canacvlebis sqemas, romelsac aqvs nax.
1.15-ze naCvenebi saxe da vatarebT saboloo gaangariSe-
bas.
48
Tavi II. diagnostikis ZiriTadi princi pebi
da meTodebi
2.1 diagnostikis safuZvlebi
nebismieri eleqtruli wredi, romelic Seicavs
kvebis wyarosa da datvirTvas gamarTul mdgomare-
obaSi unda iyos Caketili ise,rogorc naCvenebia nax.
2.1-ze.
deni gadis Caketil wredSi sxvadasxva potencia-
lis mqone or wertils Soris A da B aris wertilebi
romelTa Soris izomeba Zabva. sadeni qmnis garkveul
winaRobas eleqtruli denis anu muxtebis moZraobis
mimarT, romlis sidide damokidebulia sadenis
masalaze.
eleqtruli uwesivrobani SeiZleba davyoT or
jgufad:
1. ar aris SeerTeba iq, sadac unda iyos. am uwe-
sivrobas ewodeba wredis gawyveta da igi SeiZleba
aRmoCenil iqnas testeriT. es uwesivroba naCvenebia
nax. 2.2-ze.
2. arsebobs SeerTeba iq, sadac is ar unda iyos. am
uwesivrobas ewodeba mokled SerTva. man SeiZleba
migviyvanos denis gazrdamde da amasTanave wredis
datvirTva
amomrTveli
A Kkvebis wyaro
B
deni
+ -
nax. 2.1 Caketili eleqtruli wredi
49
sadenis gaxurebamde. amgvari uwesivroba SeiZleba
gamowveuli iyos izolaciis darRveviT, romelic gan-
isazRvreba izolaciis winaRobis sazomiT.
uwesivrobis gansazRvris process da wredis dab-
runebas normalur muSa mdgomareobaSi teqnikuri
diagnostika ewodeba.
ganvixiloT wredis gawyveta:
deni gaedineba sxvadasxva potencialis mqone or
wertils Soris Tu es wertilebi erTmaneTTan SeerTe-
bulia sadeniT.
wredis diagnostikis dros unda Semowmdes:
_ sadenis mTlianoba (izomeba winaRoba);
_ wredis ubnis or wertils Soris eleqtruli
potenciali (izomeba Zabva);
_wredis ubanze eleqtronebis nakadis arseboba
(izomeba eleqtruli deni).
eleqtruli wredi Sedgeba sxvadasxva Zabvis mqone
ubnebisagan. amgvarad Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
wredis ubnis mTlianoba da Tu wredis ubani gaw-
yvetilia, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT gawyvetis mizezi.
Semowmeba “gawyvetaze” swarmoebs udeno wredze
misi mTlianobis aRdgenis mizniT. amisaTvis SeiZle-
gawyveta
datvirTva
amomrTveli
A Kkvebis wyaro
B ommetris winaRobebis skala dagraduirebulia
deni
+ -
nax. 2.2 ti piuri uwesivroba: wredis gawyveta
50
A
d at vi r T va mc ve l i
B
t est e r i
L1 L2
K kve bis w yar o
nax.2.3.Semowmeba “gawyvetaze” testeris daxmarebiT
ba gamoviyenoT testeri xmovani signalizaciiT. tes-
teris daxmarebiT Semowmebis magaliTi moyvanilia
nax. 2.3-ze.
am testeriT mowmdeba eleqtruli wredis mTliano-
ba, anu mtkicdeba, rom wredis es ubani Caketilia.
Tu wredi Caketilia, maSin ismis xmovani signali,
rac amtkicebs wredis mTlianobas. zogierT xelsaw-
yoSi xmovani signalis magier gamoyenebulia Suqdio-
di an sxva vizualuri indikacia.
wredis “gawyvetaze” Sesamowmeblad SeiZleba aseve
gamoyenebuli iqnes ommetri an multimetri. ommetri
(multimetri) Seicavs kvebis wyaros batareas da win-
aRobis sazoms. ommetriT wredis Semowmebis sqema
mocemulia nax. 2.4-ze.
nulidan winaRobis did (praqtikulad usasrulo)
mniSvnelobamde. Tu sazomis Cveneba nulis tolia, es
niSnavs, rom wredis ubanze gawyveta ara gvaqvs. gawyve-
51
ta rom yofiliyo, maSin winaRobis sazomis Cveneba
iqneboda usasrulod didi.
“gawyvetaze” SemowmebiT dgindeba:
_ kabelebis, eleqtruli wredebisa da damiwebis
sistemebis mTlianoba;
_ Zalovani da marTvis wredebis Sesabamis kle-
mebTan CarTvis siswore;
_ mowyobilobasTan CarTvis win aqtiuri da nei-
traluri sadenebis ganmxoloeba.
_ Zalovani da marTvis wredebs Soris SecdomiT
SeerTebis SesaZlebloba da mokled SerTuli ubneb-
is arseboba.
_ gadamrTvelebis, mcvelebisa da sxva elementebis
wesivruloba.
yuradsaRebia, rom paraleluri wredebis arsebo-
bis dros “gawyvetaze” Semowmebam SeiZleba mogvces
cru Sedegebi, amitom koreqtuli Sedegebis misaRebad
umjobesia gamovrToT Sesabamisi klemebi.
A wredis izolaciis Sesamowmeblad (garda eleqtro-
datvirTva mcveli
B ToT TviT eleqtroZrava. dasawyisSi SevamowmoT izo-
ommetri
L1 L2
Kkvebis wyaro
nax.2.4.wredis “gawyvetaze” Semowmeba ommetriT
52
Zalovan wredebs SeuZliaT SemogvTavazon siur-
prizebi. xSirad wredebis Semowmebis dros, romel-
Sic aris gawyveta, mcire simZlavris testeri an om-
metri gviCvenebs wredis mTlianobas. magram muSa Zab-
vis miwodebis dros deni ar gadis. amis mizezi aris
wredis nawilobrivi gamtaroba, romelic fiqsirdeba
sazomi xelsawyoTi. amasTanave didi eleqtruli Zab-
vis dros, Tavs iCens misi maRali winaRoba. amis ma-
galiTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT gamwvari kabeli, rom-
lis ZarRvebs gaaCniaT unari Seqmnan maRalomiani
kontaqti.
uwesivrobis aseTi saxe ganisazRvreba datvirTvis
qveS testirebiT, Zabvis gazomviT.
izolaciis Semowmeba ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ma-
Ralvoltiani Zalovani kabelebis miwaSi Cadebisa da
CarTvis dros. aseTi Semowmebis mizania dadgindes
Zalovani wredisa da kabelis izolaciis mTlianoba.
nax. 2.5-ze naCvenebia eleqtroZravas amomrTvelTan,
mcvelebTan da gadatvirTvis relesTan CarTvis sqema.
Zravasi) amomrTvelis daxmarebiT amovrToT wredi
kvebis wyarodan. Semdeg T1, T2 da T3 klemebidan gamovr-
laciis winaRoba miwasa da T1, Semdeg miwasa da T2 da
bolos miwasa da T3 klemebs Soris.
Tu romelime fazis izolaciis winaRoba nulis
tolia an gaaCnia Zalian mcire mniSvneloba, maSin
adgili aqvs izolaciis darRvevas.
53
 es testi gamoiyeneba agreTve damiwebuli eleqtro-
Zravebis an kabelebis Sesamowmeblad da sadenebis
izolaciis darRvevis gamosavlenad.
samfaza eleqtroZravas TiToeuli fazis izola-
cia SeiZleba Semowmebuli iqnes mxolod im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu gamoyvanilia gragnilebis eqvsive gamomy-
vani. satestirebeli gragnili unda mierTdes test-
eris gamosasvlelTan, xolo danarCeni ori gragnili
SevaerToT erTad da davamiwoT Zravas korpusTan. iq
sadac gamoyvanilia mxolod sami gamomyvani, gragnileb-
is izolacia SeiZleba Semowmebuli iqnas mxolod
eleqtroZravas damiwebul korpusTan mimarTebaSi.
izolaciis winaRobebis sazomebs megaommetrebs
uwodeben. isini Seicaven kvebis wyaros (mudmivi de-
nis generators an batareas), romelic gazomvisaTvis
gvaZlevs 500 v da met mudmiv Zabvas.
L1
L2
L3 megaommetri
amomrTveli
mcveli
gadat. reles
kontaqtebi
gadatvirTvis
rele
T1 T2 T3
M
nax. 2.5. izolaciis Semowmeba megaommetriT
54
eleqtruli wredebis Semowmebis dros gamoiy-
eneben sxvadasxva sididis Zabvebs. magaliTad, maRali
Zabvis kabelebis izolaciis winaRobis gasazomad
iyeneben aranakleb 1000 v Zabvas, maSin roca martivi
wredebis SemowmebisaTvis sakmarisia 500 v Zabva.
Zabvis qveS testireba moiTxovs gansakuTrebul
sifrTxiles da aseTi testireba unda Catardes mx-
olod dabali Zabvis qselebSi.
dengamtar nawilebTan SemTxveviTi Sexebis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT saWiroa davicvaT sifrTxilis zomebi.
xelsawyoebsa da instrumentebs unda hqondeT
SiSveli gamtari nawilebis minimumi, rac amcirebs
sxvadasxva potencialis mqone wertilebis SemTxvevi-
Ti CarTvis albaTobas.
wredis mTlianobis Semowmeba Zabvis qveS. Se-
saZleblobis mixedviT diagnostika unda vawarmooT
gamorTuli kvebis wyaros dros, magram zogierT SemTx-
vevaSi dazianebis moZebna SesaZlebelia mxolod Zab-
vis qveS myof wredebSi. am dros Sesamowmebeli wre-
di rCeba CarTuli kvebis wyaroze, romelic unda gam-
oviyenoT testirebis procesSi. testirebis es saxe
unda CavataroT gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT, usafrTx-
oebis zomebis dacviT.
nax. 2.6.-ze naCvenebia rogor unda Semowmdes kveb-
is wyaros an wredis ubnis wesivroba sakontrolo
naTurebis gamoyenebiT. es naTurebi irTveba fazebs
Soris. wredis gawyvetis martivi testirebisaTvis
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT vizualuri indikatori
eleqtruli naTurebiT. sadenebis mTlianobis Sesa-
55
mowmeblad da Zabvebis gasazomad SeiZleba gamoviy-
enoT voltmetrebi an multimetrebi.
samfaza sistemaSi Zabvebis Sesamowmeblad gamoiy-
eneba ara erTi, aramed mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ori
naTura. amJamad mravali mwarmoebeli iZleva Zabvebis
mniSvnelobas sakontrolo wertilebSi, rac gvexmareba
SevamowmoT wredis gansazRvruli ubnis wesivroba.
aseTi praqtika ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia iseT mowyo-
bilobebSi, romlebic Seicaven platebs.
sakontrolo wertilebSi Zabvebis Semowmebisas
sazomma instrumentebma unda uzrunvelyon sakmarisi
sizuste, maSin am Zabvebis SedarebiT SeiZleba gavake-
ToT Sesabamisi daskvnebi.
vizualuri indikatorebiT SesaZlebelia samfaza
eleqtroZravebis diagnostireba. amisaTvis saWiroa
L1
L2
L3
sasignalo
amomrTveli naTurebi
mcveli
gadat. reles
kontaqtebi
gadatvirTvis
rele
T1 T2 T3
M mtyuneba an kavSiris darRveva elementebs Soris. Ti-
nax. 2.6. gawyvetaze Semowmeba Zabvis qveS
wredisa da sadenebis ganawilebis safuZvliani cod-
na, raTa zustad ganvsazRvroT uwesivroba.
rekomendirebulia, rom yovelTvis Semowmdes Zab-
vebi fazebs Soris da ara fazasa da miwas Soris,
radgan aseTma Semowmebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviy-
vanos.
testirebis dros mkacrad unda iqnes daculi
usafrTxoebis zomebi.
2.2. teqnikuri diagnostikis zogierTi
sawyisi cneba
eleqtromowyobilobis muSa unaris aRdgena
mtyunebis cnobili mizezebis dros. aseTi mize-
zebis klasifikacia SeiZleba movaxdinoT sxvadasxva
niSnebis mixedviT. SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT gare da Siga,
uSualo da iribi zemoqmedebis mqone.
Tu eleqtromowyobilobam muSaoba Sewyvita im
garemos parametris mwyobridan gamosvlis gamo, romel-
Sic igi funqcionirebs, maSin saqme gvaqvs mtyunebis
gareSe mizezebTan. Tu mowyobilobis mwyobridan ga-
mosvla ganpirobebulia elementis mtyunebiT, maSin
saqme gvaqvs Siga mizezTan.
cxadia, rom mizezTa aseTi dayofa pirobiTia da
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris gansazRvruli
eleqtromowyobiloba.
eleqtromowyobilobis mwyobridan gamosvlis
mizezi SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime elementis
Toeuli elementis mtyuneba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos

56 57
bunebrivi daZvelebiT, garemos zemoqmedebiT, mowyo-
bilobis araswori eqspluataciiTa da sxva.
teqnikuri diagnostikis TvalsazrisiT ara aqvs
mniSvneloba riT moxda eleqtromowyobilobis mwyob-
ridan gamosvla, elementis mtyunebiT Tu elementebs
Soris kavSiris darRveviT, radganac kavSiri ganix-
ileba rogorc elementi.
SesaZlebelia agreTve elmowyobilobis element-
ebad danawilebis princi pi. teqnikuri diagnostiki-
saTvis elementi warmoadgens ori mdgomareobis mata-
rebels: muSa unarianobisa da mtyunebis, amitom eleqt-
romowyobilobis elementebad danawileba faqtiurad
emTxveva mravali SesaZlo mtyunebis gamoyofas.
elmowyobilobis elementebis mdgomareoba gan-
isazRvreba diagnostikis programaSi Semavali Semow-
mebebis garkveuli mimdevrobiT Sesrulebis gziT.
Semowmeba warmoadgens diagnostikis obieqtze war-
moebuli operaciebis erTobliobas raime Sedegis miRe-
bis mizniT, romlis mixedviTac SeiZleba vimsjeloT
ukidures SemTxvevaSi elmowyobilobis erTi elemen-
tis Sesaxeb mainc.
Semowmebebis erTobliobas, romelic sakmarisia
sistemis mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad, diagnostikuri
testi ewodeba.
qvemoT moyvanilia testebi, romelsac atareben
eleqtromowyobilobis eqspluataciaSi Seyvanis an
diagnostikis dros.
1. izolaciis testi. es aris erT-erTi yvelaze
ufro mniSvnelobani testi nebismieri eleqtromowy-
obilobisaTvis. Zabva romlis drosac zomaven izo-
58
laciis winaRobas sadensa da miwas Soris, damokide-
bulia konkretul elmowyobilobaze.
2. Camiwebis mTlianobis testi. mowmdeba kon-
taqti elmowyobilobis gaSiSvlebul nawilebsa da
miwas Soris. am SemTxvevaSi winaRoba unda iyos mcire.
Tu winaRoba didia, maSin gvaqvs cudi Camiweba.
3. eleqtruli simtkicis testi. rom Sevamow-
moT kabelebis izolaciis simtkice, saWiroa maTze
movdoT maRali Zabva, iseve rogorc izolaciis win-
aRobis Semowmebis dros. amiT ganisazRvreba kabelis
izolaciis simtkice garRvevaze.
4. eleqtronuli Camiwebis testi. mikroproce-
sorebisaTvis an mgrZnobiare eleqtronuli mowyobi-
lobebisaTvis Cveulebriv keTdeba calke Camiweba. am
Camiwebas ewodeba eleqtronuli. eleqtronul da
Zalovan Camiwebas Soris Zabva ar unda aRematebodes
2 volts.
nax. 2.7-ze moyvanilia elmowyobilobis magaliTi,
romelic gamoyenebulia diagnostikis obieqtad.
sqema Sedgeba oTxi elementisagan, romlebic gan-
sazRvruli saxiT reagireben S1 da S2 pirvelad zemo-
qmedebebze. elementebi aRniSnulia patara asoebiT,
xolo bolo maTi reaqciebi didi asoebiT. obieqti
muSaunariania, Tu S1 da S2 Sesaval zemoqmedebaze mas
gamosasvlelze gaaCnia B da D signalebi, winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi elmowyobiloba uwesivro mdgomar-
obaSia.
analogiurad TiToeuli elementi iTvleba muSau-
narianad Tu igi reagirebs mocemul zemoqmedebaze.
59
 elmowyobilobis mtyuneba mTlianad SeiZleba
ganpirobebuli iyos misi erTi an ramdenime elemen-
tis mtyunebiT. SeiZleba gamovyoT Semowmebis ramden-
ime saxe.
elementobrivi Semowmeba. am dros mowmdeba Ti-
Toeuli elementi cal-calke. mag. 2.7-ze b elementze
A da C zemoqmedebis miwodebiT misi reaqciis mixed-
viT dgindeba am elementis mdgomareoba.
Semowmeba modulebis mixedviT. am dros mowm-
deba elmowyobilobis calkeuli blokebi, romelTa-
gan TiToeuli Sedgeba mTeli rigi elementebisagan.
magaliTad Tu nax. 2.7-ze davuSvebT, rom patara asoe-
biT aRniSnulia ara elementebi, aramed blokebi, ma-
Sin elementobrivi Semowmeba gardaiqmneba Semowme-
bad modulebis mixedviT. dazianebuli blokis gam-
ovlena am SemTxvevaSi jer kidev ar niSnavs Semowme-
bis proceduris damTavrebas.
Semowmeba elementebis jgufebis mixedviT. am
SemTxvevaSi dgindeba elementTa im garkveuli jgufis
muSaunarianoba romlebic ar qmnian elmowyobilobis
SemadgenlobaSi funqcionalur erTeulebs, anu ar qm-
nian bloks. magaliTad, nax. 2.7-ze S1 da S2 zemoqmede-
S1 A B
b is, kontrolisa da dacvis mowyobilobebi.
a
S2 C D
c d
nax.2.7.diagnostikis obieqtis magaliTi.
60
bis miwodebiT da B reaqciis dafiqsirebiT SeiZleba
SevamowmoT a, b da c elementebis muSaunarianoba.
diagnostikis obieqtis reaqciis gansazRvra swar-
moebs gamosavali parametris mimdinare mniSvnelo-
bis mocemul mniSvnelobasTan Sedarebis gziT. am
mizniT gamoiyeneba sazomi an kontrolis mowyobi-
lobebi.
Secvlis an remontis meTodi. am meTodis arsi
mdgomareobs dazianebuli elementis an blokis mu-
Saunariani elementiT an blokiT Secvlis SesaZle-
blobaSi da mxolod am operaciis Sesrulebis Sem-
deg miewodeba elmowyobilobas zemoqmedebani da
mowmdeba Sesabamisi reaqciebi. Semowmebis aseT saxes
gaaCnia gansazRvruli upiratesoba.
2.3. elmowyobilobis diagnostikis zogadi
pr in c i pe bi
eleqtromowyobiloba Tavisi nomenklaturiT Za-
lian mravalferovania, magram mas aqvs Tavisi daniSnu-
lebis mixedviT saerTo kvanZebi: korpusi, magnitogam-
tari, izolacia, statori, rotori, koleqtori, sakisrebi,
sakontaqto SeerTebebi, aparatebisa da amZravebis
moZravi sistemis kinematika da sxva, agreTve daniSnu-
lebis mixedviT identuri marTvisa da signalizaci-
saerTo konstruqciuli kvanZebi gansazRvraven
mowyobilobebis saerTo defeqtebs, romlebic ga-
momJRavndebian umetes SemTxvevaSi diagnostikis pro-
cesSi. magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba moviyvanoT diag-
61
nostikis dros yvelaze xSirad aRmoCenili eleqtro-
mowyobilobebis defeqtebi:
korpusebTan _ dazianebebi elmowyobilobis trans-
portirebisa da montaJis dros, SeduRebiTa da Wan-
WikebiT SeerTebis defeqtebi, arasimWidrove Sepira-
pirebaSi, SemWidrovebebis defeqti da sxva.
gragnilebTan _ izolaciis danestianeba, romleb-
sac yvelaze xSirad adgili aqvs eleqtromowyobilo-
bebis xangrZlivi da araswori Senaxvis dros, meqani-
kuri dazianeba, xviaTaSorisi izolaciis darRveva,
SeerTebebi gragnilebSi, denmimyvanebsa da gamomyva-
nebSi, Seusabamoba gamomyvanebis markirebaSi standar-
tiT moTxovnilsa da saqarxno sqemebis pasportebsa
da Tanmxleb dokumentacias Soris.
Zalovani transformatoris gragnilebis gadamrTvel
mowyobilobebTan meqanikuri dazianeba, araswori mir-
CilviT SeerTeba an gadamrTvelis araswori muSaoba.
magnitogamtarebTan _ foladis calkeuli furc-
lebis erTmaneTTan SeerTeba, momWeri WanWikebis izo-
laciis darRveva, foladis furclebis korozia, saven-
tilacio arxebis gaWuWyianeba, WanWikebis susti moWera.
mudmivi denis manqanebis koleqtorebTan _ “bibi-
loebiT” mirCilvis defeqtebi, firfitebs Soris Su-
aledebis danagvianeba.
sinqronuli generatoris sakisrebTan _ maTi fun-
damentis filasTan izolaciis darRveva.
sakomutacio aparatebTan – sawevaris, amZravisa da
sakontaqto sistemis aradamakmayofilebeli regulire-
ba, hermetulobis darRveva, sakontaqto zedapirebis
aradamakmayofilebeli mdgomareoba.
62
faifuris izolaciasTan _ gare zedapiris dazia-
neba, Sinagani defeqtebi. salteebis sakontaqto
SeerTebasTan _ dawnexvis mirCilvis da WanWikebiT
SeerTebis aradamakmayofilebeli xarisxi.
Zalovan kabelebTan _ daboloebebis an SemaerTebe-
li boloebis defeqtebi, ZarRvebis gawyveta, garsac-
mis dazianeba.
damiwebis mowyobilobebTan _ elmowyobilobis
korpusTan calkeul damamiwebel mowyobilobebs So-
ris damiwebis gamtaris SeerTebis defeqti damiwebis
konturis dasaSvebi winaRobis Seusabamoba usafrTx-
oebis teqnikis moTxovnebTan.
eleqtromowyobilobis saimedo muSaobis uzrun-
velyofisaTvis misi yvela defeqti da agreTve monta-
Jis defeqtebi droulad unda iqnes aRmofxvrili.
am defeqtebis aRmoCena warmoadgens diagnostikis
ZiriTad amocanas. meore amocanas warmoadgens eleqt-
romowyobilobis Seusabamoba teqnikis moTxovnebTan
da proeqtTan, elmowyobilobis muSaobaSi CarTvis
SesaZleblobis Sefaseba, misi marTvis mowyobilobis,
sareleo dacvisa da avtomatikis gawyoba.
mowyobilobis saerTo defeqtebi da maT mier way-
enebuli moTxovnebi gansazRvraven maTi gamovlenis,
Semowmebis, gazomvis da gamocdis zogad meTodebs,
romlebic SeiZleba gaerTianebuli iyvnen Semdeg
jgufebad:
1) meTodebi, romlebic gansazRvraven eleqtro-
mowyobilobis meqanikuri nawilis mdgomareobas;
2) eleqtromowyobilobis magnituri sistemis mdgo-
mareobis gazomva da gamocda;
63
 3) eleqtromowyobilobis dengamtari nawilebisa
da sakontaqto SeerTebebis mdgomareobis gazomva da
gamocda;
4) eleqtromowyobilobis dengamtari nawilebis
izolaciis mdgomareobis gazomva da gamocda;
5) eleqtruli SeerTebis sqemebis Semowmebis me-
Todebi;
6) sareleo dacvis, avtomatikis, marTvis signal-
izaciis da sxva meoreuli mowyobilobebis gawyo-
bisa da gamocdis Semowmebis meTodebi:
7) eleqtromowyobilobis eqspluataciisaTvis var-
gisianobis saboloo Sefasebis meTodebi (eleqtro-
mowyobilobis gasinjva).
yvela zemoTCamoTvlil jgufebSi gamoiyeneba sx-
vadasxva saxis mowyobilobebisaTvis saerTo meTode-
bi da gazomvis saSualebebi. energetikuli obieqteb-
is saswrafod mowesrigebis amocanebi, samontaJo sam-
uSaoebis teqnologiuri Tanmimdevroba da defeqteb-
is droulad gamosworeba mowyobilobis montaJis
procesSi mis srul damTavrebamde moiTxoven maqsi-
maluri raodenobis Semowmebasa da gamocdis Catare-
bas, rac gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes diagnostikuri
samuSaoebis organizaciisas. aseT samuSaoebs miekuTv-
neba: eleqtromowyobilobis revizia, sxvadasxva gazom-
vebi, romlebic gansazRvraven gragnilebsa da elman-
qanebisa da aparatebis sxva dengamtari nawilebis
izolaciis mdgomareobas, aweuli ZabviT izolaciis
gamocdas, Zalovani transformatorebis uqmi svlis
danakargebis gazomvas mudmivi deniT; gragnilebis
polarobis gansazRvras, damagnitebis maxasiaTeblis
64
gadaRebas, Zalovani da mzomi transformatorebis
transformaciis koeficientis gansazRvras, Zalovani,
marTvis, sareleo dacvisa da avtomatikis sxvadasxva
mowyobilobebis eleqtruli sqemebis Semowmebas da
gawyobas.
eleqtromowyobilobebis gazomvasa da gamocdas
miekuTvneba agreTve eleqtruli manqanebis maxasiaTe-
blebis gadaReba da ZiriTadi teqnikuri parametreb-
is gazomva.
2.4. diagnostikis meTodika da meTodebi
winaswari rekomendaciebi. marTvis wredebis
diagnostikis meTodika Seicavs mTel rig debulebebs:
1. diagnostikis dros xelT unda gvqondes mar-
Tvis wredebis sqema, elementebis aRwera da maT Soris
urTierTkavSiri. eleqtromowyobilobaSi uwesivro-
bis Ziebis dros ukeTesi iqneba vasargebloT “eqs-
pluataciis saxelmZRvanelo~-Ti agreTve “uwesivro-
bis gamosworebis instruqciiT~.
2. diagnostikis procesSi unda visargebloT
blokebisa da mowyobilobisa an manqanis marTvis mim-
devrobis sqemiT.
3. uwesivrobis ZiriTadi princi pis gansazRvri-
saTvis saWiroa gvqondes mowyobilobis an manqanis
Zalovani wredis, marTvis mowyobilobebis, kontaqtore-
bis, drois reles, mricxvelebis, dacvis mowyobilobe-
bis da sxvaTa aRwera da sqemebi.
4. mowyobilobis Zalovani da marTvis sqemebis
SemowmebisaTvis saxeze unda gvqondes Sesabamisi sa-
zomi instrumentebi.
65
 5. marTvis wredebis diagnostikis procesSi mowy-
obilobis uecari gaSvebis gamo avariis an ubeduri
SemTxvevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT kvebis wyaros
ZiriTadi amomrTveli unda iyos mdgomareobaSi ‘gam-
orTulia~.
6. radganac marTvis wredebi erTmaneTisagan gan-
sxvavdebian mowyobilobidan mowyobilobamde, man-
qanidan manqanamde, amitom SeuZlebelia Camoyalibdes
maTi diagnostikis erTiani saerTo meTodika. amasTanave
diagnostikis dros unda mivyveT standartul teqni-
kas da sawarmoo instruqciebs.
diagnostikisaTvis saWiro ZiriTadi doku-
mentebis sia unda Sedgebodes:
- marTvis wredebis sqemebisagan;
- uwesivrobis aRmofxvris instruqciisa da eqs-
pluataciis saxelmZRvanelosagan;
- blokebis SeerTebisa da manqanis an mowyobilo-
bis marTvis Tanmimdevrobis sqemebisagan;
- manqanis an mowyobilobis Zalovani wredis aR-
werisa da sqemebisagan;
- marTvis elementebis, kontaqtorebis, drois re-
les, mricxvelebis, dacvis elementebis mowyobilobis
aRwerisagan.
diagnostikis meTodebi. rogorc ki gamovleni-
li iqneba dazianebis niSani, Semdeg unda ganisazRvros
misi gamomwvevi mizezi. gamosayenebeli meTodis arCe-
va damokidebulia sqemis sirTuleze, gamovlenil niSan-
ze da specialistis personalur alRoze.
qvemoT moyvanilia diagnostikis ZiriTadi zogad-
samomxmareblo meTodebi:
66
kvebis Semowmeba. muSaobis dakargvis unari xSir-
ad xdeba ubralod mcvelis gadawva an damjdari ba-
tarea. amitom pirvelad unda davrwmundeT rom kveb-
is zonari CarTulia da mcvelebi mwyobrSia. Tu sqema
ikvebeba batareidan, maSin unda SevamowmoT, rom bata-
reis Zabvis sidide misaRebia. Tu kvebis wyaros war-
moadgens gammarTveli, maSin unda Semowmdes Zabvis
sidide gammarTvels gamosasvlelze da misi CarTvis
polaroba.
vizualuri daTvaliereba. es meTodi miekuTvneba
e.w. sensonuri Semowmebis meTods. SesaZlo uwesivro-
bis gansazRvrisaTvis sensonuri Semowmeba dafuZneb-
ulia adamianis grZnobis organoebze.
dengamtari bilikebiT nabeWdi firfitis vi-
zualuri daTvaliereba diagnostikis yvelaze mar-
tivi (amavdroulad umravles SemTxvevaSi Zalian efeq-
turi) meTodia. aseT firfitebze unda davaTvalieroT
gadamwvari komponentebi. zogjer gadamwvari kompo-
nentebi firfitaze toveben yavisfer kvals. am kompo-
nentebs SeuZliaT diagnostikis procesSi gamgzavni
punqtis roli. saWiroa mxolod ganvsazRvroT maTi
gadaxurebis mizezi. ar aris rekomendebuli am gada-
mwvari komponentebis ubralod Secvla. manam, sanam
ar davadgenT maTi gadaxurebis mizezs. umravles SemTx-
vevaSi komponentis mwyobridan gamosvlis mizezi
imaleba mis gverdiT mdebare dazianebul komponen-
tSi. amitom isic aucileblad unda Seicvalos.
Sexeba. warmoadgens kidev erT sensorul Semow-
mebas. gadaxurebuli komponenti SeiZleba ganvsazRv-
roT ubralo SexebiT. amavdroulad am dros saWiroa
67
davicvaT didi sifrTxile. sqema saWiroa gamovrToT
da didi tevadobis kondensatorebs mivceT dro gan-
muxtvisaTvis. komponents yovelTvis unda SevexoT
mxolod marjvena xeliT. es saWiroa imisaTvis, rom
naklebi iyos denis guliT gavliT SesaZleblobis
albaToba. SesaZleblobis mixedviT unda gvecvas izo-
lirebuli fexsacmeli. Sexebis meTodi Zalian efeq-
turia iseTi sqemebis diagnostikis dros, romlebic
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi muSaobdnen normalu-
rad, xolo Semdeg Sewyvites funqcionireba gan-
sazRvruli komponentis gadaxurebis gamo.
am komponentis povna gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT
uwesivrobis SesaZlo mizezi. arsebobs specialuri
gamacivebeli aerozolebi, romlebic saSualebas gva-
Zleven gavacioT konkretuli komponenti. Tu amis
Semdeg sqema daiwyebs normalurad muSaobas, maSin es
komponenti aris uwesivrobis mizezi. komponentis
Secvlis win saWiroa CavataroT Semdgomi gamokvleva,
raTa ganvsazRvroT gadaxurebis pirveli mizezi.
SegrZneba. Tu gansazRvruli komponenti gamovi-
da mwyobridan gadaxurebis gamo. maSin umravles SemTx-
vevaSi SeiZleba SevigrZnoT kvamlis suni, magram es
moxdeba maSin, Tu specialisti imyofeba iqve axlos.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi uwesivro komponenti SeiZle-
ba vi povoT vizualurad.
komponentis Secvla. diagnostikis es meTodi
dafuZnebulia ZiriTadad operatoris Cvevebsa da
gamocdilebaze. gansazRvruli niSnebi cxadad
uCveneben konkretuli komponentebis uwesivrobas. es
mtkiceba samarTliania eleqtronikaSi gamocdili
68
specialistebisaTvis. magaliTad, teleteqnikis mom-
saxure specialists gamocdilebis safuZvelze Seu-
Zlia televizoris gaxsnis gareSe uSecdomod gan-
sazRvris dazianebuli komponenti. komponentis Secv-
lis meTodi kargia gamocdili specialistebisTvis,
radgan zogavs drosa da fuls. nebismier SemTxvevaSi
es meTodi iZleva warmatebuli remontis garantias,
radganac sakmarisi raodenobis komponentebis Secv-
lisas saboloo angariSSi icvleba uwesivro kompo-
nentic. amasTanave rekomendirebulia, rom araspecial-
istma dasawyisSi logikurad moifiqros diagnostikis
procesi.
signalis gavlis Semowmeba. diagnostikis es
meTodi naklebad gavrcelebulia, magram Semoqmedebi-
Tad Zalian sasargebloa, radgan specialistisagan
moiTxovs gamWriaxobasa da logikur azrovnebas. me-
Todi dafuZnebulia sqemis sxvadasxva sakontrolo
wertilSi signalis gazomvaze. sakontrolo wertili
sqemaze aris adgili, sadac operatorisTvis cnobil-
ia Zabvis forma da sidide (Tu gamoyenebulia oscil-
ografi). Semdeg eZeben wertils, romelSic signali
gansxvavdeba mosalodnelisagan. amgvarad, operatori
gansazRvravs sqemis uwesivro ubans. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, operatori mudmivad amcirebs Zebnis ares,
sanam ar moZebnis uwesivrobis mizezs.
arsebobs gavlis Semowmebis ori midgoma. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi Semowmeba iwyeba Sesavalidan da mimdevro-
biT mowmdeba yvela wertili manam, sanam ar i povian
wertils arakoreqtuli signaliT. meore midgomis
dros sakontrolo wertilebis Semowmeba iwyeba ga-
69
mosavlelidan da gagrZeldeba manam, sanam ar gamoCn-
deba wertili koreqtuli signaliT.
Sua wertilis meTodi. Aam meTodis gamoyenebis
dros sakvlevi obieqti an misi nawili gaiyofa orad.
erT nawilSi defeqti arsebobs xolo meoreSi – ara.
Tu Semowmebis Semdeg SeuZlebelia konkretulad
vuCvenoT dazianebuli elementi, maSin Zieba grZeldeba.
Aam dros yovelTvis ganixileba obieqtis is nawili,
romelSic arsebobs defeqti. imis gamo rom obieqti
an misi nawili iyofa or jgufad, romlebic daax-
loebiT Seicaven elementebis Tanabar raodenobas, am
meTods sxvanairad naxevrad danawilebis meTodi
ewodeba.
Aam meTodis sailustraciod ganvixiloT nax. 2.8-
ze moyvanili naTurebis girliandebis sqema.
rogorc naxazidan Cans girlianda Sedgeba 20 na-
Turisagan. muSaobis garkveuli drois Semdeg davuS-
vaT rom girilanda mwyobridan gamovida anu Caqra,
mwyobridan gamosvlis ufro savaraudo mizezia erT-
erTi naTuris gadawva. imisaTvis rom gavigoT rome-
li naTura gadaiwva saWiroa SevamowmoT TiToeuli
naTura da naTurebs Soris kavSiri. Aam xerxiT mizezis
Zieba Sromatevadia, amitom Ziebis procesisi gamar-
tivebis mizniT virCevT magaliTad n9 naTuras da va-
mowmebT gamomaval signals. Tu gamomavali signali
n1 n2 n3 n4 n9 n10 n19 n20
1 dadgenili.
Nnax. 2.8. naTurebis girliandebis sqema
70
arsebobs, maSin dazianeba gvaqvs darCenil naxevarSi.
DdarCenil naxevars kidev vyofT Suaze da Aa.S. vi po-
viT dazianebul naTuras.
Kkombinaciuri meTodi. Ddefeqtebis kombinaci-
uri meTodis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi rom defeqtebis
faqtis dadgenis Semdeg keTdeba teqnologiuri gada-
svlebi, romlis mizania danadgaris an misi romelime
elementis maxasiaTeblis gansazRvra. Aam dros wina
teqnologiuri gadasvlis Sedegi gavlenas ar axdens
Semdegze.
Ggadasvlis Sesrulebis Sedegebis analizisaTvis
saWiroa gvqondes winaswari informacia obieqtis
gamarTuli an dazianebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Aamis
Semdeg vaanalizebT Sesrulebuli gadasvlebis
winaswar Sedegebs, vadarebT mas yvela gadasvlis Sem-
deg miRebul informaciasTan da vsazRvravT dazianeb-
is mizezs.
Bblokur-mimdevrobiTi meTodi. Bbloki war-
moadgens Cvens mier arCeuli raime mowyobilobis an
sqemis ubans, TiToeul bloks gaaCnia e.w. “Sesasvle-
li” da “gamosasvleli” signalebis gadasacemad da
Sesasvleli “kveba”. blokebis saxiT SeiZleba war-
modgenili iqnes nebismieri mowyobiloba. Aam meTo-
dis gamoyenebis dros vaanalizebT TiToeuli te-
qnologiuri gadasvlis Sedegs da vTvliT rom de-
feqti an napovnia an viRebT gadawyvetilebas Semdgo-
mi teqnologiuri gadasvlis Sesasruleblad. te-
qnologiuri gadasvlis rigiToba windawin unda iyos
71
 2.5. diagnostikis magaliTi
imisaTvis, rom CavataroT mowyobilobis diagnos-
tika saWiroa pirvel rigSi vicodeT am mowyobilo-
bis muSaobis principi. magaliTad nax. 2.9-ze mocemulia
samfaza eleqtroZravas magnituri gamSvebiT pirdapi-
ri gaSvebis sqema. Zalovani (nax. 2.9, a) sqema Seicavs
samfaza kvebis wyaros (L1; L2; L3), mTavar mcvelebs (F1),
mTavar kontaqtorsa (K1) da gadatvirTvisagan dacvis
reles (F2).
marTvis sqema (nax. 2.9, b) Sedgeba F2 gadatvirTvis
reles, SO gaCerebis Rilakis normalurad Caketili
nax. 2.9. asinqronuli Zravis Zalovani (a)
da marTvis sqema (b)
72
(nC) da S1 gamSvi Rilakis normalurad Ria (nR) kon-
taqtebisagan, romlebic mimdevrobiT arian CarTuli
K1 mTavar kontaqtoris koWasTan. wredis kveba xor-
cieldeba F3 mcvelis gavliT. mTavari K1 kontaqtoris
koWa L1 fazaze CairTveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
marTvis wredis yvela kontaqti Caketilia. Mmocemul
SemTxvevaSi, roca TiTs davaWerT S1 Rilaks, marTvis
wredi Caiketeba da mTavar kontaqtors miewodeba kve-
ba. am kontaqtoris nR kontaqtebi paralelurad SeerTe-
bulia S1 RilakTan. rogorc ki kontaqtori CairTveba,
maSinve misi K1 kontaqtebi Caiketeba da dablokavs S1
Rilaks, ris gamoc am Rilakze TiTis moSorebis Sem-
deg kontaqtori darCeba CarTuli da elZrava gaagr-
Zelebs muSaobas manam, sanam TiTs ar davaWerT SO
gaCerebis Rilaks an gadatvirTvis rele ar gamor-
Tavs F2 kontaqts.
SesaZlo dazianebebi,romlebic aRiZvreba eleqtro-
Zravas gaSvebis an muSaobis procesSi:
I SemTxveva. S1 gaSvebis Rilakze daWeris dros
eleqtroZrava gaiSvebs, magram am Rilakze TiTis aSve-
bisas eleqtroZrava Cerdeba.
movaxdinoT situaciis analizi (CavTvaloT rom
wredis F1 mcvelebi ar aris dazianebuli). radganac
S1 gaSvebis Rilakze TiTis daWeriT eleqtroZrava
iwyebs muSaobas, e.i. eleqtrokveba am RilakiT Sekru-
li wrediT miewodeba K1 mTavari kontaqtoris koWas.
rogorc ki CairTveba mTavari kontaqtori maSinve unda
CairTos misi nR K1 kontaqtebi, dablokos S1 Rilaki
da marTvis wredi, daiWiros CarTul mdgomareobaSi
73
manam, sanam TiTs ar davaWerT SO gaCerebis Rilaks an
gadatvirTvis reles nC kontaqtebi ar gaixsneba.
imisaTvis rom vi povoT dazianeba saWiroa Cava-
taroT Semowmeba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:
1. SevamowmoT marTvis wredis kveba, gavzomoT Zab-
va L1 sadensa da N sadens Soris, Tu kontaqtoris koWa
gaTvlilia 220 v Zabvaze, da L1 da L2 sadenebs Soris,
Tu kontaqtoris koWa gaTvlilia 380 v Zabvaze.
2. multimetris saSualebiT SevamowmoT marTvis
wredis F3 mcveli, Tu igi gadamwvaria maSin Sevcval-
oT igi da gavuSvaT eleqtroZrava. Tu problema mx-
olod amaSia, maSin eleqtro Zrava normalurad dai-
wyebs muSaobas.
3. Tu marTvis wredis mcveli wesrigSia, maSin
SevamowmoT xom ar muSaobs gadatvirTvis rele. es
SeiZleba Semowmdes multimetriT. SevamowmoT Zabva
neitralsa da gadatvirTis reles gamosaval kontaqts
Soris, romelic CarTulia gaCerebis RilakTan. Tu
gadatvirTvis rele ar muSaobs da multimetri
gviCvenebs normalur Zabvas am or wertils Soris,
maSin gadavdivarT Semowmebis Semdeg punqtze
4. SevamowmoT Zabva gaCerebis Rilakis boloebze.
Tu Zabva arsebobs gadavideT Semdeg punqtze.
5. Tu eleqtroZrava muSaobs mxolod S1 Rilakze
TiTis daWeriT, maSin SevamowmoT am Rilakis parale-
lurad CarTuli K1 kontaqtoris K1 nR kontaqtebi.
SesaZloa es kontaqtebi dazianebulia. amis Ddasamt-
kiceblad aviRoT izolirebuli sadenis naWeri da
CavketoT K1 kontaqtebi. Tu ekleqtroZrava gaiSvebs,
74
maSin es kontaqtebi sinamdvileSi dazianebulia da
SevcvaloT mTavari kontaqtebis sakontaqto jgufi.
II SemTxveva. eleqtroZrava iwyebs muSaobas ma-
gram gaSvebidan ori wuTis Semdeg Zrava Cerdeba. Aam
SemTxvevaSi diagnostikisaTvis unda SevasruloT wina
SemTxvevis pirveli sami punqti da Tu yvelaferi
wesrigSia, amis Semdeg vamowmebT gadatvirTvis reles.
Tu rele amuSavda, maSin unda veZioT mizezi, ris gamoc
SeiZleba eleqtroZrava gadaitvirTos.
2.6. dazianebis analizi
Ddazianebis analizi moiTxovs karg Teoriul
codnas da analizur azrovnebas. igi ar SeiZleba
viswavloT wignebidan. igi unda aviTvisoT diagnos-
tikis mudmivi mecadineobiTa da eqsperimentebis gziT.
Aaseve arsebobs gansazRvruli wesebi, romelsac unda
daveqvemdebaroT diagnostikis procesSi. magaliTis
saxiT moviyvanoT dazianebuli bogiruli gammarTve-
li, romlis blok-sqema mocemulia nax. 2.10-ze. igi
Sedgeba transformatoris, gammarTvelisa da filtris
blokebisagan. TiToeul sakontrolo wertilSi
naCvenebia oscilografiT gadaRebuli signalebi.
nax. 2.10. gammarTvelis blok-sqema
75

nax. 2.11. bogiruli gammarTvelis princi puli sqema
amave gammarTvelebis princi puli sqema mocemulia
nax. 2.11-ze. signalebis Semowmeba iwyeba gamosasvlel-
idan da swarmoebs mimdevrobiT Sesasvlelis mxarisak-
en. qvemoT moyvanilia am sqemis yvela SesaZlo uwe-
sivrobis analizi.
Ddazianebuli kondesatori C. aq SesaZlebe-
lia dazianebis sami saxe. Kkondesatori SeiZleba iyos
garRveuli, hqondes gawyveta an gaJonva.
garRveuli kondesatori amoklebs datvirTvis
winaRobis gamomyvanebs da amitom gamosasvlelze Zabva
nulis tolia, rac ilustrirebulia nax. 2.12, a-ze. Tu
nax. 2.12. kondesatoris dazianebs niSnebi
76
kondesatori gawyvetilia, maSin igi ar filtravs gam-
marTvelis gamosasvlel Zabvas da gamosasvlelze
signalis forma rCeba igive rac gammarTvelis gamo-
sasvlelze, anu signalis forma C da D wertilebSi
erTnairia (nax. 2.12, b). erTaderTi gansxvaveba aris is
rom D wertilSi Zabvis amplituda naklebia Rpuls
winaRobaze Zabvis vardnis gamo da bolos Tu konde-
sators aqvs gaJonva, maSin gamosasvlel Zabvas aqvs
pulsaciebi (nax. 2.12, g). gaJonva SeiZleba warmovidgi-
noT rezistoris saxiT, romelic paralelurad CarTu-
lia kondesatorTan. Ees rezistori amcirebs ganmux-
tvis dros, amitom gamosasvlelze pulsacia izrdeba.
Ddazianebulia rezistori Rpuls. aq SeiZleba
dazianebis mxolod erTi saxe. Aam rezistoris gada-
wva (gawyveta). Ees SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, roca
am rezistorSi gaivlis dasaSvebze didi deni. aseTi
deni SeiZleba aRiZvras im SemTxvevaSi Tu mokled
SeirTveba gamosasvleli boloebi (Rd=0) an gairRve-
va kondesatori. Oorive SemTxvevaSi gadamwvari Rpuls
nax. 2.13. diodis garRvevis niSnebi
77
rezistori gawyvets wreds da gamosasvlelze Zabva
nulis toli gaxdeba. am winaRobis Secvlis win unda
davrwmundeT, rom kondesatori an gamosasvleli ar
aris mokled SerTuli.
garRveulia diodi. garRveuli diodi SeiZle-
ba warmovidginoT rogorc zRudari, romelic dens
atarebs orive mimarTulebiT. Nnax. 2.13-ze naCvenebia
denis gza D4 diodis garRvevis SemTxvevaSi deni dadeb-
iTi naxevarperiodis ganmavlobaSi Cveulebriv gaedine-
ba D3 da D4 diodebis gavliT, garRveul diodebs gaaC-
nia nulovani winaRoba orive mimarTulebiT, amitom
dadebiTi naxevarperiodi C wertilSi normaluria.
uaryofiTi naxevarperiodis ganmavlobaSi suraTi
icvleba: denis gza Seikvreba D1 da D4 diodebis gav-
liT, radganac es diodebi SeerTebulia mimdevrobiT
da uzrunvelyofen mcire winaRobian gzas. trans-
formatoris meoreuli gragnili mokled SeirTveba
da masSi gaivlis didi deni. amitom D1 diodi gadax-
urebis gamo swrafad gamovides mwyobridan. trans-
formatoris meoreul gragnilSi denis gazrda iwvevs
denis gazrdas pirvelad gragnilSi. Tu pirveladi
gragnilis wredSi dayenebulia Sesabamisi nominalis
mcveli, maSin es mcveli unda gadaiwvas da daicvas
transformatori da D1 diodi dazianebisagan. Tu
mcveli ar gadaiwva maSin D1 diodi gadaxurdeba (an
gadaiwveba) da Zabva C wertilSi miiRebs nax. 2.13 naCveneb
formas.
Aanalogiuri analizi SeiZleba CavataroT sxva
diodebis garRvevis SemTxvevaSi.
78
nax. 2.14. diodis gawyvetis niSnebi
Ddiodis gawyveta. davuSvaT nax. 2.13-ze mocemul
wredSi gawyda igive D4 diodi, maSin am diodis gav-
liT deni arc erT mxares ar gaivlis. uaryofiTi
naxevarperiodis ganmavlobaSi es diodi ar axdens
gavlenas gamosasvlel Zabvaze, xolo dadebiTi naxe-
varperiodis ganmavlobaSi denis gza gadaketilia da
gamosasvlelze Zabva ar arsebobs. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT sqema muSaobs rogorc naxevarperiodiani gam-
marTveli. Ees SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT gamosasvleli
Zabvis didi pulsaciebiT, amasTanave pulsaciis six-
Sire 100 hc-is nacvlad Seadgens 50 hc-s. es SemTxveva
gamosaxulia nax. 2.14-ze
transformatoris dazianeba. aseTi ti pis da-
zianeba Zalian xSirad ar gvxvdeba, magram Tu danar-
Ceni sqema gamoiyureba wesivrulad, maSin unda Semow-
mdes transformatori. transformatoris SesaZlo
dazianebis saxeebia: pirveladi an meoreuli grag-
nilebi SeiZleba iyos gawyvetili an nawilobriv
mokled SerTuli. Tu gawyvetilia romelime gragni-
li, maSin mTel sqemaze Zabva ar arsebobs da amas
79
mivyavarT gamosasvlelze nulovan Zabvamde. Tu nawi-
lobriv damoklebulia pirveladi gragnili, maSin
izrdeba transformaciis koeficienti. Aam dros izrde-
ba Zabva meoreul gragnilze da Sesabamisad sqemis
gamosasvlelzec. Nnawilobriv damoklebuli meoreu-
li gragnili amcirebs transformaciiis koeficients
da Zabva gammarTvelze mcirdeba da Sesabamisad mcir-
deba gamosasvleli Zabvac.
Mmcvelis gadawva. rogorc adre avRniSneT, mcve-
lis gadawva xdeba diodis garRvevis SemTxvevaSi. ami-
tom sanam mcvels SevcvlideT saWiroa winaswar Seva-
mowmoT diodebic. transformatoris pirveladi da
meoreuli gragnilebis nawilobrivi mokled SerT-
vas mivyavarT denis gazrdasTan, rac agreTve SeiZle-
ba iyos mcvelis gadawvis mizezi.amitom mcvelis Secv-
lis win unda SevamowmoT transformatori.
blis gamosasvlelze signali ar gvaqvs. Aam SemTx-
vevaSi dazianebis niSnad iTvleba gamaZliereblis
gamosasvlelze Zabvis ar arseboba.
es konkretuli niSani iZleva sakmaris informa-
cias dazianebis SesaZlo mizezebze. Ddazianeba erTsa
da igive niSanTan (gamosasvlelze nulovani Zabva)
SeiZleba migviyvanos sqemis sxvadasxva komponentebis
dazianebam. sxva SemTxvevaSi niSanma SeiZleba pirda-
pir migviTiTos gansazRvrul areze, sadac dazianebis
gamovlenis albaToba ufro metia. magaliTad, gamo-
sasvlelze mudmivi Zabva, romelic tolia kvebis Zab-
visa gviCvenebs, rom tranzistori imyofeba wakveTis
reJimSi (nax. 2.15, b). Semowmebas viwyebT gamosasvlelTan
mdebare uaxloesi kaskadiT da vmoZraobT ukumima-
rTulebiT. unda SevamowmoT yvela tranzistori ga-

2.7. dazianebis niSani da mizezi

Eeleqtruli sqemis diagnostika sruldeba sam
etapad. Ppirvel etapze ganisazRvreba sqemis daziane-
ba. Mmeore etapze xdeba dazianebis analizi da am
dazianebis SesaZlo mizezebis gansazRvra. Mmesame
etapze xdeba dazianebis aRmofxvra.
Ppirvel rigSi saWiroa ganisazRvros dazianeba.
amisaTvis saWiroa gavarCioT misi niSnebi. Ddaziane-
bad iTvleba iseTi sqema, romlis gamosasvleli parame-
trebi arakoreqtulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sesavali
parametrebi wesrigSia.
magaliTad, nax. 2.15-ze gamosaxuli gamaZliereb-
lis Sesavali signali koreqtulia, magram gamaZliere- nax. 2.15. sqemis dazianebis niSnebis gansazRvra

80 81
dasasvlelis gawyvetaze, agreTve saWiroa SevamowmoT
mirCilvis adgilebi da emiteruli rezistorebis
winaRobebi.
Tu gamaZlierebeli gamarTulad muSaobs, maSin
gamosasvlelze unda gamoCndes gaZlierebuli signa-
li. gamosasvleli signalis amplituda daaxloebiT
tolia kvebis wyaros gamorTuli Zabvis mniSvnelo-
bisa. Ggamosasvleli signalis forma zustad unda
iyos Sesavali signalis formis yovelgvari damaxin-
jebis gareSe (nax 2.15.g.).
2.8. diagnostikaSi farTod gamoyenebuli
xelsawyoebi
a) xelsawyo indikatorebi (Zabvis maCveneblebi).
Zabvis maCveneblebi gamoiyeneba Zabvis arsebobis
SemowmebisaTvis marTvis, dacvis, avtomatikis, dabali
da maRali Zabvis mowyobilobebis sxvadasxva wertil-
Si. mrewvelobis mier Zabvis maCveneblebi mzaddeba
sxvadasxva saxiT, rogorc dabali, ise maRali Zab-
visTvis. nax. 2.8-ze mocemulia sxvadasxva saxis daba-
li da maRali Zabvis maCveneblebi.
orpolusiani (nax. 2.8, a) Zabvis maCveneblebiT
erTdroulad exebian dengamtari nawilis orive SiS-
vel poluss, riTac ikvreba uSualod indikatoris
eleqtruli wredi da Zabvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
ainTeba indikatorSi CamontaJebuli neonis naTura.
saxraxnisi-maCveneblis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
Sesamowmebel dengamtar nawilTan maCveneblis sace-
cis Sexebis dros, Tu erTi xeliT SevexebiT maCveneb-
lis metalis daboloebas, xolo meoreTi – Camiwebis
82
konstruqcias, maSin Seikvreba eleqtruli wredi
maCveneblis, adamianis winaRobas, maCvenebelSi Camon-
taJebuli kondensatorisa da miwis gavliT. Sesamow-
mebel polusze Zabvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi ainTeba
maCvenebelSi CamontaJebuli neonis naTura.
mudmivi Zabvis Semowmebis dros inTeba neonis na-
Turis an erTi an meore mxare da am dros cvlilebis
xasiaTi gviCvenebs Sesamowmebeli Zabvis niSans.
maRali Zabvis Sesamowmeblad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
ti pis maCveneblebi. nax. 2.16, b-ze mocemulia УВН 80 -
3М ti pis maCveneblebi, romlis Semowmebis diapazonia
2, 2  10 kv, anTebis zRurbli 550 v. mas aqvs mkveTrad
mocimcime sinaTlis indikacia, romelic naTebas iw-
yebs Zabvis arsebobis dros.
a) g) d)
b)
nax. 2.16. Zabvis maCveneblebi:
a) orpolusiani УНМ-1 ti pis;
b) saxraxnisi – maCvenebeli УН-453 ti pis;
g) maRali Zabvis maCvenebeli УВН80 -3М ti pis;
d) Zabvis maCvenebeli fazirebisTvis УВНсТФ- 6  10 ti pis
83
 xSirad saWiro xdeba 6  10 kv da 35kv kabelebis,
sahaero xazebisa da transformatorebis fazireba,
risTvisac gamoiyeneba nax. 2.16, d-ze naCvenebi orpo-
lusiani maCveneblebi. Zabvis arseboba mowmdeba mo-
matebuli sikaSkaSis Suqdiodebis daxmarebiT.
b) naTuriani indikatori inJiner-eleqtriko-
sis erT-erTi mTavari instrumentia diagnostikisaTvis
da cnobilia, rogorc Zabvis indikatori. igi Sesdge-
ba mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ori naTurisagan TiToeu-
li nominaluri ZabviT 240v. am indikatoris (nax. 2.9)
muSa wreds Seadgens ori mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli
naTura, mcveli da sacecebi. TiToeuli naTuris sim-
Zlavre unda iyos toli da ara umetes 25 vatisa. ori
naTuris aReba saWiroa imisaTvis, rom xandaxan es
indikatori SeiZleba CairTos 380 volti da meti
Zabvis qselSi, ris gamoc erTi naTura SeiZleba gada-
iwvas da SecdomiT gviCvenos wredis gawyveta. meti
saimedoobisTvis aseTi indikatorebi gamoyenebis win
da Semdeg unda Semowmdes wesier mdgomareobaSi myof
wyaroze.
nax. 2.17. or naTuriani indikatoris sqema
84
12 an 36 v Zabvaze SemowmebisTvis SeiZleba gamovi-
yoT erT naTuriani indikatori.
naTuriani indikatori SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iq-
nas:
-Zabvis arsebobis gansazRvrisaTvis;
-kvebis wyaros polarobis gansazRvrisTvis anu
aqtiuri da neitraluri wertilebis, kvebisa da Cami-
wmebis klemebis gansazRvrisaTvis;
-ori daparalelebuli wyaros “fazirebisas~ fa-
zebis Sesabamisobis Sesamowmeblad;
-eleqtroZravas Camiwebis Sesamowmeblad. indika-
toris erTi gamomyvani uerTdeba erTfaza kvebis wyaros
‘fazis~ klemas, xolo meore – gragnilis klemas. Tu
naTura ainTo, maSin gragnili Camiwebulia, winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi – ara;
-samfaza wyaros Sesamowmeblad. indikatoris ga-
momyvanebs CarTaven or fazas Soris. am dros Sesa-
Zlebelia samidan erTi SemTxveva:
-Tu kveba gamorTulia, maSin naTurebi ar ainTeba.
-Tu erT-erTi faza gaTiSulia, maSin naTurebi
ainTeba naxevari varvarebiT.
-Tu orive faza wesrigSia, maSin naTurebi ainTeba
mTeli varvarebiT.
g) maRalimpendansiani
testeri. Zabvis indikatoris
erT-erTi saxeobaa. (nax. 2.18)
Zabvis arsebobis dros xel-
sawyo gamoscems vizualur-
xmovan signals nax. 2.18. maRalimpen-
dansiani testeri
85
a) g) Tu moiTxoveba gazomvebi maRali Zabvis wredebSi,
maSin voltmetris gazomvis zRvari unda gavafarTo-
voT., wredSi damwevi Zabvis transformatoris CarTviT
(CarTvis sqema ganxiluli iqneba SemdegSi). am SemTx-
vevaSi voltmetris skalaze naCvenebi Zabvis mniSvnelo-
ba unda gavamravloT Sesabamis koeficientze. nax.2.19.-
ze mocemulia faris, isriani cifruli da labora-
b) d) toriuli voltmetrebi.
voltmetrebi gamoiyeneba eleqtrul wredSi en-
ergiis gadacemis; erTfaza da samfaza kvebis; elemen-
tebis (mag. rele, taimetri da a.S.) vargisianobis; Cam-
iwebis mTlianobis SemowmebisaTvis da a.S.

a) b)

nax. 2.19. voltmetrebi:

a) faris; b) isriani;
g) cifruli; d) laboratoriuli

d) voltmetrebi. (nax. 2.19) or wertils Soris

Zabvis (potencialTa sxvaobis) gasazomad gamoiyeneben
xelsawyos, romelsac voltmetri ewodeba. igi gamoiy- g)
eneba iseTi wredebis testirebis dros, romlebic
CarTulni arian kvebis wyarosTan. voltmetri gam-
oiyeneba rogorc mudmivi, aseve cvladi Zabvis gasa-
zomad did sazRvrebSi. voltmetri yovelTvis CairTve-
ba sakontrolo wertilebs Soris paralelurad.
gazomvis dawyebis win darwmunebuli unda viyoT
Seesabameba Tu ara xelsawyoze arCeuli diapazoni
gasazom Zabvas, radganac xelsawyo gaTvlilia Zabvis
nax. 2.20. ampermetrebis saerTo xedi:
gansazRvruli mniSvnelobis gasazomad. a) isriani; b) cifruli; g) laboratoriuli

86 87
 e) ampermetrebiT sargebloben dabali Zabvis
Caketil eleqtrul wredSi gamavali donis gasazo-
mad. igi gamoiyeneba Zabvis qveS myofi eleqtruli
wredebis dros da yovelTvis wredSi irTveba mim-
devrobiT. mimdevrobiT CarTuli ampermetri gviCvenebs
datvirTvis mier moxmarebul dens. ampermetriT uSu-
alod izomeba rogorc mudmivi, aseve cvladi deni
farTo sazRvrebSi dabali Zabvis dros. ampermetrebi
arsebobs sxvadasxva modifikaciis. nax. 2.20-ze moce-
mulia faris, cifruli da laboratoriuli amperme-
trebi.
ampermetrebis gazomvis diapazonis zRvris gasa-
dideblad, mas rTaven denis transformatoris gav-
liT (romlis CarTvis sqema naCvenebi iqneba Semdeg-
Si). am dros ampermetris Cveneba mravldeba denis
transformaciis koeficientze.
nax. 2.21. martiv wredSi ampermetrisa da voltme-
tris CarTvis sqema
88
nax. 2.21-ze naCvenebia diagnostikisaTvis eleqtrul
wredSi ampermetrisa da voltmetris CarTvis sqema.
rogorc am sqemidan Cans, ampermetri wredSi CarTu-
lia mimdevrobiT wredis ubanze, xolo voltmetri –
paralelurad sakontrolo wertilebs Soris.
v) vatmetrebi da varmetrebi. cvladi denis
samfaza wredebSi aqtiuri simZlavreebis gasazomad
gamoiyeneben vatmetrebs, xolo reaqtiuli simZlavris
gasazomad – varmetrebs.
nax. 2.22, a-ze naCvenebia D5061 ti pis vatmetri, romel-
ic gamoyenebulia aqtiuri simZlavris gasazomad erT-
faza cvladi da mudmivi denis wredebSi; nax. 2.22, b-ze
a) b)
g) d)
nax. 2.22. vatmetrebi da varmetrebi:
a) - D5061 ti pis vatmetri; b) - D5070 ti pis vatvarmetri;E
g) - O301/1 ti pis vatmetr-varmetri; d) - OA02 Bti pis
vatmetr-varmetriE
89
moyvanilia D5070 ti pis vatvarmetri, romelic gam-
oiyeneba aqtiuri simZlavris gasazomad. samfaza sam-
sadenian cvladi denis wredebSi fazebis rogorc
simetriuli, aseve arasimetriuli datvirTvis dros
da reaqtiuli simZlavris gasazomad samfaza samsad-
enian cvladi denis wredSi simetriuli Zabvebis dros,
roca fazebis datvirTvis arasimetriuloba ar
aRemateba 5%-s; xolo nax. 2.22, g-ze mocemulia faris
O301/1 ti pis vatmetr-varmetri, romelic dagraduire-
bulia kilovatebSi (kilovarebSi). nax.2.22, d-ze
naCvenebia OA02 ti pis cifruli vatmetr-varmetri.
z) fazometrebi. rogorc erTfaza, ise samfaza cv-
ladi denis wredebSi simZlavris koeficientis  cos  
gasazomad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva ti pis fazometrebi.
a) b)
g)
nax. 2.23. fazometrebi: a) – erTfaza wredisTvis
C302М1 ti pis; b) – samfaza wredisTvis C43205 ti pis;
g) – laboratoriuli D5782 ti pis
90
nax. 2.23, a-ze moyvanilia N302I1 tipis fazometri, romelic
gamoiyeneba erTfaza cvladi denis wredSi 0 _ 10000
herci sixSiris diapazonSi; nax. 2.23, b-ze moyvanilia
faris N42305 tipis fazometri, romelic gamoiyeneba
samfaza cvladi denis 50 herci sixSiris wredSi; xolo
nax. 2.23, g-ze naCvenebia D5782 ti pis laboratoriuli
fazometri.
T) voltamperfazometri (vafi). diagnostikis
sferoSi didi gamoyeneba aqvs universalur xelsawy-
os – voltamperfazometrs, romelic arsebobs sxva-
dasxva modifikaciisa da Sesabamisad sxvadasxva ti pis.
a) b)
g) d)
nax. 2.24. voltamperfazometrebi (vafi):
a) – IA?IA AAO-A-2 ti pis; b) – AAO-I1 ti pis; g)
– I4185RS ti pis; d) – retometri
91
 nax. 2.24, a-ze moyvanilia IA?IA AAO-O-2 ti pis
voltamperfazometri (ori marwuxiT), mTlianad av-
tomatizirebuli universaluri xelsawyo, romlis
daniSnulebaa warmoebis mTavari energetikosis, av-
tomatikisa da sareleo dacvis samsaxuris, ener-
gozedamxedvelobisa da energogasaRebis muSaobis
uzrunvelyofa. mas SeuZlia mudmivi Zabvis; samrewve-
lo sixSiris cvladi denisa da Zabvis; Zabvasa da
Zabvas; densa da dens; densa da Zabvas Soris Zvris
kuTxisa da erTdroulad wredis sruli simZlavris;
sixSiris gazomva; samfaza sistemaSi fazaTa Tanmim-
devrobis gansazRvra.
generatorebis, transformatorebis, denisa da Zab-
vis transformatorebis wredebSi dacvebis kompleq-
suri gamocdebisaTvis gamoiyeneba nax. 2.24, b-ze mocemu-
li AAO-I1 ti pis xelsawyo. mas SeuZlia agreTve
releuri dacvis fazomgrZnobiare sqemebis Semowmeba
da gawyoba. igi gamoiyeneba agreTve samfaza eleqtru-
li mricxvelebis CarTvis sisworis Sesamowmeblad.
nax. 2.24, g-ze mocemulia uaxlesi I4185RS ti pis
xelsawyo, romlis daniSnulebaa orfaza da samfaza
eleqtruli denis wredebis parametrebis gazomva. mas
gaaCnia gazomvis farTo diapazoni. kerZod, mas aqvs
muSaobis Semdegi reJimebi: Zabvis; denis; sixSiris;
Zabva-Zabva, deni-deni, Zabva-deni Soris Zvris kuTxis
gazomva; aqtiuri, reaqtiuli da sruli simZlavreebis
gamoTvla; drois arCeul periodSi yvela parametris
minimaluri, maqsimaluri da saSualo mniSvnelobis
gaangariSeba; drois mocemul periodSi moxmarebuli
energiisa da simZlavris koeficientis gamoTvla;
92
denisa da Zabvis sazomi transformatorebis dat-
virTvis kontroli.
mocemuli, gazomili da gamoTvlili mniSvnelobe-
bi indicirdeba grafikuli displeis ekranze. indi-
cirebuli mniSvnelobebi Seinaxeba gare an Siga mex-
sierebaSi. am xelsawyos SeuZlia imuSaos personalur
kompiuterTan erTad da uzrunvelyos drois mixed-
viT perioduli gazomvebi da miRebuli Sedegebis
mixedviT Seadginos cxrilebi da grafikebi, agreTve
gamosaxos ekranze drois realur masStabSi qselis
muSaobis veqtoruli diagrama. saWiroebis SemTxveva-
Si igi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes informaciuli
marTvis sistemebis SemadgenlobaSi.
misi kvebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens akumula-
toris batarea. garda amisa SesaZlebelia misi kveba
220v Zabvisa da avtomobilis qselidan.
did interess iwvevs nax. 2.24, d-ze warmodgenili
xelsawyo retometri. igi axali Taobis mravalfun-
qciuri da mTlianad avtomatizirebuli sertificir-
ebulia xelsawyoa, romelic Tavisi sizustiTa da
woniTi gabarituli maCveneblebiT bevrad uswrebs
amJamad gamoSvebul vaf-ebs. xelsawyos Zalian mox-
erxebulia da martivia eqspluataciaSi. mas SeuZlia
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi imuSaos avtonomi-
ur reJimSi CaSenebuli akumulatorebidan. igi saSu-
alebas gvaZlevs CavataroT gazomvebi laboratori-
ul da savele pirobebSi temperaturis cvlilebis
farTo diapazonSi da susti ganaTebis SemTxvevaSi.
igi Tavisuflad Tavsdeba jibeSi.
93
a) b)
nax. 2.25. sixSiris mzomebi:
a) – vibraciuli sistemis; b) - cifruli
misi gansakuTrebuli ganmasxvavebeli SesaZle-
blobebia: gazomvis mTliani avtomatizacia; indika-
toris mkveTrad ganaTebuli msxvili simboloebi
saSualebas iZleva muSaoba vawarmooT bnel Senobeb-
Si; SeuZlia gazomos wredis eleqtruli winaRoba da
aqvs “garekvis~ (“I?icaiiea ~) reJimi; CaliTaSi Cakerebu-
li magnitebis daxmarebiT xdeba xelsawyos damagreba
nebismier metalis zedapirze.
a) b)
nax. 2.26. cifruli densazomi marwuxebi:
a – dabali Zabvis; b – maRali Zabvis
94
i) sixSiris mzomi. sixSire eleqtruli wredis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi parametria amitom mis
gakontrolebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWe-
ba. eleqtrul wredebSi sixSiris gasazomad gamoy-
enebulia vibraciuli da cifruli xelsawyoebi. nax.
2.25,oa-ze mocemulia vibraviuli sistemis xelsawyo,
romelic gamoiyeneba sixSiris gasazomad cvladi denis
wredebSi moZrav da stacionalur obieqtebze, xolo
nax. 2.25, b-ze naCvenebia mravali ti pis cifruli six-
Sirmzomidan erT-erTi, kerZod, Tanamedrove uaxlesi
CN-90XL60ГГЦ tipis,
romlis sixSiris gazomvis diapazonia 0,001hc –
60ghc.
k) densazomi marwuxi. (nax. 2.26) es xelsawyo
saSualebas gvaZlevs maRali sizustiTa da ukotaq-
toT gavzomoT wredSi gamavali denis Zala, ise rom
ar SevwyvitoT wredSi elenergiis miwodeba momx-
marebelze. denis Zalis gazomvis dros marwuxis sace-
cebi, romelSic CamontaJebulia feritis gularebi,
Semoexveva dengamtar sadens. sadenSi gamavali deni
aRZravs magnitur induqcias, romlis mniSvneloba
pirdapirproporciulia sadenSi gamavali denisa.
induqciis es mniSvneloba marwuxis denis gadam-
wodebiT registrirdeba denis mniSvnelobad, romel-
ic gamonaTdeba marwuxis displeize. densazom mar-
wuxs aqvs unari, daimaxsovros an Seinaxos gazomili
sididis mniSvneloba. es xelsawyo SeiZleba gamoy-
enebuli iqnes voltmetrad, risTvisac mas gaaCnia spe-
cialuri sacecebi da maTi SeerTebis adgili. amitom
igi iTvleba universalur sazom xelsawyod. es xel-
95
 sawyo gamoiyeneba iseT adg-
ilebSi, sadac gvaqvs fazebis
gancalkevebis SesaZlebloba
da ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli
iqnes mravalZarRva Zalovan
kabelebSi, sadac erT kabelSi
moTavsebulia yvela samive
nax. 2.27. 4380O ti pis fazis sadeni. am xelsawyos
testeri gamoyenebis dros saWiroa yura-
dReba mivaqcioT imas, rom marwuxis sacecebi erTma-
neTTan mWidrod unda iqnes moWerili RreCos gareSe.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gazomvis mniSvneloba iqneba
mcdari. densazomi marwuxebi muSaoben rogorc mudmiv,
ise cvlad denze gasazomi sididis did diapazonSi.
l) testeri. farTod gamoiyeneba diagnostikis
procesSi kombinirebuli eleqtrosazomi xelsawyo –
testeri, romelic arsebobs sxvadasxva modifikaciiT.
erT-erTi modifikaciis testeri mocemulia nax.2.27-ze.
a) b)
nax. 2.28. multimetrebi:
a) – O4342-I1 ti pis analogiuri multimetri; b) –
cifruli multimetri
96
m) multimetrebi. multimetrebs didi gamoyeneba
aqvT mudmivi da cvladi denebisa da Zabvebis, winaRobe-
bis, sixSiris, wredis mTlianobis, elementebis wesivru-
lobis Sesamowmeblad. damamzadeblebis mier gamoSve-
bulia aseTi xelsawyoebi sxvadasxvagvari funqviebiT.
multimetrebi arsebobs analogiuri (nax. 2.20, a) da
cifruli (nax. 2.20, b).
Cveulebriv multimetrebi Seicavs ampermetrs,
voltmetrs da ommetrs. Sesabamisi funqciebis gadam-
rTveliT. ommetri arsebiTad warmoadgens denis sa-
zom xelsawyos, romlis skala dagraduirebulia omeb-
Si. aseTi ampermetr-voltmetr-ommetri ZiriTadi di-
agnostikuri xelsawyoa. am xelsawyos sworad gamoy-
eneba amaRlebs ara marto gazomvis sizustes, aramed
axangrZlivebs misi momsaxureobis vadasac.
multimetris gamoyenebis procesSi unda davic-
vaT sifrTxilis qvemoT moyvanili zomebi:
-xelsawyos dazianebis Tavidan asacileblad
saWiroa Semowmeba daviwyoT gazomvis yvelaze maRa-
li zRvaridan da TandaTanobiT SevamciroT.
-ufro zusti Sedegis masaRebad gazomvis diapa-
zoni unda SevarCioT ise, rom xelsawyos Cveneba iyos
xelsawyos skalis zeda naxevarSi.
-gazomvis win (gansakuTrebiT mudmivi denisa da
Zabvis SemTxvevaSi) ganvsazRvroT wredis polaroba.
-winaRobis gazomvis win es winaRoba unda gam-
ovrToT kvebis wyarodan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sa-
zomi xelsawyo gamova mwyobridan.
97
 -winaRobis gazomvis sizustis uzrunvelyofis a) b)
mizniT multimetrSi periodulad unda Seicvalos
kvebis batarea.
-xelsawyo unda davicvaT mtvris, nestis, kvamlisa
da maRali temperaturisagan.
analogiur multimetrTansDSedarebiT cifruli
multimetri flobs mTel rig dadebiT Tvisebebs, rac
mas xdis mosaxerxebel da efeqtur xelsawyod. mas
gaaCnia funqcionaluri simartive, mravalfunqciona-
loba (Zabvis, denis, winaRobis gazomvis reJimebi) ga- nax. 2.29. megaommetrebi:
zomvis diapazonis avtomaturi arCevis Tviseba, ga- a) – eleqtromeqanikuri generatoriT ( YN 0202/1A);
b) – cifruli ( AM2002 )
zomvis Sedegis Senaxvis, diodebis, tranzistorebis,
zogierT laboratoriul sazom xelsawyos gaaC-
kondensatorebisa da sxva parametrebis Semowmebis
nia CaSenebuli maRali Zabvis wyaro, romelic saSu-
SesaZlebloba.
alebas gvaZlevs didi sizustiT gaizomos didi win-
n) megometri. Cveulebrivi multimetrebi ver
aRobebi. amasTanave aseTi xelsawyoebi ar aris mobi-
uzrunvelyofen gazomvis sizustis 10 megaomze meti
luri.
winaRobis gazomvis dros, radgan maTSi gamoyenebu-
megaommetri aris portatuli ommetri maRalvol-
lia dabali Zabvis kvebis wyaro. amitom 0 _ 1000 mega-
tiani kvebis wyaroTi. es kvebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos
om diapazonSi winaRobis gazomvisas gamoiyeneben mega-
eleqtromagnituri mudmivi denis generatori an ba-
ommetrebs (SemoklebiT megeri) anu izolaciis win-
tarea. megaommetrSi, romelsac gaaCnia generatori
aRobis sazomebs. Tavisi moqmedebis princi piT isini
gamoyenebulia saxeluri generatoris Ruzis dasa-
warmoadgenen ommetrebs, romlebSic kvebisaTvis gamoy-
bruneblad. generatori Tavisi modelidan gamomdinare
enebulia maRali Zabvis wyaro. es xelsawyoebi Ziri-
gamoimuSavebs 500, 1000 da 2500 volt Zabvas. warmoebis
Tadad gamoiyeneba kabelis izolaciis, eleqtroZra-
mier gamoSvebulia sxvadasxva ti pis megaometrebis
vas an transformatoris xviebs Soris winaRobis gasa-
didi raodenoba. magaliTisaTvis Cven ganvixilavT
zomad da a.S.
mxolod or maTgans.
megaommetridan Sesamowmebel wredze moedeba ma-
nax. 2.29, a-ze naCvenebia YN 0202/1A ti pis megaom-
Rali Zabva da Tu wredSi arsebobs mcire eleqtru-
metri, romelic cvlis dRemde arsebul M4100/1;
li gaJonvac ki, es Zabva iwvevs SesamCnev dens, rac am
M4100/2; M4100/3 da M4101 ti pis megamommetrebs. igi
xelsawyos xdis izolaciis winaRobis gamzomad.

98 99
 a) b)
nax. 2.30. izolaciis winaRobis sazomebi:
a) – analogiuri ( MA-2060); b) – cifruli ( 4102MF)
ikvebeba masSi CamontaJebeli eleqtromeqanikuri gen-
eratoriT, rac gamoricxavs misi wredSi CarTvis
saWiroebas. misi gazomvis diapazoni 0 - 1000 momi-a.
gamosacdeli Zabvebia 500, 1000 da 2500 volti.
nax 2.29, b-ze naCvenebia AM2002 ti pis cifruli
megometri, romelic uzrunvelyofs gazomvis maRal
sisuztes (1-2%) 0,1-1000 m omi winaRobis diapazonSi.
gamoimuSavebs 100, 250, 500 da 1000 v sacdel Zabvebvs.
ikvebeba 9 v ZabviT. amitom es ukanaskneli didi popu-
larobiT sargeblobs inJiner-eleqtrikosebs Soris,
radgan msubuqi da kompaqturia.
o) izolaciis winaRobis sazomi. Zalian didi
winaRobebis gasazomad gamoiyeneba izolaciis win-
aRobis sazomebi. nax. 2.30, a-ze naCvenebia MA-2060 ti-
pis xelsawyo, romlis gazomvis zRvaria 500 komidan -
500 gomamde. es xelsawyo gamomuSavebs 500, 1000, 2000 da
5000 v Zabvebs. am xelsawyoTi SeiZleba CavataroT
danadgaris gamocda eleqtrul simtkiceze, radganac
100
nax. 2.31. 1151 IN – ti- nax. 2.32. CA 6115-N ti pis
pis mravalfunqciuri kompleqsuri Semowmebis
cifruli avtotesteri xelsawyo
SesaZlebelia sacdeli Zabvis SenarCuneba garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi. xelsawyo uzrunvelyofilia
testirebis damTavrebis Semdeg avtomaturi ganmux-
tvis mowyobilobiT.
nax. 2.30, b-ze naCvenebia 4102MF ti pis cifruli
izolaciis winaRobis sazomi, romelsac SeuZlia
izolaciis winaRobis, wredis winaRobis, mudmivi da
cvladi Zabvis gazomva da mowyobilobaTa testireba.
winaRobis gasazomad am xelsawyos testirebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba mudmivi Zabvis sami mniSvneloba: 250, 500
da 1000 v. xelsawyos gazomvis zRvaria 2 komidan - 8
gomamde. ikvebeba 12 v mudmivi ZabviT.
p) mravalfunqciuri testerebi . ukanasknel
xanebSi did gamoyenebas poulobs agreTve mraval-
funqciuri 1151 IN ti pis cifruli avtotestirebi
(nax. 2.31) da eleqtrodanadgarebis kompleqsuri Semow-
mebis xelsawyo, romelic mocemulia nax. 2.32-ze. es
101

nax. 2.33. MI 2150 ti pis nax. 2.34. IEE-57 ti pis
eleqtrosadenis mravalfunqciuri xel-
testirebis xelsawyo sawyo
xelsawyo efeqturad gamoiyeneba sayofacxovrebo, ko-
merciul da samrewvelo seqtorSi. eleqtroteqniko-
sebi mas iyeneben axali mowyobilobis miRebis dros
an mowyobilobis rekonstruqciis Semdeg Semowmebi-
saTvis. xelsawyos daxmarebiT advilad da riskis
gareSe sruldeba eleqtrodanadgarebis standartiT
rekomendirebuli gazomvebi. xelsawyo Seesabameba
saerTaSoriso standartebs. kompiuteruli programa
CA 6115-N -NsaSualebas iZleva xelsawyos mexsiere-
bidan miviRoT gazomvis Sedegebi cxrilis saxiT. ko-
mpiuteruli programa saSualebas iZleva agreTve yvela
Sedegi amoibeWdos printerze A6 formatiT.
eleqtrosadenebis mTlianobis, izolaciis winaR-
obis, Sexebis Zabvis, damiwebis sadenze Zabvis arsebo-
bis Semowmebisa da sadenis vargisianobis daskvni-
saTvis gamoiyeneba nax. 2.33-ze mocemuli MI 2150 ti pis
portatuli xelsawyo.
eleqtroenergiis xarisxis SemowmebisaTvis gamoy-
enebulia IEE-57 ti pis kompleqsuri kontrolis xe-
102
lsawyo-eleqtroenergiis
xarisxis analizatori (nax.
2.34), romlis daxmarebiaTac
SegviZlia gazomvebi Cava-
taroT rogorc erTfaza, ise
samfaza denis qselebSi. misi
saSualebiT ganisazRvreba
denis, Zabvis, aqtiuri, reaq-
tiuli da sruli sim-
nax. 2.35. oscilografi
Zlavris, simZlavris koeficientis, aqtiuri da reaq-
tiuli energiis, damcavi mowyobilobis, wredis sru-
li winaRobis, izolaciisa da Camiwebis winaRobis,
gruntis gamtarobis mniSvnelobebi, fazaTa Tanmim-
devroba, sixSiris gadaxra, Zabvisa da denis arasinu-
soiduroba 49-e harmonikamde da sxva.
misi Sinagani mexsiereba Seadgens 2 megabaits.
J) oscilografebi. oscilografi farTod gamoy-
enebuli xelsawyoa. sakvlevi signali gamoisaxeba mis
ekranze, romlis mixedviTac vmsjelobT mis sixSireze,
formaze da impulsebis xangrZlivobaze. igi SeiZle-
ba gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc mudmivi, aseve cvladi
Zabvis gasazomad.
ekranze gamosaxuli signalis mixedviT SeiZleba
ganisazRvros misi amplituda da periodi. nax. 2.35-ze
mocemulia GOS-7630 ti pis orsxiviani oscilografi.
orsxiviani oscilografi saSualebas iZleva dav-
inaxoT da erTmaneTs SevadaroT or sxvadasxva arxSi
gamavali signali. gadamrTvelebis ori jgufi iZle-
va SesaZleblobas SevadaroT maTi periodebi, ampli-
103
tudebi, formebi. damamaxsovrebeli oscilografiT cxrili 2.1
SeiZleba SevinaxoT signalis forma misi Semdgomi
si didis erTelis
analizis Catarebis mizniT. sidide sazomi erTeuli
aRniSvna aRni Svna
yvela zemoTmoyvanili xelsawyos gamoyenebis dros
Ddenis Zala I Aamperi Aa
unda visargebloT xelsawyoze TandarTuli instru-
qciiT. Zabva V volti v
Mmuxti,eleqtro
Q Kkuloni Kkl
2.9. eleqtroteqnikuri gazomvebi diagnostikis bis raodenoba
dros Eenergia W jouli.vati.sT j.vt.sT
a) erTeulTa sistemebi. Nnebismieri mecnierebis simZlavre
P vati vt
dargs gaaCnia Tavisi sakuTari unikaluri ena da am aqtiuri
simZlavre
mxriv eleqtroteqnika gamonakliss ar warmoadgens. Q voltamperreaqtiuli var
reaqtiuli
izomeba yvelaferi, yvelgan da yovelTvis; gazom- simZlavre
S voltamperi va
sruli
vis aucileblobas moiTxovs nebismieri teqnologiuri
winaRoba R omi omi
procesis mimdinareobis gakontroleba, manqana-dan-
adgarebis muSaobis reJimebis Seswavla, gamomuSave- kuTri winaRoba  Oomi.metri Oomi.m
bul da daxarjul energiebs Soris fardobis dadge- reaqtiuli
X Oomi Oomi
na, usafrTxoebis pirobebis dacva, marTvis avtoma- winaRoba
sruli
turi reJimebis SesaZlebloba da mravali sxva. Z omi Oomi
winaRoba
meti sicxadisa da moxerxebulobisaTvis saerTa- Ggamtaroba
G simensi sim
aqtiuri
Soriso SeTanxmebiT miRebulia, rom erTi fizikuri
Ggamtaroba
B simensi sim
sididis aRniSvna yvelgan iyos erTnairi, yvelgan reaqtiuli
izomebodes erTnair erTeulebSi da daculi iyos am Ggamtaroba
Y simensi sim
sruli
erTeulis standarti. am mizniT SemoRebulia erTeul-
induqciuroba L Hhenri hn
Ta sistemebi, romelTagan yvelaze gavrcelebulia e.w.
SI (System International) sistema, SedarebiT naklebad _ tevadoba C Ffaradi Ff
CGSE sistema. sixSire Hherci hc
f
cxrili 2.1-Si naCvenebia zogierTi fizikuri sidi-
kuTxuri
dis saerTaSoriso aRniSvna da erTeuli am sistemaSi. ?? radiani/wami rad/wm
sixSire
dro t wami wm

104 105
 b) eleqtromzomi xelsawyoebis klasifikacia oiyeneba rogorc sxva mzomi xelsawyoebis makontrole-
sxvadasxva saxis gazomvebi warmoadgenen diagnos- beli xelsawyoebi da laboratoriuli kvlevebis
tikuri samuSaoebis arsebiT nawils. gamzomi xelsaw- dros. gazomvis zRvris gazrdis mizniT standartis
yoebisa da gazomvis meTodis swor arCevazea damok- mixedviT gamoiyeneba 0,02; 0,05; 0,1 0,2 0,5 da 1,0 klasis
idebuli eleqtromowyobilobis mdgomareobis Sefase- Suntebi da damatebiTi winaRobebi.
bis xarisxi. praqtikaSi diagnostikuri samuSaoebis Sesrulebis
sazomi teqnikis sxva saxeebTan SedarebiT eleqtru- dros yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gazomvis uSualo
li gazomvebi gamoirCeva didi sizustiT, simartiviT Sefasebis meTodi winaswar dagraduirebuli xelsaw-
da saimedoobiT. amis gamo eleqtromzomi xelsawyoe- yos saSualebiT (denis gazomva ampermetriT, Zabvis _
bis meqanizmebi ixmareba ara marto uSualod eleqtru- voltmetriT, simZlavris _ voltmetriT da a.S.). ma-
li sidideebis gasazomad, aramed sxva, bevri gram sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba agreTve Sedarebis
araeleqtruli sididis gasazomadac. gasazomi sid- meTodebi (winaRobis gazomva bogiriT, Zabvis _ poten-
ideebis nairgvarobis gamo gamzomi meqanizmebic nair-
gvaria da maTi klasifikacia xdeba mTeli rigi faq- cxrili 2.2
torebiT. ase magaliTad: gasazomi sididis mixedviT
arsebobs denis, Zabvis, simZlavris daxarjuli energiis, qarTuli saerTaSoriso
mamravli dasaxeleba
sixSiris, Zvris kuTxis da simZlavris koeficientis aRniSvna aRniSvna
1018 eqsa e E
sazomi xelsawyoebi; gasazomi denis saxis mixedviT
1015 peta p П
eleqtromzomi xelsawyoebia: mudmivi denis, erTfaza 1012 tera t T
cvladi denis da samfaza denis; gasazomi sizustis 109 giga g G
mixedviT isriani mzomi xelsawyoebi dayofilia rva 106 mega mg M
klasad: 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 1,0; 1,5; 2,5 da 4,0 klasis nomeri da 103 kilo k K
102 heqto h h
dsaSvebi cdomilebis mniSvneloba amotanilia xel-
101 deka dk da
sawyos skalis panelze. 1,5 klasis xelsawyoebis cdom- 10-1 deci dc d
ilebis dasaSvebi mniSvnelobaa 1,5% da a.S. xelsawy- 10-2 santi s c
oebi ,romelTa cdomileba 4%-s aRemateba klasebiT 10-3 mili m m
klasifikacias ar eqvemdebareba, esenia, umetesad faris 10-6 mikro mk mk(µ)
10-9 nano n n
xelsawyoebi, romelTa mTavar daniSnulebad gasazomi 10-12 piko p p
sididis indikacia iTvleba. 0,05 _ 0,5 fasis xelsawy- 10-15 fento f f
oebis daniSnulebaa gazomvis didi sizuste da gam- 10-18 ato a a

106 107
ciometriT). orive meTodi miekuTvneba pirdapiri ga- cxrili #2.4
zomvis meTods. xelsawyos sistema aRniSvna
garda amisa, gamoiyeneba agreTve gazomvis iribi magnitoeleqtruli
meTodebi, romlis drosac CvenTvis saintereso sid- eleqtromagnituri
ide ganisazRvreba angariSis gziT (simZlavris ga- logometri
zomva ampermetrisa da voltmetris CvenebiT). ufro eleqtrodinamiuri, induqciuri
zust meTodad miCneulia pirdapiri gazomvis meTodi
da pirvel rigSi Sedarebis meTodi. cxrili #2.5
g) jeradi erTeulebi _ gazomvis Sedegebis Caw-
aRniSvna denis saxeebi
eris gamartivebisa da moxerxebulobis mizniT SemoRe-
mudmivi deni
bulia fizikur sidideTa jeradi erTeulebi. xSir mudmivi da cvladi
SemTxvevaSi es jeradoba gamoisaxeba 10-is xarisxebiT
erTfaza cvladi
cxrili #2.3

gasazomi sidide xelsawyos dasaxel. pirobiTi samfaza cvladi

aRniSvna
deni ampermetri A sizustis klasi
miliampermetri
mikroampermetri
mA
A izolaciis xarisxi
Zabva voltmetri V 7kv -ze
milivoltmetri
mV
kilovoltmetri
Semdegi dasaxelebebiT: milionjer meti _ mega, aTasjer
kV
simZalvre vatmetri W
meti _ kilo, aTasjer naklebi _ mili, milionjer
kilovatmetri naklebi _ mikro da a.S. cxril #2.2-Si mocemulia
kW
energia mricxveli kWh mamravlebi, maTi dasaxelebebi da saerTaSoriso aRniS-
Zvris kuTxe da fazometri  vnebi.
simZ. koef. cos  d) skalaze datanili aRniSvnebi _ eleqtrom-
sixSire sixSirmzomi
Hz zomi xelsawyoebis skalis upirvelesi daniSnulebaa
winaRoba ommetri  ciferblatze isris mdgomareobiT wavikiTxoT gasa-
megaommetri zomi sididis raodenobrivi mniSvneloba. xSirad
M

108 109
isris qveS datanilia sarke, romlis daniSnulebaa
gazardos aTvlis sizuste. amisaTvis skalas davxe-
davT zemodan im kuTxiT, rom isris mdgomareoba
daemTxves mis sarkul anarekls. dakvirvebis am kuTx-
iT waikiTxeba isris zusti Cveneba.
garda amisa eleqtromzomi xelsawyoebis arCevis
mizniT mis skalaze gamotanilia mTeli rigi aRniS-
vnebi, romelic miuTiTebs gasazom sidides, mis zeda
zRvars da xasiaTs, xelsawyos sistemas, klass da a.S.
es aRniSvnebi moyvanilia #2.4 da #2.5 cxrilebis
saxiT.
e) danayofis fasis dadgena isrian xelsawy-
oebze
xSir SemTxvevaSi eleqtromzomi xelsawyoebi gamo-
dis gasazomi sididis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis zeda
zRvariT. zRvaris arCeva xdeba damatebiTi momWeriT,
klaviSiT, Stefseluri ti pis RrmuliT da sxva.
skala dagraduirebulia garkveul diapazonSi,
magaliTad 0 _ 150; 0 _ 100 da sxva diapazonebSi.
gasazomi sididis zeda zRvaris arCevis Semdeg
danayofis fasi SeiZleba ganisazRvros proporci-
idan, aRvniSnoT: isris maqsimaluri gadaxra (a) _ ga-
zomvis zeda zRvari (b); isris gadaxra gazomvis pro-
cesSi (c) anu gazomili danayofebis ricxvi _ gasa-
zomi sidide (x). a-s Seesabameba b; c-s x.
a _____ b cb b
saidanac x danayofis fasia
c _____ x a a
110
ganvixiloT magaliTi: vTqvaT voltmetris pan-
elze amotanilia klaviSebi gazomvis zeda zRvrebis
CvenebiT, 150v, 300v, 600v.
skala dagraduirebulia (0 _ 150) diapazonSi.
voltmetris gazomvis wredSi CarTvis Semdeg Tu
150
avirCevT klaviSs 150v, danayofis fasi iqneba  1.
150
e.i. isris gadaxra pirdapir uCvenebs gasazomi Zabvis
sidides. Tu avirCevT klaviSs 300v, maSin danayofis
300
fasi iqneba  2 , anu isris Cveneba unda gavamrav-
150
loT 2-ze da a.S. gazomvis sizustis gazrdis mizniT
sasurvelia gazomvis zeda zRvari xelsawyoze avir-
CioT iseTi, rom meti iyos gasazomi sididis mniS-
vnelobaze, magram rac SeiZleba masTan miaxloebuli.
magaliTad, Tu zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi gasazomia
daaxloebiT 100v rigis Zabva, umjobesia avirCioT zeda
zRvari 150v da ara 300 da miTumetes 600.
v) cneba gazomvis cdomilebis Sesaxeb.
arcerTi gazomvis Sedegi ar aris idealurad
zusti. gazomvis Sedegebi yovelTvis met-naklebi si-
zustiT uaxlovdeba gasazomi sididis namdvil mniS-
vnelobas da im mizniT, rom ganvsazRvroT ramdenia
maT Soris sxvaoba, Semogvaqvs cneba gazomvis cdom-
ilebis Sesaxeb.
. gazomili  A  da gasazomi sididis namdvil mniS-
vnelobas  A0  Soris sxvaobas absoluturi cdom-
ileba ewodeba.
111
 A  A  A0 .
V
absoluturi cdomilebiT ver vimsjelebT gazom-
vis cdomilebaze, ramdenadac igi gasazomi sididis
I A
diapazonzea damokidebuli. ase magaliTad, Tu izomeba
deni, romlis sidide 1 amperis rigisaa da absolu- V R
turi cdomileba 0,3 amperia, im denebis gazomvisa, rom-
lis rigi 1000 amperia da absoluturi cdomileba 5 nax. 2.36 denisa da Zabvis gazomvis sqema
amperia, gazomvebi ufro zustia, vidre wina SeTxvevaSi. nasknelT didi gamoyeneba aqvT maRalsixSirul ga-
amitom gazomvis cdomileba fasdeba fardobiTi zomvebSi.
erTeulebiT da gamoisaxeba procentebiT. xelsawyos arCevis dros ama Tu im gazomvis Casa-
A tareblad mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT Semdegi: ga-
gazomvis fardobiTi cdomileba   A  100% . zomvebisaTvis, romlebic ar moiTxoven did sizustes
0
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes 1-1,5 sizustis klasis
$2.8-Si moyvanilia diagnostikis dros gamoyenebu-
xelsawyoebi, xolo didi sizustis SemTxvevaSi 0,2-0,5
li farTod gavrcelebeli xelsawyoebi, maTi maxasi-
klasis xelsawyoebi. sareleo dacvis gawyobisaTvis
aTeblebi. qvemoT dawvrilebiT SevexebiT eleqtru-
gamoiyeneba 0,5 klasis xelsawyoebi da a.S.
li sidideebis gazomvis sqemebs, processa da gazom-
denisa da Zabvis erTdrouli gazomvis dros xel-
vis Taviseburebebs.
sawyoTa stacionalurad damagrebis SemTxvevaSi ar-
z) denisa da Zabvis gazomva. denisa da Zabvis
Ceuli unda iyos xelsawyoTa ganlagebis adgili sqe-
gasazomad mudmivi denis wredebSi ZiriTadad gamoiy-
maSi. Tu voltmetris Sinagani winaRoba Tanazomadia
eneba magnitoeleqtruli sistemis ampermetrebi da
ampermetris Sinagani winaRobisa, maSin ar SeiZleba
voltmetrebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian maRali si-
ampermetri dadges voltmetramde, radgan voltmetr-
zustiT, mgrZnobiarobiTa da gadatvirTvis unariano-
Si gamavali deni ar Sevides gazomvaSi da xelsawyoe-
biT. Tanamedrove pirobebSi didi gamoyeneba aqvT
bi unda CairTos Semdegi sqemiT (nax. 2.36). amave dros
agreTve wina paragrafSi dasaxelebul cifrul sa-
ampermetris Sinagani winaRoba unda iyos rac Sei-
zom xelsawyoebs. calkeul SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba
Zleba dabali, radgan masSi Zabvis vardnam gavlena ar
agreTve eleqtromagnituri sistemis xelsawyoebi.
iqonios gazomvis Sedegze.
cvladi denis wredebSi denebisa da Zabvebis gasa-
Tu denisa da Zabvis gasazomi mniSvneloba aRemateba
zomad gamoiyeneba eleqtromagnituri, eleqtrodina-
xelsawyos gazomvis zRvars, maSin pirvel SemTxvevaSi
miuri da cifruli sistemis xelsawyoebi. am uka-
gamoiyeneba denis mzomi transformatorebi (cvladi

112 113
denisaTvis) da gareSe Suntebi (mudmivi denisaTvis), a)
*
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi Zabvis mzomi transforma-
I Idat
torebi (cvladi denisaTvis) da damatebiTi winaR- *
obebi (mudmivi da cvladi denis SemTxvevaSi). denis W
an Zabvis transformatorebis gamoyenebis SemTxveva-
Si denisa da Zabvis gazomili mniSvnelobebi gan- V Rvat Rdat
isazRvrebian formulebiT:
I gaz  Ixels .  K I ;
Vdat
Vgaz  Vxels .  KV ,
b) *
sadac – K I da KV — Sesabamisad denisa da Zabvis trans-
Idat
formatorebis transformaciis koeficientebia. *
Suntebis gamoyenebis dros denis gazomili mniS- Id+Idat W
vneloba ganisazRvreba milivoltmetris CvenebiT
Vxels . V Rvat Rdat
I gaz   IS.n. ,
VS.n. Vdat
Ivat
sadac Vxels . — milivoltmetris Cvenebaa, VS.n. — Zabvis
vardna Suntze IS.n. denis dros. nax. 2.37 simZlavris gazomva vatmetriT mudmivi
denis wredebSi
damatebiTi winaRobis gamoyenebis dros Zabvis
gazomili mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba formuliT: tis klasiT da induqciuri sistemis xelsawyoebi,
moZravi diskoTi sizustis klasiT 1,5-2,5.
RS  Rdm
Vgaz  Vxels . , am xelsawyoebis sqemebis CarTva xorcieldeba
RS
gragnilebis polarobis dacviT. eleqtrodinamiuri
sadac, RS da Rdm - Sesabamisad xelsawyos (voltme- vatmetriT sargeblobis dros mxedvelobaSi unda
tris) Sinagani da damatebiTi winaRobebia. miviRoT am xelsawyos Cvenebis Zlieri damokidebuleba
T) simZlavris gazomva. cvladi denis wredebSi datvirTvis simZlavris koeficientze cos  . xelsawy-
simZlavris gasazomad gamoiyeneba eleqtrodinamiuri os Cveneba SeiZleba iyos zusti im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
da ferodinamiuri sistemis xelsawyoebi 0,2-0,5 sizus- datvirTvis cos  axloa xelsawyos cos  -sTan. daba-
li cos  -s SemTxvevaSi sargebloben specialuri

114 115
vatmetrebiT, romlebic iZlevian swor Sedegebs
cos   0,1  0,3 farglebSi. mudmivi denis wredebSi sim-
Zlavres gansazRvraven magnitoeleqtruli sistemis
ampermetrisa da voltmetris Cvenebis safuZvelze, for-
muliT:
P  V  I.
umetes SemTxvevaSi mudmivi denis wredebSi sim-
Zlavris gasazomad gamoiyeneben eleqtrodinamiuri
an magnitoeleqtruli sistemis vatmetrebs. am SemTx-
vevaSi isini wredSi CairTvebian qvemoT moyvanili
sqemebis mixedviT.
nax. 2.37 a-ze moyvanili sqema gamoiyeneba im SemTx-
vevaSi, roca SeiZleba ugulvebelvyoT danakargebi
vatmetris gragnilebSi. am SemTxvevaSi simZlavris
gasazomi mniSvneloba tolia:
 
Pgas  V  I  Rdat Vd.g.  Vdat.  I dat.  Vd.g.  Pdat. ,
sadac, Vd.g. — aris Zabvis vardna vatmetris denis grag-
nilebSi; Vdat. — Zabvaa datvirTvaze; I dat. — datvirTva-
Si gamavali deni; Pdat. — datvirTvis simZlavre.
nax. 2.37, b-ze moyvanili sqema gamoiyeneba im SemTx-
vevaSi, roca saWiroa simZlavris zusti gazomva, rad-
ganac vatmetris gragnilSi danakargebis Sesworeba
am SemTxvevaSi ufro martivad xdeba, amis garda es
Sesworeba ucvleli rCeba denis nebismieri mniSvnelo-
bis dros. simZlavris gasazomi mniSvneloba gan-
isazRvreba formuliT:
V2
 
Pgas  V I dat  I vat  Pdat 
Pvat
,
sadac, I dat — vatmetris Zabvis gragnilSi gamavali
denia; Pvat — vatmetris Zabvis wredis winaRobaa.
samfaza wredebSi aqtiuri simZlavris gasazomad
diagnostikuri samuSaoebis praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba

* *
W W1
A * A *
* * *
A A B
* * B
W
*
W
Z1 B Z3 Z1 W
C W2
B Z2
C *
C
Z3 Z2 *
C R3 R1 R2
a) b)
nax. 2.39. vatmetrebis samfaza wredSi
nax. 2.38. erTfaza vatmetris CarTvis sqemebi CarTvis sqemebi

116 117
 Л1 Л2 P  3Pf  3Vf If cos .
A
К 1
Л1 nax. 2.39-ze naCvenebia vatmetris CarTvis ufro gavr-
И1 И2 Л2
B
И1 И2 К1 Л1 Л2 celebuli sqemebi:
C
К1 samfaza wredis jamuri simZlavre ganisazRvreba
И1 И2
N orive vatmetris Cvenebis jamiT
P  PW 1  PW 2 .
nax. 2.40-ze naCvenebia sami erTfaza vatmetris oTx-
W1 W2 W3
gamtarian sistemaSi CarTvis sqema, sadac gazomvis
zRvaris gasadideblad gamoyenebulia denis trans-
nax. 2.40. samfaza oTxsadenian sistemaSi denis
transformatorebiT simZlavris gazomvis sqema formatorebi. am sqemis mixedviT samfaza wredis ja-
muri simZlavre tolia
erTfaza vatmetrebi, romlebic wredebis konfiguraci-
is mixedviT SeiZleba CairTos sxvadasxva sqemiT. nax. P   PW 1  PW 2  PW 2   K I ,
2.38-ze naCvenebia vatmetris CarTvis sqema samsadenian sadac, K I — denis transformatoris koeficientia.
simetriuli datvirTvis wredSi reaqtiuli simZlavre samfaza sistemaSi SeiZleba
orive SemTxvevaSi vatmetri zomavs erTi fazis gaizomos, nax. 2.41, a-ze moyvanili sqemebiT.
simZlavres, magram radganac datvirTva simetriulia nax. 2.41, a-ze moyvanili sqemiT reaqtiuli sim-
(Tanabaria), amitom jamuri simZlavre gamoiTvleba Zlavre ganisazRvreba formuliT:
formuliT:
Q  3P,
* W1
A * A A A
* A B C
W
B *
B K

C W2
*
C B
*
C C B

a) b)
nax. 2.42. U 517 ti pis nax. 2.43. fazTa Tanmimdevro-
nax. 2.41. reaqtiuli simZlavris gazomvis sqemebi
fazamaCvneblis xedi bis ganmsazRvruli wredi da
samfaza sistemis simetriuli (a) da arasimetriuli
misi vektoruli diagrama
(b) datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi

118 119
xolo nax. 2.41 b-ze moyvanili sqemisaTvis, formuliT:
Q  3  PW 1  PW 2  .
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi wredSi CarTuli winaRo-
ba toli unda iyos vatmetris Zabvis gragnilis wina-
Robisa.
i ) fazaTa Tanmimdevrobis gansazRvra. eleqt-
romowyobilobis swori CarTvis, eqsploataciis, sare-
leo dacvisa da avtomatikis muSaobis uzrunvely-
ofis mizniT, dadgenilia dengamtari nawilebis SeRe-
bva gamanawilebel mowyobilobebSi,sadac mxedvelo-
baSi miiReba fazaTa Tanmimdevroba. wesis mixedviT A
faza SeRebilia yviTlad, B -mwvaned da C -wiTlad.
fazaTa aseTi, anu pirdapiri Tanmimdevroba gan-
isazRvreba zemoT moyvanili ВАФ ti pis xelsawyoe-
biT. am xelsawyoebis arqonis SemTxvevaSi fazaTa
Tanmimdevroba martivad mowmdeba U 517 ti pis faza-
maCvenebliT (nax. 2.42). Sesamowmebeli sistemis Zabvebi
mierTdeba fazamaCveneblis Sesabamisi markirebis mo-
mWerebTan. pirdapiri Tanmimdevrobis  A B C
K Rilakze TiTis daWeriT disko iwyebs brunvas is-
riT naCvenebi mimarTulebiT, xolo ukuTanmimdevro-
bis SemTxvevaSi _ sawinaaRmdego mxares. Rilakis daW-
eris xangrZlivoba ar unda aRematebodes 3 wm-s.
kidev ufro martivad fazaTa Tanmimdevroba Sei-
Zleba ganisazRvros nax. 2.43. a-ze mocemuli arasim-
etriuli datvirTvis varskvlavad SeerTebuli wrediT,
sadac naTurebis simZlavre erTnairia da kondensa-
toris winaRoba 1 C  naTuris winaRobis tolia.
120
nax. 2.44. RLC -s sazomi xelsawyo
wredis veqtoruli analiziT (nax. 2.43, b) SeiZleba
davadginoT, rom nax. 2.43, a-ze naCvenebi CarTvis dros
B fazaSi CarTuli naTura metad kaSkaSebs, vidre C
fazaSi CarTuli. naTurebi da kondensatori gaTv-
lili unda iyos samfaza wredis fazur Zabvebze.
v) tevadobisa da induqciurobis gazomva. man-
qanebisa da transformatorebis gragnilebis teva-
dobis gasazomad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva tipis xelsaw-
yoebi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia АКИП  6101
— ti pis (nax. 2.44) xelsawyo, romlis ZiriTadi maxas-
dros iaTeblebia:
_ sruli da aqtiuri winaRoba gazomva _ 1 gomamde;
_ tevadobis gazomva _ 10 mf-mde;
_ induqciebis gazomva _ 10 khn-mde;
C
*
A *
W L
V
V
nax. 2.45. tevadobisa da induqciurobis sazomi sqema
121
 _ vargisobis gazomva _ 0,0001 _ 9999; sadac f sixSirea.
_ danakargebis kuTxis tangensi _ 0,0001 _ 9999; z) izolaciis m dgomareobis Se mowm e ba .
_ bazuri cdomileba _ 0,3%; eleqtrul manqanebsa da aparatebSi gamoyenebuli
_ gazomvis siCqare 3 gazomva/wm. nebismieri izolacia (dieleqtriki) arsebiTad war-
moadgens kondensators, romlis Semanafenebis erT
tevadobisa da induqciurobis gazomva SeiZleba
mxares warmoadgens aparatis konstruqciis element-
ampermetr-voltmetris meTodiT cvlad denze. kon-
ebi (korpusi, gulara) , xolo meore mxares dengamtari
densatoris tevadoba am SemTxvevaSi ganisazRvreba
nawilebi (kabelis ZarRvebi, sadenebi, salteebi). maT
formuliT:
Soris moTavsebulia saizolacio masalebi, romelTa
I struqtura ganisazRvreba ara marto gamoyenebuli
Cx  .
V 2 f masalebiT (qarsi, qaRaldi, satransformatoro zeTi,
amave meTodiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros induqci- boWko), aramed misi mdgomarebiTac _ defeqtebis, sax-
uroba: eldobr, danestianebis arsebobiT. izolaciaSi mim-
dinare fizikuri procesebi masze modebuli Zabvis
V
Lx  . dros analogiuria kondesatorSi mimdinare fizikuri
2 fI
procesebisa. izolaciis mdgomareobis SemowmebaSi
tevadobisa da induqciurobis ufro zusti ga-
mTavari adgili uWiravs izolaciis winaRobisa da
zomvisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes Semdegi sqema
absorbciis koeficientis gazomvas.
(nax. 2.45).
T) izolaciis winaRoba (R iz) Eeleqtromowyo-
am SemTxvevaSi pirvel rigSi ganisazRvreba wre-
bilobis izolaciis mdgomareobis ZiriTadi maxasi-
dis sruli winaRoba:
aTebelia, radganac elmowyobilobis garegani da Si-
V P V2 nagani defeqtebi (dazianeba, danestianeba, zedapiris
Z  da aqtiuri winaRoba R  2  ;
I I P gaWuWyianeba) amcirebs winaRobas. Aamitom izolaciis
amis Semdeg ganisazRvreba reaqtiuli winaRoba Semowmebis yvela etapze xdeba izolaciis winaRobis
gazomva. izolaciis winaRoba rogorc wina paragrafSi
X  Z 2  R2.
avRniSneT izomeba megaommetriT.
reaqtiuli winaRobis gansazRvris Semdeg gan-
megaommetris ti pis arCeva xdeba obieqtis nomi-
isazRvreba tevadoba da induqciuroba, Sesabamisad:
naluri winaRobis (Zalovani kabelebi 1-1000; sakomu-
1 X tacio aparatebi 1000-5000; Zalovani transformator-
Cx  ; Lx  ,
2 f X 2 f ebi 10-20000; elmanqanebi 0.2-1000; faifuris izolatorebi

122 123
100-10000 momi), misi parametrebisa da Zabvis mixedviT.
rogorc wesi mowyobilobis izolaciis winaRobis
gasazomad 1000v Zabvamde (meoradi komutaciis wrede-
bi, eleqtroZravebi da sxva) gamoiyeneba megaommetrebi
100, 250,500 da 1000 v nominaluri ZabviT, xolo 1000 v-ze
meti Zabvis danadgarebSi -1000 da 2500 v ZabviT megaom-
metriT winaRobis gazomvisaTvis rekomendirebulia
operaciebis Semdegi Tanmimdevroba:
1. gavzomoT megaommetriT gamosacdel aparatTan
misaerTebeli sadenebis izolaciis winaRoba, rom-
lis mniSvneloba ar unda iyos megaommetris gazom-
vis zeda zRvarze naklebi.
2. Mmegaommetris gamoyenebis win unda CavataroT
misi sakontrolo Semowmeba, rac gamoixateba skalis
CvenebiT gaxsnili da mokled SerTuli sadenebis
dros. pirvel SemTxvevaSi isari unda iyos skalis
niSanTan “  ”, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - “0”.
3. davrwmundeT rom Sesamowmebeli obieqti ar
aris Zabvis qveS.
4. gamovrToT da davamokloT yvela detali,
romelsac gaaCnia dabali izolacia an dabali gamo-
sacdeli Zabva (kondesatorebi, naxevargamtaruli xe-
lsawyoebi da sxva)
5. xelsawyos CarTvis dros davamiwoT Sesamowme-
beli wredi.
6. xelsawyoze davaWiroT xeli Rilaks “maRali
Zabva” Tu xelsawyo ikvebeba qselidan, an vabrunoT
megaommetris induqciuri generatoris saxeluri daax-
loebiT 120 br/wT siCqariT da 60 wm-is Semdeg davafiq-
siroT xelsawyos skalaze winaRobis mniSvneloba.
124
7. Ddidi tevadobis mqone obieqtebis izolaciis
winaRobis gazomvis dros xelsawyos Cveneba aviRoT
isris mTliani dawynarebis Semdeg.
8. Ggazomvis damTavrebis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT
didi tevadobis mqone mowyobilobebSi (mag. didi
sigrZis kabelebSi, sanam gamovrTavT xelsawyos bo-
loebs, saWiroa movxsnaT dagrovili muxti Camiwebis
dadebis gziT.
izolaciis winaRobis gazomvis Sedegi SesaZlebe-
lia damaxinjebuli iyos zedapiruli gaJonvis denebiT
(mag. danadgaris izolirebuli nawilis danestianeb-
is Sedegad.), maSin obieqtis izolaciaze adeben de-
namrTmev eleqtrods, romelic SeerTebuli unda iyos
megao mmet r i s u“Э” (экран) momWerTan.
Mmiwisgan izolirebuli kabelis izolaciis win-
aRobis Semowmebisas u momWeri unda mierTdes kabe-
lis metalur garsacmTan. Eeleqtruli manqanebis grag-
nilebs Soris izolaciis gazomvisas u momWeri mi-
erTebuli unda iyos gamomyvani izolaciis kalTasTan.
Zalovani da ganaTebis sadenebis izolaciis win-
aRobis gazomva, unda vawarmooT CarTuli amomrTveleb-
is, moxsnili mcvelebis, gamorTuli eleqtromimRebe-
bis, aparatebis, moxsnili naTurebis dros.
Kkategoriulad akrZalulia gaizomos izolaci-
is winaRoba xazze, Tu misi mcire ubanic ki gadis
Zabvis qveS myofi xazis siaxloves da sahaero xazebze
Weqa-quxilis dros.
i)Aabsorbciis koeficienti aris Zabvis mode-
bidan 60 wm-is gavlis Semdeg izolaciis winaRobis
125
fardoba (R60) 15 wamis gavlis Semdeg arsebuli
R60
izolaciis winaRobasTan (R15) anu Kabs  R .
15
Tu izolacia mSralia, maSin absorbciis koefici-
enti mniSvnelovnad aRemateba erTeuls, xolo nes-
tiani izolaciis SemTxvevaSi axloa erTTan. Ees
gamowveulia imiT, rom mSrali izolaciis SemTxveva-
Si dro didia, damuxtvis deni icvleba nela da 15 da
60 wamis Semdeg gazomili winaRobebi erTmanTisgan
Zlier gansxvavdebian. Nnestiani izolaciis SemTx-
vevaSi damuxtvis deni swrafad icvleba da 15 wamis
gavlis Semdeg aRwevs damyarebul mdgomareobas, ami-
tom 25 da 60 wm-is gavlis Semdeg gazomili winaRobe-
bi erTmaneTisgan TiTqos ar gansxvavdebian.
Aabsorbciis koeficienti aris manqanebisa da trans-
formatorebis izolaciis mdgomareobis meore Zir-
iTadi maCvenebeli. Riz da Rabs Zalian aris damokide-
buli temperaturaze. am sidideebis gazomva xdeba
 10C -ze meti temperaturis dros, radganac nakleb
temperaturaze nestis arsebobis dros gazomvis Sede-
gebi arastabiluria.
izolaciis absorbciis koeficientis gasazomad
gamoiyeneba megaommetri. zusti gazomvis Casatareblad
saWiroa winaswar uzrunvelyoT megaommetrze nor-
maluri Zabva da mere swrafad davadoT “sacecebi”
gasazomi obieqtis winaswar gasufTavebul dengamtar
nawils da daviwyoT drois aTvla. xelsawyos pirve-
li Cveneba davafiqsiroT 15 wm-is gavlis Semdeg, xolo
meore 60 wm –is gavlis Semdeg. maTi fardoba iqneba
126
gazomvis Sedegi.Aam gazomvis dros mkacrad unda dav-
icvaT sifrTxile da usafrTxoebis wesebi, radgan
megaommetris Zabva saSiSia adamianis sicocxlisaTvis.
Ggazomvis Semdeg saWiroa ganvmuxtoT gazomvis obieqti.
k) dieleqtrikuli danakargis kuTxis tange-
si da misi gazomva
eleqtromowyobilobis izolaciis mdgomareobis
gansazRvris gavrcelebul meTods warmoadgens di-
eleqtrikuli danakargebis kuTxis tangensi  tg  igi
warmoadgens izolaciaSi gamavali denis aqtiuri
mdgenelis  Ia  fardobis reaqtiul mdgenelTan  Ic 
masze modebuli cvladi Zabvis dros. F tg  Ia I c Aaq-
tiuri mdgeneli ganpirobebulia gaxurebiT da ion-
izaciaze danakargebiT, xolo reaqtiuli- Zabvis cv-
lilebis TiToeul periodSi kondesatoris damuxt-
va-ganmuxtviT.
tg damokidebulia tenianobaze, mowyobilobis
zomaze, temperaturaze, Zabvaze. tenianobis gazrda
zrdis denis aqtiur mdgenels; temperaturis gazrda
amcirebs izolaciis winaRobas da zrdis denis aqti-
ur mdgenels da Sesabamisad danakargebs; Zabvis gazr-
da zrdis ionizaciis xarisxs.
amis gamo tg -s gazomva farTod gamoiyeneba trans-
formatorebisa da maRali Zabvis Semyvanebis izolaciis
mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad. Ggazomva unda vawarmooT
10  40C temperaturis diapazonSi.
dieleqtrikuli danakargebis kuTxis gasazomad
gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove cvladi denis bogirebi
127
rogorc Cveulebrivi P5026M, Вектор-2.0М, Вектор-С, Tavi 3 eleqtruli wredebisa da
aseve programuli uzrunvelyofiT Тангенс-2000, МЕП- eleqtronikis elementebis diagnostika
4СА maRali Zabvis bogirebi. 3.1. eleqtrul wredebSi yvelaze xSirad
Semxvedri dazianebebi
Eeleqtrul wredebSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba
Semdegi saxis dazianebebi:
1. wredis gawyveta, rodesac eleqtruli wredis
winaRoba usasrulod didia:
2. winaRobis mniSvnelovani gazrda;
3. winaRobis mniSvnelovani Semcireba;
4. mokled SerTva, rodesac eleqtruli wredis
winaRoba nulis tolia an nulTan axlosaa.
wredis gawyveta xdeba wredis elementebis daZ-
velebiT, didi denebis gavliT, dartymebiT, vibracii-
Ta da koroziiT.
winaRobis mniSvnelovani gazrda nominalur
mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT gamowveulia elementeb-
is daZvelebiT kontaqtebisa da sakontaqto SeerTe-
bebis gauaresebiT, calkeuli elementebis parametre-
bis gadaxriT.
winaRobis mniSvnelovani Semcireba nominalur
mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT gamowveulia elementeb-
is daZvelebiTa da zedapiruli gaJonvebis gazrdiT.
mokled SerTva gamowveulia izolaciis gar-
RveviT, araizolirebuli gamtarebisa da elementebis
SexebiT korpusTan da erTmaneTTan (sxvadasxva po-
larobisa da fazebis dros).
Ddazianebis moZebnis dros unda vicodeT da unda
SegveZlos gamoviyenoT ama Tu im eleqtromowyobi-

128 129
lobis gamarTuli muSaobis niSnebi. Ees niSnebi iyo-
fa or jgufad: aqtiuri da pasiuri anu meoreuli.
aqtiuri niSnebia xmovani signalebisa da sig-
nalizatorebis, sasignalo naTurebis Cvenebebi; dacvis
mowyobilobis amuSaveba; agreTve xelsawyoebiT ga-
zomvis dros gamomJRavnebuli niSnebi.
pasiuri niSnebi mJRavndeba eleqtromowyobilo-
bis gare daTvalierebis dros.
xmovani signalebi, signalizatorebi, sasignalo
naTurebi saSualebas gvaZleven Tvalyuri vadevnoT
eleqtromowyobilobis mdgomareobas.
Ddacvis saSualebebi (mcvelebi, maqsimaluri an
minimaluri releebi, avtomaturi amomrTvelebi da
sxva) eleqtrul wreds amorTaven kvebis wyarodan
gaJonvis, gadatvirTvis denebisa da mokled SerTvis
arsebobis dros.
wredis gawyvetis SemTxvevaSi dacva Cveulebriv
ar amuSavdeba, magram misi normaluri mdgomareoba
eleqtrul wredSi dazianebis arsebobis dros irib-
ad imis maniSnebelia, rom dazianebas aqvs gawyvetis
xasiaTi.
Ddazianebis Zieba swarmoebs eleqtruli wredis
elementebis parametrebis gazomviT gadasatani xel-
sawyoebisa da sazomi kompleqtebis gamoyenebiT.
Eeleqtrul sqemebSi (mag. logikur, Zravas da a.S.)
calkeuli elementebis parametrebis (winaRoba, Zabva,
deni) gazomvis dros saWiroa visargebloT am elmow-
yobilobis calkeuli elementebisa da blokebis ga-
mosasvlelze instruqciaSi moyvanili winaRobis, Zab-
vis, denis rukebiT.
130
dazianebis moZebnis kerZo xerxebs miekuTvne-
ba Sualeduri gazomvebis Catareba, romelic iZleva
SesaZleblobas Tanmimdevrulad gavyveT signalis gav-
las sistemis sxvadasxva arxebSi; gamoricxvebi, romel-
ic saSualebas iZleva gazomvis Sedegad gamovricxoT
Sesamowmebeli sqemebis dauzanebeli nawili da gam-
ovyoT dazianebuli elementi; im blokebis (detaleb-
is) Secvla, romelSic aRmoCenilia dazianeba, imave
ti pis vargisi blokiT. dazianebuli sqemis gamocdis
Sedegebis Sedareba imave ti pis vargisi sqemebis gamoc-
dis monacemebTan.
eleqtruli elementebis dazianebis ZiriTa-
di mizezebia: deniT gadatvirTva; gadaZabva; garemo
temperaturis aweva; dauSvebeli vibracia da dartyme-
bi.
obieqtis (sistemis, mowyobilobis, blokis, modu-
lis eleqtronuli firfita) dazianebis dros da-
zianebuli eleqtronikis elementis Zieba rekomen-
direbulia daviwyoT elementebis: sasignalo naTure-
bis, mcvelebis, amomrTvelebisa da komutaciis sxva
saSualebebis; dacvis mowyobilobebis vargisianobis
winaswari Semowmebis Semdeg.
kvebis blokebisa da kvanZebis Sesasvlelsa da
gamosasvlelze unda Semowmdes Zabvebi, Semowmebuli
unda iqnas gare mowyobilobebi: gadamwodebi, signali-
zatorebi, saboloo amomrTvelebi, monitorebi, kinesko-
pebi da a.S.
amis Semdeg unda Semowmdes Zabvisa da impulsebis
parametrebis mniSvnelobebi instruqciaSi mocemul
sakontrolo wertilebSi.
131
 dazianebuli elementis Semdgomi Zieba rekomen-
direbulia Sesruldes Semdegi miTiTebebis gaTval-
iswinebiT: unda Seswavlili iqnes dazianebuli obieq-
tis moqmedebis princi pi. Tavdapirvelad moiZebneba
ufro rTuli dazianebuli obieqti, xolo Semdgom -
ufro martivi (princi piT sistema-bloki-kvanZi-ele-
menti)
analizi gaukeTdeba dazianebis niSnebs, gamoiTqmeba
dazianebis savaraudo mizezebi da airCeva Semowmebis
meTodi. Aamis Semdeg swarmoebs im ubnebisa da ele-
mentebis arCeviTi Semowmeba, romelTa dazianebis
albaToba ufro didia, xolo maTi Semowmeba ikavebs
mcire dros.
Tu arCeviTi SemowmebiT dazianebuli elementi
ver aRmoaCines, maSin gadadian gamoricxvis meTodze
obieqtis Sesasvlelidan gamosasvlelisaken moZrao-
biT an Semdgomi Semowmebis win obieqts hyofen Sro-
matevadobis mixedviT or tol nawilad. Tu daziane-
ba obieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris, maSin pirda-
pir gadadian gamoricxvis meTodze.
obieqtis garegani daTvalierebis dros sqe-
mis gamorTvisTanave yuradReba unda mieqces: izolaci-
is mdgomareobas: mis fers; simuqes; napralebis arse-
bobas; damagrebebis, sakontaqto zedapirebis, SeerTe-
bebis, mirCilvis adgilebis wesivrobas; korpusebis,
tranzistorebis, rezistorebis, diodebis, mikrosqeme-
bis eleqtrolituri kondesatorebis temperaturas.
pirvel rigSi Semowmebas eqvemdebareba is elemen-
tebi, romelTac gaaCniaT nakli. saWiro monacemebis
arsebobis dros Zieba SeiZleba gagrZeldes garkveul
132
ubnebze gamarTul da dazianebul elementebze Zabve-
bis Sedarebis gziT.
dazianebuli elementis aRmoCenis Semdeg mis Secv-
lamde analizi unda gaukeTdes dazianebis mizezebs
da misi dadgenis Semdeg unda Seicvalos elementi.
3.2. eleqtronikis elementebis dazianebis
ZiriTadi saxeebi, maTi aRmoCenis xerxebi da
diagnostika
a) rezistorebis diagnostika. rezistoris mu-
Saunarianobis dakargva SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos
Semdegi mizezebiT: 1. gamomyvanebis gawyvetiT an gada-
wviT; 2. cvladi winaRobis rezistoris dengamtar
fenasa da moZrav kvanZs Soris kontaqtis darRveviT;
3. dasaSvebze metad winaRobis cvlilebiT; 4. Ffo-
torezistorebisaTvis mgrZnobiarobis SemcirebiT an
dakargviT.
mudmivi da cvladi denis mavTuliani da umavTu-
lo rezistorebis Sesamowmeblad saWiroa gakeTdes
Semdegi: Catardes garegani daTvaliereba; Semowmdes
cvladi rezistoris moZravi meqanizmis muSaoba da
misi nawilebis mdgomareoba; markirebiTa da zomebis
mixedviT ganvsazRvroT winaRobis nominaluri mniS-
vneloba, gabnevis dasaSvebi simZlavre da sizustis
klasi; ommetriT gavzomoT winaRobis namdvili mniS-
vneloba da ganvsazRvroT misi gadaxra nominalur
mniSvnelobidan. cvlad rezistorebSi damatebiT gav-
zomoT cocias moZraobis dros winaRobis cvlileb-
is simdovre. rezistori wesrigSia, Tu mas ar gaaCnia
meqanikuri dazianebebi, misi winaRobis sidide imyo-
133
feba mocemul sizustis klasis dasaSveb sazRvrebSi,
xolo cocias kontaqti dengamtar fenasTan mudmivi
da saimedoa.
b) induqciuri koWebis diagnostika. induqci-
uri koWis dazianebebi SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos:
xviis gawyvetiT; izolaciis daZvelebiT; xviebis damok-
lebiT; gamomyvanebis CawyvetiT.
induqciuri koWebis Semowmeba iwyeba misi gar-
egani daTvalierebiT, romlis drosac vrwmundebiT
karkasis, ekranis, gamomyvanebis wesrigSi yofniT; koW-
is yvela detalis erTmaneTs Soris SeerTebis sis-
woreSi da saimedoobaSi; sadenebis xiluli gawyve-
tis, mokled SerTvis, izolaciis dazianebis ar arse-
bobaSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces im
adgilebs, sadac izolacia da karkasi danaxSirebuli,
gaSavebuli an gamdnaria.
gawyvetaze Semowmeba xorcieldeba indikatoriT.
winaRobis gazrda miuTiTebs erTi an ramdenime
ZarRvis gawyvetaze an cud kontaqtze, xolo winaRo-
bis Semcireba uCvenebs xviaTa Soris mokled SerTvas.
Ggamomyvanebis mokled SerTvis dros winaRoba nu-
lis tolia.
koWis vargisianobaze ufro zusti warmodgeni-
saTvis saWiroa gaizomos koWis induqciuroba. reko-
mendirebulia agreTve koWis muSaunarianobis Semow-
meba iseTive aparatze, romlisTvisac is aris gaTval-
iswinebuli.
g) kondensatorebis diagnostika. Kkondensa-
torebis eleqtrul dazianebas miekuTvneba: konden-
satorebis garRveva; SigniT firfitebis mokled SerT-
134
va; dieleqtrikis daZvelebis gamo dasaSvebze metad
nominaluri tevadobis cvlileba; masSi sinestis mox-
vedra; gadaxureba; deformacia; izolaciis gauarese-
bis gamo gaJonvis denebis gazrda; eleqtrolitis
gaSrobis Sedegad eleqtrolituri kondensatorebis
tevadobis nawilobrivi an mTliani dakargva.
kondensatorebis vargisianobis Semowmebis umar-
tives xerxs warmoadgens gare daTvaliereba, romlis
drosac SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT meqanikuri dazianebe-
bi. Tu meqanikuri dazianebebi ar aRmoCnda, maSin iwye-
ben eleqtrul Semowmebas, romelic moicavs Semowme-
bas: mokled SerTvaze, garRvevaze, gamomyvanebis
mTlianobaze, gaJonvis denze (izolaciis winaRobaze)
da tevadobis gazomvas.
Semowmebis meTodika SemdgomSi mdgomareobs:
1. kondensatoris erTi gamomyvani unda gan-
calkevdes danarCeni sqemebisagan;
2. sazomi xelsawyo aiwyoba aTeul da aseuli
kiloomis an megaomis diapazonSi;
3. kondensatoris gamomyvanebze miuerTdeba xel-
sawyos sacecebi: am dros didi tevadobis kondensa-
torebisaTvis (ramdenime aTeulidan ramdenime aseul
mikrofaradis farglebSi) damaxasiaTebelia pirvel
sawyis momentSi sazomi xelsawyos (ommetris) isris
gadaxra nulisaken (damuxtvis maqsimaluri denis gav-
lis momentSi), xolo Semdgom isari TandaTanobiT
gadaixreba “ ” niSnulze
4. kondensatoris dieleqtrikis damakmayofilebel
mdgomareobad iTvleba, Tu ommetris Cveneba aris
aranakleb 100 komi
135
 5. Tu didi tevadobis kondensatorSi (10-100mkf)
adgili aqvs gawyvetas, maSin xelsawyos isari myisve
dadgeba niSnulze “  ”.
6. saSualo tevadobis kondensatorebs (500hf-1 mkf)
amowmeben kondensatorebis gamomyvanebTan mimdevro-
biT SeerTebuli denis wyarosa da telefonis dax-
marebiT. vargisi kondensatoris SemTxvevaSi wredis
CarTvis momentSi telefonSi gaismis wkapuni.
7. mcire tevadobis (500hf-mde) kondensatorebs
amowmeben maRali sixSiris wredSi. Kkondensators
rTaven antenasa da mimRebs Soris, Tu miRebis xmamaR-
loba ar Semcirda maSin gamomyvanebis gawyveta ar
gvaqvs.
8. mcire tevadobis kondensatorebisaTvis om-
metriT gawyvetis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia, radgan
xelsawyo gviCvenebs an mokled SerTvas, Tu moxda
izolaciis garRveva, an usasrulod did winaRobas,
Tu kondensatori vargisia an aris gamomyvanis gawyve-
ta. kondensatoris SigniT gawyveta ganisazRvreba uSu-
alod sqemis gazomviT, romelic Sesdgeba mimdevro-
biT SeerTebuli kondensatoris, cvladi denis amper-
metrisa da denis SemzRudavi rezistorisagan.
sqema CairTveba cvladi denis wyaroSi, romelzec
modebuli Zabva ar unda aRematebodes kondensatoris
nominaluri Zabvis 20 %-s. wredSi ampermetris nulo-
vani Cveneba uCvenebs kondesatoris gawyvetas.
gaJonvis denis gazrda (izolaciis Semcireba) gan-
isazRvreba kondensatoris gamomyvanebTan ommetris
ganmeorebiTi CarTviT.
136
pirvel CarTvaze xelsawyos isari gadaixreba da-
muxtvis denis gamo, xolo Semdeg brundeba sawyis
mdgomareobaSi. Tu Semdgomi CarTvebisas, romelic
meordeba ramdenime wamis intervaliT, isris gadaxra
meordeba, es niSnavs, rom kondensators aqvs gaJonvis
momatebuli deni.
d) diodi. Ddiodi warmoadgens naxevargamtar
elements, romelic dens atarebs mxolod erTi mima-
rTulebiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, diods gaaCnia
Zalian mcire winaRoba erTi mimarTulebis denisaTvis
da Zalian didi winaRoba meore mimarTulebis deni-
saTvis. winaRobis gazomvisas gasazom elementTan Car-
Taven ommetrs, romelsac gaaCnia sakuTari kvebis wya-
ro (batarea). Oommetris klemebze Zabva Seadgens 1,5 an
3 volts. Ppirdapiri wanacvlebisaTvis diodi moiTx-
ovs 0,7v Zabvas. amitom Tu ommetrs dadebiT sacecs
mivuerTebT diodis anods (A), xolo uaryofiTs –
kaTods (K), maSin adgilebis Secvlis Semdeg wesivrul
mdgomareobaSi myofi diodis winaRoba unda iyos
Zalian didi. Aamgvarad diodis SemowmebisaTvis Sei-
Zleba visargebloT Cveulebrivi ommetriT.
mraval cifrul multimetrs gaaCnia diodis Semow-
mebis funqcia. xelsawyos zRvrebis gadamrTvelze es
funqcia aRniSnulia diodis simboluri gamosax-
ulebiT ( ) multimetrs gaaCnia Zabvis saku-
Tari wyaro, romelic sakmarisia diodis orive mx-
aris Sesamowmeblad. Nnax. 3.1-ze ilustrirebulia
diodis Semowmebis procesi. Mmultimetris dadebiTi
saceci (wiTeli feris) CarTulia diodis anodTan.
137
Oxolo uaryofiTi (Savi feris) –kaTodTan. Tu diodi
vargisia, maSin multimetrma unda gviCvenos Zabvis
mniSvneloba 0.5 dan 0.9 voltis farglebSi ( Cveu-
lebriv 0.7v). Semdeg sacecebs ucvlian adgilebs da am
SemTxvevaSi diodi multimetrisaTvis warmoadgens gaw-
yvetil wreds da mis displeize aisaxeba praqtiku-
lad sakuTari Zabva, romelic Cveulebriv imyofeba 2,5
-3,5 voltis farglebSi.
uvargisi diodi warmoadgens gawyvetil an orive
mxridan Caketil wreds. Yyvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba
pirveli SemTxveva, rac gamowveulia p-n gadasasvlel-
is gadaxurebiT. Aam dros diods gaaCnia Zalian maRa-
li winaRoba, rogorc pirdapiri ise ukumimarTulebiT.
Mmeore SemTxvevaSi, roca diodi garRveulia multi-
metri gviCvenebs orive mimarTulebiT Zabvis nulo-
van mniSvnelobas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi garRveulma
diodma SeiZleba arc gviCvenos mTliani Caketili
wredi, magram gaaCndes orive mimarTulebiT winaRo-
bis erTi da igive mniSvneloba. (magaliTad multime-
nax.3.1. vargisi diodi
138
nax. 3.2. uvargisi diodi
tri gviCvenebs 1.5 volts). Ees SemTxvevebi mocemulia
nax. 3.2-ze
Tu multimetrs ar gaaCnia diodis Semowmebis
funqcia, maSin diodi SeiZleba SevamowmoT misi orive
mxridan winaRobis gazomviT. xelsawyos gadamrTve-
li davayenoT “OM”(“  ”) mdgomareobaSi.Ddiodis
“pirdapiri wanacvlebis” dros xelsawyo gviCvenebs
ramdeni aseuli omidan ramdenime aTaseul omamde.
Ddiodis realuri winaRoba Cveulebriv ar aRwevs 100
omamdec ki, magram umetesi mzomi xelsawyoebis Sina-
gani Zabva ar aris sakmarisi p-n gadasasvlelis mTliani
wanacvlebisaTvis. Aam mizeziT naCvenebi mniSvneloba
momatebulia. Ddiodis “ukuwanacvlebis” dros mul-
timeri gviCvenebs diapazonis sazRvrebidan gamosv-
las, radganac winaRoba am dros Zalian maRalia ga-
zomvisaTvis.
Ggasazomi winaRobis mniSvnelobebi arsebiTi ar
aris. MmTavaria davrwmundeT imaSi, rom diodis pirda-
piri da ukumimarTulebiT winaRobebs Soris gansx-
139
vaveba Zalian didia. Ffaqtiurad es sakmarisia imis-
aTvis rom diodi CavTvaloT vargisad.
e) tiristori. tiristori warmoadgens diods
damatebiTi marTvis eleqtrodiT (G). tiristori de-
nis gatarebas iwyebs maSin, roca „wanacvlebulia pirda-
piri mimarTulebiT”. Aam dros marTvis eleqtrodze
miewodeba gamRebi impulsi. Aamitom tiristori Sei-
Zleba SevamowmoT iseTnairad, rogorc mowmdeba Cveu-
lebrivi diodi. sazomi xelsawyos dadebiTi (wiTe-
li) saceci CairTveba tiristoris anodTan (nax.3.3.),
xolo uaryofiTi (Savi) –kaTodTan. vargisi tiris-
toris SemTxvevaSi xelsawyom unda uCvenos usasru-
lod didi winaRoba.
tiristoris gaxsnisaTvis gamoiyeneben zRudars,
(“ПЕРЕМЫЧКА”), romliTac tiristoris marTvis el-
eqtrods SearTeben dadebiT sacecTan; am dros ar
unda gamoirTos sazomi xelsawyo. sazom xelsawyoze
tiristoris winaRobis Cveneba mkveTrad unda daeces.
nax.3.3. tiristoris Semowmeba
140
zRudaris gamorTvis Semdeg tiristori SeiZleba
darCes gaxsnil mdgomareobaSi an daubrundes Caketil
mdgomareobas. Ees damokidebulia tiristorisa da
sazomi xelsawyos Tvisebebze. Tu tiristors gaaCnia
daWeris mcire deni, maSin ommetrs SeuZlia daiWiros
igi gaxsnil mdgomareobaSi. Tu tiristoris daWeris
deni didia, maSin zRudis gamorTvisas tiristori
Caiketeba.
zogierT mZlavr tiristors SeiZleba hqondes Si-
nagani rezistori, romelic CarTulia kaTodsa da
marTvis eleqtrods Soris. Ees rezistori gaaRebs
tiristors mcire dabrkolebiT. inJinerma Tu ar icis
am rezistoris arsebobis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba SecdomiT
miiRos igi kaTodsa da marTvis eleqtrods Soris
gaJonvad. Aam winaRobis gazomva SeiZleba ommetriT.
v) semistorebi. semistori konstruqciulad Ses-
dgeba ori tiristorisagan, romlebic erTmaneTTan
CarTulia paralerurad da sapirispiro mimarTu-
lebiT. Aamitom semistorebis Semowmebis procesi
Zalian waagavs tiristorebis Semowmebis process.
sazomi xelsawyos dadebiTi saceci CairTveba MT2
gamomyvanTan, xolo uaryofiTi – MT1 gamomyvanTan.
gamorTuli marTvis eleqtrodis SemTxvevaSi om-
metrma unda uCvenos usasrulod didi winaRoba, Sem-
deg iseve rogorc tiristorebis Semowmebisas mar-
Tvis eleqtrods zRudariT SeaerTeben MT2 gamomy-
vanTan ( miewodeba dadebiTi gamRebi impulsi). xel-
sawyoze naCvenebi semistoris winaRobis mniSvneloba
mkveTrad unda daeces. Ees niSnavs rom tiristorebis
am wyvilidan erTi tiristori vargisia.
141

nax. 3.4. semistorebis Semowmeba
Semdeg ommetris sacecebs Seucvlian adgilebs.
isev, Tu marTvis eleqtrodi gamorTulia, ommetrma
unda gviCvenos usasrulod didi winaRoba. Aamis Sem-
deg marTvis eleqtrods zRudariT SeaerTeben MT2
gamomyvanTan, (miewodeba uaryofiTi gamxsneli impul-
si). semistoris winaRoba mcirdeba, es niSnavs meore
tiristoris vargisianobas. Ees procesi naCvenebia nax.
3.4-ze.
z) bi polaruli tranzistorebi. Bbi polaru-
li tranzistorebi Sedgebian naxevargamtaruli masa-
lis sami fenisagan da SeiZleba iyos p-n-p an n-p-n
ti pis. TiToeuli tranzistori SeiZleba warmovadg-
inoT ori diodis saxiT, romlebic erTmaneTTan CarTu-
lia Semxvedrad, romelTa SeerTebis wertilidan gamoy-
vanilia gamomyvani, rac naCvenebia nax. 3.5-ze. p-n-p ti-
pis tranzistoris bazis eqvivalentiT (Б) erTmaneT-
Tan SeerTebulia ori diodis kaTodebi, xolo n-p-n
ti pis tranzistoris bazis eqvivalentiT erTmaneT-
142
Tan SeerTebulia ori di-
odis anodebi. Ddiodebis
darCenili ori gamomyvani
warmoadgenen emitersa (Э)
da koleqtors (K). tran-
zistoris p-n orive gadas-
vlas amowmeben cal-cal-
nax. 3.5. ori diodiT war- ke, rogorc ori damou-
modgenili tranzistori kidebeli diodi. Tu orive
diodi vargisia, maSin tranzistoric vargisia.
diodebis SemowmebisaTvis gankuTvnili multimet-
ris funqcia SeiZleba gamoviyenoT tranzistoris
SemowmebisaTvis. aviRoT SemowmebisaTvis p-n-p ti pis
tranzistori. Mmultimetris “uaryofiTi saceci” (Savi)
davadoT jer emiters, xolo Semdeg koleqtors. Mmul-
timetrma orive SemTxvevaSi unda gviCvenos mcire
winaRoba. Semdeg “Savi sacecis” adgilze SevaerToT
bazasTan “wiTeli saceci” da gavimeoroT procedura.
Aam SemTxvevaSi multimetrma unda gviCvenos orive
SemTxvevaSi didi winaRoba.
G p-n-p ti pis tranzistorebis Semowmebis proce-
dura igivea. Ggansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom roca
bazasTan mierTebulia “Savi saceci”, maSin multime-
tri gviCvenebs didi winaRobas, xolo roca “wiTeli”
– mcire winaRobas.
Tu multimetrs ar gaaCnia diodebis Semowmebis
reJimi, maSin tranzistori mowmdeba winaRobis gazom-
vis “ом”(“  ”) reJimSi iseve rogorc diodi. isev avRni-
SnavT, rom xelsawyos Cveneba ramdenime aseuli omi-
143
dan ramdenime aTaseul omamde pirdapiri mima- davuSvaT am tranzistoris hFE  100 . wanacvlebis
rTulebiT ar niSnavs tranzistoris aucilebel uvar- Zabvas bazaze da koleqtorze virCevT Sesabamisad
gisobas. es SeiZleba niSnavdes mxolod imas, rom sa-
VBB  3 v da VCC  9 v. SevasruloT gaangariSeba da gan-
zomi xelsawyoebis Sinagani kvebis wyaro ar yofnis
vsazRvroT:
p-n gadasvlis mTliani wanacvlebisaTvis. ukumima-
rTulebiT winaRobis usasrulo mniSvneloba imave VBB  VBE 3  0,7
IB    41,4 mka,
tranzistorisaTvis cxadad gviCvenebs tranzistoris RB 56
vargisobas. aq mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT mxolod I C  hFF  I B  100  41,4  4,1ma,
ori Cvenebis sxvaoba da ara maTi moqmedi mniSvnelo- VC  VCC  I C  RC  9  4,1  4,9 v.
bani.
nax. 3.6-ze naCvenebia Zabvebi da komponentebis parame-
tranzistori uvargisia, Tu orive p-n gadasasvlels
trebi. Yyvela gazomili Zabva warmodgenilia miwis
gaaCniaT orive mimarTulebiT erTnairi winaRobebi.
mimarT. Tu sqema sworad muSaobs, maSin unda gvqondes
T) bi polarul tranzistorze momuSave sqe-
Semdegi Zabvebi: A wertilSi - 0,7 v; B-Si - 4,9 v da C-
mebis Semowmeba.
Si - 0 v. dasawyisSi unda Semowmdes tranzistori. Tu
zogjer tranzistori vargisia, magram gareSe wred-
is vargisia, maSin unda davaTvalieroT nabeWdi fir-
Si arsebuli dazianebebis gamo SeiZleba imuSaos
fita, xom ar aris masze meqanikuri dazianebebi, gada-
arasworad. MmagaliTad, civi rCilvis Sedegad tran-
mwvari komponentebi an cudi mirCilvis adgilebi.
zistoris baza danarCen sqemebTan ar aris SeerTebu-
Bbolos izomeba Zabva tranzistoris gamomyvanebze..
li. maSin wanacvlebis Zabva tranzistorze nulis
gare wredis dazianebis gamo SeiZleba aRiZvras
tolia, rasac mivyavarT mis CaketvasTan. aseTi tran-
araswori muSaobis sami reJimi. Ees reJimebi naCvenebia
zistoris Semowmebis dros nabeWd firfitaze igi
gviCvenebs rom vargisia, xolo gamosasvlelze signa- nax. 3.7-ze. gavzomavT ra
li ar gvaqvs. Zabvas tranzistoris ga-
imisaTvis rom ukeTesad gavigoT rogor Cavatar- momyvanebze SeiZleba uf-
oT diagnostireba bi polarul tranzistorze, ma- ro efeqturad ganvsazRv-
galiTisaTvis ganvixiloT nax. 3.6-ze warmodgenili roT es uwesivrobebi.
gamaZlierebeli kaskadi. kaskadi akrefilia 2N3946 Tu Zabva A wertilSi
ti pis tranzistorze, sacnobaro monacemebidan cno- normaluri 0,7. v-is magi-
bilia, rom am tranzistoris hFE aris 50-150 diapazonSi er Seadgens ramdenime mik-
nax. 3.6. gamaZliereblis rovolts, es niSnavs, rom
erTi kaskadis diagnostika

144 145

Nnax.3.7 bi polarul tranzistorze momuSave sqemis
araswori muSaobis reJimebi: a) bazis gawyveta; b)
koleqtoris gawyveta; g) emiteris gawyveta
gawyvetilia bazis wredi (nax. 3.7, a). unda Semowmdes
tranzistoris bazisa da RB winaRobis mirCilva. Sei-
Zleba agreTve gaizomos RB rezistoris winaRoba.
saWiroa agreTve Semowmdes tranzistoris bazasTan
mimavali yvela wredi, savaraudod sadRac aris cudi
mirCilva an araSesabamisi maxasiaTeblis mqone ko-
mponentebi.
Tu multimetri gviCvenebs koleqtorze ramdenime
milvolt Zabvas (nax. 3.7, b), es niSnavs, rom koleqtori
CarTuli ar aris wredis danarCen nawilTan. Zabva
bazaze amave dros unda iyos 0,7 v radgan gadasvla
Zabva-emiteri wanacvlebulia pirdapiri mimarTulebiT.
Aam dros unda Semowmdes koleqtorisa da RC rezis-
146
toris mirCilva agreTve gaizomos RC rezistoris win-
aRoba. Ggarda amisa saWiroa Semowmdes koleqtoris
wredSi rezistorTan CarTuli yvela komponenti.
miwasTan SeerTebis gawyvetis niSnebi Semdegia:
+3 v bazis gamomyvanze da +9 v koleqtoris gamomyvan-
ze, radgan ar aris koleqtorisa da emiteris deni
(nax.3.7, g). Zabva emiterze Seadgens +2,5 v-da zeviT. is
gamowveulia deniT, romelic gadis Semdegi gziT: VBB-
RB-baza-emiteris gadasasvleli- sazomi xelsawyos
sakuTari winaRoba-miwa.
Aamitom voltmetri aregistrirebs Zabvis vardnas
p-n gadasasvlelze. Uunda Semowmdes emiteris mirCilva
da masTan CarTuli yvela wredi.
k) savele tranzistorebi. savele tranzistore-
bis Semowmeba ufro rTulia vidre bi polarulis. am
ti pis tranzistorebis Semowmebis win unda dadg-
indes es tranzistori aris gadasasvleliT p-n, Tu
aris МОП (МОП - металл - оксид - полупроводник) tran-
zistori, romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi sxva tran-
zistorebTan SedarebiT aris maRali Sesavali win-
aRoba. amis Semdeg unda dadgindes tranzistori p-
arxiania Tu n-arxiani.
savele tranzistori p-n gadasasvleliT SeiZleba
Semowdes Cveulebrivi ommetriT.
savele tranzistoris eqvivalenturi Canacvleb-
is sqema mocemulia nax. 3.8-ze.
is warmoadgens Casadinarsa da saTaves Soris mim-
devrobiT SeerTebul or diods. Ddiodebis polaro-
ba urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa. maTi Sua wertilidan gamoy-
vanilia saketi. n arxiani tranzistorebisaTvis sake-
147
ti CarTulia diodebis an-
odebTan, xolo p arxiani-
saTvis- kaTodebTan. sili-
ciumis oqsidis maizolire-
beli fena warmoadgens ma-
Ralomian rezistors, ro-
melic CarTulia Casadinar-
isa da saTaves Soris diode-
bis paralelurad.
amgvarad tranzistori nax.3.8. savele tranzis-
SeiZleba SevamowmoT omme- tori p-n gadasasvlelis
marTviT
tris daxmarebiT. gavzomoT p-n gadasasvlelis winaR-
oba saketsa da Casadinars da saketsa da saTaves Soris.
Tu tranzistori vargisia, maSin orive gadasasvlel-
is parametrebi unda iyos diodis parametrebis ana-
logiuri: erTi mimarTulebiT unda hqondes didi
winaRoba, xolo meore mimarTulebiT- mcire. Semdeg
zomaven winaRobas Casadinarsa da saTaves Soris. Oom-
metrma unda gviCvenos tranzistoris parametrze damok-
idebuli raRac winaRoba.
МОП tranzistoris Semowmeba ommetriT Zalzed
rTuli amocanaa. Ees dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom
saketi izolirebulia arxidan siliciumis oqsidis
Zalzed Txeli feniT. amiT ganpirobebulia МОП tran-
zistoris Zalzed maRali Sesavali winaRoba, rac mas
xdis advilad dazianebads mcire statikuri daZabu-
lobis drosac ki.
faqtiurad МОП tranzistorebi advilad SeiZle-
ba gamoviyvanoT mwyobridan msubuqi SexebiTac. Aam
mizeziT МОП?- tranzistorebi SefuTulia iseTnair-
148
ad, rom misi yvela gadamyvanebi eleqtrulad aris
SeerTebuli. rac Tavidan acilebs eleqtrodebs Soris
statikur daZabulobas.
МОП?- tranzistorebi unda Semowmdes dabalvol-
tiani ommetriT gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT. Dday-
enebuli unda iqnes gazomvis udides zRvarze. vargi-
si МОП?- tranzistors CaSenebuli arxiT gaaCnia saT-
avesa Casadinars Soris raRac gamtaroba. amasTanave
saketsa da saTaves, saketsa da Casadinars Soris win-
aRoba maRalia. vargis МОП - tranzistorSi induqci-
uri arxiT gamomyvanebs Soris elgamtaroba praqtiku-
lad ar arsebobs.
l) mmarTveli p-n gadasasvleliT savele tran-
zistorebiani sqemebis diagnostika. sqemebSi, sa-
dac gamoyenebulia savele tranzistorebi, maTi gamor-
Cilva sqemidan rekomendirebulin ar aris. vizualuri
daTvalierebis Semdeg, romelsac vatarebT dazianeb-
uli komponentebis an cudi mirCilvis gamosayene-
blad, vzomavT Zabvas Casadinarze da saTaveze miwis
mimarT.
dazianebis ti piuri niSania, Tu Zabva saTaveze daax-
loebiT tolia kvebis wyaros Zabvisa. es xdeba maSin,
roca saTaveSi gamavali deni nulis tolia da amitom
ar arsebobs Zabva RD winaRobaze (nax.3.9, a). amis mizezi
aris erT-erTi qvemoT CamoTvlili uwesivroba.
- ar aris mirCiluli RS winaRoba ( RS wredis
gawyveta);
uvargisia RS rezistori an misi winaRoba gamo-
dis dasaSvebi zRvridan;
149
 - ar aris mirCiluli RD winaRoba ( RD wredis
gawyveta);
- uvargisia RD rezistori an misi winaRoba gamo-
dis dasaSveb zRvridan;
- ar aris mirCiluli saTavis gamomyvani;
- ar aris mirCiluli Casadinaris gamomyvani;
- tranzistorebs SigniT Casadinarsa da saTaves
Soris aris wyveta.
Ddazianebis ti piuri meore niSania saTaveze Zab-
vis normalur mniSvnelobaze mcire mniSvneloba.
(nax.3.9, b) es xdeba maSin, roca saTavis deni aRemateba
normalur mniSvnelobas.Aam dros RD winaRobaze ad-
gili aqvs Zabvis did vardnas. Ees SeiZleba gamowveu-
li iqnes Semdegi uwesivrobebiT:
- ar aris mirCiluli R G winaRoba (gawyvetilia
RG wredi);
- uvargisia RG winaRoba an misi mniSvneloba
gamodis dasaSvebi zRvridan;
nax. 3.9. p-n gadasasvlelis marTviT savele tranzis-
torebze momuSave sqemebis ti piuri araswori muSao-
bis reJimi
150
- ar aris mirCiluli saketis gamomyvani;
- SigniT tranzistorSi Cawyvetilia saketis ga-
momyvani.
zogierTi dazianeba Znelia gamovavlinoT. magal-
iTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT МОП - tranzistori nu-
lovani wanacvlebiT. Mmis SigniT saketis gawyvetis
dros Zabva saket-Casadinoze rCeba igive (0 v). amis
gamo saTavis deni ar icvleba da wanacvleba nor-
malurad gamoiyureba.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare savele tranzistoreb-
is diagnostika Zneli amocanaa da moiTxovs ufro met
gamocdilebas vidre bipolaruli tranzistorebi.
m) operaciuli gamaZliereblebis diagnos-
tika. Ooperaciuli gamaZliereblebi warmoadgenen
rTul mowyobilobas, romelsac eqspluataciis pro-
cesSi uCndebaT Sinagani dazianebebi. amasTanave, rogorc
aseTi, operaciuli gamaZliereblebi ar eqvemdebare-
bian Semowmebas. Aamitom Tu operaciuli gamaZliere-
beli gamovida mwyobridan igi aucileblad unda Se-
icvalos.
Ooperaciul gamaZliereblian sqemaSi Cveulebriv
monawileobs ramdenime gareSe komponenti. ti piuri
sqema Seicavs Sesaval winaRobas, ukukavSiris rezis-
tors da potenciometrs wanacvlebis Zabvis kompensaci-
isaTvis. Tu sqema gaiTiSa, maSin pirvel rigSi unda
Semowmdes gareSe komponentebi. SeiZleba iyos miur-
Cilavi adgilebi, gadamwvari komponentebi an kompo-
nentebi, romelTa parametrebi gamosulia dasaSvebi
zRvridan. Tu yvelaferi wesrigSia, maSin unda Semow-
mdes TviT operaciuli gamaZliereblis kontaqtebi.
151
 Bbolos Tu yvela gasinjuli elemeti muSaunari-
ania da sqema ar muSaobs, maSin uvargisia TviT oper-
aciuli gamaZlierebeli da igi unda Seicvalos.
qvemoT moyvanilia operaciuli gamaZliereblis
mqone sqemebSi ramdenime ti piuri uwesivroba:
1 ) kvebis wyaros Zabva. Ees aris pirveli, saidan-
ac unda daiwyos Semowmeba. Uunda uzrunvelyofili
iyos kvebis wyaros Sesabamisi ZabviTa da CamiwebiT.
Uunda gvaxsovdes, rom mravali integraluri sqemebi-
saTvis kvebis Zabvis sidide kritikulia
2 ) ukukavSiris wredis gawyveta. Aam dazianebas
mivyavarT gamosavali signalis amplitudis SezRud-
vamde, radganac operatiuli gamaZlierebeli muSaobs
Zabvis gaZlierebis maqsimaluri koeficientiT (anu
sqema warmoadgens gamaZlierebels ukukavSiris gareSe)
3 ) Caketili ukukavSiri. Aam SemTxvevaSi signa-
li gamosasvlelze imeorebs signals Sesasvlelze.
4 ) S es av al i re z is to ri s wr ed i s gawy ve ta .
Mmainventirebel gamaZlierebelSi gamosasvlelze
signali ar gveqneba, radgan signali ar gvaqvs Sesas-
vlelze. Aanu gamaZlierebeli gamodis Zabvis gamame-
oreblis rolSi. gamaZlierebelSi gamaZliereblis
koeficienti 1-is tolia da signali gamosasvlelze
imeorebs signals Sesasvlelze.
5 ) potenciometriT arasworad aris daregu-
lirebuli. Aamas mivyavarT signalis SezRudvamde
an mxolod zevidan, an mxolod qvevidan.
152
3.3. eleqtruli wredebis Semowmeba
gamorTuli Zabvis dros
elsamontaJo samuSaoebis damTavrebis Semdeg Ses-
amowmebel eleqtrul wredebSi xSirad Tavs iCens
iseTi defeqtebi, rogoricaa SecdomiTi (araswori)
SeerTebebi,romlebmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios elmowy-
obilobis mwyobridan gamosvla an momsaxure per-
sonalis dazianeba eleqtruli deniT, agreTve arasa-
surveli movlenebi. amitom axali damontaJebuli an
garemontebuli eleqtro danadgari gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebiT unda iqnes Semowmebuli da araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar unda moxdes Seumowmebel eleqtrodan-
adgarze Zabvis miwodeba.
Eeleqtrowredebi SeiZleba Semowmdes teqno-
logiuri aRWurvilobisa da maT gareSe. Semowmeba
teqnologiuri aRWurvilobis gareSe xorcieldeba
vizualuri daTvalierebiT. Aamowmeben eleqtromon-
taJis Sesrulebis Sesabamisobas dokumentaciasTan;
kontaqturi SeerTebis gare mdgomareobas; koroziisa
da Tburi zemoqmedebis kvals; salteebis CarTvis sis-
wores eleqtrogamanawilebel farebSi; kabelebisa da
sadenebis Calagebas. Mmagram eleqtruli wredebis
uxilavi ubnebis Semowmeba vizualuri daTvaliereb-
is gziT SeuZlebelia.
Eeleqtruli wredebis Semowmeba teqnologiuri
saSualebebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
uSualo da Camiwebis xerxebiT.
uSualo Semowmebas gamoiyeneben im SemTxvevaSi,
roca eleqtruli wredebis sawyisebi da boloebi
153
mdebareoben erTmaneTTan ise axlos, rom erTdrou- dros Sesamowmebel wredebTan erTad sargebloben
lad SeiZleba miuerTdes sasinjis sacecebi. damxmare wredebiT: Camamiwebel sadenebs, nebismieri
ganvixiliT magaliTi. davuSvaT saWiroa Semowm- kabelis ZarRvebs, specialurad Cadebul sadenebsa da
des eleqtruli wredis mTlianoba kabelSi an CaliCSi Camiwebis salteebs.
(“жгут”), romlis boloebi ganmxoloebulia X1 da X2 magaliTi: saWiroa Semowmdes kabelis ZarRvebze
SemaerTeblebze (nax. 3.10) datanili aRniSvnebis siswore (nax. 3.11). am SemTxveva-
am dros SeerTebis siswore mowmdeba SemaerTeb- Si Semowmebas axorcielebs ori adamiani, romelTa
lis kontaqtebTan datanili aRniSvnebiT. sasinjis П Soris winaswar damyarebulia satelefono kavSiri.
erTi saceci CairTveba kabelis (CaliCis) X2 Semae- salaparako mowyobiloba B1 da B2 CarTuli an Sesa-
rTeblis 1 kontaqtTan, xolo sasinjis meore salte- mowmebeli E1 kabelis ZarRvebiT an calke Cadebuli
Ti kabelis (CaliCis) meore mxares X1 SemaerTebelze sadenebiT.
eZeben Sesabamis I kontaqts. Secdomis Tavidan ac- Semowmeba iwyeba droebiTi zRudaris E2 dayenebiT
ilebis mizniT saWiroa sasinjis meore saceci ri- kabelis erT-erTi mxaris nebismier erT ZarRvTan.
grigobiT mivuerToT X1 SemaerTeblis yvela kon- sasinjis (П) erTi sa-
taqts, SemaerTeblis korpussa da E1 kabelis (Cali- ceciT exebian kabe-
Cis) ekrans. lis C am i w e b u l
aRniSnuli Semowmeba
ZarRvs. amowmeben
keTdeba im SemTxvevaSic ki,
damxmare wredis: mi-
Tu saZebni eleqtruli
wa-Rilaki S-ZarRvi
wredi moZebnili iqna pirv-
1 mTlianobas. Aamas-
el cdidanve. Aamgvaradve
Tanave unda Semowm-
eZeben meore, mesame da a.S
des E2 zRudaris
wredebs.
dayenebis siswore
Camiwebis xerxi gam-
amisaTvis S2 Rilak-
oiyeneba im eleqtruli
iT unda gavwyvitoT
wredebis Sesamowmeblad,
misi wredi da Tva-
romelTa sawyisebi da bo-
lyuri vadevnoT sas-
loebi mdebareoben erT-
injis Cvenebas.
nax. 3.10 eleqtruli maneTisagan sakmaod Sors nax. 3.11. eleqtruli wredis
wredebis uSualod zRudaris E2 da- Semowmeba Camiwebis
an sxvadasxva SenobebSi. Aam
Semowmebis xerxi yenebis Semdeg kabe- xerxiT

154 155
lis meore mxareze iwyeben Camiwebuli ZarRvis Ziebas
sasinjis saceciT. Camiwebuli ZarRvis povnis Semdeg
an CavrToT da gamovrToT S Rilaki an gamovxsnaT da
ise mivaerToT E2 zRudari raTa davrwmundeT sasin-
jis Cvenebis sisworeSi da damatebiTi E2 zRudareb-
is ar arsebobaSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
aRmoCndes, rom sasinjis Cveneba gamowveulia kabelis
romelime ZarRvis CamiwebiT E2 zRudarisagan
damoukideblad.
Ppirveli wredis Semowmebis Semdeg E2 zRudars
daayeneben meore wredze da gaimeoreben aRweril
moqmedebas.
3.4. eleqtruli wredebis Semowmeba
Zabvis qveS
Eeleqtruli wredi SeiZleba Semowmdes masze muSa
an sakontrolo Zabvis miwodebiT. Nnebismier SemTx-
vevaSi gamoyenebul unda iqnes teqnikuri aRWurvi-
lobis saSualebebi: Zabvis maCveneblebi, multimetre-
bi, marwuxebi da sxva. Zabvis maCveneblad SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes varvarebis naTura, romlis var-
gisoba winaswar Semowmebuli unda iqnes Zabvis qveS
myof dengamtar nawilebze. naTura moTavsebuli unda
iqnes armaturaSi, radgan Semowmebis dros SeiZleba
gaskdes da momsaxure personalma miiRos travma.
ganvixiloT magaliTi. saWiroa Semowmdes wre-
di nax. 3.12-ze mocemul sqemaSi, romelzec montaJis
dasrulebis Semdeg ar miewodeba Zabva. am SemTxvevaSi
dasawyisSi unda Semowmdes sqemebis kvebis wredi maT-
Si mokled SerTvis ar arsebobaze. amisaTvis kvebis
156
miwodebis win saWiroa erTi polusis mimdevrobiT
CavrToT Zabvis maCvenebeli (“n”), xolo Zabvis maCveneb-
lis meore bolo SevaerToT qselTan.
Tu aRniSnuli xerxiT sqemis Semowmebisas kvebis
wyaros wredSi ar aris mokled SerTva, maSin obieqtze
Zabvis miwodebisas masTan mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli
“n” naTura ainTeba arasruli varvarebiT da am SemTx-
vevaSi sqemas uSualod SeiZleba mivawodoT Zabva. Mmok-
led SerTvis arsebobis SemTx-
vevaSi naTura ainTeba sruli
sikaSkaSiT da am SemTxvevaSi ar
SeiZleba sqemaze Zabvis miwode-
ba da unda veZeboT mokled
SerTvis mizezi. Tu eleqtru-
li wredebis Semowmebis win
sqema muSaobda datvirTvisa da
mokled SerTvis gareSe, maSin
SeiZleba Zabva mivawodoT wre-
dis naTuris CaurTvelad. Kkve-
bis wredSi naTuris mimdevro-
biT CarTvas aqvs Tavisi dadeb-
iTi Tviseba, kerZod wredSi gam-
avali deni SezRudulia naTur-
is winaRobiT. Uunda aRiniSnos,
rom Zabvis qveS wredebis Semow-
mebis dros gamoyenebuli unda
iqnes mxolod varvara naTura,
radganac luminescenciuri
nax. 3.12. eleqtru-
li wredebis Semow- naTuris naTebis intensivoba
mokled SerTvis dros da mis
meba Zabvis qveS
157
gareSe vizualurad erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba.
SevamowmoT wredis darCenili. nawili Zabvis qveS
wredebis Semowmebis dros gamoiyeneba wredis ele-
mentis iseTi Tviseba, rogoricaa elementze Zabvis
vardnis damokidebuleba mis winaRobaze. kontaqte-
bze, mcvelebze da maTgvar elementebze Zabvis vardna
praqtikulad nulis tolia. Yyovel SemTxvevaSi ori,
sami rigiT naklebia Zabvis vardnaze iseT elemente-
bze rogoricaa: relesa da kontaqtoris koWebi, rez-
istorebi, naTurebi da datvirTvis sxva elementebi.
aqedan gamomdinare SevamowmoT nax. 3.12-ze moyva-
nili wredis elementebi. Ppirvel rigSi vamowmebT
wredis mTlianobas: 0 wertili-mcveli F1-kontaqti
KK2:1-kontaqti KK3:1 wertili2. amisaTvis indikatoris
erT sacecs mivuerTebY wertils 4, xolo meore sacecs
wertilTan1. (pozicia II). vargisi F1 mcvelis SemTx-
vevaSi naTura ainTeba mTliani varvarebiT. naTuris
varvareba mowmobs 1 da 4 sakontrolo wertilebs
Soris Zabvis arsebobas. Aamis Semdeg indikatoris
saceci 1 mdgomareobidan gadmovitanoT 1a mdgomare-
obaSi, xolo Semdeg 2 mdgomareobaSi. (pozicia III).
amiT vamowmebT KK2:1 da KK3:1 kontaqtebis wesivrobas.
Mmcvels SevamowmebT analogiurad. DdavrwmundiT ra
Semowmebuli wredis vargisobaSi gadavdivarT Sem-
deg wredze: wertili 4-mcveli F4-kontaqti K1:1- mas-
Tan paralelurad CarTuli Rilaki S2-Rilaki S1-
wertili 3. am SemTxvevaSi indikatoris erTi saceci
unda CavrToT 0 wertilTan. Tu meore saceciT Sevex-
ebiT wertils 5, maSin 0-5 wertilebs Soris Zabvis
arsebobiT vamowmebT F4 vargisobas. Tu S2 Rilakze
158
TiTs davaWerT da Sesamowmebel wredSi yvela ele-
menti wesrigSia, wertilSi 3 wertili 0-is mimarT
unda iyos Zabva da unda CairTos K1 kontaqti, rom-
lis CarTva gamoiwvevs K1:1 blok kontaqtis CarTvas
da S2 Rilakze TiTis aRebis Semdeg K1 kontaqti dar-
Ceba CarTuli. Aamgvarad or sxvadasxva wertils Soris
CarTuli naTuriani Zabvis indikatoris saSualebiT
Semowmebuli iqna mTeli wredis wesivruloba.
3.5. Secdomebi eleqtruli wredis
Semowmebisas
Eeleqtrodanadgarebis eleqtruli sqemebis Semow-
meba zogjer garTulebulia imiT, rom ama Tu im eleqt-
ruli wredis Sesaxeb informacia SeiZleba damaxin-
jdes. zogjer Tvlian, rom damaxinjeba gamowveulia
eleqtruli sqemebis Semowmebis xerxebis SecdomiT
arCeviT (uSualo CamiwebiT). magaliTad Tvlian, rom
momijnave qvesadgurebSi Camiwebis magistralebis po-
tencialebis gansxvavebulobis gamo Camiwebis xerxe-
bis gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. aseTi azri mcdaria, rad-
gan Tu Sesamowmebeli wredi ar imyofeba Zabvis qveS,
maSin masSi ar gadis sxva deni garda sasinjis wyaros
mier Seqmnili denisa da Sesamowmebeli wredis bo-
loebze ar aRiZvreba potencialTa sxvaoba. aseT
pirobebSi TviT gasinjvis xerxebs ar SeuZliaT daamax-
injos eleqtruli wredebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
informacia. Aamitom Secdomis mizezi SeiZleba iyos
an Sesamowmebeli wredis Suntireba sxva wredebis
mier an damatebiTi eleqtruli wredebis warmoqmna.
159
 magaliTi1. damatebiTi
wredis warmoqmna diodis
winaRobis gavliT Ppirda-
piri mimarTulebiT.
davuSvaT saWiroa iseTi
eleqtrodanadgaris gamomy-
vanebis numeraciis gan-
nax. 3.13 wredis warmo- sazRvra, romelic Seicavs
qmna diodebis gavliT naxevargamtarul diodebs.
sqemis fragmenti moyvanilia nax. 3.13-ze
CavrToT sasinji П, ise rogorc naCvenebia nax.
3.13-ze SevaxebT ra sasinjis sacecs 2 sxva danarCen
gamomyvanebs, davinaxavT rom yvela samive SemTxvevaSi
sasinjis Cveneba erTnairia. Ees miuTiTebs imaze, rom
an arsebobs defeqti TviTon sqemaSi, an Cveni aras-
wori moqmedebiT SevitaneT Secdoma. (vTvliT, rom
sasinjis vargisoba winaswar iqna Semowmebuli).
ra unda gavakeToT imisaTvis rom ganvsazRvroT
sasinjis erTnairi Cvenebis mizezi.
CavTvaloT rom sqema vargisia, maSin defeqti
gamowveulia Cveni araswori moqmedebiT, amitom mis
mosaZebnad ganvixiloT wredi, romelic warmoiqmna
sasinjis CarTvis dros.
sasinjis CarTvisas 1-3 gamomyvanebs Soris ikvreba
wredi: sasinjis (-) saceci- wertili1-kontaqti K-
wertili2-diodi1-wertili3-saceci (+).
sasinji gviCvenebs, rom wredi 1-3 Caketilia da
Sesabamisad gamomyvanebi 1 da 3 ar SeiZleba erTmane-
Tisagan gansxvavdebodnen. yuradReba mivaqcioT imas,
160
rom wredSi CarTuli diodi, romlis gamtaroba damok-
idebulia masze modebuli Zabvis polarobaze. gada-
vaadgiloT sasinjis sacecebi ise, rom gamomyvanebTan
1 CarTuli iyos (-) saceci. Aam SemTxvevaSi sasinjis
Cveneba nulis tolia, rac Seesabameba gaTiSul wreds.
Aamitom gamomyvanebi 1-3 SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT erT-
maneTisgan. wredis 1-3 gamomyvanebze naTqvami SeiZle-
ba mivakuTvnoT wredis 1-4 gamomyvanebs.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom naxevargam-
taruli diodebiani wredebis Semowmebis dros yura-
dReba unda mivaqcioT sasinjis sacecebis polarobas.
magaliTi 2. wredis warmoqmna gamomrTveli kon-
taqtis gavliT.
davuSvaT, relur-kontaqturi sqemis CarTvis win
saWiroa SevmowmoT 1-2 wertilebs Soris CarTuli
paraleluri wredi (nax. 3.14), romelTa Soris aris
ori gamomrTveli kontaqtis Semcveli wredi. saxel-
dobr wredi 5-6; gamomyvani1-kontaqti K1:1-gamomyvani-
2 wredi 1-2 gamomyvani 1- kontaqti K2:1-kontaqti K3:1-
gamomyvani 2.
movxsnaT Zabva sqemidan
da sasinji CavrToT 1-2
gamomyvanebTan. sasinji
gviCvenebs rom am gamomyv-
anebs Soris wredi Ca-
ketilia da gamarTul
mdgomareobaSia. CavrTavT
danadgaris muSaobaSi. Aam
dros gamomJRavndeba de- nax. 3.14. wredis Suntire-
feqti, romelic mdgomare- ba gamomrTveli kontaqtiT
161
obs imaSi, rom erT-erT reJimSi 1 da 2 wertilebs
Soris wredi ar irTveba, miuxedavad imisa, rom swori
muSaobisaTvis igi Caketili unda iyos. Tu davukvird-
ebiT sqemebs SeiZleba davinaxoT, rom wredis Caketva
xdeba kontaqtebiT K2 da K3. Aamitom vamowmebT maT
wesivrobas. Mmoxsnili Zabvis dros CavrTavT sasinjs
uSualod K2:1 kontaqtis 1-3 gamomyvanebTan da K3:1
kontaqtis 4-2 gamomyvanebTan. sasinjis Cveneba gveub-
neba, rom kontaqtebi wesrigSia, magram wredi 1 da 2
gamomyvanebs Soris ar ikvreba. raSia mizezi?
radganac wredis K2 da K3 kontaqtebi wesrigSia,
amitom vamowmebT 1 da 2 wertilebs Soris arsebobs
Tu ara danadgaris muSaobis dros wredi, risTvisac 3
da 4 wertilebs Soris vrTavT sasinjs, romelic gvaty-
obinebs wredis gawyvetis Sesaxeb. AamasTanave Tu Se-
vamowmebT wreds 3 da4 wertilebs Soris gamorTuli
Zabvis dros, maSin sasinji gviCvenebs Caketil wreds.
aseTi movlenis asaxsnelad mivmarToT nax. 3.14-s
1 da 2 gamomyvanebTan mierTebulia sami parale-
luri wredi, romelTagan ori warmoqmnilia gamTiS-
veli kontaqtebiT da romlebic reles udeno mdgo-
mareobaSi yofnis dros Caketilia. radganac 1-2 da 5-
6 wredebi CarTulia paralelurad, amitom sakmarisia
Caketili iyos erTi maTgani, rom 1-2 gamomyvanebTan
mierTebisas sasinjma gviCvenos, rom maT Soris wredi
Caketilia. sasinjis 3-4 gamomyvanebTan mierTeba ar
iZleva saSualebas vi povoT wredis gawyveta. radgan
am dros iqmneba Caketili wredi: sasinjis sace-
ci_gamomyvani3-kontaqti K2-kontaqti K1-gamomyvani2-
kontaqti3-sasinjis saceci. Aamgvarad, aRmoCnda, rom
162
Catarebuli Semowmeba ar gvaZlevs saSualebas gavake-
ToT daskvna yvela paraleluri wredis wesivrobis
Sesaxeb da saWiroa SevamowmoT es wredebi cal-calke.
Aamitom saWiroa 1-2 wertilebs Soris wredi Sevamow-
moT orjer. Ppirvelad gavTiSoT K1 kontaqti, maSin
sasinji gvaZlevs saSualebas SevamowmoT mxolod is
wredi, romelSic Sedian K2 da K3 kontaqtebi. Mmeore
SemTxvevaSi gavTiSoT K2 kontaqti (an K3) am SemTx-
vevaSi mowmdeba wredi 1 wertilidan 2 wertilamde
K1 kontaqtis gavliT.
aRniSnuli xerxiT warmoebuli Semowmeba gviC-
venebs, rom wreds, romelSic Sedian K2 da K3 kon-
taqtebi gawyvetilia.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi
eleqtruli wredebis Semowmebisas saWiroa Sesamow-
mebeli wredis maSuntirebeli kontaqtebis iZulebi-
Ti gamorTva an gaTiSva.
3.6. meoradi komutaciis sqemebis Semowmeba
Zabvis qveS
ganvixiloT operatiuli wredebis (marTvis, dacvis,
avtomatikis, signalizaciis, blokirebis) Semowmebis
sakiTxebi Zabvis qveS.
Zabvis qveS sqemebis Semowmeba swarmoebs gamorTu-
li Zalovani wredis dros eleqtruli wredebis mon-
taJis sisworis Semowmebis, aparaturis gawyobisa da
izolaciis gamocdis Semdeg. winaswar Semowmebuli
unda iyos yvela sakontaqto SeerTebebi klemebsa da
aparatebze. agreTve mowodebuli Zabvis polaroba.
163
 operatiuli Zabvis pirveli mowodebis dros unda
davrwmundeT, rom sqemaSi ar aris mokled SerTva.
amisaTvis yendeba mxolod erTi mcveli, xolo meores
adgilze CairTveba sakontrolo naTura. Tu wredSi
mokled SerTva ar aris naTura ar ainTeba an ainTeba
arasruli varvarebiT. naTuras unda gaaCndes mcire
Sinagani winaRoba (simZlavre unda iyos 150-200vt)
mcire winaRobis reles koWaze didi winaRobis
naTuris gavliT Zabvis miwodebis dros naTuris var-
vareba sruli varvarebisgan mcired gansxvavdeba. Oop-
eratiuli Zabvis miwodebis Semdeg mowmdeba amuSave-
bis mkafioba relesa da sqemis sxva elementebis
calkeuli kontaqtebis muSaobis mimdevroba wredis
muSaobis yvela reJimSi.
dacvis, signalizaciis, avtomatikis sqemebis muSaoba
mowmdeba mowyobilobis avariuli da aranormaluri
reJimebis imitaciiT dacvis releebis, teqnologiuri
gadamwodebisa da sxvaTa kontaqtebis xeliT Caketvis
gziT.
Zabvis qveS sqemis Semowmebis dros SesaZlebelia
sqemis calkeuli elementebisa da kvanZis muSaobaSi
mtyunebis SemTxvevebi, Mmiuxedavad imisa rom dazianebe-
bi da darRvevebi sqemaSi mravalgvaria. isini SeiZle-
ba mivakuTvnoT dazianebis Sedeg saxeebs: a) wredis
gawyveta: b)mokled SerTva; g) miwasTan SeerTeba; d)
SemovliTi wredis arseboba; e) sqemaSi Semavali
calkeuli parametrebis uwesivroba an parametrebis
Seusabamoba sqemis moTxovnebTan.
yvela es defeqti maSinve ar SeimCneva da SeiZleba
hqondes sqemis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare sxvadasxvag-
164
vari gareSe gamovlinebani. Mmxolod sqemis dawv-
rilebiTi analizi, Semowmebis mofiqrebuli gegma
iZleva saSualebas swrafad da efeqturad gamovav-
linoT da aRmovfxvraT dazianebebi. radganac sqema-
Si TiToeuli dazianeba moiTxovs specialur ana-
lizs, dazianebuli elementis gansazRvris meTodika
ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT saerTo saxelmZRvanelos
saxiT, romelic gamosayenebeli iqneboda yvela SesaZ-
lo SemTxvevebisaTvis.
Nnax. 3.15-ze moyvanilia zambariani amZravis mqone
zeTiani amomrTvelis marTvis princi puli sqema.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT umartivesi dazianeb-
is SemTxveva: darRveulia Q amomrTvelis blok-kon-
taqtis wredi. Ddazianebis gareSe niSania-ar inTeba
HLG naTura. Ddazianebis gamosavlenad saWiroa:
1. SevamowmoT mcvelis vargisianoba;
2. SevamowmoT Zabva HLG naTuraze 3 ( Tu naTuraze
da damatebiT winaRobaze ar aris, maSin savaraudod
gawyvetilia amomrTvelis wredi);
3. SevamowmoT sasignalo naTuris Zafi;
4. SevamowmoT wredis mTlianoba Q da SQM kon-
taqtebze maTze paralelurad voltmetris rig-rigo-
biT CarTviT. Tu V2 voltmetris Cveneba nulis to-
lia, maSin SQM kontaqtebi Caketilia.
SQM da Q kontaqtebTan paralelurad CarTuli V1
voltmetris Cveneba mowmobs wredis gawyvetas am kon-
taqtebze operatiuli wredebis Semowmebis dros unda
visargebloT maRalomiani voltmetriT, radganac
dabalomianma voltmetrma SeiZleba migviyvanos sqe-
mis aparatis mcdar amuSavebasTan.
165

nax. 3.15. zambariani zeTiani amomrTvelis
marTvis princi puli sqema
ganxilul sqemaSi (CarTvis wredis wesivrobis
dros) voltmetris magier sakontrolo naTuris dam-
atebiT winaRobiani sasignalo HLG naTurasTan parale-
lurad CarTvam SeiZleba gamoiwvios YAS CamrTveli
koWis amuSaveba da amomrTvelis TviTneburad CarTva.
varvaris naTurebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mowmdeba mcvelebis mTlianoba
da wredis mokled SerTva.
166
Tavi IV. Eeleqtruli aparatebi da maTi
diagnostika
Eeleqtruli aparati warmoadgens mowyobilobas,
romelic gamoiyeneba eleqtro momxmareblebis, kvebis
wyaroebisa da araeleqtruli procesebis eleqtro
energiiT marTvisaTvis.
zogadi sawarmoo daniSnulebis eleqtruli apa-
ratebi, eleqtro-sayofacxovrebo aparatebi da mowyo-
bilobebi gamoSvebulia 1 kv. Zabvamde, xolo maRali
Zabvisa-1kv. zemoT. 1kv-mde Zabvis aparatebi iyofian: xe-
lis, distanciur, dacvis aparatebad da gadamwodebad.
4.1. eleqtruli aparatebis klasifikacia
eleqtruli aparatebis klasifikacia xdeba sxva-
dasxva niSnis mixedviT: 1. daniSnulebis(aparatis Zir-
iTadi Sesasrulebeli funqcia): 2. moqmedebis prin-
ci pis; 3. samuSao xasiaTis; 4. Ddenis saxeobis (mudmivi
da cvladi); 5. denis sididis; 6. Zabvis sididis (1 kv-
mde da 1 kv zeviT); 7. Sesrulebis; 8.Ddacvis xarisxis;
9. konstruqciis.
Tavis mxriv ZiriTadi Sesasrulebeli funqciis
mixedviT eleqtruli aparatebi iyofa: marTvis, dacvisa
da makontrolebel aparatebad.
1. marTvis aparatebis daniSnulebaa eleqtru-
li manqanebis, Carxebis, meqanizmebis gaSveba, rever-
sireba, damuxruWeba, siCqaris, denisa da Zabvis regu-
lireba, eleqtromomaragebis sistemebSi eleqtroen-
ergiis momxmareblis gaSveba da parametrebis regu-
lireba. am aparatebis ZiriTad funqcias miekuTvneba
167
agreTve eleqtroamZravebisa da eleqtroenergiis sxva
momxmareblebis marTva, gansakuTrebiT xSiri CarTva-
gamorTvis dros. marTvis aparatebs miekuTvneba xe-
liT marTvis aparatebi - Camrazebi, universaluri
gadamrTvelebi,kontrolerebi, komandokontrolerebi,
paketuri amomrTvelebi da gadamrTvelebi, reostate-
bi da sxva. distanciuri marTvis aparatebi -
eleqtromagnituri releebi, magnituri gamSvebebi kon-
taqtorebi da sxva.
2. dacvis aparatebi gamoiyeneba eleqtruli
wredebis komutaciis, eleqtrowredebisa da eleqtro-
mowyobilobebis gadatvirTvis,pikuri da mokled
SerTvis denebisagan dasacavad.
Ddacvis aparatebs miekuTvneba dnobadi mcvelebi,
Tburi da denis releebi, avtomaturi amomrTvelebi
da sxva.
3. makontrolebeli aparatebis daniSnulebaa
mocemuli eleqtruli an araeleqtruli aparatebis
kontroli. aparatebis am jgufs miekuTvneba gadam-
wodebi. gadamwodebi eleqtrul an araeleqtrul
sidides gardaqmnian da gamoscemen informacias
eleqtruli signalis saxiT. Aam saxis aparatebs
miekuTvneba: denis, wnevis, temperaturis, mdgomareobis,
donis da foto gadamwodebi; agreTve denis, Zabvis,
drois, siCqaris releebi.
4. moqmedebis princi pis mixedviT eleqtru-
li aparatebi iyofa maTze moqmedi impulsebis xasia-
Tis mixedviT, gamomdinare im fizikuri movlenebidan
romelzec dafuZnebulia maTi moqmedebis princi pi.
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia Semdegi kategoriebi:
168
a ) sakomutacio eleqtruli aparatebi. Ggamoiy-
eneba kontaqtebis saSualebiT eleqtruli wredebis
CarTva-gamorTvis, erTi kontaqtidan meore kontaqtze
denis gadasvlisa da eleqtruli wredebis gawyveti-
saTvis (denmkveTebi, gadamrTvelebi );
b ) eleqtromagnituri eleqtrul aparatebi .
maTi moqmedebis princi pi dafuZnebulia aparatis
muSaobis dros aRZrul eleqtromagnitur Zalaze (kon-
taqtorebi, releebi );
g ) induqciuri eleqtruli aparatebi, romel-
Ta moqmedebis princi pi dafuZnebulia denis da mag-
nituri velis urTierTqmedebaze (induqciuri rele);
d ) induqciurobis koWebi (reaqtorebi, gajere-
bis droselebi);
muSaobis xasiaTis mixedviT eleqtroaparatebs
ganasxvaveben im wredis reJimidan gamomdinare romel-
Sic igi aris dayenebuli: 1.xangrZlivad momuSave
aparatebi; 2. muSaobis xanmokle reJimSi momuSave; 3.
datvirTvis xanmokle ganmeorebiT reJimSi momuSave.
saerTo moTxovnebi romelsac unda akmayofilebdes
eleqtroaparatebi aris: maTi mowyobilobisa da mom-
saxureobis simartive, ekonomiuroba (mcire gabarite-
bi da wona), ZviradRirebuli masalebis Semcvelobis
minimaluri raodenoba. Tanamedrove eleqtroteqni-
kuri mowyobilobebis sqemebSi eleqtro aparatebs
unda gaaCndeT maRali mgrZnobiaroba, swrafqmedeba
da universaloba, maRali meqanikuri da eleqtruli
cveTamedegoba, dengamtari elementebis temperaturam
ar unda gadaaWarbos dasaSveb zRvars, izolacia gaan-
gariSebuli unda iqnes SesaZlo gadaZabvebze.
169
 Eeleqtroteqnikuri mowyobilobebis muSao-
bis reJimebi iyofa: nominalur, normalur da avar-
iul reJimebad.
Nnominaluri reJimis dros eleqtruli wre-
dis elementi muSaobs teqnikur pasportSi denis, Zab-
visa da simZlavris naCvenebi mniSvnelobis dros,
rac ekonomiurobisa da saimedoobis TvalsazrisiT
Seesabameba muSaobis ufro momgebian pirobebs. nax. 4.1. Camrazebi
Nnormaluri reJimis dros aparatis eqspluata- gasaTiSad,xolo gverdiT saxeluriani Camrazebi -
cia xdeba nominalurTan SedarebiT mcired gansx-
datvirTvis qveS myofi wredebis gasaTiSad.
vavebul parametrebiT zogierTi saxis Camrazi naCvenebia nax. 4.1-ze.
Aavariuli reJimi iseTi reJimia, roca denis, Zab-
centralur saxeluriani Camrazebi gamoSvebu-
vis, simZlavris mniSvnelobebi nominalurs aRemateba
lia rkalmqrobi mowyobilobis gareSe, bolo gver-
orjer da metjer. Aam SemTxvevaSi obieqti unda iyos
diT saxeluriani-rkalmqrobi mowyobilobiT.
gaTiSuli. Aavariul reJims miekuTvneba mokled gamorTvis dros danebis gadnobis Tavidan ac-
SerTvisa da gadatvirTvis denebis gavla wredSi, ilebis mizniT Camrazebi mzaddeba naperwkal da rkalm-
agreTve qselSi Zabvis daweva
qrobi kontaqtebiT. naperwkalmqrobi kontaqtebi, rom-
imedianoba - es aris eqspluataciis mTeli drois liTac aRWurvilia danebi gamorTvis dros tuCebidan
ganmavlobaSi aparatis Seuferxebeli muSaoba. gamodian zambarebis moqmedebiT
nax. 4.2-ze naCvenebia amomrTvel-ganmamxoloeblebi.
4.2. xeliT marTvis aparatebi
a ) Camrazebi warmoadgenen xeliT marTvis umar-
tives aparatebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba cvladi denis
660 v da mudmivi denis 440 v Zabvamde eleqtrodanad-
garebis CarTva-gamorTvisaTvis.
Ppolusebis mixedviT Camrazebi iyofa erT,or da
sam polusianad,marTvis mixedviT: centraluri da
gverdiTi saxeluriT,xolo SeerTebis mixedviT: pan-
elze wina da ukana SeerTebiT. centralur saxeluri-
ani Camrazebi gamoiyeneba udeno eleqtrul wredebis nax. 4.2. amomrTvel-ganmamxoloeblebi

170 171
 zogierT SemTxvevaSi Camrazebi SeTavsebulia
mcvelebTan da es mcvelebi gamoyenebulia danebad.
aseTi konstruqcia saSualebas iZleva Camrazma Seas-
rulos dacvisa da komutaciis funqcia.
b)Ppaketuri amomrTvelebi da gadamrTvele-
bi. Ppaketuri amomrTvelebi gamoiyeneba cvladi 380 v
Zabvamde da 60 a denamde da mudmivi 220v Zabvamde da
100 a denamde. Ppaketuri amomrTvelebi da gadamrTvele-
bi CamrazebTan SedarebiT ufro kompaqturia isini
montaJdeba iseTnairad rom panelze gamodis mxolod
saxeluri, rac uzrunvelyofs momsaxure personalis
usafrTxoebas. Ppaketuri gadamrTveli naCvenebia nax.
4.3-ze.
Ppaketuri gadamrTvelis saxeluris 900 - iT Semo-
brunebisas SegviZlia CavrToT an gamovrToT
el.danadgari. saxeluris 4 mdgomareobidan ori
Seesabameba CarTul da ori gamorTul mdgomareobas.
Ppaketur gadamrTvelSi mxolod erTi mdebare-
oba Seesabameba eleqtro danadgaris gamorTul mdgo-
mareobas, xolo danarCeni sami -sxvadasxva wesiT
CarTuls. Nnax. 4.4-ze naCvenebia sam siCqariani Zravas
paketuri gadamrTveliT CarTvis sqema. oTx pozician
paketur gadamrTvels aqvs eqvsi uZravi kontaqti. erTi
pozicia (0) Seesabameba Zravis gamorTul mdgomare-
obas. Zravis statorSi Calagebulia ori gragnili.
erTi gragnili SeerTebulia varskvlavad, xolo me-
ore SeuZlia gadairTos samkuTxedidan ormag varskv-
lavze.
sqemis mixedviT saxeluris 1 mdgomareobaSi Zrava
SeerTebulia qselis klemebTan 3C1, 3C2 da 3C3 –
0 1 2 3

A
3C3 2C1

B 1C2
1C1
3C2 3C1
1C3
2C2 2C3
C
M

nax. 4.4. sam siCqariani eleqtro Zravas paketuri

nax. 4.3. paketuri amomrTveli gadamrTveliT CarTvis sqema

172 173
Tan.Zravas statorSi iqmneba mbrunavi magnituri veli
sami wyvili polusiT ( 2P =3). am dros Zravis sin-
qronuli brunvis siCqare
60 f 60  50
n   1000 br / wT,
2p 3
sadac f = 50 hc qselis sixSirea
gadamrTvelis marjvena klemebis marcxenasTan
SeerTebas uCveneben wertilebi xazebiT, romelTa ver-
tikalze naCvenebia gadamrTvelis saxeluris mdgo-
mareobis Sesabamisi cifrebi.
gadamrTvelis saxeluris 1 mdgomareobaSi marcx-
ena zeda klema SeerTebulia Zravas 3C1 klemasTan, marcx-
ena Sua klema – 3C2- Tan, xolo marcxena qveda klema
-3C3 klemasTan saxeluris 3 mdgomareobaSi gadamrTve-
lis marcxena klemebis Zravas 1C1, 1C2 da 1C3 klemas-
Tan SeerTebiT xdeba 2C1, 2C2 da 2C3 klemebis erT-
maneTTan SeerTeba. amiT ganpirobebulia Zravas grag-
nilebis SeerTeba ormag varskvlavad da warmoiqmne-
ba polusebis erTi (2p=1) wyvili, ris gamoc Zravas
siCqare n=3000br/wT.
saxeluris 2 mdgomareobaSi marcxena zeda klema
uerTdeba Zravas 2C1 klemas, Sua marcxena klema- 2C2-s,
xolo qveda marcxena- klema= 2C3-s. am dros Zrava
CairTveba samkuTxedad da iqneba polusebi ori wyvili
(2p=2) da Zravas siCqare n=1500 br/wT.
samfaza paketuri gadamrTvelebi Camrazebisa-
gan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom moZrav kontaqtebs (danebs)
aqvT ara erTi aramed ori Caketili mdgomareoba.
Ddanebi SeiZleba CairTos sami marjvena da sami marcx-
174
ena uZravi kontaqtebiT. aseTi gadamrTvelebi gamoiy-
eneba samfaza Zravas CarTvisa da brunvis mimarTulebis
SecvlisaTvis ( reversirebisaTvis).
g) Rilakebi. Rilakebis daniSnulebaa 660 v Zab-
vamde da 50 hc cvladi denis eleqtrul wredebSi
nax. 4.5. Rilakebi
magnituri gamSvebebis, kontaqtorebisa da avtomatikis
releebis operatiuli marTva.
nax. 4.5-ze mocemulia sxvadasxva saxis Rilakebi.
mocemuli Rilakebi gamoiyeneba amwe-meqanizmebis
marTvis wredebSi. Rilakebis ZiriTad dazianebad
iTvleba meqanikuri dazianeba, gacveTili kontaqtebi
da cudi kontaqti sadenebis mierTebis adgilebSi.
d) sagzao da saboloo amomrTvelebi gamoiye-
neba meqanizmebis zusti gaCerebis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT, radganac zusti gaCereba miiRweva eleqtroZra-
vas dabali brunvis siCqareze gadayvaniT, amitom sab-
oloo amomrTvelis arCevis dros upiratesoba eniWe-
ba kontaqtebis momentaluri gaTiSvis unaris mqone
amomrTvelebs. Nnax. 4.6-ze WrilSi moyvanilia sab-
oloo amomrTvelebi kontaqtebis momentaluri gaTiS-
viT (BK-200Г da BK-300Г)
175
 a) b) g)
nax. 4.7. sagzao amomrTvelebi: a) ВПК-15К21;
b) ВПК-2110 ; 2111; 2112; g) ВП-19М21

zemoT aRniSnulma sagzao amomrTvelebma farTo

gamoyeneba hpoves. isini xasiaTdebian simartiviTa da
siiafiT. zogierTi maTgani xasiaTdeba sakmao sizustiT,
nax. 4.6. BK-200Г da BK-300Г ti pis saboloo magram am aparatebs gaaCniaT rigi uaryofiTi Tvisebe-
amomrTvelis Wrili
bi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia meqanizmis moqmedebis
korpusze damagrebulia uZravi kontaqtebi 2, xolo
sakmaod dabali siCqare; kontaqtebis eroziis gamo
moZravi kontaqtebi damagrebulia berketze 4. Kkon-
muSaobis SezRuduli vada, SezRuduli swrafqmedeba,
taqtebis gadarTva xorcieldeba amZravi berketis 5
moiTxoven periodul regulirebas. Aamitom ukanasknel
mobrunebiT, romelic zambaris 6 saSualebiT SeerTe-
xanebSi am, meqanizmebis marTvis sqemebSi iyeneben
bulia samarTTan 7. amZravi berketebis mobrunebis
meqanizmis mdgomareobis ukontaqto gadamwodebs.
dros zambaras 8 moqmedebis Zala gadaecema burTu-
e) meqanizmis mdgomareobis ukontaqto gada-
las 12 da Tamasas9, romelic xistad dakavSirebulia
mwodebi uzrunvelyofen meqanizmis maRal swrafqmede-
berketTan 4 myisierad mobrundeba da gaanTavisuflebs
bas da CarTvaTa did sixSires. maT uaryofiT Tvise-
saketela 10. Aam dros gamomrTvelis kontaqtebi gada-
bad iTvleba maTi sizustis damokidebuleba kvebis
irTveba. Ggarda zemoT moyvanili amomrTvelebisa nax
Zabvisa da temperaturis cvlilebaze. moTxovnile-
4.7-ze mocemulia sxva saxis amomrTvelebi.
bidan gamomdinare am mowyobilebis gamosaval aparatad
ВПК-2110 tipis amomrTveli xasiaTdeba sawyis mdgo-
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos an ukontaqto logikuri
mareobaSi TviTdabrunebiT.
elementi an eleqtruli rele.

176 177
 eleqtroamZravebis zusti gaCerebis sqemebSi ukon- romlebic gamoiyeneba 440v Zabvamde mudmivi denisa da
taqto gadamwodebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes 500 v Zabvamde cvladi denis Zravebis Zalovani wre-
rogorc dabal siCqareze gadasvlisas, aseve gaCereb- debis komutaciisaTvis. Kkonstruqciis mixedviT isi-
is brZanebis gasacemad. ni iyofian: muSta,dolur, brtyel da magnitur kon-
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia Semdegi ti pis ukon- trolerebad.
taqto gadamwodebi: induqciuri, generatoruli, mag- cvladi denis Zabvebis marTvisaTvis gamoiyeneba
nitogerkonuli da fotoeleqtronuli. Aam gadam- ККТ-61; ККТ-61А; ККТ-62; ККТ-101; ККТ-102 ti pis kon-
wodebs ar aqvT meqanikuri kontaqti sakontroleben trolerebi, romelTac gaaCniaT meqanizmis moZraobis
moZrav obieqtTan. orive mxares simetriuli kontaqtebi 380 v nominalur
induqciuri gadamwodebis muSaobis princi pi Zabvaze.
dafuZnebulia feromagniturgulariani koWis indu- mudmivi denis Zravebis marTvisaTvis gamoiyeneba
qciur winaRobis cvlilebaze magnitur wredSi sa- ККП-101 da ККП-102 ti pis kontrolerebi 440 v Zabvam-
haero RreCos cvlilebis dros. Mmeqanizmis mdgomar- de. maT gaaCniaT 12 Zalovan kontaqtebamde da saxe-
eobis kontrolisaTvis gamoiyeneba ИКВ-22 ti pis in- a) b)
duqciuri gadamwodi, metalurgiul saamqroebSi ИД-5,
liTonsaWrel qarxnebSi gamoiyeneba mcire gabari-
tiani БСП ti pis sagzao gadamrTveli logikuri el-
ementiT an БРП ti pis eleqtruli releTi.
liTonsaWreli Carxebis avtomatizaciisaTvis gam-
oiyeneba maRali sizustis?ВКБati pis gadamwodebi.
generatoruli gadamwodebis gamoyenebis SemTx-
vevaSi sakontrolo sididis cvlileba gardaiqmneba d)
g)
gamosasvlelze e.m.Z-is cvlilebad. aseT gadamwodeb-
Si gamosasvleli sididis cvlilebisTvis ar moiTx-
oveba calke kvebis wyaro. Ggeneratoruli gadamwodebi
xasiaTdebian maRali sizustiTa da kompaqturobiT.
gansakuTrebiT kargad muSaoben КВД-6М; КВД-25; КВП-8
da КВП-16 seriis gadamwodebi.
v) kontrolerebi kontrolerebi warmoadgenen
mravalwredian eleqtrul aparatebs xelis amZraviT, nax. 4.8. magnituri amamuSaveblebi

178 179
luris nulovani mdebareobidan TiToeul mxares 6
poziciamde. TiToeul pozicias gaaCnia fiqsacia.
ufro metad gamoiyeneba magnituri kontrolere-
bi, romlebic Sedgebian komandokontrolerebisa-
gan da kontaqtorebisagan. Kkomandokontroleri
kontaqtebis daxmarebiT CarTavs an gamorTavs Zabvas
kontaqtoris koWaze, romelic Tavisi Zalovani kon-
taqtiT CarTavs an gamorTavs eleqtroZravas. Ees N a) b)
nax. 4.9. kontaqtorebi
saSualebas iZleva avamaRloT avtomatizaciis xarisxi
nax. 4.8 a,b –ze warmodgenilia KNL seriis magni-
eleqtroamZravis moZravi meqanizmebis marTvis siste-
turi amamuSaveblebi. maT gaaCniaT marTvis sxvadasxva
mebSi.
varianti, rogorc distanciuri, aseve adgilobrivi.
4.3. distanciuri marTvis Zalovani aparatebi Nnax. 4.8. g-ze warmodgenilia ПМА-300 seriis, xolo
nax.4.8.d-ze ?ПМЕ-200 seriis magnituri amamuSaveble-
a ) magnituri amamuSaveblebi mokledSerTul-
bi. Ees magnituri amamuSaveblebi gamoiyenebian sta-
rotoriani asinqronuli eleqtroZravebis amuSaveb-
cionalur danadgarebSi samfaza asinqronuli Zrave-
is, gaCerebis, reversirebisa da dacvisaTvis distanci-
bis distanciuri amuSavebisaTvis uSualod qselTan
uri marTvis ZiriTadi eleqtruli aparatebia. isini
CarTvis, gaCerebisa da reversirebisaTvis.
Seicaven kontaqtorebs, romlebic axorcieleben Zalo-
b ) eleqtromagnituri kontaqtorebi warmoad-
vani eleqtrul wredebis komutacias nominaluri da
genen distanciuri moqmedeebis aparatebs, romelTa
gadatvirTvis denebis dros; marTvis Rilakebs; Tbur
daniSnulebaa Zalovani eleqtruli wredebis komuta-
releebs, romlebic icaven Zravebs gadatvirTvisagan
cia. Kkontaqtorebis CarTva-gamorTva xdeba eleqtro-
umetesad gavrcelebulia amamuSaveblebi, romel-
magnituri amZravis daxmarebiT. igi Sedgeba ZiriTadi
Ta Zalovani wredis komutacia xdeba eleqtromagni-
kvanZebisagan: mTavari kontaqtebi, rkalmqrobi sisteme-
turi amZraviT.
bi, eleqtromagnituri sistemebi, damxmare kontaqtebi.
dRevandel pirobebSi bazarze warmodgenilia
mTavari kontaqtebi axorcieleben Zalovani
rogorc rusuli, aseve evropuli firmebis mier war-
wredis CarTva- gamorTvas, isini gaTvlili unda iyos
moebuli magnituri amamuSaveblebi 690v muSa Zabvamde
nominaluri denis xangrZliv gatarebaze da CarTva-
da 250 a denis Zalamde.
gamorTvis did ricxvze.
Nnax. 4.8-ze warmodgenilia sxvadasxva seriis mag-
rkalmqrobi sistemebi uzrunvelyofen mTavari
nituri amamuSaveblebi.
kontaqtebis gaTiSvis dros wrmodgenili eleqtru-

180 181
li rkalis Caqrobas. rkalmqrobi sistemebis konstru-
qcia ganisazRvreba mTavari wredis denis saxeobiTa
da kontaqtoris muSaobis reJimiT.
K k o n t aq t o r i s e l e q t r o m ag n i t u r i s i s t e m a
uzrunvelyofs kontaqtoris distanciur marTvas.
Eeleqtromagnituri sistema Sedgeba gularas, Ruzis,
koWisa da samagri detalebisagan.
Ddamxmare kontaqtebi awarmoeben gadarTvebs
kontaqtoris marTvis blokirebasa da signalizaciis
wredebSi. isini gaTvlilia ara umetes 20a denis xan-
grZliv gatarebaze da araumetes 5a denis gamorTvaze.
Kkontaqtebi sruldeba rogorc nC, ise nR saxiT.
kontaqtorebi daniSnulebis mixedviT gvxvdeba
mudmivi da cvladi denis, ukanasknel xanebSi didi
gamoyeneba aqvT vakuumur kontaqtorebs.
nax. 4.9-ze warmodgenilia ori ti pis kontaqtori.
nax. 4.9, a-ze warmodgenilia КТ-7100 У seriis kon-
taqtori, romlis nominaluri denia 125 a, nominaluri
Zabva 630 v, xolo koWa SeiZleba gaTvlili iyos 36, 127,
220, 380, 440, 500 da 600 v cvlad Zabvaze.
Nnax. 4.9, b-ze Zabvaze warmodgenilia КВ 1 seriis
vakuumuri kontaqtori, romelic warmoebis mier ga-
moSvebulia 160, 250,400a denze da1140 v Zabvamde.
KkoWa gaTvlili SeiZleba iyos 24, 36, 75, 110, 220v
mudmiv da 127, 220, 380v cvlad Zabvaze.
g) magnituri amamuSaveblebisa da kontaqtore-
bis diagnostika.
magnitur amamuSaveblebs da kontaqtorebs amowme-
ben Semdegi programis mixedviT: gare daTvaliereba,
182
magnituri da kontaqturi sistemis regulireba, den-
gamtari nawilebis izolaciis winaRobis Semowmeba.
MmTavari kontaqtebis mdgomareoba. kontaqturi
sistema warmoadgens magnituri amamuSaveblebisa da
kontaqtorebis ZiriTad nawils, amitom maTi mdgomar-
eobis Semowmebisas unda gamoCenil iqnes gansakuTre-
buli yuradReba. Semowmebis dros mowmdeba yvela
detalis: aramagnituri safenis, mokled SerTuli xviis,
rkalmqrobi kameris, damWeri WanWikebisa da qanCebis,
sayelurebis arseboba
kontaqtebi unda irTvebodes erTdroulad. ara-
erTdrouloba SeiZleba aRmoifxvras mTavari kon-
taqtebis Rilakze caluRis (“OIIOO” ) gadaWeriT.
CarTul mdgomareobaSi kontaqtebi erTmaneTs unda
exebodnen qveda nawilebiT . kontaqtebis mTel si-
grZeze ar unda gadiodes sinaTlis sxivi. Kkontaqte-
bis zrdapirze metalis wveTebis arseboba zrdis
kontaqtis winaRobas 10 da metjer, amitom aseTi wveT-
ebis SemCnevis SemTxvevaSi isini unda movaciloT
qlibiT. Kkontaqtebis zedapiris zumfaris qaRaldiT
gawmenda da gapoxva akrZalulia. CarTuli kontaqte-
bis Semowmeba unda moxdes mikroommetriT.
Mmagnituri sistemebis mdgomareobis Semow-
mebisas pirvel rigSi xelis dawoliT mowmdeba
kontaqtoris svlis simsubuqe. Mmagnituri sistemis
svla unda iyos mdore biZgebisa da CaWeqvis gareSe.
cvladi denis kontaqtoris koWaSi denis gavlis dros
unda ismodes susti xmauri. Zlieri guguni miuTiTebs
Ruzis an gularis araswor damagrebaze, mokledSerTu-
li xviis dazianebaze an eleqtromagnitur gularasTan
183
aramWidro mibjenaze. Ggugunis SemcirebisaTvis
saWiroa: 1. Ruzisa da gularas damWeri xraxnis daW-
era; 2. Aan dazianebuli mokledSerTuli xviis gamocv-
la; amamuSaveblis eleqtromagnituri sistemis orive
naxevris Sexebis zedapirebis gasufTaveba da morgeb-
is sizustis Semowmeba.
Ruzasa da gularas Soris Sexebis sizustis Semow-
mebisaTvis maT Soris unda davdoT qaRaldis TeTri
furceli da xeliT davawveT kontaqtors, an ama-
muSavebels . Sexebis zedapiri unda iyos magnitogam-
taris ganivkveTis aranakleb 70%.
mcire Sexebis zedapiris dros es defeqti SeiZle-
ba gamoswordes gularisa da Ruzis swori dayenebiT.
Tu RreCo didia, maSin saWiroa magnituri sistemis
furclovani foladis gaswvriv zedapiris gaxexva.
Ggarda amisa gansakuTrebiT sapasuxismgeblo kon-
taqtorebsa da magnitur amamuSaveblebSi gansazRvraven
mTavari kontaqtebis sawyis da saboloo dawolis
Zalas. sawyisi dawolis Zala iqmneba kontaqtebis
Sexebis momentSi sakontrolo zambaris mier. igi ax-
asiaTebs zambaris drekadobas. Ddawolis saboloo
Zala axasiaTebs mTlianad CarTul kontaqtoris dros
kontaqtebis dawolas. Ddawolis sawyisi da saboloo
Zalebi ganisazRvreba dinamometris daxmarebiT
Ruzis miwebeba gularasTan. Ruzis miwebeba
gularasTan xdeba aramagnituri safenis ar arsebo-
bisa an misi arasakmarisi sisqis gamo, amamuSavebeli
SeiZleba ar gamoirTos koWidan Zabvis mTliani mox-
snis SemTxvevaSic ki. Aam dros saWiroa sakmarisi sis-
184
qis aramagnituri safenis gamoyeneba an sahaero RreCos
arseboba.
CarTvis dros ar xdeba amamuSaveblis TviT-
blokireba. Aam dros saWiroa Semowmdes amamuSaveb-
lis mablokirebeli kontaqtebis mdgomareoba. Kkon-
taqtebi CarTul mdgomareobaSi mWidrod unda iyos
mibjenili erTmaneTs da unda irTvebodnen mTavar
kontaqtebTan erTad. Bblok-kontaqtebis RreCoebi ar
unda aRematebodes dasaSveb mniSvnelobebs. saWiroa
CavataroT amamuSaveblis blok-kontaqtebis regulire-
ba. Tu blok-kontaqtebis Cavardna 2mm-ze naklebia, ma-
Sin blok-kontaqtebi unda Seicvalos.
Kkontaqtorebis da magnituri amamuSaveblebis
dengamtari nawilebis izolaciis winaRoba mowmdeba
megaommetriT 500 an 1000 v Zabvaze. koWis izolaciis
winaRoba ar unda iyos 0.5 momze naklebi.
4.4.Ddacvis Zalovani aparatebi
Ddacvis aparatebis daniSnulebaa avtomaturad am-
orTos dasacavi eleqtruli wredi muSaobis aranor-
maluri reJimis dros.
Ddacvis aparatebs miekuTvneba: dnobadi mcveli,
avtomaturi amomrTveli, denisa da Tburi releebi.
a)Ddnobadi mcveli es aris eleqtruli aparati,
romelic icavs eleqtrodanadgars gadatvirTvisa da
mokled SerTvis denebisagan denis gansazRvruli
mniSvnelobis gadaWarbebis SemTxvevaSi specialurad
amisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli dengamtari nawilis gaw-
yvetis gziT.
185
 xangrZlivi eqspluataciis pirobebSi mcvelebi
icvlian Tavis maxasiaTeblebs – “Zveldebian”. Aamit-
om saWiroa isini periodulad SevcvaloT axliT.
Mmcvelebis momsaxureoba daiyvaneba kontaqturi
SeerTebebis mdgomareobis Semowmebamde da gadamw-
vari mcvelebis saTadarigo qarxnuli wesiT damzade-
buli mcvelebiT Secvlamde.
praqtikaSi xSirad dnobad mcvelebs cvlian
spilenZis sadeniT, romelsac amagreben masris gare
zedapirze, rac yovlad dauSvebelia. sadenis gada-
wvis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaCndes xanZari an daTva-
lierebis dros SeiZleba miviRoT Tvalis travma an
xelis damwvroba.
Mmcvelebis Secvlis dros unda davicvaT usafrTx-
oebis wesebi. Mmcveli unda Seicvalos moxsnili Zab-
vis dros. Tu Zabvis moxsna SeuZlebelia, maSin mcveleb-
is Secvla unda moxdes dieleqtruli xelTaTmanebis
an marwuxebis saSualebiT.
ПН2 ti pis (nax. 4.10) dnobad mcvels usafrTxo
momsaxurebisaTvis gaaCnia Т-sebri gamonaSveri, rom-
liTac specialuri saxeluris
gamoyenebiT advilad gamov-
iRebT kontaqtebidan.
dnobadi mcvelis gamoy-
enebas gaaCnia mniSvnelovani
dadebiTi Tviseba, kerZod, rome-
lime ubnis dazianebis SemTx-
vevaSi gamrTavs mxolod am
nax.4.10. ПН2 ti pis ubans da danarCeni darCeba
dnobadi mcveli muSaobaSi.
186
0.4.kv sahaero xazebis datvirTvis dnobadi mceveleb-
is gamoyenebisas, eleqtrodanadgaris mowyobis weseb-
is Tanaxmad, isini arCeul unda iqnas mokled SerTvis
denebis mniSvnelobaze 3-jer naklebi sididis.
Bb) avtomaturi amomrTvelebi. avtomaturi amom-
rTvelebis daniSnulebaa daicvas eleqtruli wrede-
bi gadatvirTvisa da mokled SerTvis denebisagan.
Aaseve SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ubnebis operatiu-
li marTvis gansaxorcieleblad. gadatvirTvisagan
dacva xorcieldeba Tburi an eleqtronuli mowyo-
bilobiT, xolo mokled SerTvis denebisagan dacva
xorcieldeba eleqtromagnituri an eleqtronuli
gamTiSebiT.
avtomaturi amomrTvelebis Tanamedrove Taobas
miekuTvneba nax. 4.11-ze mocemuli ВА-47-29 seriis amom-
rTvelebi.
Eeleqtrul wredebSi gadatvirTvisa da mokled
SerTvis denebisagan dasacavad, mokledSerTul ro-
toriani asinqronuli Zravebis, gaSvebis, gaCerebisa
da datvirTvis, agreTve 380 volt Zabvamde eleqtrul
wredebSi normalur reJimSi komutaciisaTvis zemoTx-
senebulis garda farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva seriis
nax. 4.11.? ВА-47-29 seriis avtomaturi amorTveli
187
 a) b)
nax. 4.12. a) АЕ-2040iseriis samfaza avtomaturi
amomrTveli; b)a А63 seriis erTfaza avtomaturi
amomrTveli
avtomaturi amomrTvelebi. MmagaliTisaTvis nax. 4.12-
ze moyvanilia ori maTgani.
miuxedavad avtomaturi amomrTvelebis ti pebis
mravalricxovnebisa, yvela isini Sesdgebian xuTi Zir-
iTadi nawilisagan, esenia: korpusi, muSa meqanizmi,
kontaqtebi da rkalmqrobebi, dacvis elementebi da
SemaerTebeli klemebi.
Kkorpusi Camosxmulia polimerul an minaboWko-
vani masalisagan, romelSic Serwymulia cveTamdego-
ba da maRali eleqtruli simtkice. korpusSi gan-
lagebulia amomrTvelis detalebi da rac yvelaze
mTavaria korpusi uzrunvelyofs Zabvis qveS myofi
detalebs Soris izolacias.
muSa meqanizmi uzrunvelyofs CarTvasa da gam-
orTvas saxeluris saSualebiT. “ON” mdgomareobidan
“OFF” mdgomareobaSi an (nax. 4.13, a) piriqiT.
muSa meqanizmi dacvis meqanizmisagan damoukidebe-
lia anu saxeluris “ON” mdgomareobaSi daWera xels
ver SeuSlis dacvis amoqmedebas. Tu amomrTvelis
saxeluri imyofeba zeda (“ON”) mdgomareobaSi, maSin
188
Nnax.4.13. amomrvelis saxeluris mdgomareoba
avtomaturi amomrTveli CarTulia (nax. 4.12, a), Tu im-
yofeba qveda (“OFF”) mdgomareobaSi- gamorTulia (nax.
4.2, b), xolo Tu imyofeba Sua mdgomareobaSi (nax. 4.12,
b),maSin es niSnavs,rom imoqmeda dacvam. xelaxali
CarTvisaTvis saWiroa jer saxelurs davawveT Zirs
mdgomareoba “OFF”, xolo Semdeg gadaviyvanoT saxe-
luri “ON” mdgomareobaSi.
Kk ontaqtebi d a rk alm qrobebi. moZravi da
uZravi kontaqtebi qmnian wyvils. amomrTvelis CarT-
va-gamorTvis dros maTze modis didi datvirTva, ami-
tom kontaqtebis masalebi airCeva Semdegi sami krite-
riumidan: minimaluri winaRoba, maqsimaluri cveTam-
degoba da miwebebisadmi maqsimaluri medegoba. Aamit-
om kontaqtebis meqanizmi damuSavebulia CarTvisa da
gamorTvis adgilebis dayofiT. CarTvis adgili Sei-
cavs didi raodenobiT vercxls, xolo gamorTvis
(rkalis warmoqmnis) adgili-volframs. (nax. 4.14).
Mmokled SerTvis denebis gaTiSvis dros war-
moiqmneba saWiroeba gavfantoT rkalisa da gamoyo-
fili siTbos saxiT aRZruli energiis didi raodeno-
189

Nnax. 4.14. ormagi moqmedeba kontaqtebi:
a) CarTva; b) gamorTva
ba. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba rkalmqrobi meseri (nax 4.15),
romelic Sedgeba specialuri formis, erTmaneTisagan
izolirebuli foladis firfitisagan. roca kontaqtebi
gaiTiSeba, maSin warmoiqmneba eleqtruli rkali, fir-
fitaSi aRiZvreba magnituri veli, romelic rkals
waanacvlebs meserisaken. Eeleqtruli rkali grZeldeba
da iSleba mraval mcire rkalad, romelTa temperatu-
ra ecema meseris firfitebis maRali Tbogamtarobis
gamo da aRar iwvevs haeris ionizacias.
Ddacvis elementebi. Aam elementebis funqciaa
gadatvirTvis an mokled SerTvis SemTxvevaSi gaTi-
Sos muSa meqanizmi.
Nnax. 4.15. rkalmqrobi
190
gadatvirTvis SemTxvevaSi arsebobs gaTiSvis ori
meTodi: bimetaluri da hidravlikuri. Bbimetaluri
meTodis gamoyenebis dros wreds TiSavs ori sxvada-
sxva gvaris metalisagan Sedgenili bimetaluri ele-
menti. Ddidi denebis gavlis dros bimetaluri elemen-
ti moiRuneba imdenad, rom imoqmedebs gamTiSav fir-
fitaze. Ees elementi aiwyoba mxolod saqarxno pi-
robebSi da ar SeiZleba davarRvioT maTi mTlianoba.
hidravlikuri meTodi dafuZnebulia solenoid-
Si gamavali denis mier gamowveul Zalaze. Nnormalur
pirobebSi eleqtromagnitis Zala (nax. 4.16) gawonas-
worebulia zambaris wnevis ZaliT. gadatvirTvis dros
eleqtromagnitis Zala izrdeba, ris gamoc izrdeba
dawola zambaraze da moZravi rkinis gulari gaTi-
Savs muSa meqanizms.
mokled SerTvis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa ufro swraf-
moqmedi dacvis mowyobiloba. Aam mizeziT Termoele-
mentTan erTad gamoiyeneba magnituri gaTiSvis prin-
ci pi.
mokled SerTvis SemTxvevaSi mokled SerTvis deni
aiZulebs eleqtromagnits miizidos Ruza, romelic
nax. 4.16. hidravlikuri gaTiSvis meTodi:
a) normaluri moqmedebis; b) Senelebuli moqmedebis;
g) myisieri moqmedebis
191
xsnis gamTiSvel meqanizms. Ees procesi xdeba Zalian
swrafad da Seadgens daaxloebiT 20 mwm
SemaerTebeli klemebis saSualebiT amomrTveli
uerTdeba kvebis wyarosa da datvirTvas. Aarsebobs
SeerTebis ramdenime meTodi. MmagaliTad salteebiT,
WanWikebiT, gasarTebiTa da sxva.
avtomaturi amomrTvelebis gamocdis dros gasa-
zom sidides warmoadgens denis mocemuli sididisas
(romelic aRemateba avtomaturi amomrTvelis nomi-
nalur dens) gamorTvis dro.
gamocdis dros avtomaturi amomrTveli unda iyos
dayenebuli vertikalurad da gamorTuli qselidan.
Aavtomaturi amomrTvelis TiToeul polusSi Camon-
taJebulia Tavisi Tburi elementi, romelic moqmedebs
saerTo momxsnelze.
rom davrwmundeT yvela Tburi elementis moqmede-
bis sisworeSi saWiroa ToToeuli maTgani Sevamow-
moT calke, radganac TiToeuli amomrTvelis Semow-
mebaze ixarjeba ramdenime saaTi, amitom rekomendire-
nax. 4.17. PT-2048-01 ti pis gamosacdeli kompleqti
192
bulia gamovcadoT igi ormagi-sammagi nominaluri
denis sididiT yvela polusis erTdrouli datvirTvis
dros. Tu Tburi elementi ar arsebobs , maSin avtoma-
turi amomrTveli uvargisia da Semdgom gamocdas aRar
eqvemdebareba. Aavtomaturi amomrTvelebis gamocdis-
aTvis gamouyenebelia sxadasxva ti pis aparatebi. nax.
4.17-ze moyvanilia PT-2048-01 ti pis gamosacdeli ko-
mpleqti, romlis regulirebis diapazonia 10-1000
amperi.N
4.5. releebi
rele ewodeba mowyobilobas, romelSic gansaz-
Rvrul sazRvrebSi uwyvetad cvalebadi marTvis (Sesav-
ali) signalis zemoqmedebiT xorcieldeba gamosava-
li signalis cvlileba (gadarTva).
releebma farTo gamoyeneba hpoves avtomatikis
sistemebSi, radganac maTi daxmarebiT mcire simZlavris
Sesavali signaliT SeiZleba didi simZlavreebis mar-
Tva; logikuri operaciebis Sesruleba, mravalfun-
qciuri sareleo mowyobilobebis Seqmna; eleqtruli
wredis komutacia; sakontrolo parametrebis mocemu-
li donidan gadaxris dafiqsireba; damamaxsovrebe-
li elementebis funqciis Sesruleba da sxva. Uupirve-
lesi gamoyeneba releebma hpoves sareleo dacvisa
avtomatikis mowyobilobebSi.
releebis klasifikacia xdeba sxvadasxva niS-
nebis mixedviT: Sesavali fizikuri sididis, romelzec
isini reagireben; marTvis sistemebSi Sesrulebuli
funqciis, romelsac isini asruleben; konstruqciisa
da a.S. fizikuri sididis mixedviT ganasxvaveben
193
eleqtrul, meqanikur, Tbur magnitur da a.S. releebs.
amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom relem SeiZleba rea-
gireba moaxdinos ara marto konkretuli sididis
mniSvnelobaze aramed mniSvnelobaTa sxvaobaze
(diferencialuri rele); sididis niSanis cvlileba-
ze (polarizebuli rele) an Sesavali sididis cv-
lilebis siCqareze.
reles mowyobiloba. Cveulebriv rele Sedgeba
sami ZiriTadi funqcionaluri elementisagan: mimRe-
bi, Sualeduri da Semsrulebeli. mimRebi (pirvela-
di) elementi miiRebs sakontrolo sidides da gardaqm-
nis mas sxva fizikur sidided. Sualeduri elementi
Seadarebs am sididis mniSvnelobas mocemul mniS-
vnelobas da misi gadaWarbebis SemTxvevaSi gadascems
zemoqmedebisaTvis Semsrulebel elements. Semsrule-
beli elementi axorcielebs zemoqmedebas reles an
Zravas wredSi.
Semsrulebeli elementis mixedviT releebi iyo-
fa kontaqtur da ukontaqto releebad.
Kkontaqturi rele zemoqmedebs Zravas wredze
eleqtruli kontaqtebis daxmarebiT. Kkontaqtebis
Caketili an gaxsnili sistema saSualebas iZleva
uzrunvelyoT gamosasvleli wredis Caketva an mTliani
meqanikuri gaxsna.
Uukontaqto rele zemoqmedebs marTvis wredze
eleqtruli wredis gamosasvleli parametrebis (win-
aRoba, induqciuroba, tevadoba) mkveTri (naxtomise-
buri) an Zabvis (denis) sididis cvlilebis gziT.
194
reles ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi ganisazRvreba
Sesavali da gamosavali parametrebs Soris damok-
idebulebiT.
ganasxvaveben reles Semdeg ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs:
1 . reles amuSavebis sidide Xam -warmoadgens
Sesavali sididis parametris mniSvnelobas, romlis
drosac rele CairTveba, amuSavebis sidides, romelzec
daregulirebulia rele, ewodeba dayeneba (“ONOAAEA”)
2 . reles amuSavebis simZlavre Pam-minimaluri
simZlavre, romelic saWiroa miviyvanoT mimReb orga-
nosTan mSvidi mdgomareobidan muSa mdgomareobaSi
gadasayvanad.
3 . reles mmarTveli simZlavre P mmarT- romel-
ic marTavs reles makomutirebel organoebs gadarT-
vis procesSi. marTvis simZlavris mixedviT ganasx-
vaveben mcire (25vt-mde), saSualo (100vt-mde), da didi
simZlavris (100vt zemoT) releebs es ukanaskneli
miekuTvneba Zalovan releebs (kontaqtorebs).
4 . reles amuSavebis dro tam-es aris drois Su-
aledi reles Sesavalze Xam signalis miwodebidan
marTvis wredze zemoqmedebamde. amuSavebis drois
mixedviT ganasxvaveben normalur, swrafmoqmed, Senele-
bul da drois releebs.
CarTvis xerxis mixedviT releebi iyofian: pirve-
lad da meoreul releebad. P
pirveladi rele uSualod aris CarTuli dasa-
cav elementTan. Aam releebis mTavari Rirsebaa is
rom maTi CarTvisTvis ar moiTxoveba sazomi trans-
formatorebi, operatiuli denis wyaro da sakontro-
lo kabelebi.
195
 Mmeoreuli rele CairTveba denis an Zabvis sa-
zom transformatoris gavliT. Uupiratesi gamoyeneba
hpova meoreulma releebma sareleo dacvis teqnikaSi.
Aam releebis Rirsebad miiCneva is rom: izolirebu-
lia maRali Zabvisagan, ganlagebulia momsaxureobi-
saTvis mosaxerxebel adgilas; sruldeba standart-
ul 5 (1)a densa da 100v Zabvaze,miuxedavad dasacavi
wredis Zabvisa da denis sididisa.
S e s r u l e b i s m i x e d v i T r e l e e bi i y o f a :
eleqtromeqanikuri an induqciuri_moZravi ele-
ment ebiT d a s t at i k u r i - uZravi e leme ntebiT
(eleqtronuli, mikroprocesoruli).
D d a n i S n u l e b i s m i x e d v i T r e l e e bi i y o fa:
eleqtromagnituri, sazomi. Ddenis, Zabvis, drois, siC-
qaris, foto, winaRobebis gerkonuli da sxva.
a ) eleqtromagnituri rele (nax. 4.18) warmoad-
gens distanciuri marTvis eleqtrul aparats, rom-
lis daniSnulebaa eleqtruli zemoqmedebis mocemu-
li mniSvnelobis dros
ganaxorcielos marTvis
wredebSi naxtomiseburi
cvlileba. Tavis moqmede-
bis princi pis simartiv-
isa da maRali saimedoo-
bis gamo eleqtromagni-
turma releebma farTo
gamoyeneba hpoves avtoma-
tikis sistemebsa da el-
nax. 4.18. eleqtromagnituri eqtrodanadgarebis dac-
reles saerTo xedi
196
vis sqemebSi. Eeleqtromagnituri releebi iyofa mud-
mivi da cvladi denis releebad, mudmivi denis releebi
Tavis mxriv iyofa neitralur da polarizebul relee-
bad. Nneitraluri rele erTnairad reagirebs mudmiv
denze orive mimarTulebiT, xolo polarizebuli rele
reagirebs marTveli signalis polarobaze.
Eeleqtromagnituri reles moqmedebis princi pi
dafuZnebulia eleqtromagnituri Zalebis gamoyeneba-
ze, romlebic aRiZvrebian metalur gularaSi masze
Camocmul koWaSi gamavali denis dros.
reles detalebi damontaJebulia fuZeze da dax-
urulia saxuraviT, eleqtromagnitis gularis Tavze
dayenebulia Ruza (firfita) erTi an ramdenime kon-
taqtiT. am kontaqtebis mopirdapire mxares moTavse-
bulia uZravi kontaqtebis Sesabamisi wyvili. sawyis
mdgomareobaSi Ruza daWerilia zambariT.
gavecnoT nax. 4.19-ze moyvanili mudmivi denis re-
les muSaobas. K CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg eleqtro-
nax. 4.19. eleqtromagnituri reles sqema
197
kveba miewodeba koWas 1 da masSi gaivlis deni, ris
Sedegadac metalur gularaSi 2 aRiZvrebian eleqtro-
magnituri Zalebi da miizidaven Ruzas 3, romelic
daZlevs zambaris 4 drekadobis Zalas da CarTavs
moZrav 5 da uZrav 6 kontaqtebs ris Sedegadac winaR-
obaSi 7 gaivlis cvladi (~  ”) deni.
CamrTvelis gaTiSvis Semdeg zambara daabrunebs
Ruzas sawyiss mdgomareobaSi da 5 da 6 kontaqtebi
gaiTiSeba, ris gamoc kveba Seuwydeba winaRobas 7.
naperwklianobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT kon-
taqtorebTan paralelurad rTaven kondensators. sa-
marTavi wredi eleqtrulad aranairad ar aris dakav-
Sirebuli marTvel wredTan. Uufro metic samarTav
wredSi gamavali deni SeiZleba bevrad aRematebodes
marTvel wredSi gamavals. Ee.i. am SemTxvevaSi rele
arsebiTad asrulebs eleqtrul wredSi denis, Zabvis
da simZlavris gamaZliereblis funqcias.
cvladi denis releebi muSaobs koWaze gansazRvru-
li sixSiris Zabvis miwodebis dros, aseTi releebis
konstruqcia msgavsia mudmivi denis releebis kon-
struqciebis. Aam SemTxvevaSi gulara da Ruza mzad-
deba eleqtroteqnikuri foladis furclebisagan,
raTa Semcirdes danakargebi histerezisze da griga-
lur denebze.
b) denis rele. Ddenis rele iseTi relea, rom-
lis mimRebi organo reagirebs denis cvlilebaze.
mimRebi organo aris aparatis nawili, romelic uSu-
alod iRebs relesTan moyvanili eleqtruli sidi-
dis cvlilebas da awarmoebs Sesabamis cvlilebas
reles danarCen organoebSi.
198
a) b)
nax. 4.20. denis releebi
Ddenis releebi SeiZleba iyos: pirveladi, romel-
ic CamontaJebulia amomrTvelis amZravSi; meoreuli,
romelic CarTulia denis transformatorebis gav-
liT; eleqtromagnituri; induqciuri; Tburi; difer-
encialuri; integralur mikrosqemebze; denis uku-
Tanmimdevrobis rele-filtri.
nax. 4.20, a-ze naCvenebia PЭB-830 ti pis kontrolis
rele. romelic gamoiyeneba minimaluri denis reled,
mudmivi denis wredSi. igi mzaddeba nominalur den-
ze 1.6-630 amperis farglebSi, xolo nax. 4.20, b-ze
naCvenebia PT-81...PT-86 ti pis maqsimaluri denis rele,
romelic gamoiyeneba eleqtruli
manqanebis, transformatorebis, gad-
amcemi xazebis datvirTvis, gada-
tvirTvisa da mokled SerTvis
dros. PT-81 da PT-82 ti pis relee-
bi moqmedeben myisierad mokled
SerTvis dros da drois day-
ovnebiT gadatvirTvis dros; PT-85
da PT-86 muSaoben cvlad operati-
nax. 4.21. Zabvis
rele
199
 ul de nze da gaaCniaT movaxdinoT sakontrolo kvan-
agreTve Camketi sasignalo Zis daTvaliereba da Secvla
kontaqti. adgilze, reles gaxsnis gareSe.
g) Zabvis releebi. re- dayenebis regulirebis
agireben Zabvis cvlileba- xraxni gamoyvanilia reles
ze da denis releebis ms- korpusis saxuravze, ris gamoc
gavsad isini aris pirvela- dayeneba SeiZleba varegu-
di, meoreuli, eleqtromag- liroT reles gaxsnis gareSe.
nituri, mikrosqemebze da nax. 4.23 drois rele am reles zomebi saSuale-
Zabvis rele-filtri. Nnax. ВЛ-4U bas iZleva yovelgvari gada-
4.21. naCvenebia PH-55 ti pis
nax. 4.22. РГТ-50 ti pis keTebis gareSe SevcvaloT eqspluataciaSi myofi sxva
transformatoris bazuri Z abv is r e le , r om e li c
dacvis rele muSaobs Zabvebs Soris ti pis releebi.
e) drois releebi emsaxurebian dacvis moqmede-
Zvris kuTxeze 200-400 Soris.
bis Senelebas. Nnax. 4.23-ze warmodgenilia ВЛ-4U ti-
aRniSnuli rele gamoiyeneba avtomaturi ganmeorebi-
pis rele, romlis daniSnulebaa winaswar gansazRvru-
Ti CarTvis sqemebSi ormxrivi kvebis xazebSi. rele
li drois dayovnebiT eleqtruli wredebis komuta-
akontrolebs xazebze Zabvis arsebobas da Zvris kuTxes
cia. igi gamoiyeneba avtomatikis sqemebSi. Nnax. 4.24-ze
xazebisa da qvesadguris salteebis Zabvebis veqtorebs
warmodgenilia УT1-Pic ti pis orarxiani realuri
Soris.
drois universaluri taim-
d) maCvenebeli releebi. Aam releebs sxvagvar-
eri. Mmisi daniSnulebaa
ad sasignalo releebs uwodeben. isini emsaxurebian
drois mocemul momentSi
rogorc TviT reles, aseve sxva meoreuli aparatebis
Sesrulebuli meqanizmebis
moqmedebis registracias. Nnax. 4.22-ze warmodgenilia
avtomaturi CarTva-gamorT-
РГТ-50 ti pis transformatoris gazuri dacvis rele.
va da gamoiyeneba ganaTebis
romelsac gaaCnia martivi da saimedo konstruqcia
marTvisaTvis quCaSi. saTbu-
da moxerxebulia eqspluataciaSi. am reles sasigna-
rebsa da inkubatorebSi,
lo kontaqtebi Caiketeba zeTis donis dawevis dros.
agreTve teqnologiur pro-
masSi gamoyenebulia maRali eleqtruli simtkicis
cesebSi, sadac danadgaris
gerkonebi. reles konstruqcia iZleva saSualebas Nnax. 4.24. УT1-PiCti pis
CarTva-gamorTva dakavSire-
universaluri taimeri

200 201
bulia kalendarul TariR-
Tan an dRe-Ramur drosTan.
v) Sualeduri relee-
bi emsaxurebian releuri
dacvis elementebs Soris
urTierTkavSiris ganxor- nax. 4.25. Sualeduri
cielebas. Mmisi daniSnule- releebi
baa sxva reledan miRebuli signalebis gamravleba, am
signalebis gaZliereba da brZanebis gadacema sxva
aparatebze. Nnax. 4.25-ze warmodgenilia РП21М-В ti-
pis Sualeduri rele, romelic gamoiyeneba mudmivi
denis 220v Zabvamde da 50 hc sixSiris cvladi denis
380 v Zabvamde wredebSi.
z ) T bur i r e le e bis daniSnulebaa mokled
SerTul rotoriani samfaza asinqronuli Zravebis
dacva xangrZlivi gadatvirTvisagan agreTve erTi fazis
gawyvetis dros warmoqmnili gadatvirTvisagan.
T) sazomi releebi. Aam ti pis releebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sayrdeni elementis arseboba zam-
baris, stabiluri Zabvis, denis wyarosa da sxvaTa sax-
iT. sayrdeni elementebi Sedian reles kompleqtacia-
Si da awarmoeben raime fizikuri sididis winaswar
dadgenili mniSvnelobas (e.w. dayenebas), romelTanac
Sedardeba sakontrolo sidide. sazomi rele xasiaT-
deba maRali mgrZnobiarobiTa da gaaCnia maRali koe-
ficienti.
i) winaRobis rele reagirebas axdens Zabvisa da
denis fardobaze
202
a) b) g)
nax. 4.26. fotoreleebi: a) Z7-LMS; b) ФР-1М1 da
g) ФР-7М ti pis
v) simZlavris rele reagirebs mokled SerTvis
simZlavris gadinebis mimarTulebaze
l) sixSiris rele reagirebs eleqtrul ele-
mentebze Zabvis sixSiris cvlilebaze.
m) cifruli rele warmoadgens mravalfunqci-
ur cifrul mowyobilobas, romelic erTdroulad
asrulebs denis, Zabvis, simZlavris da sxva releebis
funqciebs
n) foto reles daniSnulebaa ganaTebis CarTva-
gamorTva dRis cvlilebis intesivnobis cvlilebiT.
mgrZnobiarobis farTo diapazonSi cvlileba iZleva
saSualebas gamoyenebul iqnes quCebSi, vitrinebis,
Suqreklamebis ganaTebisaTvis. Nnax.4.26-ze warmodge-
nilia sxvadasxva ti pis fotoreleebi.
ФР-7М ti pis fotorele garda zemoTaRniSnulisa
damatebiT gamoiyeneba samrewvelo avtomatikis mowy-
obilobebSi, misi gadamwodis gatana SeiZleba 50m man-
Zilze.
o) gerkonebi da gerkonuli releebi. Eeleqtro-
magnituri reles naklebad saimedo kvanZad iTvleba
kontaqturi sistema, arsebiT naklad iTvleba agreTve
203
moxaxune detalebis arseboba, romelTa cveTas mivya-
varT reles muSaunarianobis daqveiTebamde. CamoTv-
lilma uaryofiTma mxareebma saWiro gaxada germetu-
li, magniturad marTvadi kontaqtebis Seqmna, romel-
sac gerkonebi ewodeba
gerkonebis moqmedebis princi pi dafuZnebulia
magnitur velSi feromagnitur releebs Soris aRZrul
urTierTqmedebis Zalis gamoyenebaze. es Zalebi iwveven
deformacias da feromagnituri dengamtarebis ele-
mentebis gadaadgilebas.
magniturad marTuli kontaqti( gerkoni) warmoad-
gens eleqtrul aparats, romelic magnituri velis
gavleniT Caketavs an gaxsnis eleqtruli wredis kon-
taqtebs.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi gerkonebis bazaze Seqm-
nilia gerkonuli releebis, Rilakebis, tumblerebis,
gadamrTvelebis,signalebis gamanawileblebis, gadam-
wodebisa da regulatorebis didi raodenoba.
nax. 4.27. gerkonuli rele
204
mcire gardamavali winaRobis Sesaqmnelad kon-
taqtebis zedapirebi dafarulia Zvirfasi liTonebiT:
oqroTi, radiumiT, paladiumiT an vercxliT.
gerkonul releebSi gragnilSi denis gaTiSvis
Semdeg eleqtromagnitis Zala qreba da drekadobis
Zalis moqmedebiT kontaqtebi gaiTiSeba.
umartivesi gerkonuli rele Camketi kontaqtebiT
Sedgeba maRali magnituri SeRwevadobis (permaloi)
ori sakontaqto gularisgan, romelebic moTavsebu-
lia hermetul minis balonSi. Bbaloni avsebulia
inertuli airiT, rac xels uSlis sakontaqto gu-
larebis daJangvas. minis baloni Cayenebulia mar-
Tvis gragnilis SigniT, romelic ikvebeba mudmivi
deniT. gragnilSi denis gatarebisas aRiZvreba magni-
turi veli, romelic qmnis wredis eleqtromagnitur
Zalas, es Zala gadasZlevs sakontaqto gularebis
drekadobis Zalas da kontaqtebs erTmaneTTan Se-
aerTebs. nax. 4.27-ze warmodgenilia gerkonuli rele
da misi Wrili
gerkonebi idealuria miniaturuli eleqtromow-
yobilobebisaTvis. sakomutacio denisa da simZlavris
gazrdisaTvis gerkonul releebs gaaCniaT damatebi-
Ti rkalmqrobi kontaqtebi. aseT releebs gersikone-
bi ewodebaT. warmoebis mier gamoSvebulia 6.3-dan 18
amperamde denis Zalis gersikonebi. Ggersikonebis
daxmarebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes 3 kvt-mde sim-
Zlavris asinqronuli Zravebis gaSveba.
205
 4.6. eleqtruli aparatebis koWebi da maTi
diagnostika
koWa ewodeba izolirebuli sadenisagan karkasze
an ukarkasod daxveul gragnils, romelsac gaaCnia
gamomyvanebi SesaerTeblad. Kkarkasi mzaddeba muyaos
qaRaldisa an plastmasisagan. koWebi, umetesi eleqtru-
li aparatebis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli elementia da
emsaxurebian magnituri nakadis Seqmnas, romlebic qmnian
eleqtromagnitur Zalebs aparatebis asamuSaveblad
an induqciuri winaRobis Sesaqmnelad, Tu koWa war-
moadgens drosels
a ) koWebis klasifikacia. koWebi iyofa or jg-
ufad: 1) denuri, romelic Seicavs didi kveTisa da
mcire raodenobis xviebs; 2) Zabvis, romelic Seicavs
mcire kveTisa da didi raodenobis xviebs.
koWebi gamoiyeneba eleqtromagnitur kontaqtoreb-
Si, magnitur amamuSaveblebSi, releebSi, avtomatur amom-
rTvelebSi, eleqtrul muxruWebSi, eleqtrosazom
xelsawyoebSi.droselebis saxiT luminescenciuri na-
Turebis gamSveb-maregulirebel aparatebSi da avtoma-
tikisa da radioteqnikis aparatebis kvebis blokebSi.
erTi da igive zomis koWebi SeiZleba damzadebu-
li iqnes sxvadasxva Zabvebze, cvlad – 36; 110; 220; 380
da 669 v Zabvaze. mudmiv – 6; 12; 24; 36; 48; 60; 110; 220; 440
v Zabvaze. amitom axali aparatebis koWebi unda Semow-
mdes Sesabamis Zabvaze, razec isini aris damzadebu-
li. Tu koWas ar gaaCnia etiketi, maSin unda gavzomoT
misi winaRoba da SevadaroT igive ti pis aparatis
koWas.
206
koWebis gadaxureba iwvevs sadenis aqtiuri winaR-
obis gazrdas, gamavali denis Semcirebas da Sesabam-
isad mcirdeba eleqtromagnitis gularis mizidvis
Zala, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios reles mcdari mocveTa,
sahaero RreCos gazrda Ruzisa da gularas Soris da
koWas kidev ufro gadaxureba da gragnilis izolaciis
dawva. Aamitom yuradReba unda mivaqcioT, rom koWebi
ar gadaxurdes gareSe siTbos wyarodan, magaliTad
dayenebuli rezistorebidan
koWis maRali temperatura SeiZleba ganpirobebu-
li iyos SenobaSi arsebuli maRali temperaturiT;
marTvis karadebSi aparatebis mier gamoyofili maRa-
li temperaturiT; agreTve aparatis xSiri CarTva-gam-
orTviT. maRali temperatura aCqarebs koWas izolaci-
is daZvelebis process. Nnestianobam SeiZleba SeaR-
wios fenebs Soris izolaciaSi, rac iwvevs mokled
SerTvas da Sesabamisad SeiZleba moxdes gragnilis
xviis gawyveta an koWas garkveuli nawilis daSunteba.
dabali temperaturis dros nesti SeiZleba gaiyi-
nos koWaSi da koWa gamovides mwyobridan. koWaze
gavlenas axdens agreTve meqanikuri zemoqmedebebi,
vibraciisa da ryevis saxiT.
zemoTganxilul zemoqmedebebis gamo koWaSi Sei-
Zleba dairRves denis wredi xviis gawyvetis, gamomyvani
momWerebis daJangvis, gamomyvanebis gawyvetis, xviaTa naw-
ilis an mTlianad xviis izolaciis dawvis gamo, uka-
nasknel SemTxvevaSi amboben rom koWa gadaiwva.
b) koWebis diagnostika koWebis diagnostika
pirvel rigSi iwyeba maTi daTvalierebiT, radgan
umetes SemTxvevaSi iwvis koWis garegani izolacia.
207
Tu garegani izolacia damwvari ar aris da koWa ar
muSaobs, maSin unda movaxdinoT koWis xviebis Semow-
meba gawyvetaze Zabvis indikatorisa da ommetris sa-
SualebiT.
Zabvis indikatoris gamoyenebis dros vargi-
si gragnilis SemTxvevaSi Zabva unda arsebobdes,
rogorc gragnilis erT, ise meore boloze. Ees uka-
naskneli Secdomis Tavidan acilebis mizniT unda
iyos gaTiSuli wredidan.
ommetris gamoyenebis dros misi orive bolo
unda miuerToT wredidan gamorTuli koWas boloe-
bze da vargisianobis SemTxvevaSi ommetri gviCvenebs
misi pasportiT naCveneb winaRobas; xolo xviebis
damoklebis SemTxvevaSi - nakleb winaRobas. Tu xvie-
bis mokled SerTva xdeba mxolod Zabvis moqmedebis
qveS, maSin ommetrma SeiZleba ar gviCvenos winaRobis
cvlileba.
g) koWebis Secvla. xviis gawyvetis, mokled
SerTvis an sxva dazianebis SemTxvevaSi unda moxdes
koWebis Secvla.
koWebi unda SeirCes arsebuli koWas, Zabvisa da
gabarituli zomebis mixedviT. KkoWas damagrebis win
unda Semowmdes xom ar exeba eleqtromagnituri
moZravi detalebi koWis izolacias; Tu exeba, maSin
koWa unda davayenoT ise, rom ar iyos Sexeba an dava-
reguliroT moZravi nawilebis svla da mxolod amis
Semdeg davamagroT koWa.
yuradReba unda mivaqcioT, rom eleqtromagnitis
Ruzisa da gularas Sexebis dros maT Soris ar darC-
es sahaero RreCo, radganac sahaero RreCos arseboba
208
amcirebs gragnilis induqciur winaRobas, am SemTx-
vevaSi izrdeba deni, ris gamoc SeiZleba koWa gadax-
urdes da gamovides mwyobridan.
4.7. rogor movaxdinoT eleqtruli aparatebis
koWebis gadaxveva erTi saxeobidan meoreze
eleqtroaparatebis (rele, amamuSavebeli, kontaq-
tori da sxva) remontis dros zogjer saWiro xdeba
mudmivi denis koWidan cvladi denis koWaze gadasv-
la an piriqiT. Aam dros mosaxerxebelia visarge-
bloT martivi formulebiT da ar vawarmooT magni-
turi wredis gaangariSeba.
dauSvaT moiTxoveba mudmivi denis koWidan gada-
videT cvladi denis koWaze. Aam SemTxvevaSi unda
movaxdinoT koWas gadaxveva. Ggadaxvevamde saWiroa:
1. gavzomoT koWas omuri winaRoba ( R1 an R2 )
2. gavzomoT gragnilis sruli winaRoba( Z1 an Z 2 )
ampermetrisa da voltmetris meTodiT cvlad denze,
formuliT:
V
Z omi.
I
3. daviTvaloT ( W1 an W2 ) xviaTa ricxvebi
4. ganvsazRvroT sadenis diametrebi d1 da d2 , mm.
R1 , Z1 , W1 , d1 mniSvnelobebi miekuTvneba mudmivi denis
koWas anu gadaxvevamde, xolo R2 , Z 2 , W2 , d2 miekuTvneba
cvladi denis koWas anu gadaxvevis Semdeg.
gragnilebis gadaxvevis dros saWiroa amper-xvie-
bis toloba e.i.
209
 Vmudm Vcvladi kontaqtebSi garda “eleqtruli” defeqtebisa (gaw-
I1W1  I 2W2 anu W1  W2 . yveta) arsebobs specifikuri defeqtebic, romlebic
R1 Z2
damokidebulia maT mier Sesrulebul funqciaze. Ppirv-
radganac cvladi denis dros induqciuri winaR-
el rigSi yuradReba unda mieqces im defeqtebs, rom-
oba didia, amitom saWiroa koWis xviaTa ricxvi Sevam-
lebic iwveven kontaqtebis muSa mdgomareobis maxasi-
W1 aTebeli parametrebidan gadaxras da maTi tempera-
ciroT n-jer anu W2  .
n turebis awevas.
amperxviebis SenarCunebisaTvis deni unda gaizar- sakontaqto kvanZebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia de-
dos n-jer, amitom sadenis diametric unda gaizardos feqtebi, romlebic xels uSlian maTi pirdapiri daniS-
d 2  d1  n . nulebiT gamoyenebas, anu wredis CarTva-gamorTvas.
sruli winaRoba axali koWas xviebis ricxvis Sem- b ) Eeleqtruli aparatebis sakontaqto kvan-
cirebis Semdeg toli iqneba: Zebis Semowmeba. sakontaqto kvanZebis muSaobis
xarisxi pirvel rigSi fasdeba iseTi parametrebiT,
Z1
Z2  rogoricaa RreCo, ganacveTi da kontaqtebis dawola.
n2 .
RreCo ewodeba gaTiSul mdgomareobaSi moZrav da
Tu CavsvamT W2,Z2 mniSvnelobebs gamosaxulebebSi
uZrav kontaqtebs Soris minimalur daSorebas, xolo
miviRebT:
ganacveTi-daSorebas romelzec gadaadgildeba erTi
Vmudm Z1 kontaqti, Tu movaSorebT meores, romelic xels uSlis
Gn Vcvladi

Z2
,
pirvelis gadaadgilebas maTi Sexebis Semdeg. Kkontaqte-
bis ganacveTi SeiZleba gansazRvruli iqnes rogorc
sadac Z1 - gragnilis sruli winaRobaa gadaxvevamde,
kontaqtsaWerebis svlasa da kontaqtis RreCos Soris
sxvaoba. Kkontaqtis konstruqciisa da ti pis mixedviT
4.8. eleqtruli aparatebis kontaqtebi
RreCosa da ganacveTis gansazRvrisaTvis zomaven sxva-
a ) kontaqtebis klasifikacia da maTi defeqte-
dasxva daSorebebs, xolo maTi regulirebisaTvis iy-
bis daxasiaTeba. kontaqtebi warmoadgenen eleqtruli
eneben sxvadasxva saregulirebel elementebs.
wredis elementebs, romlebic realizebulia sakontro-
kontaqtis RreCos dasaSvebi mniSvneloba gan-
lo kvanZebisa da sakontaqto SeerTebebis saxiT.
sazRvrulia konkretul eleqtrul aparatis konstru-
sakontaqto kvanZi sakomutacio aparatebis Ziri-
qciul dokumentaciaSi rkalis saimedo Caqrobis prin-
Tadi nawilia, xolo sakontaqto SeerTeba axorcielebs
ci pidan gamomdinare.
eleqtruli wredis araganrTvad kontaqts.

210 211

nax. 4.28. KT-6000 ti pis kontaqtoris elementebi:
1-sawyisi dawolis Sesamowmeblad qaRaldis zolis
dayenebis adgili; 2-kontaqtorsa da maregulirebel
xraxns Soris arsebuli RreCo; 3-kontaqtebis Sexeb-
is xazi; 4-saboloo dawolis Sesamowmeblad qaRal-
dis zolis dayenebis adgili; 5-kontaqtebs Soris
RreCo gaTiSul mdgomareobaSi; 6-saboloo dawolis
gansazRvris dros modebuli Zalvis mimarTuleba;
7-modebuli Zalvis mimarTuleba sawyisi dawolis
dros; 8-maregulirebeli elementi (xraxni-qanCis
wyvili), romelic cvlis zambaris SekumSvas; 9-mar-
egulirebeli elementi(xraxni), romelic cvlis kon-
taqtebis ganakveTs; 10-mabruni lartya.
ganacveTs irCeven imgvarad, rom zesadebis maqsi-
malurad dasaSvebi cveTis SemTxvevaSi kontaqtebiT
uzrunvelyofili iqnes wredis saimedo CarTva, rad-
ganac praqtikulad ganacveTis mniSvnelobis gan-
sazRvra SeuZlebelia, amitom amowmeben RreCos, makon-
trolebel ganacveTs da mTavari kontaqtebis mTli-
anad CarTvis dros kontaqtsaWerisa da moZravi kon-
212
taqtebis wamyvani saxeluris maregulirebel xraxns
Soris warmoqmnil RreCos.
MmTavari kontaqtebis ganacveTs akontroleben
kontaqtoris magnituri sistemis Caketili mdgomare-
obis dros. Kkontaqtebis zedapiris cveTis Sedegad
ganacveTi mcirdeba, rac amcirebs kontaqtebis dawo-
las, ris gamoc izrdeba kontaqtebs Soris gardamava-
li winaRoba da kontaqtebi gadaxurdeba.
RreCo da makontrolebeli ganacveTi izomeba
firfitovani salteebiT. RreCos mniSvneloba tolia
kontaqtebs Soris Semavali firfitebis jamuri sis-
qis. Sedegis Sesamowmeblad jer firfitebis nakrebs
Seamcireben erT-erTi yvelaze Txeli sisqis firfitiT.
Tu gazomva sworad aris Sesrulebuli, maSin darCe-
nili firfitebis nakrebi Tavisuflad unda Sevides
RreCoSi.. amis Semdeg pirvel sawyiss nakrebs dau-
mateben erT yvelaze Txeli sisqis firfitas. Aam SemTx-
vevaSi firfitebis nakrebi ar unda Sevides RreCoSi.
nax. 4.29. RreCosa (a) da ganacveTis (b) gazomva
sarqveluri sistemis kontaqtorebSi
213

Nnax. 4.30. kontaqtebis dawolis gazomva
nax. 4.28-ze naCvenebia KT-6000 ti pis kontaqtoris
elementebi. Nnaxazze qanCi 9 warmoadgens maregu-
lirebel elements, romelsac SeuZlia Secvalos ga-
nacveTi mocemuli konstruqciis kontaqtebSi. kon-
taqtebis RreCo regulirdeba Ruzis Tavis RerZis
garSemo sabjenamde mobrunebiT, rac gvaZlevs saSu-
alebas vawarmooT am parametris safexurebrivi reg-
ulireba.
sarqveluri sistemis kontaqtorebSi (nax. 4.29) kon-
taqtebis RreCos maregulirebel elements warmoad-
gens xraxni_qanCis wyvili romelic sqemaze aRniS-
nulia 1-iT, Tu SevcvliT qanCis mdgomareobas xraxn-
ze, maSin Seicvleba daSoreba A, anu RreCo kontaqtebs
Soris.
kontaqtebis ganacveTi B regulirdeba RreCos sv-
liT da Sesabamisad traversiT 2, romelzec damagre-
bulia moZravi kontaqti.
kontaqtebis dawola izomeba dinamometriT.
amasTanave Zalva unda moedos im mimarTulebiT rac
naCvenebia sakomutacio aparatis konkretul doku-
mentebSi. (nax.4.30, a)
214
nax. 4.31. sakontaqto SeerTebis winaRobis gazomva
a) qanCiT SeerTeba; b) SeduRebiT SeerTeba
saboloo Ddawola izomeba im momentSi, roca Caqre-
ba neonis naTura n1, romelic mimdevrobiT aris CarTu-
li kontaqtis wredSi. (nax.4.30, b)
g) sakontaqto SeerTebebis Semowmeba. WanWike-
biT sakontaqto SeerTebebis Semowmeba SeiZleba Cava-
taroT vizualuri dakvirvebiT, romlis drosac yura-
dReba unda mieqces WanWikebis raodenobas, zomas, saCe-
ri elementebis arsebobas, SemaerTebeli metalebis
mdgomareobas. gamorTuli Zabvis dros salteebis
sakontaqto zedapirebis momWeris xarisxi mowmdeba
maT Soris RreCos gazomviT. sisqiT 0,02-0,03 mm da
siganiT 10mm ar unda Sevides salteebs Soris RreCo-
Si sayeluris parametrebiT SezRuduli zonis iqiT.
sakontaqto SeerTebis ufro zusti Sefardeba xor-
cieldeba winaRobis koeficientiT (nax. 4.31)
RK
KR   1, 2,
RП
sadac RK – aris l sigrZis ubnis winaRoba, romelic
Seicavs kontaqtur SeerTebas; RП ? -aris l sigrZis ubnis
winaRoba, romelic ar Seicavs kontaqtur SeerTebas.
215
 kontaqtebis gacxelebas gansazRvraven maqsimaluri
datvirTvis periodSi, magram kontaqtebis metalebs,
rogorc cnobilia aqvT mniSvnelovani Tbotevadoba
da Tbogamtaroba. Aamitom kontaqtis defeqtis gan-
sazRvra Znelia.
eqspluataciis procesSi kontaqtebis mdgomareo-
bis ufro zusti Sefaseba SesaZlebelia ara gaxureb-
is aramed: 1) SeerTebis ubanze Zabvis vardnis sidid-
iT, kontaqtSi denis gavlis dros; 2) gardamavali
winaRobis sididis gazomviT milivolmetris an am-
permetris (an mikroometris) daxmarebiT.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi gazomvas awarmoeben muSa Zab-
vis qveS sazom Stangaze damagrebuli milivoltme-
tris saSualebiT ise, rogorc naCvenebia nax.4.32-ze,
Nnax. 4.32. Zabvis gazomvis dros Stangis Tavis
mdgomareoba: Aa) sakontaqto SeerTebaze; b) sadenis
ubanze; 1-sazomi Stangis izolirebuli nawili; 2-
milivoltmetri;3-sazomi Stangis Tavi; 4- sacecebi,
romliTac CarTulia milivoltmetri
216
Nnax.4.33. sakontaqto SeerTebis winaRobis gan-
sazRvra milivoltmetrisa da ampermetris meTodiT
gazomvis meTodi dafuZnebulia Zabvis vardnebis
Sedarebaze. Ppirvel rigSi zomaven Zabvis vardnas
ubanze, romelic Seicavs sakontaqto SeerTebas, Sem-
deg im ubanze, romelic ar Seicavs sakontaqto SeerTe-
bas. Oorive SemTxvevaSi datvirTvis deni unda iyos
ucvleli.
meore SemTxvevaSi wredis gamorTul da damiwe-
bul ubanze CarTaven xelsawyoebs nax.4.33-ze mocemu-
li sqemiT. xelsawyos kveba xorcieldeba mudmivi denis
wyaroTi.
xelsawyoebis Cvenebebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba
gardamavali winaRoba formuliT:
V
R .
I
eleqtruli kontaqturi SeerTebis winaRobis ga-
zomva xdeba 200 temperaturis dros, Tu gazomva xdeba
gansxvavebul temperaturaze, maSin winaRobis miRebu-
li mniSvneloba daiyvaneba saangariSo (200) temper-
aturaze.
217
 Tavi V. aRricxvis kvanZebis montaJi da
diagnostika
5.1. eleqtruli mricxvelebi, maTi moqmedebis
princi pi da diagnostika
samrewvelo sixSiris cvladi denis wredebSi
daxarjul an gamomuSavebul eleqtro energias aR-
ricxaven eleqtruli energiis mricxvelebiT. dRei-
saTvis gamoyenebulia induqciuri da eleqtronuli
sistemebis mricxvelebis farTo speqtri. Ppirvel rig-
Si ganvixilavT induqciuri sistemis mricxvelebs,
romlebic jer kidev farTod aris gamoyenebuli aR-
ricxvis sistemebSi.
induqciuri sistemebis xelsawyoebi warmoadgenen nax. 5.1. aqtiuri energiis erTfaza induqciuri
sazomi vatmetrebis sistemas da miekuTvnebian ara mricxvelis mowyobilobis sqematuri gamosaxuleba
maCvenebel, aramed maintegrirebeli (majamebeli) siste-
eleqtromagnituri koWa1, romelzec Camocmulia ram-
mis xelsawyoebs. maTi moZravi nawilis mobrunebis
denime aTasi spilenZis izolirebuli wvrili
kuTxe ar aris SezRuduli da is brunavs simZlavris
sadenebisagan daxveuli Zabvis gragnili WV, misi win-
mniSvnelobis proporciuli sididiT. am SemTxvevaSi
aRoba Seadgens aseul oms; eleqtromagnituri koWa 2,
moZravi nawilis brunvaTa ricxvis raodenobis mixed-
romelzec Camocmulia ramdenime xviasagan Semdgari
viT izomeba eleqtroenergia, romelic ganisazRvreba
spilenZis msxvili sadenisagan daxveuli denis grag-
simZlavris droze namravliT ( )
nili WI, misi winaRoba TiTqmis nulis tolia; MmaT
elmomaragebis sqemis mixedviT ganasxvaveben erT-
Soris moTavsebulia aluminis Senadnobisagan damza-
faza da samfaza mricxvelebs. erTfaza mricxvelebi
debuli disko 3, romelic Tavisuflad brunavs saqu-
gamoiyeneba iseTi momxmareblebis mier daxarjuli
sle 4 da sakisar 5 Soris damagrebuli RerZi 6-is
eleqtroenergiis aRricxvisaTvis, romlebic ikvebe-
garSemo. RerZze 6 Camocmulia kbilana 7, romelic
bian erTfaza deniT.
Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia mTvlel meqanizmTan 8.
nax. 5.1-ze moyvanilia aqtiuri energiis erTfaza
ukumoqmedi anu damamuxruWebeli momentis SeqmnisaTvis
induqciuri mricxvelis mowyobilobis sqematuri
gamoyenebulia mudmivi magniti 9, romlis polusebs
gamosaxuleba. mis ZiriTad kvanZebs warmoadgenen:
Soris moZraobs aluminis disko; da ukupolusi 10.

218 219
 nax. 5.2-ze mocemulia aqtiuri energiis erTfaza
induqciuri mricxvelis moqmedebis princi pis asaxs-
neli sqema.
rogorc nax. 5.1-dan Cans Zabvis gragnili WV
qselTan mierTebulia paralelurad da igi mudmivad
Zabvis qveS imyofeba. am gragnilSi gamavali deni
IV daZrulia V Zabvisagan faziT daaxloebiT 900 ( rad-
ganac am gragnils gaaCnia didi induqciuri winaRo-
ba). IV deni eleqtromagniti 1 Sua gularaSi qmnis mag-
nituri nakads, romelic iyofa V ,  L da  S nakade-
bad. nakadi V Seikvreba ukupolusi 10 gavliT da
gadahkveTs aluminis diskos 3 erT adgilze, xolo  L
Nnax. 5.2. aqtiuri energiis erTfaza induqciuri
mricxvelis moqmedebis princi pis
asaxsneli sqema
220
nakadi. Seikvreba eleqtromagniti 1 gverdiTi Reroe-
bis gavliT ise, rom ar gadahkveTs aluminis diskos 3.
 S fantvis nakadia igi Seikvreba Zabvis gragni-
lis xviebTan da ar gadahkveTs aluminis diskos.
V cvladi nakadi magnitur polusebs Soris dis-
koSi aRZravs e.m.Z-s. radgan disko warmoadgens Ca-
ketil konturs, amitom e.m.Z diskoze magnitur po-
lusebs Soris warmoqmnis eleqtromagnitur nakadebs.
Eeleqtromagnitur nakadebsa da eleqtromagnitur
polusebs Soris warmoiSveba mizidulobis F1 da F2
Zala. radgan F1= F2, amitom disko gawonasworebulia
da igi ar gadaadgildeba.
Ddiskos qvemoTa mxridan moTavsebulia eleqtro-
magniti 2, romelzec Camocmulia WI denuri gragnili,
romelSic gadis datvirTvis deni I, es deni qmnis  I
nakads, da radgan magnitogamtars aqvs U-sebri forma,
amitom es nakadi orjer gadahkveTs aluminis diskos
3. Ddiskoze moxdeba magnituri Zalxazebis veqtoru-
li Sekreba.
erT mxares magnituri nakadi Semcirdeba da gveqneba
 
V   I , xolo meore mxares magnituri nakadi gaizrdeba
 
da gveqneba V   I ,
   
e.i. V   I  V   I ,
aqedan F1  F2 .
diskoze moqmedi Zalebis wonasworoba dairRveva
da disko iwyebs brunvas. rac ufro meti deni gaiv-
221
lis denur koWaSi, miT ufro gaizrdeba sxvaoba F1
daF F2 Soris da disko ufro swrafad iwyebs brunvas.
Cven Tu Zabvis an denur koWas SevucvliT polarobas,
davinaxavT rom disko brunvas daiwyebs sawinaaRm-
dego mimarTulebiT.
diskoze warmoqmnili mabruni momenti momxmare-
blis P aqtiuri simZlavris proporciulia
M  CVI cos   C  P, (5.1)
sadac C – proporciulobis koeficientia;
cos  - simZlavris koeficienti, misi mniSvnelobe-
bi mocemulia danarTSi 2.
rac ufro metia momxmareblis P aqtiuri sim-
Zlavre miT ufro metia aluminis diskos brunvis
siCqare da garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi daxarju-
li W eleqtroenergia gamoiTvleba formuliT:
W  VIt cos , (5.2)
sadac V – fazuri Zabvaa (kv);
I – fazuri deni (a);
t – dro (sT).
mricxvelis konstruqciaSi teqnologiurad ganx-
orcielebulia (5.2) gamosaxulebaSi Semavali yvela
parametris funqcia.
samfaza denis wredebSi eleqtroenergiis aRricx-
visaTvis gamoyenebulia samfaza mricxvelebi, romel-
Ta klasifikacia xdeba Semdegi saxiT:
gasazomi energiis saxeobis mixedviT- aqtiuri
da reaqtiuli energiis;
222
eleqtromomaragebis sqemis mixedviT – samsade-
niani mricxvelebi, romlebic muSaoben qselSi nei-
traluri sadenis gareSe da oTxsadeniani, romlebic
muSaoben neitralur sadenian qselebSi.
CarTvis wesis mixedviT samfaza mricxvelebi iyo-
fian sam jgufad: UsaSualo anu pirdapiri CarTvis,
romlebic qselSi irTvebian sazomi transformator-
ebis gareSe. aseTi mricxvelebi gamoSvebulia 0.4/0.23
kv Zabvaze da 100 amperamde denze; naxevrad iribi
CarTviT, aseTi mricxvelebi denuri gragnilebiT CarTu-
lia sazomi transformatorebis gavliT, xolo Zabvis
gragnilebi CarTulia uSualod qselSi. aseTi mricx-
velebi gamoiyeneba 1kv Zabvamde; iribi CarTvis mricx-
velebi wredSi CairTvebian denisa da Zabvis sazomi
transformatorebis gavliT, aseTi mricxvelebi gam-
oiyeneba 0.4 kv zeviT;
transformatoruli mricxvelebi- romlebic
irTvebian qselSi sazomi transformatorebis gavliT
da gaaCniaT gadasaangariSebeli koeficienti 10  n  ;
t ran s fo r mat o ru l i u n iv e rs al ur i m r i cx -
velebi, romlebic irTvebian qselSi sazomi trans-
formatorebis gavliT da gaaCniaT transformaciis
nebismieri koeficienti. aseTi mrcxvelebisaTvis ga-
dasaangariSebeli koeficienti ganisazRvreba dadgmu-
li sazomi transformatorebis koeficientis mixed-
viT. daniSnulebidan gamomdinare mricxvels eniWeba
pirobiTi aRniSvna. aRniSvnebSi cifrebi da asoebi
aRniSnaven: C - mricxveli; 0O- erTfaza; A A- aqtiuri
223
 energiis; P P- reaqtiu-
li energiis; Y Y- uni-
versalebi 3 an 4-samsad-
eniani an oTxsadeniani
wredisaTvis.
aqtiuri da reaqti-
uli energiis mricx-
velebi, romlebic aR-
Wurvilia damatebiTi
mowyobilobebiT
miekuTvnebian specia-
l u r i d an S n u l e bi s
mricxvelebs, aseTebia:
ortarifiani
m ri cx ve le bi , rom-
lebic gamoiyenebian
nax. 5.3. orelementiani
samfaza induqciuri
iseTi eleqtroenergi-
mricxvelis sqematuri ga- is aRricxvisaTvis, rom-
mosaxuleba lis tarifi icvleba
dRe-Ramisa da datvirTvis maqsimumis mixedviT.
telesazomi mricxvelebi, romlebic aRWurvilia
impulsebis gadamwodebiT da mTvleli meqanizmis Cve-
nebas gadascemen distanciurad mudmivi denis impulse-
bis saxiT.
· sanimuSo mricxvelebi, gamoiyenebian saerTo
daniSnulebis mricxvelebis Sesamowmeblad.
nax. 5.3-ze moyvanilia orelementiani samfaza mricx-
veli. aseT mricxvelebSi gamoyenebulia iseTve kon-
struqciuli elementebi (ori an sami), rac gamoyeneb-
224
ulia erTfaza mricxvelebSi. Ddiskoebi (ori an sami)
damagrebulia saerTo RerZze. Ddiskoebze moqmedi
mbrunavi momentebi ijameba da diskoebis brunvis
siCqare damokidebulia jamur moxmarebul sim-
Zlavreze.
sizustis klasis mixedviT aqtiuri energiis mricx-
veli mzaddeba: 0.5; 1,0; 2.0; 2.5; xolo reaqtiuli en-
ergiis mricxvelebi mzaddeba: 1.5; 2.0 da 3.0 klasis
5.2. mricxvelebis dayeneba da CarTva
moTxovnebi mricxvelis dasadgmeli saTav-
soebisadmi. Mmricxvelis Cvenebis sizusteze gavle-
nas axdens gareSe faqtorebi: temperatura, tenianoba,
haeris qimiuri Semadgenloba, vibracia da sxva. amit-
om mricxvelis dasadgelma adgilma unda daakmay-
ofilos rigi moTxovnebi:
saTavso, sadac idgmeba mricxveli unda iyos mSra-
li, unda Tbebodes da masSi temperatura ar unda
aRematebodes +40 -s. Hhaeri ar unda Seicavdes agre-
siul minarevebs.
m o T x o v n e bi e l e q t r o m r i c x v e l i s m o n t aJ i -
saTvis gankuTvnili konstruqciebisadmi. Mmricx-
velebi idgmeba karadebSi, panelebze, kompleqturi
gamanawilebeli mowyobilobebis kamerebSi, kedlebze,
niSebSi. Kkonstruqcia, romelzec idgmeba mricxveli
unda iyos sakmaod mtkice, anu ar unda eqvemdebare-
bodes vibracias, deformacias da wanacvlebas.
dasaSvebia mricxvelebis damagreba xis, plastma-
sisa da metalis farebze. Ddadgmis simaRle unda
iyos 0.8 1.7 m. dasaSvebia mricxvelis dadgma ufro
225
dabal simaRleze, magram ara umcires 0,4 m-ze. Mmricx-
veli dadgmuli unda iyos mkacrad vertikalur si-
brtyeSi.
dauSvebelia mricxvelebis dadgma KCO-266 da KCO-
272 da sxva amgvari ujredebis karebebze, radganac
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom am SemTxvevaSi amomrTvelebis
muSaobis dros ryevis gamo mricxvelebi ziandeba.
mricxvelis damagreba unda moxdes iseTnairad, rom
SesaZlebeli iyos misi moxsna da dadgma sibrtyis
waRma mxridan.
mricxvelebis dadgmis Tanmimdevroba. Mmricx-
velebis dadgmis win saWiroa Sedges samontaJo sqema
an Setanil iqnes saWiro cvlilebebi mocemuli SeerTe-
bis meorad wredebSi. dadgmisaTvis momzadebul mricx-
vels unda Cautardes gare daTvaliereba. igi gaw-
mendili unda iqnes mtverisa da WuWyisagan; mowmdeba
vargisianoba, misi tipisa da teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT da saxelmwifo Semowmebis plombebis arse-
boba garsacmis damamagrebel xraxnebze.
plombebze aRniSnuli unda iyos saxelmwifo
Semowmebis weli da kvartali, agreTve unda gaaCndes
saxelmwifo Semowmebis damRa. Mmowmdeba garsacmisa
da sarkmlis minis mTlianoba, yvela xraxnisa da sax-
uravis Siga mxareze sqemis arseboba.
mricxveli daculi unda iqnas dartymisagan da
ryevisagan, radgan maT SeuZliaT gamoiwvion sayrdeneb-
is dazianeba da RerZebis gaRunva, rac TavisTavad
gamoiwvevs cdomilebebs. Aamitom mricxvelebis trans-
portireba unda moxdes specialuri SefuTviT.
226
mricxveli damagrebuli unda iqnes sami xraxniT
aucileblad vertikalur mdgomareobaSi.
sadenebis mricxvelTan SeerTebis dros mizanSe-
wonilia maragis saxiT 6-7 santimetri sigrZis sade-
nis datoveba. Ees SesaZleblobas iZleva moxdes ga-
zomvis Catareba eleqtrosazomi marwuxebiT; agreTve
Tu sqema akrefilia arasworad, advilad moxdes sad-
enis gadaadgileba. bolos sadenebs unda Camoecvas
niSnsadebi saWde.
TiToeuli sadeni moWerili unda iqnes ori xrax-
niT. jer msubuqad moeWireba zeda xraxni, xolo Sem-
deg - qveda. Tu montaJi sruldeba mraval ZarRviani
sadeniT, maSin misi boloebi winaswar unda iqnes da-
faruli kaliT.
uSualo CarTvis mricxvelebis montaJis dros, Tu
mricxvelis nominaluri deni 20 amperi da metia, ma-
Sin saimedo kontaqtebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT
sadenebis SemaerTebel kontaqtebs ukeTdeba daboloe-
bebi. Ddaboloeba sadenTan mirCiluli unda iqnes
mZlavri sarCilaviT. mricxvelebTan axlos sadenis
sigrZe datovebuli unda iqnes ara nakleb 12 sm –isa.
nulovani sadenis garsacms unda hqondes ganmasx-
vavebeli feri. montaJis damTavrebis Semdeg mricxve-
li, momWerebis krebuli, gadamyvani kolofebi unda
iqnes daluquli.
mricxvelis meqanizmi mTlianad moTavsebulia
plastmasis daxurul yuTSi, mxolod garedan fan-
jaraSi ikiTxeba mricxvelis sapasporto monacemebi
da Cvenebebi, rogoricaa: mricxvelis ti pi, saqarxno
nomeri, nominaluri Zabva da deni, gadacemaTa ricxvi,
227
aRricxuli energiis raodenoba, diskos moZraobis
mimarTuleba, sizustis klasi da sxva. mricxveli ga-
dis laboratoriul Semowmebas da korpusi iluqeba,
magram eqspluataciis periodSi saWiroeba moiTxovs
mis periodul Semowmebas adgilze, mricxvelis moux-
snelad muSa mdgomareobaSi.
5.3. aqtiuri energiis erTfaza mricxvelis
Semowmeba
Nnax. 5.4-ze moyvanilia aqtiuri energiis erTfaza
mricxvelis eleqtruli sqema.
Semowmebas viwyebT mricxvelis vizualuri daTva-
lierebiT. mricxvels garedan ar unda emCneodes raime
fizikuri Zalis zemoqmedebis niSani, amis Semdeg viw-
yebT mricxvelis muSaobis Semowmebas.
Tavdapirvelad mricxvelis Semowmeba warmoebs
mricxvelis diskos TviTsvlaze. EamisaTvis saWiroa
mricxvels movxsnaT datvirTva anu amovrToT mricx-
WV
WI
R
1 2 3 4
?
0
Nnax. 5.4. aqtiuri energiis erTfaza mricxvelis
eleqtruli SeerTebis sqema
228
velis gamomaval qselze SeerTebuli amomrTveli. am
dros disko anelebs moZraobas da Cerdeba. Tu disko
ar gaCerda da gaagrZela brunva momdevno wreze, ma-
Sin aseT mricxvels gaaCnia TviTsvla da igi uvargi-
sia.
Semdgom mricxveli unda SevamowmoT datvirTvis
qveS. amisaTvis saWiroa CavrToT ammorTveli da wamm-
zomis saSualebiT gavigoT diskos brunvis siCqare
da gamovTvaloT mricxvelSi gamavali aqtiuri sim-
Zlavre mocemul momentSi formuliT:
3600  n
Pmr  kvt (5.3)
N t
sadac n aris Semowmebis procesSi aTvlili diskos
mier Sesrulebuli sruli brunvaTa ricxvi;
t - diskos brunvaTa ricxvis Sesabamisi dro (wm);
N - mricxvelis gadacemaTa ricxvi (br/kvt.sT).
amis Semdeg gavzomoT qselSi gamavali simZlavre
simZlavris sazomi raime xelsawyoTi. Tu aseTi xel-
sawyo ar gagvaCnia, maSin mricxveli datvirToT iseTi
tvirTiT, romelTa cos   1 . aseTebia, gamaxurebeli
xelsawyoebi: uTo, eleqtroqura, wylis gamacxelebe-
li, varvara naTurebi; xolo danarCeni xelsawoebi
gamovrToT qselidan da mricxvelis Semowmeba Cava-
taroT wammzomisa da denis marwuxis (nax. 2.26) saSu-
alebiT. Ddenis marwuxis saSualebiT gavzomoT qse-
lis Zabva da datvirTvis deni. Semdeg gamovTvaloT
qselSi gamavali simZlavre mocemul momentSi for-
muliT:
Pqs  V  I  cos  kvt. (5.4)
229
 bolos (5.3) da (5/4) formulebiT miRebuli Semow-
mebis Sedegebi SevadaroT erTmaneTs:
Pqs  Pmr
gansxvaveba am or sidides Soris ar unda aRemate-
bodes 2%-s
 p   Pmr  Pqs  100 Pqs  2%.
5.4. dabali Zabvis pirdapiri CarTvis aqtiuri
energiis samfaza mricxveli
samrewvelo da samoqalaqo eleqtromomarageba,
dabali Zabvis mxares yvelaze xSirad ganxorciele-
bulia nax. 5.5-ze mocemuli samfaza, oTxsadeniani sqe-
miT, romelSic xazuri Zabva VAB ,VBC , VCA  380 v-ia, xolo
fazuri VA ,VB , VC  220 v. aseTi SeerTebis dros qselis
jamuri simZlavre tolia TiTeuli fazis aqtiur
simZlavreTa jamisa:
F P  PA  PB  PC kvt.
A IA
VA VAB
B IB
VCA
VB
VBC
C IC
VC
0
nax. 5.5. elmomaragebis samfaza oTxsadeniani sqema
230
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, samfaza mricxvelSi kon-
struqciulad moTavsebulia sami erTfaza mricxve-
(5.5) li, sami elementisagan Semdgari, im gansxvavebiT, rom
mricxvelis samive elementi zemoqmedebas axdens mricx-
velis erT diskoze da Sesabamisad mricxvelis mTv-
leli axorcielebs elenergiis jamur aTvlas.
nax. 5.6-ze mocemulia pirdapiri CarTvis samfaza
aqtiuri energiis mricxvelis eleqtruli SeerTebis
sqema. samfaza sistemis cnebidan gamomdinare, aqtiuri
energiis mricxvelis veqtorul diagramas eqneba nax.
5.7-ze mocemuli saxe, sadac  A ,  B da  C warmoadgenen
Zvris kuTxeebs denebsa da Sesabamis fazur Zabvebs
Soris.
veqtoruli diagramidan gamomdinare, jamuri sim-
Zlavre tolia
P  PA  PB  PC  VA  I A  cos  A  VB  I B  cos  B  VB  I B  cos  B .
Tu miviRebT, rom samive fazaSi datvirTvebi to-
lia, maSin
F P  3VA  I A  cos  A , kvt.
ZA
ZC ZB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
A RA
B RB
C RC
nax. 5.6. pirdapiri CarTvis samfaza aqtiuri
energiis mricxvelis samontaJo sqema
231

nax. 5.7. aqtiuri mricxvelis veqtoruli diagrama
magram praqtikaSi denebi samive fazaSi umetesad gan-
sxvavebulia, amitom P P –is gamosaxulebaSi unda Sevi-
tanoT samive fazis denebis saSualo sidide da P
miiRebs Semdeg saxes:
I A  I B  IC
P  3  Vs cos .
3 maSin mricxveli sworad muSaobs.
gamartivebis Sedegad miiReba
P  Vf  I A  I B  I C  cos  .
mricxvelis Semowmebas vawarmoebT igive meTodiT,
rogorc erTfaza mricxvelis dros romelic aRwer-
ilia $5.3-Si. im gansxvavebiT, rom mricxvelis Semaval
momWerebze unda davicvaT samfaza denis fazebis
swo ri T anmi mdev roba. Se mowm ebas vaw armo ebT
fazamaCvenebliT. fazebis pirdapiri Tanmimdevrobis
dros aRniSnuli xelsawyos disko brunavs saaTis
isris mimarTulebiT, xolo ukuTanmimdevrobis dros
232
- sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. uku Tanmimdevrobis
SemTxvevaSi mricxvelis romelime or fazas unda
SeucvaloT adgilebi. pirvel rigSi mricxvels va-
mowmebT TviTsvlaze. Semdeg simZlavris sazomi raime
xelsawyos arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gavzomoT qselis
TiToeul fazaSi gamavali simZlavreebi cal-calke
da miRebuli Sedegebi SevajamoT. jamuri simZlavre
toli iqneba:
P  PA  PB  PC kvt.
Tu simZlavris sazomi xelsawyo ar gagvaCnia,maSin
wammzomiTa da denis marwuxiT CavataroT gazomvebi
igive meTodiT ,rogorc erTfaza mricxvelis SemTx-
vevaSi da (5.6) an (5.7) formulebiT ganvsazRvroT qse-
lis aqtiuri simZlavre.
miRebuli sidide SevadaroT (5.3) formuliT miRe-
bul Pmr sidides.Tu
P  Pmr .
(5.6)
pirdapiri CarTvis aqtiuri energiis mricxvelebi
(5.7) saSualebas iZleva gamoviyenoT iseT qselSi, sadac
datvirTva ar aRemateba 120 ampers. Uufro mZlavr
qselSi simZlavris aRsaricxavad gamoiyeneba iribi-
SeerTebis mricxvelebi, romlebic qselTan mierTebu-
li arian denis transformatoris saSualebiT.
5.5. gazomvis zRvaris gafarToeba
zemoT ganxiluli mricxvelebi qselSi uSualod
aris CarTuli, amitom aseT mricxvelebs pirdapiri
CarTvis mricxvelebs uwodeben. Ppirdapiri CarTvis
233
mricxvelebiT SeiZleba aRiricxos qselSi gamavali
energia, romlis deni ar aRemateba 120 ampers, xolo
Zabva 400 volts. magram praqtikaSi gvxvdeba SemTx-
vevebi, rodesac saWiroa mricxvelebSi 120 amperze meti
denis gatareba an qselSi aris 400 v Zabvaze meti. aseT
SemTxvevaSi sazomi xelsawyoebis gazomvis zRvris
gafarToebis mizniT gamoiyeneben denisa da Zabvis
sazom transformatorebs, romlebic saSualebas gva-
Zleven qselSi gamavali didi sididis deni an qse-
lis maRali Zabva davadabloT mricxvelis nominalur
denamde da Zabvamde.
5.6. denis sazomi transformatori
denis sazomi transformatori (SemoklebiT de-
nis transformatori) gamoiyeneba iseTi sazomi xel-
sawyoebis zRvris gafarToebisaTvis romelTac gaaC-
niaT denuri gragnili (ampermetrebi, mricxvelebi,
fazometrebi, vatmetrebi da sxva). Ddenis transforma-
tori Sedgeba magnitogamtarisagan, erTi pirveladi
da erTi an ramdenime meoreuli gragnilisagan.
dabali Zabvis iribi SeerTebis mricxvelis nomi-
nalur deni standartiT miRebulia 5 a. Aamitom denis
sazomi transformatorebis meoreuli gragnilis nom-
inaluri deni Cveulebriv 5 amperzea gaTvaliswinebu-
li. iSviaTad gvxvdeba denis transformatorebi 1a da
10 a meoreuli deniT. Ppirveladi deni SeiZleba icv-
lebodes 5-15000 amperis farglebSi sazomi trans-
formatoris ti pis mixedviT.
denis transformatoris eleqtruli sqema mo-
cemulia nax. 5.8-ze.
234
pirveladi gragnili warmoadgens spilenZis an
aluminis saltes, romelic gatarebulia gularas Sua-
Si da gankuTvnilia uSualod Zalovan qselSi
CasarTvelad, xolo meoreuli gragnili, romelic
ramdenime aTeuli xviisagan Sedgeba, daxveulia aRniS-
nul gularaze da gankuTvnilia el.aparaturaze mis-
aerTeblad. Ffaqtobrivad denis sazomi transforma-
tori warmoadgens Zabvis amamaRlebel transforma-
tors, magram radgan meoreuli gragnili mierTebu-
lia iseT xelsawyoebTan rogoricaa: mricxvelebis
denis gragnili, ampermetri da sxva romelTac winaR-
oba TiTqmis ar gaaCnia, meoreul gragnils mokled
SerTvis reJimSi uwevs muSaoba da amitom mas denis
transformators uwodeben. aqedan gamomdinare usa-
frTxoebis mizniT, qselSi CarTuli denis transfor-
matoris meoreuli gragnili, Tu is gamoyenebuli ar
aris an Semowmebis dros moiTxovs wredis gaxsnas,
yovelTvis unda iyos damoklebuli. winaaRmdeg SemTx-
vevaSi meoreul wredSi aRiZvreba didi e.m.Z (1000-
1500v), romelic saSiSia adamianis sicocxlisa da meo-
reuli gragnilis izolaciisaTvis.
denis transformatoris pirveli gragnilis sawy-
isi da bolo aRiniSneba 1 da  2 , xolo meoreuli
И1 da И 2 . 1 da И1 momWerebi erTsax-
gragnilisa -
ela momWerebia. es niSnavs rom Tu pirvelad wredSi
deni mimarTulia 1 -dan  2 -saken, maSin meoreul wred-
Si И1 iqneba Semavali, xolo И 2 gamomavali. gam-
anawlebel mowyobilobebSi denis transformatore-
235
bi unda gayendes ise rom 1 momWeri mimarTuli iyos Rveulia. rac ufro mcired da rac ufro zedmetad
Semkrebi salteebis mxares. aris datvirTuli denis transformatori, miT ufro
denis transformatorSi pirveladi denis Sefarde- izrdeba cdomileba. Aaqedan gamomdinare denis trans-
bas Sesabamis meoreul denTan denis transformatoris formatoris SerCevisas saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT
transformaciis koeficienti ewodeba da ganisazRvre- zemoT aRniSnuli pirobebi.
ba formuliT: denis transformatorze damagrebulia misi sapa-
sporto monacemebi: ti pi, saqarxno nomeri, dasaSvebi
I
F Ki  , (5.8) Zabva, nominaluri simZlavre, sizustis klasi.
i
udidesi datvirTva, romlis drosac denis trans-
sadac I - pirveladi denis sidide;
formatoris cdomileba ar gamodis sizustis klasis
i - meoreuli denis sidide.
sazRvrebidan naCvenebia sapasporto cxrilSi. Mmag., 0.5
transformaciis koeficienti transformatoris
klasis ТПЛ ti pis denis transformatoris gragni-
pasportSi naCvenebia wiladis saxiT. mricxvelSi naC-
lis datvirTva ar unda aRematebodes 0,4 oms.
venebia nominaluri pirveladi deni, xolo mniSvnel-
denis transformatoris damontaJebisas denis
Si _ meoreuli deni. Mmag. 100/5 a, anu K i =20.
transformatorebis meoreuli gragnilis erTi bolo
aRniSnuli wredebSi gamoyenebuli denis transfor- da garsacmi unda iqnes Camiwebuli da unda gaaCndes
matorebis sizustis klasi ar unda aRematebodes 0,5. Semowmebis oqmi, sadac dafiqsirebuli iqneba misi
sapasporto monacemebi da gazomvis Sedegebi, rogori-
nax. 5.9-ze naCvenebia denis caa:
transformatoris sizustis
klasis datvirTvaze damoy-
idebulebis grafiki.
rogorc grafikuli gamo-
saxule bidan Cans, denis
transformatoris sizustis
k las i 20% -dan 120% -is
datvirTvis farglebSi akmay-
ofilebs sizustis klasis
nax. 5.8. denis sazomi pirobas. danarCen SemTxveva-
transformatoris nax. 5.9. sizustis klasis datvirTvaze damokide-
Si sizustis klasi dar-
eleqtruli sqema bulebebis grafiki

236 237
 1. izolacia;
2. voltamperuli maxasiaTeblebi;
3. transformaciis koeficienti;
4. polaroba.
rac Seexeba maRali Zabvis (6/10)kv. Ddenis trans-
formatorebs, maT gaaCniaT ori meoreuli gragnili
(nax 5.8, b) aRricxvisa da sazomi xelsawyoebisaTvis 0.5
klasiT da sareleo dacvisaTvis gankuTvnili grag-
nili, romlis klasi aris 10.
maRali Zabvis denis transformatorebis izola-
cia damatebiT unda iqnas Semowmebuli maRal Zabvaze.
nax. 5.10-ze naCvenebia sxvadasxva ti pis denis trans-
formatorebi.
a) b) g)
d) v) z)
nax. 5.10. denis transformatorebi:
a) T-0,66; b) TПОЛ-10-1; g) УТТ -5М;
e) ТШЛ; v) ТЗРЛ; z) ТЗЛМi ti pis
238
denis transformatorebis arCeva unda moxdes
Semdegi monacemebis mixedviT: a)nominaluri denis: b)
transformatoris koeficientis; g) sizustis klasis,
romelic gansazRvravs fardobiTi cdomilebis sid-
ides nominaluri datvirTvis dros; d) pirveladi
wredis nominaluri Zabvis mixedviT.
denis transformatorebi mzaddeba 0.66; 6; 10; 15; 20;
24; 27; 35; 110; 150; 220; 330; 500; 750 kv nominalur Zabvaze
da 1-40000a nominalur denze.
denis transformatorebs Semoklebuli aRniS-
vnebi: T -denis transformatori;  -gamavali; O -erTx-
viani; W -sasalte; K -koWiani;  -faifuris izolaci-
iT;  –izolacia sinTetikuri fisisagan; У -gaZliere-
buli; В -amomrTvelSi CaSenebuli; Б -swrafgaJRenT-
vadi; D,3 -diferencialuri da mokled SerTvis dacvis;
A -aluminis pirveladi gragniliT; P - sareleo
dacvis; H - gare dayenebis; M i- zeTiani; Ч ?- amaR-
lebuli sixSiris.
5.6. Zabvis sazomi transformatori
Zabvis sazomi transformatori (SemoklebiT Zab-
vis transformatori) gamoiyeneba avtomatikis, sare-
leo dacvis, signalizaciis kvebisa da aseTi xelsaw-
yoebis gazomvis zRvaris gafarToebisaTvis, romelT-
ac gaaCniaT Zabvis gragnilebi ( voltmetrebi, mricx-
velebi, vatmetrebi, fazometrebi, sixSirmzomebi da sxva).
maRali Zabvis qvesadgurebSi Zabvis makontrole-
beli xelsawyoebi rogoricaa: kilovoltmetri, releu-
ri dacvis Zabvis gragnilebi, mricxvelis Zabvis grag-
nilebi da sxva standartis mixedviT damzadebulia
239
100v sidids Zabvaze, amitom Cveulebriv Zabvis trans-
formatoris meoreuli Zabva 100 voltia. Zabvis trans-
formatori maRal Zabvas (6-10kv) daadablebs 100 vol-
tis sididemde, magram faqtiuri Zabvis mniSvnelobis
misaRebad saWiroa miRebuli Zabva gavamravloT Zab-
vis transformatoris koeficientze. Zabvis trans-
formatoris koeficienti tolia
Vmal
KV  . (5.9)
Vdan
Tu Cven SemTxvevaSi maRali Zabva 6kv-ia, maSin
6000
F KV   60,
100
xolo Tu maRali Zabva 10 kv-ia, maSin nax. 5.11. Zabvis transformatoris eleqtruli sqema

10000
F KV   100.
100
Zabvis transformatori SeiZleba iyos rogorc
erTfaza, ise samfaza. erTfaza Zabvis transformatoris
pirveladi gragnilis (BH) gamomyvanebi aRiniSnebian
A-X-iT. es gragnili qselis ZabvasTan paralelurad
aris mierTebuli; meoreuli gragnilis (HH) gamomyv-
anebi aRiniSneba a-x-iT. Ees gragnili mierTebulia
voltmetrTan an ufro rTuli xelsawyos Zabvis grag-
nilTan.
samfaza Zabvis transformatoris pirveladi grag-
nilis gamomyvanebi aRiniSneba A, B, C asoebiT, xolo
meoreuli gragnilis gamomyvanebi- a, b, c-Ti. samfaza
Zabvis transformators damatebiT gaaCnia kidev erTi
gragnili. Ria samkuTxedi, romelic gamoiyeneba qve-
sadgurebSi Camiwebis dacvis kontrolisaTvis. Mmisi
gamomyvanebi aRniSnulia ag da xg -Ti. Zabvis trans-
formatorebis nominaluri simZlavre 200-2000 vol-
tamperia. gazomvebis dros Secdomis Tavidan acileb-
is mizniT Zabvis transformatoris meoreul grag-
nilTan unda CairTos xelsawyoTa iseTi raodenoba,
romelTa saerTo momxmareblis simZlavrem ar gada-
aWarbos am transformatoris nominalur simZlavres.
Nnax. 5.11-ze moyvanilia erTfaza da samfaza Zabvis
transformatoris eleqtruli sqema
Zabvis transformatoris saSiS reJimad iTvleba
meoreuli wredis momWerebis mokled SerTva, radgan
am SemTxvevaSi aRiZvrebian didi zedenebi. zedenebi-
sagan dacvis mizniT Zabvis transformatorebi maRa-
li Zabvis qselTan dakavSirebulia mdnobadi mcveleb-

240 241

nax. 5.12. Ria samkuTxedze CarTuli Zabvis
transformatori
is saSualebiT, xolo dabali Zabvis mxare daculia
avtomaturi amomrTvelis saSualebiT. maRali Zabvis
mdnobadi mcveli ПКТ-10 specialurad Zabvis trans-
formatorisaTvis aris damzadebuli. Mmas gaaCnia 50
omi Siga winaRoba. Zabvis transformatoris korpusi
da meoreuli gragnili aucileblad unda iyos dami-
webuli. CvenTvis umjobesia davamiwoT meoreuli
gragnilis gamomavali b faza. Tu samfaza Zabvis
a) b) g) d)
nax. 5.13. Zabvis transformatorebi: a) erTfaza ze-
Tiani; b) samfaza zeTiani НДМИ-10-95; g)erTfaza
mSrali- ОСМ1; d) samfaza mSrali - ТСЗИ
242
transformatori CarTuli aris Ria samkuTxedze (nax.
5.12) am SemTxvevaSi b faza aucileblad unda davami-
woT
NeqspluataciaSi Sesvlis win, saWiroa adgilze
maRali Zabvis megommetris saSualebiT gaizomos Zab-
vis transformatoris gragnilebs da korpuss Soris
izolacia. Aaseve Semowmdes gragnilebis mTlianoba.
nax. 5.13-ze warmodgenilia sxvadasxva ti pis Zabvis
transformatorebi
Zabvis transformatorebs irCeven Semdegi monace-
mebis mixedviT:
a) pirveladi qselis nominaluri Zabvis mixedviT,
romelic SeiZleba iyos; 0.5; 3.0; 6.0; 10; 35 kv da a.S.
b)·transformatoris nominaluri koeficientis
mixedviT. Ees koeficienti Cveulebriv naCvenebia trans-
formatoris pasportze wiladis saxiT. mricxvelSi
naCvenebia pirveladi gragnilis Zabva, mniSvnelSi-
meoreuli gragnilis. Mmag 6000/100, anu KT=60.
g)·nominaluri meoreuli Zabvis;
d) sizustis klasis, romelic ganisazRvreba nomi-
naluri datvirTvis dros arsebuli fardobiTi cdom-
ilebiT. Zabvis transformatorebi iyofa sizustis
oTx klasad: 0.2; 0.5; 1.0; 3.0;
3 kv Zabvamde Zabvis transformatorebi mzaddeba
haeris (mSrali) gacivebis, xolo 6kv Zabvis zeviT-
zeTis gacivebiT
243
 5.7. dabali Zabvis arapirdapiri mierTebis
aqtiuri energiis samfaza mricxvelis montaJi
da Semowmeba
naxevrad iribi CarTvis SemTxvevaSi mricxvelis
qselTan mierTeba ganxorcielebulia denis trans-
formatoris saSualebiT. denis transformatoris
SerCeva xdeba $ 5.5-Si moyvanili monacemebis mixed- 1 2 3 4

viT. nax. 5.14-ze mocemulia erTfaza aqtiuri energiis Л1

И1 И2

? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?
mricxvelis naxevrad iribi CarTvis sqema. am SemTx- Л2

vevaSi mricxvelis Semowmeba mimdinareobs igive me-

nax. 5.14. erTfaza aqtiuri energiis mricxvelis
TodiT, rogorc pirdapiri CarTvis SemTxvevaSi, im gan-
naxevrad iribi CarTvis sqema
sxvavebiT, rom aq (5.3) gamosaxulebaSi damatebiT Se-
dis denis transformatoris transformaciis koefi- xolo samontaJo sqema gansxvavebulia imiT, rom aq
cientis K-s mniSvneloba da gamosaTvlel formulas Zabvis gragnilebi 2-5-8 gamoyvanilia calke momWere-
aqvs Semdegi saxe; bze (nax. 5.15) da zRedarebi gaTiSulia.
praqtikaSi gamoyenebulia samfaza iribi mricxve-
3600  n
Pmr  K kvt. (5.10) lis denis transformatorebTan SeerTebis sami sqema,
N t
naxevrad iribi CarTvis samfaza aqtiuri energiis
mricxveli warmoadgens samelementian mricxvels,
romelic gankuTvnilia oTxsadenian sistemaSi muSao-
bisTvis yoveli elementis denis gragnilebi gaTv-
lilia IH=5 a-ze, xolo Zabvis gragnilebi gaTvlilia
VH=220 v fazur Zabvebze . Zabvis gragnilebi erTma-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
neTTan SeerTebulia varskvlavad, amitom mricxvelis
Zabvis 2-5-8 momWerebze, erTTmaneTs Soris gvaqvs xa-
Л1 И1 И2 Л2
zuri Zabvebi 380 v, xolo igive momWerebsa da nuls A
Л1 И1 И2 Л2
B
Soris - fazuri Zabvebi 220 v. aseTi oTxsadeniani C
Л1 И1 И2 Л2

sistemis mricxvelebze Zabva aRiniSneba 220/380 v-iT. 0

Mmricxvelis eleqtruli sqema igivea, rac pirdapiri

nax. 5.15. samfaza aqtiuri energiis mricxvelis nax-
CarTvis samfaza mricxvelis N(nax. 5.6) SemTxvevaSi, evrad iribi CarTvis sqemis pirveli varianti

244 245
romlebic variantebis saxiT mocemulia nax. 5.15; nax.
5.16; nax. 5.17-ze.
sadeni, romlis saSualebiTac aRricxvis kvanZis
meoreul komutacias vawarmoebT, unda iyos aucile-
blad spilenZis da misi kveTi 2.5 mm2 unda Seadgendes.
Ees im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sadenis sigrZe denis trans-
formatorebidan mricxvelamde ar aRemateba 10 metrs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

sadenis sigrZis zrdasTan erTad unda gavzardoT

A
misi ganivkveTis farTobi. B

mricxvelebis CarTva denis transformatorebTan C

moiTxovs mocemuli sqemis zust Sesrulebas. winaaRm- 0

deg SemTxvevaSi aRricxvis kvanZi imuSavebs cdomi- nax.5.17. samfaza aqtiuri energiis mricxvelis
naxevrad iribi CarTvis sqemis mesame varianti
lebiT. yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imas, rom mricxv-
els ar gaaCndes TviTsvla. amisaTvis saWiroa pirv- moT mricxvelis Zabvis momWerebze fazebis swori
el rigSi $ 5.4-Si moyvanili pirdapiri CarTvis sam- Tanmimdevroba.
faza mricxvelis Semowmebis analogiurad Sevamow- amis Semdeg SevamowmoT mricxvelis yoveli ele-
menti calcalke mricxvelis diskos brunvis mima-
rTulebaze . amisaTvis saWiroa viqonioT damatebiTi
aqtiuri winaRoba simZlavriT 2-dan 5 kvt-mde. aRniS-
nuli winaRobiT unda davtvirToT qseli saTiTaod
fazebis mixedviT da erTdrouladv unda davakvird-
eT mricxvelis diskos. disko yovelTvis unda muSaob-
des “ win” mimarTulebiT. Tu romelime fazaze disko
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
brunavs “ukan” mimarTulebiT, maSin am elementze Se-
Л1 И1 И2 Л2 mavali denis sadenis wverebi unda gadavaadgiloT
A

B
Л1 И1 И2 Л2
erTmaneTSi. Tu amanac ar uSvela, maSin unda vivarau-
Л1 И1 И2 Л2
C
doT rom Zabvis sadenebis wverebi sworad ar aris
0
SerCeuli Tavis fazaze. Ddisko, romelime elementis
nax. 5.16. samfaza arapirdapiri CarTvis aqtiuri Semowmebis dros, SeiZleba saerTod ar daiZras, maSin
energiis mricxvelis denis transformatorebTan
mierTebis sqemis meore varianti

246 247
unda movZebnoT denis wredSi dazianeba (an sadenia 5.8. dabali Zabvis reaqtiuli energiis samfaza
gawyvetili, an denis transformatoris meoreuli grag- mricxvelis montaJi da Semowmeba
nilia dazianebuli) an SeiZleba am elements Zabva ar Tu aqtiuri energiis samelementian mricxvelSi
miewodeba. sabolood unda mivaRwioT imas, rom yove- CarTvis sqemas SevcvliT iseTnairad, rom TiToeuli
li elementis Semowmebis dros, mricxveli unda mid- elementis densa da Zabvas Soris iqneba damatebiTi
iodes “win” mimarTulebiT. 90 -iani Zvris kuTxe, maSin aqtiuri energiis mricxve-
magram aris iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac mricxvelis li gardaiqmneba reaqtiuli energiis mricxvelad,
disko TiTeuli elementis Semowmebis dros midis radgan sin   90   , xolo samfaza wredis reaqtiuli
“win”mimarTulebiT, magram qselSi gamavali simZlavre energia gamoiTvleba formuliT:
dasaSvebze metad gansxvavdeba mricxvelis mier naCvene- Q  3Vx  Ix  sin  , kvar, (5.11)
bi simZlavrisagan:
sadac sin  -s mniSvneloba aiReba danarTi 2-Si mocemu-
Pqs  Pmr li cxrilidan.
es im dros xdeba, rodesac mricxvelis samive 90 -iani Zvris kuTxis miRebis princi pi aixsneba
elementze denebi miewodeba SebrunebiT da Zabvebi ki nax. 5.18-ze warmodgenili veqtoruli diagramiTa da
Sesabamisad denebs ar eTanadeba, anu Zabvebi daZrulia nax. 5.19-ze mocemuli samfaza reaqtiuli energiis 90 -
denebis mimarT.am SemTxvevaSi, Tu qselSi gvaqvs suf- iani Zvris kuTxis mqone
Ta aqtiuri datvirTva, mricxveli aRricxavs naxevar mricxvelis sqemiT, sadac
B
simZlavres, xolo Tu qselSi gvaqvs reaqtiuli sim- Zabvis gragnilebi Seer-
Zlavre, maSin Zabvebis DdaZvriT mricxvelma SeiZleba Tebulia samkuTxedad da
VB IB
aRricxos faqtiur simZlavresTan SedarebiT an Zalian denur gragnilebTan Se-
darebiT gadaadgilebu-
mcire (SeiZleba mricxvelis diskom sawinaaRmdego
1200
900
lia. am naxazebidan Cans,
mimarTulebiTac imoZraos) anZalian didi energia.
IA VC rom pirvel elementSi I A
qselSi arsebuli simZlavris koeficientis dasa- 0
VA 120 IC deni SeuRlebulia ara
dgenad, Tu saWiro xelsawyoebi ar gagvaCnia dagvex- A C
mareba aRricxvis wredSi aqtiur mricxvelTan erTad VAB ZabvasTan, rogorc es
CarTuli reaqtiuli mricxveli. xdeba aqtiuri energiis
BC SemTxvevaSi, aramed V
nax. 5.18. samfaza reaqtiu-
ZabvasTan. sufTa aqtiuri
li energiis 90 -iani Zvris
kuTxis mqone mricxvelis datvi rTvi s d ros I A
veqtoruli diagrama

248 249
deni umTxveva VA Zabvas da daZrulia VBC Zabvisagan reaqtiuli energiis gazomvisaTvis samelementian
mricxvelebTan erTad sam- da oTxsadenian sistemeb-
90 -iT. Tu I A da VA -s Soris Zvris kuTxe aris  , maSin
Si nulovani sadenis gareSe farTod gamoiyeneba
I A deni VBC Zabvis mimarT daZruli iqneba  90    agreTve martivi orelementiani samfaza mricxveli
kuTxiT. analogiurad 90 -iani Zvra miiReba or sxva 60 -iani Zvris kuTxiT.aseTi Zvra miiRweva Zabvis wre-
danarCen elementebze da samfaza jamuri reaqtiuli debSi damatebiTi rezistorebis CarTviT. 60 -iani
energia gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Zvris KkuTxe iZleva SesaZleblobas miviRoT sin  -s
VBC proporciuli mbrunavi momenti martivi konstruqci-
Q  QA  QB  QC  I A  sin  A 
3 iT. 60--iani Zvris kuTxis mqone mricxveli (nax. 5.20)
VCA VAB (5.12) ufro moxerxebulia,radgan misi CarTvis sqema ise-
 I B  sin  B  I C  sin c .
3 3 Tivea rogorc orelementiani aqtiuri energiis
mricxvelisa.reaqtiuli energiis mricxvelis. Ddenis
Tu miviRebT, rom
gragnilebi gaTvlilia 5 a denze, xolo Zabvis gragni-
VBC  VCA  VAB ; I A  I B  I C ;  A   B  C ,
lebi -400 v Zabvaze.
maSin Q  3Vx  If  sin  . (5.13) reaqtiuli mricxvelis mier aRricxuli elener-
gia ganisazRvreba $5.3-Si moyvanili aqtiuri energi-
is mricxvelis Semowmebis analogiurad, formuliT:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

IA IB IC
A A
B
B
C
C
0

nax. 5.19. samfaza reaqtiuli energiis 90 -iani Zvris nax. 5.20. 60 -iani Zvris kuTxis mqone samfaza
kuTxis mqone mricxvelis sqemea reaqtiuli energiis mricxvelis sqema

250 251
 Wh Varh

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Л1 И1 И2 Л2
A
Л1 И1 И2 Л
B 2

Л1 И1 И2 Л2
C

И1 0

Л1 И1
nax. 5.22. aqtiuri da reaqtiuli energiis
Л1 И1
samelementiani mricxvelebis oTxsadenian qselSi
Л1
naxevrad iribi CarTvis sqema Zabvisa da denis
nax. 5.21. samfaza reaqtiuli energiis mricxvelis SeTavsebuli wredebiT
CarTvis sqemis erT-erTi varianti
xolo sin   1  cos 2  . (5.17)
3600  n  K
Qmr  kvar. (5.14) nax. 5.22-ze mocemulia aqtiuri da reaqtiuli ener-
N t
giis samelementiani mricxvelebis oTxsadenian qselSi
ZiriTadad reaqtiuli mricxvelebi CarTulia
naxevrad iribi CarTvis sqema Zabvisa da denis SeT-
aRricxvis wredSi aqtiur mricxvelebTan erTad. Ees
saSualebas iZleva advilad gamoiTvalos reaqtiu-
li simZlavris koeficienti mocemul momentSi, for-
muliT:
Qmr Pmr  tg . (5.15)
Semdeg danarTi 2-Si mocemuli cxrilis saSua-
lebiT vpoulobT cos  sididis mniSvnelobas. Tu
cxrili ar gagvaCnia, maSin tg -s mixedviT vsazRvravT
qselis simZlavris koeficients formuliT:
1 nax. 5.23. aqtiuri da reaqtiuli energiis samelemen-
cos   . (5.16) tiani mricxvelebis oTxsadenian qselSi naxevrad
1  tg 2 iribi CarTvis sqema gancalkevebuli wredebiT

252 253
avsebuli wredebiT,xolo nax. 5.23-ze -gancalkevebu-
li wredebiT.
aqtiuri da reaqtiuli mricxvelebis mier aR-
ricxuli elenergiis dRe-Ramuri an Tviuri xarjeb-
is mixedviT (5.15)da (5.16) gamosaxulebebiT SeiZleba 1 2 3 5 7 8 9

gaangariSebuli iqnes dRe-Ramuri an Tviuri saSua-

lo Sewonili aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavris
koeficientebi.

5.9. maRali Zabvis aqtiuri da reaqtiuli

energiis samfaza mricxvelis montaJi da
Semowmeba A
Л1 И1 И2 Л2

maRali Zabvis (6/10kv) qseli warmoadgens samsade- B

C
Л1 И1 И2 Л2

nian sistemas (sami faza nulovani sadenis gareSe).

aseTi sistemis aqtiuri energiis aRricxvisaTvis gam- nax.5.25.orelementiani aqtiuri energiis mricxvelis
samfaza Zabvis transformatoriT CarTvis sqema

oiyeneba orelementiani mricxvelebi,romelTa denis

gragnilebi Sesrulebulia 5 a denze, xolo Zabvis
gragnili Sesrulebulia 100 v Zabvaze. Zabvis grag-
nilebi mricxvelSi CarTulia xazur Zabvaze Ria
1 2 3 5 7 8 9
samkuTxedis sqemiT. es sqema uzrunvelyofs simetri-
a x a x
* * ul samfaza xazur Zabvebs da amitom gamoiyeneba fa-
A * X *A X
zebs Soris CarTuli xelsawyoebisa da releebis
A
Л1 И1 И2 Л2 kvebisaTvis.Nnax. 5.24-ze mocemulia aqtiuri energiis
B mricxvelis ori erTfaza Zabvis transformatoris
Л1 И1 И2 Л2
C
saSualebiT maRali Zabvis qselSi CarTvis sqema,xolo
nax.5.25-ze -orelementiani aqtiuri energiis mricxve-
nax. 5.24 aqtiuri energiis mricxvelis ori erTfaza
lis samfaza Zabvis transformatoriT CarTvis sqema.
Zabvis transformatoris saSualebiT maRali Zabvis
qselSi CarTvis sqema

254 255

nax. 5.26.orelementiani mricxvelis veqtoruli
diagramebi
nax. 5.26.a-ze mocemulia orelementiani mricxve-
lis veqtoruli diagrama. am veqtorul diagramas
mivceT nax. 5.26.b-ze warmodgenili saxe:
am veqtoruli diagramebidan gamomdinareobs, rom
P  Pa  Pc  Vab  I a  cos  30  a   Vbc  I c  cos  30  c  .
Tu miviRebT, rom Vbc  Vab ; I a  I c ; a  c ,
maSin P  3Vb  If  cos .
aqedan gamomdinareobs rom samsadenian sistemaSi,
orelementiani mricxveliT, samfaza aqtiuri energi-
is aRricxva SesaZlebelia.
rac Seexeba maRali Zabvis samfaza reaqtiuli en-
ergiis mricxvels, igi warmoadgens samelementian
mricxvels, analogiurs im mricxvelisa, romelic adre
gvqonda ganxiluli, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom aq
Zabvis gragnilebi 100 v-zea Sesrulebuli.
maRali Zabvis samfaza aqtiuri da reaqtiuli en-
ergiis mricxvelebi aRricxvis kvanZSi erT siste-
256
nax. 5.27.aqtiuri da reaqtiuli energiis
mricxvelebis samontaJo sqema
maSia gaerTianebuli. Nnax. 5.27-ze mocemulia aqtiuri
da reaqtiuli energiis mricxvelebis qselTan mi-
erTebis eleqtruli sqema.
5.10. maRali Zabvis aRricxvis kvanZis
Semowmeba
maRali Zabvis aRricxvis kvanZis SesamowmebladD
gamoiyeneba xelsawyo AAO-i. Tavdapirvelad iwyeba
Zabvebis Semowmeba mricxvelis me-2, me-5 dame-8 momWere-
bze erTmaneTisa da korpusis mimarT. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu b faza aris Camiwebuli,maSin me-2 da me-8 momWereb-
sa da korpuss Soris Zabva toli unda iyos Zabvis
transformatoris meoreuli xazuri Zabvisa (100v
farglebSi),xolo me-5 momWersa da korpuss Soris -
nulis toli.e.i.
Vab  Vbc  Vac  Vao  Vco  100 v , xolo
Vbo  0.
Tu Camiwebulia Zabvis transformatoris dabali
mxaris neitrali, maSin xazuri Zabvebi tolia:
257
 F Vab  Vbc  Vac  100 v , I a  Ib  I c .
xolo fazuri Zabvebi toli iqneba: amis Semdeg ganvsazRvroT aqtiuri da reaqtiuli
Vao  Vco  Vbo  57v . energiis mricxvelebis mier dafiqsirebuli aqtiuri
am SemTxvevaSi aucileblad unda davrwmundeT,rom da reaqtiuli simZlavreebi.
b fazis gragnilis gamomyvani namdvilad mierTebu- aqtiuri energiis mricxvelis mier dafiqsirebu-
lia me-5 momWerTan.. amisaTvis saWiroa Zabvis trans- li simZlavre Pmr ganisazRvreba (5.7) formuliT,oRond
formatoris maRal Zabvaze droebiT gavTiSoT a da c am SemTxvevaSi transformaciis koeficienti tolia:
fazis mcveli. Aam dros Zabvebi Vao  Vco  57 v , xolo K  K v  Ki . (5.20)
Vbo nulis toli gaxdeba, an sul ramdenime voltis sadac K i aris denis transformatoris transfor-
farglebSi iqneba. amis Semdeg unda aRvadginoT mcve- maciis koeficienti (5.8);
li da AAO-is saSualebiT SevamowmoT fazebis mim- K v - Zabvis transformatoris transformaciis
devroba mricxvelze. AAO-is limfi unda brunavdes koeficienti (5.9).
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT. Tu limfi imave (5.7) formuliT ganisazRvreba reaqtiuli
datrialda sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, maSin mricx- energiis mricxvelis mier dafiqsirebuli reaqtiu-
velze unda gadavaadgiloT a da c fazebis grag- li simZlavre Qmr .
nilebis momWerebi erTmaneTis mimarT. sazomi xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT gavzomoT meo-
amis Semdeg viwyebT meoreuli denebis Semowmebas, reul wredSi gamavali denebi da modebuli Zabvebi
rogorc nax. 5.27-dan Cans denis transformatorebi da ganvsazRvroT qselSi gamavali aqtiuri da reaq-
qselSi mxolod or fazaSi aris CarTuli arasruli tiuli simZlavreebi,formulebiT:
varskvlavis meTodiT, es niSnavs, rom qselSi simetri-
 I a  Ib  I c 
uli datvirTvis dros I a  I c .Aam dros denis trans- F Pqs  3Vx  K  cos  . (5.21)
3
formatorebis meoreuli gragnilebis neitralSic
igive sididis deni gadis, romelic sididiT I b -s war-  I a  Ib  Ic 
Qmr  3Vx  K  sin  . (5.22)
moadgens. e.i.: 3
I a  Ib  Ic . aq Vx aris Zabvis transformatoris meoreuli
magram Tu gazomviT miviReT,rom I b deni 1.73-jer xazuri Zabva, kv.
metia vidre I a an I c deni,maSin adgili aqvs erT-erTi I a , I b , I c - denis transformatoris meoreuli dene-
denis transformatoris araswor CarTvas da amitomUun- bi, a.K
da vecadoT, rom yovelTvis daculi iyos piroba:

258 259
 tg ,cos daA sin  gansazRvrisaTvis gamoviyenoT
(5.15), (5.!6) da (5.17) gamosaxulebebi.GAN
Tu mosaxerxebelia da amis saSualebas maRali
Zabvis ujredi iZleva, umjobesia maRali Zabvis mar-
wuxis saSualebiT gavzomoT maRali Zabvis pirvela-
di denebi, maSin:
 I A  I B  IC 
Pqs  3Vx  K v  cos  ,
3
 I A  I B  IC 
Qqs  3Vx  K v  sin  ,
3 ides marwuxebisa da xelsawyos erTsaxela aRniSvneb-
aq Vb aris qselis meoreuli Zabva, kv.
I a , I b , I c aris qsel-
Si pirveladi denebi, a.
s abolood unda
movaxdinoT Pqs da Pmr ,
Qqs da Qmr simZlavree-
bis Sedareba
Pqs  Pmr .
Qqs  Qmr .
aRricxvis kvanZis
nominaluri muSaobis
suraTis misaRebad ga-
mogvadgeba AAO-is sa-
SualebiT veqtoruli
diagramis ageba.
veqtoruli diagra-
nax. 5.28. veqtoruli mis gadaReba xdeba Sem-
diagramis gadaReba ВАФ-85
xelsawyoTi
degnairad (nax. 5.28):
260
xelsawyos A, B, C momWerebi uSualod SeerTebulia
mricxvelis Zabvis gragnilis momWerebTan Tanmim-
devrobiT marcxnidan marjvniv. muxruWis aSvebis
Semdeg limfis brunvis mimarTulebis mixedviT gan-
isazRvreba fazaTa Tanmimdevroba. limfis brunva
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT Seesabameba
fazaTa pirdapir Tanmimdevrobas Semdeg limfi unda
(5.23) damuxruWdes. xelsawyoebis gamomyvanebTan (*) da (I)
SemaerTebeli SlangiT CairTveba eleqtrosazomi mar-
wuxi. SemaerTebeli Canglebis manWvalebi unda Sev-
(5.24)
is budeebSi.
gadamrTveli B1 unda davayenoT mdgomareobaSi
“ U , I ”, gadamrTveli B2-mdgomareobaSi “Величина”, gad-
amrTveli B3-mdgomareobaSi “5a an 1A” denis mosalod-
neli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare. marwuxebiT pirv-
el rigSi moicaven mricxvelis denis gragnils A
fazis Semaval sadens. Mmarwuxis niSnuli (*) mima-
rTuli unda iyos denis transformatoris mxares.
izomeba denis mniSvnelo-
ba A fazaSi. Semdeg B2
gadamrTveli unda davay-
enoT mdgomareobaSi
“Фаза”. limfis brunviT
xelsawyos isari unda
d av ay en o T n u lz e . am
dros isris mobrunebis
mimarTuleba unda iyos
nax. 5.29. AAO -iT gadaRebu- limfis brunvis mima-
li veqtoruli diagrama rTulebis Tanxvedrili.
261
mizanSewonilia vabrunoT limfi saaTis isris moZrao-
bis mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegod. vafiqsirebT am
dros isris nulTan misvlas skalis marjvena mxri-
dan. skalis nulTan dayenebis Semdeg limfis danay-
ofebis mixedviT aiTvleba kuTxe, romelic SeTavsebu-
lia nakawrTan. analogiurad aiTvleba sxva fazebisa
da nulovani sadenebis kuTxeebi.
veqtoruli diagramis gadaRebis Semdeg viwyebT
mis agebasa da analizs. dasawyisSi vagebT Va , Vb da Vc
fazuri Zabvebis veqtorebs, romlebic erTmaneTis mi-
marT sivrceSi daZrulni arian 1200-iT. Aamis Semdeg
vagebT Vab Zabvis veqtors, romelic Va Zabvis veq-
torisagan gaswrebulia 300-iT. Vab veqtoris mimarT
unda gadavzomoT gazomili kuTxeebi denis veqtore-
bis asagebad. kuTxe “L” niSniT unda gadavdoT Vab
veqtoridan saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT,
xolo kuTxe “C” niSniT- saaTis isris moZraobis saw-
inaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. Bbolos ganvsazRvravT
kuTxeebs densa da fazuri Zabvis erTsaxela veqtorebs
Soris da vakeTebT daskvnas mricxvelis CarTvis sis-
woris Sesaxeb. MmagaliTad davuSvaT  A  50 L da
C  70C (nax. 5.29), maSin agebuli diagramidan Cans,
rom A fazaSi Va Zabvasa da I a dens Soris kuTxe
 a  50  30  20 ; aseve Vc Zabvasa da I c dens Soris
kuTxe  c  120   70  30   20 danarTi 2-is daxmarebiT
vadgenT, rom am SemTxvevaSi simZlavris koeficienti
cos   cos 20  0,94.
orelementiani samfaza mricxvelis Semowmebis
dros yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im garemoebas rom
qselSi Tanabari datvirTvis dros mricxvelis orive
262
elementi yovelTvis erTi da igive ZaliT ar axdens
zemoqmedebas mricxvelis diskoze. Tu mricxvelis
simZlavris gamosaxulebaSi
P  Vab  I a  cos  30  a   Vbc  I c  cos 30  a .
SevitanT kuTxe  -is sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs
miviRebT, rom rodesac kuTxe  a   c  0, maSin orive
elementis mricxvelis diskoze Tanabari ZaliT axdens
zemoqmedebas.
naTqvamis demonstrireba SeiZleba movaxdinoT
Semdegnairad: jer mricxvelis pirveli elementis
denis gragnilis 1-3 momWers davamoklebT,xolo Sem-
deg meore elementis gragnilis 7-9 momWers da orive
SemTxvevaSi davafiqsiroT mricxvelis diskos brun-
vis siCqare. davinaxavT, rom orive SemTxvevaSi diskos
brunvis siCqare erTi da igive iqneba.
kuTxeebis  a da c -s zrdasTan erTad igive
cdis dros, pirveli elementi naklebad zemoqmedebs
diskoze, vidre meore elementi da Sesabamisad diskos
brunvis siCqare erTmaneTis mimarT gansxvavebuli
iqneba. rodesac kuTxeebi  a da c gautoldeba
600-s, maSin pirveli elementi saerTod ar zemoqmedebs
diskoze da ZiriTadi zemoqmedebis Zala diskoze modis
meore elementis saSualebiT, xolo rodesac kuTxee-
bi  a da c metia 600-ze, maSin pirveli elementi
diskos abrunebs „ukan” mimarTulebiT, xolo meore
elementi - „win” mimarTulebiT.
5.11. specialuri daniSnulebis mricxvelebi
samrewvelo momxmareblebis mier eleqt-roenergi-
is racionaluri moxmarebisa da sxvadasxva miznebi-
263
saTvis gamoyenebian specialuri daniS-nulebis mricx-
velebi.
datvirTvis maqsimumis maCvenebeli mricxveli .Tan-
amedrove pirobebSi samrewvelo momxmareblebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba eleqtroenergiaze organakveTiani ta-
rifi,romelic Sesdgeba TiToeu-li moxmarebuli
kvtsT eleqtroenergiis ganakveTisa da energosiste-
mis maqsimaluri datvirTvis reJimSi muSaobis peri-
odSi moxmarebuli TiToeuli kvtsT eleqtroenergi-
is ganakveTebisagan.
gadaxdis aseTi sistema stimuls aZlevs eleqt-
roenergiis momxmareblebs,raTa imuSaon raciona-lur
reJimSi da amiT Seamciron energosistemis pikuri
datvirTvebi.
aseTi tarifiT gaangariSeba xorcieldeba special-
uri mricxvelebiT, romlebic aRWurvilia datvirTvis
nax.5.30. kontaqtebian saaTiani maqsimaluri
datvirTvis maCvenebeli mricxvelis CarTvis sqema
264
maqsimumis maCvenebliTa da kontaqtebiani saaTiT. saaTi
aRWurvilia ZraviT D da ori wyvili kontaqtiT K M da
K  aseTi mricxvelis CarTvis sqema mocemulia nax. 5.
30-ze.
pirveli K  kontaqtebis wyvili imarTeba mbrunavi
diskoTi. am diskos gaaCnia skala, romelic Seesabame-
ba 24 sT-s da akeTebs dRe-RameSi 1 bruns. am kontaqte-
bis CarTva-gamorTvis dro dayenebulia energosiste-
mebis dilisa da saRamos maqsimumebis dasawyisis da
dasasrulis Sesabamisad.
kontaqtebis meore, K M wyvili CairTveba drois
mocemul (15 an 30 wT) SualedSi. Semdeg xdeba maTi
gaTiSva da drois am Sualedis gasvlis Semdeg myisi-
erad CairTveba. es cikli meordeba uwyvetad.
mricxvelis datvirTvis maqsimumis maCveneblis
wamyvani isari, romlis gadaxra proprociulia drois
mocemul intervalSi (mag.30wT) simZlavris saSualo
Sewonili mniSvnelobisa, dakavSirebulia gadamcemi
sistemis brunvis RerZTan. am gadacemis gadaxrasa da
gadabmas awarmoebs P eleqtromagnituri rele, romel-
ic CarTulia Zabvis orive wyvili kontaqtebis gav-
liT. 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi es rele CarTulia da
isari moZraobs da gadaadgildeba. am drois ganmav-
lobaSi gadaixreba saSualo simZlavris proprorci-
uli kuTxiT. reles gaTiSvisa an ganmeorebiTi CarTvis
dros aRniSnuli isari zambaris moqmedebiT brunde-
ba nulovan mdgomareobaSi da Tavidan iwyebs gada-
adgilebas. es cikli meordeba maqsimumis drois gas-
vlamde.
265
 wamyvan isarTan dakavSirebulia sabuqsire isari,
romelic afiqsirebs wamyvani isris Cvenebas ganvlili
30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. Tu drois Semdeg intervalSi
datvirTva ar gaizarda, maSin sabuqsire isris mdgo-
mareoba ar Seicvleba, xolo datvirTvis gazrdis
SemTxvevaSi wamyvani isari gadaadgilebs sabuqsire
isars ufro didi kuTxiT. amgvarad, sabuqsire isris
mdgomareoba Seesabameba energosistemis maqsimalur
reJimSi muSaobis dros momxmareblis maqsimaluri
simZlavris saSualo Sewonil mniSvnelobas naxevari
saaTis intervalSi. naxevarsaaTiani intervali saWiroa
imisaTvis rom maqsimumis maCvenebelSi ar aRniSnos
datvirTvis xanmokle biZgebi. sabuqsire isari Sei-
Zleba dabrunebuli iqnes sawyis mdgomareobaSi
Rilakis saSualebiT.
telesazomi mricxvelebi. aseT mricxvelebs gaaC-
niaT impulsebis gadamwodi romlebic mTvleli
meqanizmis Cvenebas gardaqmnian mudmivi denis impulse-
bad da gadascemen Sors manZilze. aseTi mricxvelis
ti pis aRniSvnaSi figurirebs aso D , magaliTad
САЗ  И 670 D impulsebis mimRebi SeiZleba iyos im-
nax. 5.31. impulsebis gadamwodebis sqema
266
pulsebis eleqtromagnituri mricxveli an gamomTv-
leli manqanis Semavali mowyobiloba.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi Seiqmna saWiroeba avtomat-
urad SevajamoT calkeuli msxvili momxmareblis mier
moxmarebuli aqtiuri da reaqtiuli energiebi.es iZl-
eva saSualebas vawarmooT angariSebi organakveTiani
tarifiT da miviRoT agreTve sruli informacia mox-
marebuli eleqtroenergiis reJimebis Sesaxeb.am mizniT
gamoSvebulia eleqtroenergiis aRricxvisa da kon-
trolis avtomatizirebuli sainformacio-sazomi
sistema ИИСЭ  1  48 , romelTanac kavSirgabmulobis
arxebis saSualebiT SeiZleba mierTebuli iqnas 48-
mde telesazomi mricxveli.
telesazomi mricxvelis impulsebis gadamwodi
warmoadgens МП 41 ti pis tranzistorze akrefil uku-
kavSiriT marTul generators.
sqemis yvela elementi garda ukukavSiris TP trans-
formatorisa ganlagebulia mTvleli meqanizmis ax-
los. mas aqvs feritis gulara ori( W1 da W2 ) grag-
niliT romlis ganaWerSi brunavs disko ori diame-
tralurad sawinaaRmdego amonaWeriT. brunva gada-
ecema mTvleli meqanizmis diskos. zogierT modifika-
ciaSi diskos magier brunavs TiTbris alami, romel-
ic damagrebulia moZravi sistemis RerZze. roca al-
ami mdebareobs transformatoris RreCos gareT, ma-
Sin generatori agznebul mdgomareobaSia da kavSiris
xazebSi gadis deni, romlis mudmiv mdgenels aqvs 10
ma rigis mniSvneloba. almis RreCoSi Sesvlis dros
induqciuri cvlilebis gamo xdeba generaciis Sew-
267

1 2 3 4 5 6
Л1 И1 И2 Л2
A
B
Л1 И1
C
nax.5.32. specdaniSnulebis dabali Zabvis
mricxvelis naxevrad iribi CarTvis sqema
yveta da deni mcirdeba 0.8 ma-mde. amgvarad genera-
tori muSaobs rogorc gasaRebi, romelic uzrunve-
lyofs 12v mudmivi denis kvebis wyaros wredis komu-
tacias: amasTanave impulsebis ricxvi proporciulia
diskos brunTa ricxvisa. impulsebis gadamwodis mo-
mWerebTan CarTulia 3km-mde sigrZis kavSiris orsad-
eniani xazi (II) araumetes 190 omi/km winaRobiTa da 0.1
mkf/km tevadobiT. kvebis wyaro mimdevrobiT CairTve-
ba kavSiris imave xazze mimRebis (III) mxridan.
miwisqveSa an specdaniSnulebis eleqtro danad-
garebisaTvis usafrTxoebis teqnikis wesebidan gamom-
dinare gamoiyeneba samsadeniani sistema 3X380 v an
3X220 v nulovani aseT qvesadgurebSi aRricxvis kvan-
Zi Sesrulebulia orelementiani mricxveliT(nax. 5.32).
aseTi mricxvelis Semowmeba swarmoebs maRali
Zabvis kvanZis mricxvelis analogiurad. AAO-iT age-
buli veqtoruli diagramis gamoyenebiT.
268
5.12. aRricxvis kvanZebis elementebis
uw esiv robani
a) mricxvelis uwesivroba. SeiZleba aRiZvras
uecrad gareSe zemoqmedebis gavleniT. Aam zemoqmede-
bas miekuTvneba dartymebi, ryevebi, xangrZlivi gada-
7 8
tvirTvebi, mokled SerTva mierTebebze, Weqa-quxilisa
da komutaciis gadaZabvebi. Mmricxveli agreTve Sei-
Zleba gadavides uwesivro mdgomareobaSi saremonto
И2 Л2
vadis gasvlamde. vadaze adre gacveTis Sedegad, romel-
ic gamowveulia eqspluataciisaTvis miuRebeli pirobe-
biT. Cndeba sxvadasxva defeqti: mudmivi magnitis,
eleqtromagnitebis gularebisa da sxva metaluri
nawilebis korozia, sayrdenebis cveTa, im RreCoebis
danagvianeba, sadac brunavs disko; sapoxis gasqeleba;
magnitisa da sxva damagrebebis moSveba; mricxvelis
yvela am uwesivrobas mivyavarT Semdeg Sedegamde:
moZravi nawilis gaCereba, momatebuli cdomileba,
mTvleli meqanizmis araswori muSaoba, TviTsvla.
uZravi diskos dros unda Semowmdes mricxvelis
momWerebze yvela fazis arseboba da denis mniSvneloba
mimdevrobiT CarTul gragnilebSi. Semdeg gadaRebu-
li unda iqnas veqtoruli diagrama. Tu yvela am
gazomviT ar gamomJRavnda mizezi, maSin es mizezi imale-
ba mricxvelis SigniT.
Tu eWvi aris mricxvelis mniSvnelobis gazr-
daze,MmaSin unda Catardes mricxvelis sakontrolo
Semowmeba dadgmis adgilze, magram Tu amis pirobebi
ar aris, maSin mricxveli unda moixsnas da unda Semow-
mdes laboratoriul pirobebSi.
269
 b) sazomi transformatorebis uwesivroba. Ddenis transformatorebis meoreuli gragnilis
Ddenis transformatoris dazianebis damaxasiaTeebe- datvirTvis Semcireba SeiZleba denur wredebSi ka-
li niSania meoreuli denis Seusabamoba pirvelad- belebis ZarRvebis kveTis gazrdiTa da am wredebidan
damatebiTi aparatis gamorTviT.
 I1 
Tan  I 2  K  . AamasTanave meoreuli denis mniSvnelo- Zabvis transformatoris datvirTvisa da cdom-
 I 
ilebis SemcirebisaTvis datvirTva SesaZleblobis
vani Semcireba SeiZleba moxdes sqemis uwesivrobiT farglebSi unda gavanawiloT ise, rom yvela fazaSi
daSvebuli Secdomis gamo. Aamitom Semowmebas eqvem- iyos erTnairi.
debareba rogorc transformatori, aseve wredi. Tu Zabvis transfomatoris meoreuli gragnili
Ddenis transformatoris dazianebis gamovlena SeerTebulia Ria samkuTxedad, maSin mizanSewonilia
SesaZlebelia Semdegi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mixed-
datvirTva gavanawiloT iseTnairad, rom Vca Zabvaze
viT: meoreuli deni meoreuli wredebis winaRobebis
datvirTva ar CairTos da SesaZleblobis farglebSi
dros nulis tolia an nulTan axlosaa ( am dros
Tanabrad gavanawiloT Vab da Vac Zabvebs Soris.
gragnili damoklebulia momWerebze); deni mniS-
vnelovnad metia, vidre unda iyos faqtiuri winaR- saWiroa Semowmdes datvirTvis Semcirebis Sesa-
obebis dros. Zlebloba Zabvis wredebidan damatebiTi aparaturis
Zabvis transformatoris dazianeba iwvevs maRali gamorTvis Sedegad, agreTve unda Semowmdes Zabvis
Zabvis mxares erTi an ramdenime mcvelis gadawvas, ris transformatorisa da mricxvelis SemaerTebel
Sedegadac meoreuli Zabva gamorTul fazaze gaqreba sadenebze Zabvis vardna.
an mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba.
g) s azomi trans formatorebis gazrdil
datvirTvas, romelic aRemateba mocemuli sizustis
klasis dasaSveb datvirTvas, Seaqvs damatebiTi uary-
ofiTi cdomileba. meoreuli gragnilis datvirTva
SeiZleba ganisazRvros angariSis gziT an eqsperimen-
talurad. eqsperimentiT datvirTvis gansazRvris dros
meoreul wredebSi erTdroulad zomaven denebsa da
Zabvebs. Ggazomvebi SeiZleba Catardes, rogorc muSa
denisa da Zabvis qveS, aseve mierTebebis gamorTvis nax. 5.33. sakontrolo kabelSi Zabvis vardnis ga-
Semdeg gareSe kvebis wyarodan Zabvis miwodebiT. zomva: 1-Zabvis transformatoris momWerebi; 2- aR-
ricxvis wredebis momWerebi; 3- sarezervo ZarRvi

270 271
 sadenebSi Zabvis vardnis gazrdas, romlebic
aerTeben Zabvis transformators mricxvelTan mivya-
varT uaryofiTi cdomilebis gazrdamde. Ppraqtiku-
lad es SeiZleba moxdes, Tu sadenis sigrZe aRemateba
15 metrs.
Zabvis vardna sadenebSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros
cdiT. am mizniT gamoiyeneba cvladi denis voltmetri,
romlis Sinagani winaRoba 1-10 komia. voltmetri
CairTveba kabelis ZarRvis boloebTan (nax. 5.33).
Zabvis vardnis gazomvam, rogorc kabelis boloSi
xazuri Zabvebis gazomvam ar SeiZleba mogvces uary-
ofiTi Sedegi. Ddidi Secdoma SeiZleba Seitanos volt-
metrebis cdomilebam, aTvlis araerTdroulobam da
sxva mizezebma.
Zabvis vardnis Semcirebis mizniT saWiroa kabe-
lis ZarRvebis kveTis gazrda. calkeul SemTxvevaSi
saWiro xdeba mricxvelebi vkveboT ara ZabviT saerTo
salteebidan, aramed gaviyvanoT calke kabeli. Zabvis
transformatorsa da mricxvelis SemaerTebel
sadenebSi Zabvis vardnis SemcirebisaTvis karg Sede-
Nnax.5.34. Zabvis transformatoris wredSi makompen-
sirebeli kondensatoris CarTvis sqema
272
gebs iZleva mricxvelis Zabvis gragnilis induqtivo-
bis tevadobiT kompensacia.
tevadobiTi kompensacia gamoiyeneba mricxvelis
Zabvis gragnilebis mier moxmarebuli energiis Sem-
cirebisaTvis maTi simZlavris koeficientis gazrdis
gziT. Ees miiRweva imiT, rom Zabvis TiToeuli gragni-
lis paralelurad CairTveba 1-1.5 mkv tevadobis konde-
satori (nax. 5.34.). amgvarad gragnilis induqciuri
winaRoba kompensirdeba kondensatoris tevaduri win-
aRobiT. Sedegad Zabvis transformatoris cos  izrde-
ba 0,8-0,9-mde, xolo misi datvirTvis sruli simZlavre
mcirdeba 2.5-3-jer. Ggazomvis sizuste izrdeba Zabvis
transformatoris gragnilisa da SemaerTebel
sadenebSi Zabvis vardnis Semcirebis xarjze. Ggarda
amisa mcirdeba Zabvis transformatoris kuTxuri
cdomileba, radganac Cos uaxlovdeba nominalur mniS-
vnelobas (0,8-0,9).
Tu mricxvelebi erTmaneTisagan daSorebulia, ma-
Sin mizanSewonilia kondensatorebi dayendes TiToeu-
li mricxvelisaTvis. mricxvelebis centralizebu-
li ganlagebis dros sakmarisia dayendes kondensa-
torebis batarea.
d) mricxvelis CarTvis araswor sqemas Sei-
Zleba adgili hqondes or SemTxvevaSi
1. Tu pirveladi Semowmebis dros daSvebuli iqna
Secdoma.
2. Tu eqspluataciis procesSi sqemaSi Setanili
iqna cvlileba. Aamitom yvela SemTxvevaSi aRricxvis
273
sistemebis darRvevis dros saWiroa Semowmebis xe-
laxla Catareba.
e) meoreuli wredebis elementebis uwe-
sivrobas miekuTvneba Zabvis wredis gawyveta, mimdevro-
biTi wredis gawyveta da romelime fazaze mcvelis
gadawva. Uumetes SemTxvevaSi uwesivrobas mivyavarT
erTi mabruni elementis uwesivrobasTan. Uuwesivro-
ba am dros advilad vlindeba mricxvelis momWere-
bze Zabvisa da gazomvis gziT.
274
5.13. mricxvelebis diagnostika gamorTuli
Zabvis SemTxvevaSi
diagnostikuri samuSaoebi gamorTuli Zabvis
SemTxvevaSi sruldeba mimdinare eqspluataciis sa-
zomi transformatorebis kapitaluri remontebis
dros da aRricxvis sisworis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi
meoreuli wredebis gadakeTebis Semdeg.
diagnostikur samuSaoebs miekuTvneba: gare daTva-
liereba, sadenebis garekva, izolaciis Semowmeba, sazomi
transformatorebis erTsaxela momWerebis Semowmeba.
a).Ggare daTvaliereba. Ggare daTvalierebas
eqvemdebareba yvela meoreuli wredi sazomi trans-
formatorebidan mricxvelebamde. Mmowmdeba meoreu-
li wredebis elementebis kompleqtacia da meqani-
kuri dazianebebis ar arseboba (momWerebis nakrebi,
gadamyvani kolofebi, sacdeli blokebi da sxva); sa-
kontrolo kabelebis dacalkevebis xarisxi; mricx-
velebis damagrebis saimedooba da siswore. sakontaq-
to SeerTebebSi Jangis ar arseboba da gamaTbobeli
mowyobilobis mdgomareoba.
saWiroa mTlianad Semowmdes sadenebisa da sakon-
trolo kabelebis markireba. Mmricxvelebis central-
izebulad ganlagebis dros mowmdeba warwerebis ar-
seboba mierTebebis dasaxelebiT. Yyvela SemCneuli
darRveva dauyovnebliv unda gamoswordes.
b) sadenebis garekva. sadenebis garekvis mizania
dadgindes mTliani Sesabamisoba princi puli sqemis
montaJsa da samontaJo sqemas Soris markirebis Sesa-
bamisobis CaTvliT.
275
 garekvisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes om-
metri an megaommetri. Ggamoiyeneba agreTve sakontro-
lo naTura, eleqtrozari an voltmetri. Kkvebis wyarod
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes batarea 4-6-v ZabviT an
damwevi transformatori 220/12 v.
Ggarekvis dawyebis win saWiroa Semowmdes ZarRvis
arseboba yvela momWerze voltmetris an Zabvis maCveneb-
lis gamoyenebiT.
Uukuinformaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT Zabvis
transformatori gamorTuli unda iyos orive mxri-
dan. Ggasareki sadeni erTi mxridan mainc unda iyos
gamorTuli, rac gamoricxavs SesaZlo SemovliTi
wredis arsebobas.
Ggarekvis Sedegad dgindeba Semdegi:
sadens ar aqvs wyveta; mokled ar aris CarTuli
sxva sadenebTan; sadenebis boloebi sworad aris
markirebuli; sadenebis boloebi CarTulia sqemis
Sesabamisad.
g) izolaciis Semowmeba moicavs, izolaciis
gamocdas 1 wuTis ganmavlobaSi 1000 v cvladi ZabviTa
da izolaciis winaRobis gazomvas megaommetriT. saeqs-
pluatacio Semowmebis
dros dasaSvebia gamo-
sacdeli 1000v cvladi Zab-
vis Secvla 2500v mudmivi
ZabviT Sesabamisi voltme-
nax.5.35. erTfaza Zabvis tris gamoyenebis dros.
transformatoris erTsaxe- Semowmebis win saWiroa
la momWerebis gan- gamovrToT denis trans-
sazRvris sqema
276
formatoris Camiweba. keTdeba sami gazomva: mimdevro-
biT (denur) wredebsa da “miwas” Soris; paralelur
(Zabvis) wredebsa da miwas Soris; mimdevrobiT da
paralelur wredebs Soris. Yyvela SemTxvevaSi
izolaciis winaRoba ar unda iyos 1 mom-ze naklebi.
igive TanmimdevrobiT xdeba izolaciis gamocdac.
Ggamocdis Semdeg sqema unda iqnes aRdgenili.
d) sazomi transformatorebis erTsaxela mo-
mWerebis gansazRvra. sazomi transformatorebis
erTsaxela momWerebis gansazRvra aucilebelia im
SemTxvevaSi: Tu dazianebulia saqarxno aRniSvnebi,
ar gagvaCnia saqarxno sapasporto monacemebi, remon-
tebis Semdeg; fazomgrZnobiare elementebiani avtoma-
tikisa da sareleo dacvis mowyobilobebis gamoy-
enebisas.
nax. 5.36. samfaza Zabvis transformatoris erTsaxe-
la momWerebis gansazRvris sqemebi a) samfaza
H
H
SeerTebiT; b) samfaza H D SeerTebiT; g) samfaza
H
SeerTebiT
277
 Zabvis transformatoris erTsaxela momWere- CairTveba A, B, C momWerebTan,
bia A  a  ag da X  x  xg erTfaza Zabvis transforma- xolo (_) momWeri mudmivad
meoreuli gragnilis nul-
toris polarobis Semowmebas axdenen mudmivi denis
Tan.
impulsebiT nax. 5.35-ze mocemuli sqemiT.
b at ar e a m i m d e v r o bi T
batareisa da xelsawyos (galvanometris) (+) momW-
CairTveba AB, BC da CA momW-
eri SeerTebulia Sesabamisad Zabvis transformatoris
erebze, batareis (+) momWeri
A da a momWerebTan. Tu es momWerebi erTsaxelaa,
am SemTxvevaSi mierTebulia
maSin wredis CarTvis SemTxvevaSi xelsawyos isari nax. 5.37. denis trans-
Sesabamisad A, B, C momWerebT-
gadaixreba marjvniv, xolo gamorTvisas-marcxniv. formatoris polarobis
Semowmebis sqema an. wredis CarTvis dros, Tu
zogierTi gansakuTrebuli TvisebiT xasiaTdeba
gragnilis polaroba sworia
samfaza Zabvis transformatoris momWerebis polar-
da xelsawyos (+) momWeri mierTebulia a momWerTan,
obis gansazRvra. Tu Zabvis transformatorebis grag-
maSin misi isari gadaixreba marjvniv; C momWerTan
nilebi SeerTebulia sqemiT H (varskvlavi-varskv-
H
mierTebisas_ marcxniv: B momWerTan mierTebisas um-
lavze neitraluri sadenebiT), romelic naCvenebia
niSvnelod gadaixreba nebismier mxareze an gadaxra
nax 5.36, a-ze, maSin wredis CarTvis dros xelsawyos
iqneba nulis toil.
isari gadaixreba marjvniv. xelsawyos (+) momWeris
meoreuli gragnilebis sxva momWerebTan mierTebis denis transforma-
dros wredis CarTvisas xelsawyos isari gadaixreba torebis erTsaxela mo-
marcxniv. mWerebia 1 da И1 (  2 da
nax. 5.36, b-ze naCvenebia SeerTebis D (varskv-
H
И 2 )Aam momWerebis gan-
lavi-gaxsnil samkuTxedze) dros batareis (+) momW- sazRvrisaTvis 4-6-v mud-
eri rig-rigobiT mierTdeba A, B, C momWerebs, xolo mivi Zabvis kvebis wyaro
xelsawyos (+) momWeri mudmivad mierTebulia ag - sTan. miuerTdeba denis trans-
Tu momWerebi erTsaxelaa, maSin wredis CarTvisas xe- formatoris pirvelad
lsawyos isari yovelTvis gadaixreba marjvniv. gragnils, xolo sazomi
Zabvis transformatoris SeerTebis dros
H
xelsawyo ( g al v a -
rekomendirebulia Semowmeba vawarmooT nax. 5.36, g-ze nometri) miuerTdeba me-
naCvenebi sqemiT. rigrigobiT xelsawyos (+) momWeri oreul gragnils. Kkveb- nax. 5.38. CaSenebuli denis
is wyarosa da xelsawy- transformatoris polaro-
bis gansazRvris sqema

278 279
os (+) momWerebi am dros unda mierTebuli iqnas im paralelurad izrde-
momWerebTan, romlebic miCneulia erTsaxelad ( 1 da ba xelsawyos isris
gadaxra.
И1 ). wredis CarTvisas xelsawyos isris marjvniv gada-
amomrTvelebis mon-
xra amtkicebs aRniSvnis siswores (nax. 5.37)
taJis damTavrebis Sem-
Camiwebuli denis transformatoris polarobis nax. 5.40. denis transforma- deg zeTis Casxmamde
gansazRvris sqema mocemulia (nax.5.38) toris volamperuli maxasi- saWiroa gakon-
CaSenebuli denis transformatoris 1 (“zeviT”) aTeblis (damagnitebis) gada-
Rebis sqema troldes denis trans-
da  2 (“qveviT”) gamomyvanebis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa formatoris dayenebisa da meoreuli wredebis mon-
CamrTvelebis dayenebis win denis transformatoris taJis siswore.amisaTvis batareis (+) momWeri rig-
fanjrebSi gavataroT sadeni, romelic asrulebs pirve- rigobiT CairTveba amomrTvelis gare Semyvanebis mo-
ladi gragnilis rols. gamtarTan CamrTvelis gav- mWerebze, xolo (_) momWeri amomrTvelis uZrav kon-
liT kvebis wyaros (+) momWeri CairTveba denis trans- taqtze avzis SigniT, ise rogorc naCvenebia nax. 5.39-
formatoris “zeviT” mxridan. Ggalvanometris (+) mo-
mWeri И1 momWerTan, xolo (_) momWeriT muSa gan- ze. xelsawyo CairTve-
ba karadaSi ganlage-
StoebasTan. Tu “zeviT” da И1 erTsaxelaa, maSin wre-
bul meoreuli wredis
d i s C ar T v i s as x e l s aw y o s i s ar i g ad ai x r e ba
momWerebze.
marjvniv.roca arsebobs eWvi CaSenebuli denis trans-
amiT mowmdeba ara
formatoris polarobis marto denis transfor-
gansazRvris sisworeSi, ma- matoris dayenebis ad-
Sin mowmdeba meoreuli gili da s is wore,
gragnilis polaroba. ri- aramed gamomyvanebis
grigobiT CairTveba xel- aRniSvnis sisworec.
sawyo yvela ganStoebasTan personal is usa-
И1  И 2 ; И1  И 3 da a.S. xel- frTxoebis moTxovne-
sawyos sworad arCeuli b i d an g a m o m d i n a r e
nax. 5.39. amomrTvelze nax. 5.41. denis transforma-
mdgomareobis dros did dauSvebelia Semowmeb-
denis transformatoris toris damagnitebis maxasi-
dayenebis sisworis ganStoebebze gadasvlisas is Catareba CarTuli aTlebebi: I - wesivrulis; II
Semowmebis sqema - mokle SeerTuli xviebiT

280 281
amomrTvelis dros, misi TviTneburad gamorTvis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT.
Tu amomrTveli avsebulia zeTiT, maSin denis wya-
ro unda CairTos mxolod gare momWerebze.
e) v olt met ru li max as iaT ebl is gadaR eba .
voltmetruli maxasiaTebeli warmoadgens meoreuli
gragnilis momWereze arsebuli Zabvis damokidebule-
bas masSi gamaval damamagnitebel denze. igi warmoad-
gens ZiriTadi maxasiaTebels, romelic gansazRvravs
denis transformatoris wesivrulobas.
voltamperuli maxasiaTeblis gadasaRebi sqema
naCvenebia nax. 5.40-ze.
am maxasiaTeblis SemcirebiT da misi daxrilobis
mixedviT vlindeba denis transformatoris yvelaze
ufro gavrcelebuli da saSiSi uwesivroba- meoreul
gragnilSi xviaTaSorisi mokledSerTva. rig SemTx-
vevaSi maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas
transformatoris cdomilebis Sesafaseblad.
voltamperuli maxasiaTeblis gadaRebisas ganrTu-
li pirveladi gragnilis dros meoreul gragnilSi
laboratoriuli avtotransforma- toris (latri)
saSualebiT safexurebrivad vzrdiT Zabvis mniSvnelo-
bas, romlis gasazomad gamoyenebulia 0.5 sizustis kla-
sis eleqtromagnituri sistemis voltmetri da Zabvis
TiToeuli mniSvnelobisaTvis igive sistemisa da igive
klasis ampermetriT vzomavT denis mniSvnelobas. Aamg-
varad axali CarTvis dros viRebT 10-12 wertils da
vagebT voltamperul maxasiaTebels (nax. 5.41)
282
gegmiuri Semowmebis dros viRebT 3-4 wertils da
vamowmebT mis damTxvevas adre gadaRebul maxasiaTe-
belTan.
mokled SerTuli xviebis arsebobis dros maxasi-
aTebeli mkveTrad ecema, rac naCvenebia nax. 5.41-ze.
maxasiaTeblis dacema SeiZleba SemCneuli iqnes misi
adre gadaRebuli maxasiaTeblidan, an imave ti pis de-
nis transformatoris maxasiaTebelTan SedarebiT.
5.14. mricxvelis CarTvis sisworis Semowmeba
moqmed mierTebebze
a). mricxvelebis CarTvis sisworis Semowme-
ba 1000v zeviT danadgarebSi. Mmricxvelis CarTvis
sisworis Semowmebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gavakeToT daskv-
na, Tu mis momWerebze gadaRebuli veqtoruli diagra-
ma emTxveva nax. 5.29-ze mocemul normalur diagramas.
amisaTvis saWiro da sakmaris pirobad iTvleba: 1)
Zabvis transformatoris meoreuli wredebis monta-
Jisa da maTTan mricxvelis Zabvis gragnilebis mi-
erTebis siswore; 2) denis transformatoris meoreu-
li wredebis montaJisa da maTTan mricxvelis denis
gragnilebis mierTebis siswore.
amgvarad, mricxvelis CarTvis sisworis Semowmeba
Sedgeba ori etapisagan: Zabvisa da denis wredebis
Semowmebisagan (veqtoruli diagramis gadaReba).
Zabvis transformatoris meoreuli wredeb-
is Semowmeba. Ees Semowmeba mdgomareobs fazebis
markirebis sisworesa da Zabvis wredebis wesivrobis
SemowmebaSi. Semowmeba sruldeba sxvadasxva Zabvis
qveS. izomeba yvela xazuri da TiToeuli fazis Zabva
283
“miwis” mimarT (fazuri Zabva), wesivrul wredebSi yve-
la xazuri Zabva erTmaneTis tolia da Seadgens 100-
110 volts, xolo Zabvebis mniSvneloba fazasa da “mi-
was” Soris damokidebulia Zabvis transformatoris
CarTvis sqemaze da meoreuli wredebis Sesrulebaze.
Tu Zabvis ori erTfaza transformatori SeerTebu-
lia Ria samkuTxediT an gamoyenebulia Zabvis samfa-
za transformatori Camiwebuli faziT, maSin am fazis
Zabva “miwis” mimarT nulis tolia, xolo danarCeni
fazebis Zabva tolia xazuri Zabvisa.
Tu Zabvis samfaza transformatorSi meoreuli
gragnilis neitrali Camiwebulia, maSin yvela fazis
 100 
Zabva miwis mimarT Sedgens daaxloebiT 58v  .
 3
fazebis dasaxelebis sisworis Semowmebas viwyebT
b faziT, romelic mierTebuli unda iqnas mricxve-
lis Sua momWerTan. Ppirvel SemTxvevaSi igi advilad
SeiZleba moiZebnos “miwis” mimarT Zabvebis gazomvis
SedegebiT. Mmeore SemTxvevaSi ASeiZleba moviqceT Sem-
degnairad: Zabvis transformatori gamovrToT orive
mxridan. Zabvis ar arsebobisa da usafrTxoebis zome-
bis miRebis Semdeg amoviRoT maRali Zabvis Sua fazis
mcveli. CavrToT Zabvis transformatori muSaobaSi.
GgavzomoT meoreuli xazuri Zabvebi. gamorTul fa-
zaze xazuri Zabva iqneba Semcirebuli (daaxloebiT
orjer), xolo gamourTvel fazebze xazuri Zabvebi
ucvlelia. Nnapovni faza unda mivuerToT mricxve-
lis Sua momWeris Zabvis wreds, xolo danarCeni ori
mivuerToT Sesabamisi markirebis kidura momWerebs.
284
Semdeg xelmeored gamovrTavT Zabvis transfor-
mators, miviRebT usafrTxoebis zomebs, mcveli Cayen-
deba Tavis adgilze da Zabvis transformators Cavr-
TavT muSaobaSi. DdanarCeni fazebi yvela SemTxvevaSi
ganisazRvreba fazomaCveneblis daxmarebiT, romlis
daniSnulebaa samfaza wredSi fazebis Tanmimdevro-
bis dadgena.
SemowmebisaTvis fazomaCveneblis markirebeli
gamomyvanebi imave TanmimdevrobiT mivuerToT mricx-
velis Zabvis gragnilis gamomyvanebs da davaWiroT
Rilaks TiTi, davakvirdeT fazomaCveneblis diskos
brunvis mimarTulebas. diskos brunva isris naCvene-
bi mimarTulebiT gviCvenebs markirebis siswores da
amasTanave gviCvenebs Zabvis gragnilis CarTvis sis-
wores. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saWiroa gamovavlinoT
fazaTa ukuTanmimdevrobis mizezebi: pirveladi wre-
debis araswori markireba (fazebis Seferiloba) an
Zabvis transformatoris meoreuli wredebis monta-
Jisas daSvebuli Secdomebi;
fazebis ukuTanmimdevrobiss mizezebis gamovle-
nis mizniT vamowmebT fazebis Tanmimdevrobas uax-
loesi Zabvis transformatris momWerebze da vimeo-
rebT Zabvis wredebis Semowmebas. Secdomis gamoswore-
bis Semdeg fazebis Tanmimdevrobis Semowmebas vimeo-
rebT.
markirebis sisworis gansazRvra mniSvnelovnad
martivdeba, Tu am Zabvis transformatoriT ikvebeba
sxva mricxveli an releuri dacvis mowyobilobebi,
romlebic winaswar arian Semowmebuli. Aam SemTx-
285
vevaSi sakmarisia movaxdinoT maTTan Sesamowmebeli
mricxvelis fazireba.
ganvixiloT ramdenime Secdoma da uwesivroba
romelic vlindeba Zabvis wredebis Semowmebis dros,
esenia: 1) meoreul wredebSi Zabvis wredebis denis
gragnilebTan SecdomiT CarTvis Sedegad gamowveu-
li mokled CarTviT mcvelis gadawva an avtomaturi
amomrTvelis gaTiSva; 2) xazuri Zabvis Semcireba an
ararseboba, romlebic SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos sx-
vadasxva mizezebiT: sadenis gawyvetiT an mcvelis gada-
wviT, Zabvis transformatoris uwesivrobiT, or momW-
erze erTi da igive fazis mierTebiT, konkretuli
mizezi gamovlindeba Zabvis transformatoris qsel-
idan gamorTvis Semdeg Catarebuli Semowmebis Sede-
gad.
Tu xazuri Zabvis gazomvis dros erTi maTgani
iqneba daaxloebiT 173v, maSin es niSnavs, rom erTi
Zabvis transformatoris meoreuli gragnili gadab-
runebulia meoreuli transformatoris meoreuli
gragnilis mimarT. Secdomis gasworebis Semdeg ga-
zomvebi unda ganmeordes.
denis transformatoris meoreuli wredeb-
is Semowmeba. Tu momWerebis kolofze adgilebs
SevucvliT Zabvis wredis or kidura sadens, maSin
simetriuli datvirTvis dros mricxvelis disko
sworad CarTvis SemTxvevaSi unda gaCerdes (SesaZloa
mcire svla nebismier mxares). Mmeore xerxiT Semowme-
bis dros 1-3 wm dros SualedSi iTvleba aqtiuri
energiis mricxvelis diskos brunTa ricxvi, Semdeg
gamorTaven mricxvelis Zabvis wredis Sua fazis saden-
286
sa da drois igive SualedSi aiTvlian brunTa ricx-
vs. Tu mricxveli CarTulia sworad, maSin brunTa
ricxvi unda Semcirdes orjer.
b) mricxvelebis CarTvis sisworis Semowmeba 1000v
qveviT danadgarebSi
Tu mricxveli CarTulia sworad, maSin nebismier
SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofilia denisa da Zabvis erT-
saxela fazebis SeuRleba TiToeul mabrun elemen-
tSi.
mricxvelis CarTvis sisworis Semowmebis dros
izomeba fazuri da xazuri Zabvebi, agreTve ganisazRvre-
ba fazaTa Tanmimdevroba. Tu aris ukuTanmimdevroba,
maSin saWiroa adgilebi SevucvaloT or nebismier
mabrun elements da maT mkvebav denis transforma-
torebs. Semdeg rigrigobiT vamowmebT diskos brun-
vis mimarTulebis siswores TiToeuli mabruni ele-
mentis moZrav sistemebze calcalke zemoqmedebis dros.
Semowmeba swarmoebs momWerebis kolofSi zRudareb-
is rigrigobiT moxsnis gziT, am dros muSaobaSi rCe-
ba erTi mabruni elementi, xolo danarCeni ori gamoy-
vanilia muSa mdgomareobidan. zRudarebis CarTva-
gamorTva xdeba mxolod Zabvis moxsnis Semdeg.
Mmeore xerxis dros mierTebebi gamorTulia Ti-
Toeul fazasTan xanmokled rigrigobiT CairTveba
xelovnuri erTfaza datvirTva. datvirTvad SeiZle-
ba gamoyenebuli iqnes 40-50 omi winaRoba simZlavriT
200vt, Tu mricxveli sworad aris CarTuli, maSin Ti-
287
 cxrili 5.1
SemaerTebeli sadenebis dasaSvebi kveTebi
gamtaris sigrZe, m 10-mde 10-15 15-25
spilenZis sadenis
2.5 4 6
umciresi kveTi, mm 2
Toeuli elementi daabrunebs diskos marjvniv. Ddis-
kos brunva sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gviCvenebs,
rom mricxvelis denis gragnilSi deni gaedineba uku-
mimarTulebiT da am Secdomis gamosasworeblad
saWiroa SevucvaloT adgilebi am elementTan mierTe-
bul sadenebs.
E5.15. eleqtroenergiis gazomvis cdomileba da
moTxovnebi sazomi transformatorebisadmi
mricxvelebis sizustis klasis arCeva damokide-
bulia mis daniSnulebaze, CarTvis wessa da gasazomi
energiis saxeobaze (aqtiuri Tu reaqtiuli). DdaniS-
nulebis mixedviT mricxvelebi iyofa saangariSo da
teqnikuri aRricxvis kategoriebad, xolo CarTvis wesis
mixedviT, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT uSualo an pirda-
piri CarTvisa da iribi anu Zabvisa da denis trans-
formatorebis saSualebiT.
pirdapiri CarTvis aqtiuri energiis mricxvelis
sizustis klasi unda iyos 2,5-s, xolo reaqtiuli
energiisa – 3,0. sazomi transformatorebis saSualebiT
CarTuli aqtiuri da reaqtiuli energiis saangariSo
mricxvelebis sizustis klasi unda iyos 2,0, xolo
teqnikuri aRricxvis mricxvelebisaTvis- aranakleb
2,0 da 2,5-s.
288
didi simZlavris gazomvis dros rekomendirebu-
lia gamoyenebuli iqnes aqtiuri energiis saangariSo
mricxvelebi aranakleb 1,0 sizustis klasisa, xolo
25-35 35-40
reaqtiuli energiis -aranakleb 1,5-s. saangariSo mricx-
8 10 velebis dros denisa da Zabvis transformatorebs
unda hqondes aranakleb 0,5 sizustis klasi ( dasaSve-
bia gamoyenebuli iqnes 1,0 sizustis klasis denis
transformatori. im SemTxvevaSi Tu 0,4 omi winaRo-
biT datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi misi namdvili cdomile-
ba ar aRemateba 0,5 klasis denis transformatoris
dasaSveb cdomilebas); teqnikuri aRricxvis mricx-
velebisaTvis saWiroa visargebloT aranakleb 1,0
klasis transformatorebiT. sazomi transformator-
ebis meoreuli wredebis datvirTva ar unda aRemate-
bodes sizustis mocemuli klasisaTvis dasaSveb nom-
inalur datvirTvas. Aaqedan gamomdinare saorienta-
ciod miRebulia transformatoris meoreul wredze
mierTebuli SemaerTebeli sadenebis winaRoba arau-
metes 0.2 omisa, Aamitom qvemoT cxrilSi 5.1 moyvanil-
ia SemaerTebeli sadenebis dasaSvebi kveTebi.
pirdapiri CarTvis mricxvelebi Cvenebas iZlevian
uSualod kilovatsaaTebSi an kilovoltampersaaTe-
breaqtiulSi.
sazomi transformatorebis saSualebiT CarTuli
mricxvelebis Cveneba mravldeba koeficientze
K  K i  K v , sadac K i da K v Sesabamisad denisa da Zab-
vis transformatorebis transformaciis koeficien-
tebia.
289
 mricxvelebis transformatorebis saSualebiT
CarTvis dros kategoriulad akrZalulia mcvelebis
dayeneba sazomi transformatorebis meoreul wre-
debSi. rekomendirebulia denisa da Zabvis transfor-
matorebis meoreuli wredebis erTsaxela momWere-
biT Camiweba.
5.16. eleqtronuli mricxvelebis Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba
aqtiuri energiis induqciuri tipis eleqtromeqan-
ikuri mricxveli dRevandlamde iWers wamyvan adgils
moxmarebuli energiis aRricxvis sistemaSi ara marto
saqarTveloSi, aramed dsT-s qveynebsa da msoflioSi.
saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi aseTi mricx-
velebis uzarmazari masStabebiT warmoebis Sedegad
maTi konstruqcia da warmoebis teqnologia damuSave-
bulia uwvrilmanes detalebamde.amJamad am ti pis
mricxvelebi sruliad daxvewilia, gaaCnia eqspluat-
aciis xangrZlivi vada da SedarebiT dabali Rire-
buleba. amasTanave induqciur mricxvelebs gaaCniaT
rig SemTxvevaSi arasakmarisi sizuste da SezRuduli
funqcionaluri SesaZleblobani, rac mJRavndeba umar-
tivesi ortarifiani sistemis Seqmnisa da mricxvelebis
Cvenebebis distanciuri Sekrebis organizaciis dros.
moxmarebuli eleqt-
roenergiis aRricxvis
avtomatizirebuli
sistemis intensiurma
ganviTarebam, mraval-
Nnax. 5.42. eleqtronuli
mricxvelebis saxe
290
tarifianobis SemoRebam da winaswarma gadaxdebma wina
planze wamoswia ufro maRali sizustis mqone axali
xelsawyos- eleqtronuli mricxvelis Seqmnis amocana.
eleqtronuli mricxvelebis moqmedebis princi pi
damyarebulia aqtiuri simZlavris impulsebis six-
SireSi gardaqmnaze,romelTa aTvla mTvleli
meqanizmiT iZleva moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis
sidides.impulsebis sixSire gamosasvleli simZlavris
proporciulia.
mowinave sazRvargareTuli firmebis („SIMENS”,
„АББ” da sxva) gamocdilebis Seswavlam gviCvena rom
eleqtronulma mricxvelebma myarad daikaves adgili
sabazro seqtorSi, xolo maTi teqnikuri donisa da
xarisxis asamaRleblad samuSaoebi mimdinareobs sak-
maod intensiurad.
Nnax. 5.42-ze warmodgenilia koncern ”ЭНЕРГОМЕРА”-s
eleqtronuli mricxvelebi. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom
eleqtroenergiis eleqtronuli mricxvelis damuSave-
ba warmoadgens sakmaod rTul samecniero-teqnikur
amocanas, radganac man unda uzrunvelyos denis, Zab-
visa da simZlavris koeficientis farTo dinamiuri
diapazoni. damatebiTi SezRudvebia Zabvis wredebisa
da eleqtromagnituri Tavsebadobis moTxovnebis mi-
marT. Mmkacri moTxovnebia momsaxureobis xangrZlivi
vada da Semowmebebs Soris didi inetrvali.
samfaza eleqtronuli mricxvelebi gamoSvebulia
aqtiuri da reaqtiuli energiisa da orive mima-
rTulebiT energiis nakadis gasazomad.
291
 dReisaTvis SegviZlia gamovyoT eleqtronuli
mrocxvelebis ganviTarebis Semdegi tendenciebi:
1. specializirebuli sazomi saSualebebisa da mik-
roprocesorebis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva erT
mxriv avamaRloT sizustis klasi da saimedooba, xolo
meore mxriv aparaturis danaxarjebis gazrdis gareSe
arsebiTad gavzardoT mricxvelis funqcionaluri
SesaZleblobani. MagaliTad, davafiqsiroT moxmare-
buli simZlavris maqsimumi, SevqmnaT „eleqtronuli
arqivi”, vuzrunvelyoT winaswar gadaxdis algoriT-
mi da sxva;
2. induqciuri mricxvelebis TandaTanobiTi Secv-
la eleqtronuli saangariSo mowyobilobebiT;
3. denis transformatoris gularebad, eleqtro-
magnituri foladis nacvlad alternatiuli amor-
fuli rkinis gamoyeneba;
4. holis efeqtis safuZvelze simZlavris gardam-
qmnelebiani erTfaza mricxvelis damzadebis Sesa-
Zlebloba;
5. kvebis moduluri blokebis Seqmna, romelnic
uzrunvelyofen majamebeli mowyobilobis informaci-
is Senaxvas udeno mdgomareobaSi da qselis gardamaval
procesebSi;
6. kavSirgabmulobis moduluri blokebis Seqmna,
romelic uzrunvelyofs informaciis gadacemas Zalo-
vani kabeliT. es saSualebas gvaZlevs moxdes mricx-
velis Cvenebebis distanciurad Sekreba;
7. teqnikuri saSualebebis Seqmna, romelic saSu-
alebas mogvcems Seiqmnas ufro efeqturi gaangariSe-
bis sistema winaswari gadaxdisa da SeRavaTebisaTvis.
292
5.17. eleqtronuli mricxvelis Semowmeba
eleqtronuli mricxvelis Semowmeba induqciuri
mricxvelis msgavsad iwyeba vizualuri daTvalierebiT.
mricxvels garedan ar unda emCneodes raime fiz-
ikuri Zalis zemoqmedebis niSani. amis Semdeg viwyebT
mricxvelis Semowmebas TviTsvlaze.e datvirTvis wre-
dis gaTiSvis dros, roca Zabva tolia 1,15Vn , maSin
mricxvelis gamosavali mowyobiloba t droSi ar
qmnis erT impulsze mets, sadac t gamoiTvleba for-
muliT:
R  106
t 
N  m Vn  Imaqs ,
sadac N aris mudmiva (1 kvt.sT elenergiis Sesabami-
si impulsebis raodenoba),imp/kvt.sT;
m -sazomi elementebis ricxvi;erTfaza mricxvelis
SemTxvevaSi m =1,xolo samfaza mricxvelis SemTxvevaSi
m =3.
Vn -nominaluri Zabva;
Imaqs -mricxvelis maqsimaluri deni;
R -koeficienti, romelic 1.0 sizustis klasis mricx-
velebisaTvis 600 tolia,xolo 2.0 sizustis klasi-
saTvis-480.
amis Semdeg mricxveli unda SevamowmoT dat-
virTvis qveS $5.3-is mixedviT.mricxvelSi gamavali
aqtiuri simZlavre pirdapiri CarTvis SemTxvevaSi
gamoiTvleba formuliT;
3600  n
Pmr  kvt
N t
293
 xolo denis transformatoriT CarTvis SemTxvevaSi:
3600  n
Pmr  K , kvt,
N t
sadac n - aris impulsebis raodenoba;
N - mudmiva,imp/kvt.sT;
t - dro,romelic Seesabameba n impulsebis
raodenobas;
K - denis transformatoris transformaci-
is koeficienti.
erTi impulsis xangrZlivobis Sesabamisi dro
aiTvleba impulsis or gamonaTebas Soris. magali-
Tad, Tu n =5, maSin dro unda aviTvaloT 6 gamonaTebas
Soris, xolo Tu n =6, maSin 7 gamonaTebas Soris da
a.S.
denis marwuxis gamoyenebisas qselSi gamavali
simZlavre erTfaza denis SemTxvevaSi gamoiTvleba
(5.4) formuliT, xolo samfaza denis SemTxvevaSi -(5.6)
an (5.7) formulebiT.
Tu gazomvis SedegebiT dakmayofilda piroba
Pqs  Pmr ,maSin mricxveli sworad muSaobs.
5.18. mricxvelis Cvenebis sisworis Semowmeba
sayofacxovrebo pirobebSi
eleqtromricxvelis Cvenebis mixedviT gamoiTv-
leba daxarjuli eleqtroenergiis safasuri.Tu gaCnda
eWvi mricxvelis Cvenebis sisworis Sesaxeb,maSin is
advilad SegviZlia SevamowmoT.
amisaTvis saWiroa pirvel rigSi gamovrToT qsel-
idan binaSi arsebuli yvela eleqtroenergiis momx-
294
marebeli xelsawyo da davrwmundeT imaSi,rom mricx-
velis dasaTvalierebel fanjaraSi disko ar brunavs.
Tu disko ganagrZobs brunvas es niSnavs, rom sadRac
darCa CarTuli xelsawyo da sanam disko ar gaCerde-
ba manam mricxvels ver SevamowmebT. Tu yvela xel-
sawyo gamorTulia da disko mainc ganagrZobs brun-
vas, maSin mricxvels aqvs TviTsvla da igi aucile-
blad eqvemdebareba laboratoriul Semowmebas.
TiToeuli mricxvelis farze naCvenebia diskos
ramdeni bruni Seesabameba. 1kvt.sT eleqtroenergias,
magaliTad, farze naCvenebia 400br/kvtsT. es niSnavs,
rom 1 kvtsT eleqtroenergias Seesabameba diskos 400
bruni. Mmricxvelis SemowmebisaTvis saWiroa agreTve
vicodeT energiis ra raodenoba Seesabameba diskos
erT bruns. Ees sidide aRiniSneba C asoTi da cxadia.
rom Tu 1 kvtsT-s Seesabameba 400 bruni, maSin erT
bruns Seesabameba
1
C .
400
SemowmebisaTvis yvelaze kargia visargebloT el-
eqtruli varvara naTurebiT. saWiroa CavrToT qsel-
Si 1 naTura 100vt simZlavris da magaliTad, 5 wuTis
 5 
  sT ganmavlobaSi daviTvaloT diskos brunTa
 60 
ricxvi.
naTurebis mier daxarjuli elenergia gamoiTv-
leba formuliT:
5
W1   P (kvt.sT),
60
295
sadac P CarTuli naTuris simZlavrea kvtsT-ebSi.
Cveulebriv naTuris simZlavre naCvenebia naTuraze
vatebSi. Aamitom is unda gadaviyvanoT kilovatebSi.
100vt=0.1kvt.
Mmricxvelis mier aRricxuli daxarjuli eleqt-
roenergia gamoiTvleba formuliT:
W2  C  n (kvt.sT),
 5 
sadac N N- diskos brunTa ricxvia 5 wuTis   sT
 60 
ganmavlobaSi.
Tu W1  W2 , maSin mricxveli sworad muSaobs.
magaliTi. qselSi CarTulia ori naTura saerTo
simZlavriT 150 vt. Mmricxvelis diskom sakontrolo
Semowmebis dros 5 wuTSi gaakeTa N  5 bruni. mricxve-
1 eleqtroenergia. magram mxedvelobaSi viRebT ra mricx-
lis farze naCvenebia, 400 br/kvt.sT. Aanu C  kvt.sT.
400
ganvsazRvroT naTurebis mier moxmarebuli ener-
giis faqtiuri xarji. naTurebis simZlavreP P =150 vt
= 0,15 kvt. 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi naTurebis mier mox-
marebuli energiis raodenoba toli iqneba
5 
W1   1,15  0,0125 sT.
60
imave drois ganmavlobaSi mricxvelis mier aR-
ricxuli eleqtroenergia toli iqneba
1 zustis klasis sazRvrebSi unda imuSavos dasaSvebi
W2   5  0,0125 sT.
400
296
anu W1  W2 .
e.i. mricxveli sworad muSaobs.
e l e n e r g i i s m r i c x v e l i s c d o m i l e bi s g an -
sazRvra. Eeleqtroenergiis mricxvelis sizuste gan-
isazRvreba sizustis klasiT. sayofacxovrebo mricx-
velebisaTvis dasaSvebia cdomileba, romelic ar
aRemateba 4%-s. es niSnavs, rom sruliad wesrigSi
myof mricxvels SeuZlia aRricxos nominaluri sim-
Zlavris 4%-iT meti an naklebi eleqtroenergia.
Tu W1 da W2 mniSvnelobebs Soris gansxvaveba
4%_ze metia, maSin mricxvelis Cveneba unda CavTval-
oT arasworad.
magaliTad, idealur mricxvels, romelic gankuTv-
nilia 220v Zabvaze da 10 a denze muSaobisaTvis erT
saaTSi SeuZlia aRricxos 220*10=2200vt.sT=2.2 kvtsT.
velis sizustis klass, wesivrul mdgomareobaSi Sei-
Zleba CaiTvalos is mricxveli, romelic imave pirobeb-
 4 
Si aRricxavs 2,2   2,2    2, 2  0,088  2, 288 kvt. sT..
 160 
4 
an 2,2   2, 2    2,2  0,088  2,112 kvt. sT. eleqtroen-
 160 
ergias.
wesivrul mdgomareobaSi myofma mricxvelma si-
gadatvirTvebis drosac. Mmcire datvirTvebis dros
Cvenebis sizuste mcirdeba, xolo Zalian mcire
datvirTvebis dros diskom SeiZleba arc ibrunos.
297
 5.19. ra SeiZleba ganisazRvros mricxveliT garda
eleqtroenergiis xarjisa
1. pirvel rigSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros mocemul
momentSi binaSi CarTulia Tu ara naTurebi da sxva
eleqtroxelsawyoebi. Tu mricxvelis disko brunavs,
maSin CarTulia,xolo Tu uZravia maSin yvela gamor-
Tulia.
2. ra jamuri simZlavris datvirTva aris CarTu-
li mricxvelze. visargebloT saaTis wammzomiT da
ganvsazRvroT ra droSi gaakeTebs magaliTad 20 bruns
mricxvelis disko. es advilad gasakeTebelia radgan
diskoze aris raime feris zoli, romelic mkafiod
Cans mricxvelis fanjaraSi. davuSvaT 20 bruni mricx-
velma gaakeTa 50 wm-Si. Semdeg mricxvelze vkiTxu-
lobT magaliTad 400 br/kvtsT. vadgenT proporcias:
Tu 1kvt.sT=1000vt.3600 wm=3600000 vt.wm Sesabamisad
sruldeba 400 bruni, maSin X vt.wm-is Sesabamisad Ses-
ruldeba - 20 bruni. aqedan
3600  40
X  360000 vt.wm.
400
FviciT ra, rom 3600000 vt.wm eleqtroenergia daxar-
julia 50 wm-Si advilad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
mricxvelze CarTuli xelsawyoebis jamuri simZlave
360000
 7200vt  7,2kvt
50
3. mricxvelSi gamavali denis sidide. miRebuli
simZlavres (7200vt) gavyofT qselis nominalur Zab-
vaze (mag 220v) da miviRebT
7200 : 220  32,73a
298
4. viciT ra mricxvelidan gamomavali sadenebis
kveTi da maTSi gamavali denis xangrZlivad dasaSve-
bi mniSvneloba (danarTi3) SeiZleba gavigoT gada-
tvirTulia Tu ara qseli. MmagaliTad,sadenis dasaS-
vebi denia 20 a. maSin 220 v Zabvis dros mas Seesabameba
simZlavre 20a  220v  4400vt . mivceT dros raRac mniS-
vneloba. magaliTad, 30 wm da gavamravloT miRebul
simZlavreze 440030=132000. davuSvaT mricxvelis dafaze
aweria 400 br/kvtsT anu 1 kvtsT=3600000 vt.wm energias
Seesabameba 400 bruni, xolo 132000 vt.wm Seesabameba
132000  40
formula  15 bruni.
3600000
anu Tu sadenebi gadatvirTuli ar aris, maSin
mricxvelis disko naxevari wuTis ganmavlobaSi akeTebs
ara umetes 15 brunisa.
5. gadatvirTulia Tu ara TviTon mricxveli.
davuSvaT mricxvelze dawerilia 5-15 a 220 v; 1kvtsT=1250
bruni. Mmaqsimalur dens Seesabameba simZlavre
15X220=3300vt eleqtroenergiis xarji 30wm-is ganmav-
1250
lobaSi tolia 3300X30=9900vtwm da 99000   34
3600000
bruni, e.i. Tu 30 wm is ganmavlobaSi disko akeTebs ara
umetes 34 brunsa , maSin mricxveli gadatvirTuli ar
aris.
6. SeiZleba gaviangariSoT ra raodenobis eleqt-
roenergia daixarja komunaluri binis saerTo far-
Tobze. davuSvaT komunalur binaSi aris ori saan-
gariSo mricxveli, romelTa datvirTva daaxloebiT
Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli. Ggarda amisa 5 ojaxs
299
gaaCnia sakontrolo mricxvelebi. erTi Tvis ganmav-
lobaSi erTma saerTo mricxvelma aRricxa 300 kvtsT,
xolo meorem 200kvtsT, anu mTlianad daixarja
300+200=500 kvtsT. sakontrolo mricxvelma ki aRricxa
60+70+40+30+35=235 kvtsT. aqedan ganisazRvreba, rom
saerTo farTobze daxarjulia 500-235=265 kvtsT.
300
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302 303
 danarTi 1. cxrili 2
eleqtrosazomi xelsawyoebis pirobiTi aRniSvnebi
pirobiTi grafikuli aRniSvnebi
parametri grafikuli simbolo
cxrili 1
eleqtruli wredis elementebis pirobiTi ampermetri A
grafikuli aRniSvnebi

parametri grafikuli simbolo voltmetri V

mudmivi
eleqtruli winaRoba-R sixSiremzomi f
gamtaroba-G
cvladiY

vatmetri W
mudmivi
induqciuroba-L
urTierTinduqciuroba -M simZlavris koeficientis mzomi da 
cvladi fazometri

aqtiuri energiis mricxveli Wh

mudmivi
tevadoba -C
cvladi Vh
reaqtiuri energiis mricxveli

sazomi Sunti

srul i winaRoba-Z
srul i gamtaroba-Y

mudmivi Zabvis (emZ) wyaro

mudmivi da cvladi Zabvis (emZ) wyaro

mudmivi da cvladi denis wyaro

sinusoiduri emZ wyaro

g eneratori

ZabviT marTvadi Zabvis wyaro

304 305
 AINO (ruseTi) da DIN (germania) standartebiT cxrili 4
miRebuli pirobiTi grafikuli aRniSvnebi sakomutacio mowyobilobebis kontaqtebis pirobiTi
grafikuli aRniSvnebi
c xr i l i 3
sako mut ac i o mo wyo bi l o bebi s f unqc i ebi s pi r o bi T i
gr af i kul i aRni Svnebi kontaqtis maxasiaTebeli ГОСТ D IN

normalurad Ria (nR)

kontaqti
kontaqtis maxasiaTebeli ГОСТ DIN
normalurad Cak etili ( nC)
kontaqti
kontaqtori

gadamr Tveli kontaqte bi

amomrTveli
gadamrTveli kontaqtebi
neitraluri mdgomareobiT

gamTiSi
gadamrTveli kontaqtebi
gaTiSvis gareSe

amomrTvel-gamTiSi
normalurad Ria ormagi
kontaqtebi

avtomaturi amuSavebis normalurad Caketili ormagi

monacemi ar aris
kontaqtebi

saboloo amomrTveli normalurad Ria kontaqte bi

amuSavebis myisieri CaketviT

normalurad Ria kontaqtebi

myisieri Cake tviT ukuqcevis monacemi ar aris
TviTdabrunebiT dros

normalurad Ria kontaqtebi

myisieri Caket viT amuSavebisa monacemi ar aris
TviTdabrunebis gareSe da ukuqcevis dros

normalurad Cake tili

kontaqt ebi myisie ri monacemi ar aris
gaT iSviT amuSavebis dros
rkalmqrobi
normalurad Cake tili
kontaqt ebi myisie ri monacemi ar aris
gaTiSviT ukuqcev is dros
normalurad Cake tili
kontaqt ebi myisie ri
gaTiSviT amuSavebisa da monacemi ar aris
ukuqcevis dros
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi
yve laze adre amuSav ebiT

306 307
 cxrilis gagrZeleba cxrilis gagrZeleba

kontaqtis maxasiaTebeli ГОСТ DIN

normalurad Caketili
kontaqtebi yvelaze adre
monacemi ar aris
amuSavebiT

kontaqtis maxasiaTebeli ГОСТ DIN

normalurad Ria kontaqtebi
yvelaze gvian amuSavebiT
gamTiSis n ormalurad Ria
normalurad Caketili kontaqtebi
kontaqtebi yvelaze gvian
amuSavebiT
amomrT vel-gamT iSis
normalur ad Ria kontaqtebi
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi
ukuqcevis gareSe
saboloo amomr Tvelis
normalur ad Ria kontaqtebi
normalurad Caketili
kontaqtebi ukuqcevis gareSe monacemi ar aris saboloo amomr Tvelis
normalurad Caketili monacemi ar aris
kontaqtebi
normalurad Caketili
kontaqtebi TviTdabrunebiT orjgufad blokire buli
saboloo amomrTveli
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi
TviTdabrunebiT ganmrTvelis normalurad Ria
monacemi ar aris
moZrav i kontaqtebi
gadamrTveli kontaqtebi
neitraluri mdgomareobiT normalurad Ria Camamiwebeli
TviTdabrunebiT marcxena monacemi ar aris
monacemi ar aris kontaqtebi
mdgomareobidan da
TviTdabrunebis gareSe-
marjvenadan temperaturisadmi
mgrZnobiare normalurad Ria
kontaqtebi
kontaqtoris(reles)
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi
temperaturisadmi
mgrZnobiare normalurad monacemi ar aris
kontaqtoris(reles) Caketili kontaqtebi
normalurad Caketili
kontaqtebi normalur ad Ria kontaqtebi
SenelebiT gaTiSvisas
kontaqtoris(reles)
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi monacemi ar aris
rkalCamqrobiT normalur ad Ria kontaqtebi
monacemi ar aris
SenelebiT CarTvisas
kontaqtoris(reles)
normalurad Caketili monacemi ar aris normalur ad Ria kontaqtebi
kontaqtebi rkalCamqrobiT monacemi ar aris
Sene lebiT CarTva-gaTiSvisas

kontaqtoris(reles)
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi normalurad Caketili
kontaqtebi Sene lebiT monacemi ar aris
avtomaturi amuSavebiT CarTvisas

normalurad Caketili
amomrTvelis normalurad Ria kontaqtebi Sene lebiT
kontaqtebi gaTiSvisas

308 309
 cxrilis gagrZeleba cxrilis gagrZeleba

kontaqtis maxasiaTebeli ГОСТ DIN

kontaqtis maxasiaTebeli ГОСТ DIN

gamTiSis kontaqtebi xelis
monacemi ar aris
blokirebiT vercxliswyliani
gadamrTvelis kontaqtebi
neitraluri mdgomareobiT
erTpolusa amomrTvelis monacemi ar aris
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi orpolusiani gadamrTvelis
kontaqtebi neitraluri monacemi ar aris
mdgomareobiT
sampolusa amomrTvelis
monacemi ar aris
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi orpolusiani gadamrTvelis
kontaqtebi neitralur monacemi ar aris
sampolusa amomrTvelis mdgomareobaSi dabrunebiT
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi
monacemi ar aris
maqsimaluri denis xeliT marTviT amomrTvelis
avtomaturi amuSavebiT monacemi ar aris
kontaqtebi

sampolusa gamTiSis
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi monacemi ar aris
Sexebaze mgrZnobiare monacemi ar aris
amomrTvelis kontaqtebi
sampolusa amomrTvel-
gamTiSis normalurad Ria monacemi ar aris
kontaqtebi miaxloebaze mgrZnobiare monacemi ar aris
amomrTvelis kontaqtebi
Termuli TviTregulirebadi
amomrTvelis normalurad magnitis miaxloebaze
Caketili kontaqtebi mgrZnobiare amomrTvelis monacemi ar aris
kontaqtebi
Termoreles normalurad monacemi ar aris
Caketili kontaqtebi sampolusa avtomatis
kontaqtebi Termomagnituri monacemi ar aris
amomrTveliT dacviT
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi
monacemi ar aris
gaziT avsebul balonSi
damcavi gamorTvis sampolusa
dasaWeri Rilakiani monacemi ar aris
mowyobilobis kontaqtebi
amomrTvelis normalurad Ria
kontaqtebi avtomaturi
dabrunebiT
dasaWeri Rilakiani avtomaturi amomrTvelis monacemi ar aris
amomrTvelis normalurad Ria kontaqtebi
monacemi ar aris
kontaqtebi avtomaturi
dabrunebiT meore daWerisas
dasaWeri Rilakiani amomrTvelis kontaqtebi,
amomrTvelis normalurad Ria romelic imyofeba monacemi ar aris
monacemi ar aris vertikalur mdgomareobaSi
kontaqtebi avtomaturi
dabrunebiT gamowevisas
dasaWeri Rilakiani mravalpoziciuri
amomrTvelis normalurad Ria gadamrTvelis kontaqtebi
kontaqtebi avtomaturi monacemi ar aris
dabrunebiT Camoyris Rilakis
daxmarebiT

inerciuli amomrTvelis
normalurad Ria kontaqtebi

310 311
 cxrili 5 cxrili 6
SeerTebebisa da maTi elementebis pirobiTi mcvelebisa da ganmuxtvelebis pirobiTi grafikuli
grafikuli aRniSvnebi aRniSvnebi
d asa xele ba ГО СТ DIN

sa de nebi s arag anrTv ad i dasaxeleba ГОСТ DIN

S eerT eb a

kle meb is See rTe bi s mcveli, ZiriTadi aRniSvna

we rtili (g a nr Tv ad i See rTe ba )

Se ma erT ebe li ka lapo ti mcveli, gaferadebuli

nawili niSnavs qselTan
Se ma erT ebe li ka lapo ti mierTebis mxares
g an rTv ad i da ar ag anr Tvad i
ko nta qte biT
mcveli meqanikuri
sade neb is g anSto eb i s amuSavebiT(dartymiT)
ma gal iT ebi

o ri sad enis g an Sto eb is mcveli damxmare sasignalo

ma g al iT i
kontaqtiT
sade nebis g anrTv ad i See rTe ba

Se ma erT ebe li ka lapo ti gamomrTveli mcveli

g anrT vadi ko ntaqte bi T

erT pol usi ani ro ze ti (b ud e) sampolusa meqanikuri

erT po l usi ani
blokirebuli mcveli
Can gal i(m anW vali ) ganrTvadi kontaqtebiT
mcvelis amoqmedebis dros
roz etisa da Can gl is
S eerT eb a
mcvel-gamTiSi
m rav al pol usi ani See rTe ba
( ori ve va riant i
to l m niSv nel o vani a)
amomrTvel-gamTiSi
Ste keri(u Zrav i naw i li) m ona c em i a r ari s mTavari mcveliT

Ste ker i(m o Zr av i naw i li ) m ona c em i a r ari s

DDII,10a tipis Casaxraxni
S tek ereb iT S eerT eb a
mcveli
m ona c em i a r ari s

gaxsni l i zRu d ari m ona c em i a r ari s 00, 25a tipis mcveli

danisebri kontaqtebiT
S emaerT eb eli zR u da ri

or po lu sa S ee rTe ba: m an Wva li

mcveli signalizaciis
d a bud e m ona c em i a r ari s monacemi ar aris
damoukidebeli sqemiT
St iri sa d a o ri bu de s
S eerT eb a

See rTe ba ad apteris mcveli inerciuli dnobiT monacemi ar aris

d axm ar e bi T

See rTe ba manSto eb li s

d axm ar e bi T

312 313
 cxrilis gagrZeleba cxrili 7
sidideebis simboloebis da Camiwebis maxasiaTeblis
pirobiTi grafikuli aRniSvnebi
Zneldnobadi mcveli monacemi ar aris

simboloebis daxasiaTeba ГОСТ DIN

mcveli swrafmoqmedi monacemi ar aris

mudmivi Zabvis simboloebi

cvladi erTfaza 50Гц 50Гц

mcveli-ganmuxtveli Zabvis
monacemi ar aris simboloebi samfaza 3N50Гц 220/380E 3N50Гц 220/380E

dabali sixSiris Zabva

oreleqtrodiani
naperwklis Sualedi saSualo sixSiris Zabva

maRali sixSiris Zabva

oreleqtrodiani
simetriuli naperwklis
monacemi ar aris mudmivi Zabvis simbolo
Sualedi
cvladi mdgeneliT
sameleqtrodiani
naperwklis Sualedi monacemi ar aris
Camiweba

ganmuxtveli
uxmauro Camiweba

gaziT gavsebuli damcavi Camiweba

ganmuxtveli

masa (korpusi)
vakuumuri ganmuxtveli monacemi ar aris

milisebri ganmuxtveli
monacemi ar aris

314 315
 cxrili 8 cxrili 9
sadenebis pirobiTi aRniSvna gadamrTvelebisa da amomrTvelebis pirobiTi
grafikuli aRniSvnebi
dasaxeleba ГОСТ DIN

sadeni, sahaero xazi dasaxeleba ГОСТ DIN

sami sadeni mravalpoziciiani

monacemi ar aris
gadamrTveli

Zabvisa da sadenis kveTis amomrTveli fiqsaciis monacemi ar aris

aRniSvna gareSe(Rilaki)

amomrTveli fiqsaciiT monacemi ar aris

dasagegmi sadeni

daumagrebeli sadeni sampoziciiani amomrTveli

monacemi ar aris
fiqsaciiT
ekranirebuli sadeni

or jgufze monacemi ar aris

sadenTa xveuli wyvili

gadamrTveli or monacemi ar aris

fiqsaciiT mdgomareobaze
sami sadeni erT kabelSi
or jgufze da
or monacemi ar aris
isrebi uCveneben sadenebs, mdgomareobaze
gaerTianebuls erT kabelSi

koaqsialuri (ekranirebuli)
sadeni

koaqsialuri sadeni CarTuli

ekraniT

SeuerTebeli sadeni

SeuerTebeli izolirebuli
sadeni

sakabelo xazi

datvirTva

316 317
 cxrili 10 cxrilis gagrZeleba
sinaTlis wyaroebis pirobiTi grafikuli
aRniSvnebi
ganaTebisa da sasignalo airganmuxtvis monacemi ar
naTurebi oTxi gamomyvaniT aris
Ddasaxeleba ГОСТ DIN
monacemi ar
Ddabali monacemi ar
aris ueleqtrodo
aris
monacemi ar
sinaTlis maRali
aris
wneva mudmivi denis martivi monacemi ar
monacemi ar eleqtrodebiT aris
zemaRali
aris
cvladi denis martivi monacemi ar
monacemi ar eleqtrodebiT aris
impulsuri gamosxiveba
aris

Nneoni Ne Ne kombinirebuli monacemi ar

baloni Qqsenoni Xe Xe eleqtrodebiT aris
gavsebulia Nnatriumi Na Na
gaziT vercxliswyali Hg Hg kombinirebuli
monacemi ar
iodi I J eleqtrodebiTa da
winaswari gaxurebiT aris
monacemi ar
Siga mudmivi da cvladi denis
baloni aris monacemi ar
dabali wnevis kombinirebuli
amrekli aris
airganmuxtvis eleqtrodebiT
feniT monacemi ar
Ggare naTurebi
aris martivi eleqtrodebiT
monacemi ar
TviTvarvarebadi
aris
kaTodiT
monacemi ar
rkaluri eleqtrodi aris kombinirebuli
eleqtrodebiT, monacemi ar
winaswari gaxurebiTa da
ganaTebisa da signalizaciis varvara aris
ultraiisferi
naTura gamosxivebiT
kombinirebuli
monacemi ar
sinaTlis signalizaciis impulsuri eleqtrodebiTa da Siga aris
naTura amrekli feniT

wiTeli C2 RD Txevadi kaTodiTa da monacemi ar

yviTeli C4 YE gare mokidebiT aris
naTebis feri Mwvane C5 GN
Lurji C6 BU martivi eleqtrodebiTa
TeTri C9 WH monacemi ar
da gare mokidebiT aris
impulsuri
sami gamomyvaniT monacemi ar
aris kombinirebuli
orZafa
varvarebis eleqtrodebiT,
monacemi ar
naTura maRali winaswari gaxurebiTa da aris
monacemi ar wnevis TviTvarvarebadi
oTxi gamomyvaniT
aris airganmuxtvis kaTodiT
naTurebi kombinirebuli
monacemi ar
ganaTebisa da sasignalo airganmuxtvis monacemi ar eleqtrodebiTa da Siga
aris
mokidebiT
naTurebi ori gamomyvaniT aris

318 319
 cxrilis gagrZeleba cxrili 11
eleqtrogayvanilobis sqemebSi gamoyenebuli
monacemi ar pirobiT grafikuli aRniSvnebi
martivi eleqtrodebiT
aris

kombinirebuli Ddasaxeleba ГОСТ DIN

monacemi ar
eleqtrodebiTa da
aris monacemi ar
winaswari gaxurebiT Camosakidi
aris
monacemi ar sanaTi varvaris monacemi ar
martivi eleqtrodebiT kedlis
zemaRali aris naTuriT aris
wnevis
airganmuxtvis monacemi ar
kombinirebuli Sekiduli Weris
naTurebi monacemi ar aris
eleqtrodebiTa da Siga
aris
mokidebiT
monacemi ar
sanaTi DPA naTuriT
aris
monacemi ar
eleqtroluminescenciuri EL
aris
sanaTi luminescenciuri naTuriT, monacemi ar
monacemi ar Camosakidi aris
fluorescenciuri FL
aris
varvara naTurebi monacemi ar
monacemi ar luminescenciuri naTuris ganlagebis xazi
infrawiTeli aris
aris
airganmuxtvis gamosxivebiT
naTurebis varvara naTurebi iodis monacemi ar
aRmdgeneli cikliT aris monacemi ar
tipebi Stefseli, rozeti
varvara naTura Siga monacemi ar aris
amrekli feniT aris
monacemi ar ormimarTulebiani erTpolusa gadamrTveli monacemi ar
rkaluri naTura aris
aris

rkaluri naTura kuTxiT monacemi ar

monacemi ar erTpolusa
ganlagebuli aris
aris amomrTveli
eleqtrodebiT monacemi ar
orpolusa
aris
luminsecensiuri monacemi ar
arakomutirebadi aris monacemi ar
ganStoebis kolofi
komutirebadi calmxrivi monacemi ar aris
indikaciis marTviT aris
xelsawyoebi
komutirebadi ormxrivi monacemi ar monacemi ar
marTviT aris gamanawilebeli fari aris
airganmuxtvis naTurebis monacemi ar
gamSvi aris monacemi ar
muSa ganaTebis jgufuri fari
aris

monacemi ar
avariuli ganaTebis jgufuri fari
aris

320 321
 cxrilis gagrZeleba cxrili 12
transformatorebisa da avtotransformatorebis
elgayvanilobis xazi monacemi ar pirobiTi grafikuli aRniSvnebi.
aris
monacemi ar aRniSvna
metalis milebSi T
aris dasaxeleba
plastmasis monacemi ar gamartivebuli gaSlili
milebSi П aris
metalis garsacmSi monacemi ar
Мр aris feromagnituri
eleqtrogayvanilobis
aRniSvna, gayvaniT monacemi ar gulariT
izolatorebze И aris erTfaza
transformatori feromagnituri
monacemi ar gulariT da
gvarlze Тс
aris gragnilebis Soris
monacemi ar ekraniT
daxuruli gayvaniT С
aris
diferencialuri transformatori

erTfaza samgragnila transformatori

feromagnituri gulariT
gragnilebis
SeerTeba
“varskvlavi”-
“varskvlavi”
gamoyvanili
neitraluri
wertiliT
SeerTeba
“samkuTxedi”-
“varskvlavi”
gamoyvanili
samfaza neitraliT
transformatori SeerTeba
feromagnituri gulariT “varskvlavi”-
“zigzagi”
gamoyvanili
neitraliT
SeerTeba
“varskvlavi” erTi
gragniliT da ori
“ukuvarskvlavi”
neitraluri
wertiliT da
gamaTanabrebeli
reaqtoriT
samfaza samgragniliani transformatori
feromagnituri gulariT, “varskvlavi”
SeerTebiT, datvirTvis qveS regulirebiT.
“samkuTxedi” da “varskvlavi” gamoyvanili
neitraliT
avtotransformatori
feromagnituri erTfaza
gulariT

322 323
 cxrilis gagrZeleba cxrili 13
eleqtruli manqanebis pirobiTi grafikuli
aRniSvnebi
samfaza, gragnilebis
‘varskvlava” SeerTebiT aRniSv na
das axele ba
gamartive buli gaSlili
samfaza, cxra
gamomyvaniT cvladi denis samfaza generatori

cvladi denis samfaza Zrav a, r omlis gr agnilebi

erTfaza mesameuli varskvlav ad arian SeerT ebuli
gragniliT
samfaza asinqronuli Zrava fazuri rotoriT,
romlis gragnili SeerT ebulia varskvlavad,
samfaza, gragnilebis rotoris gragnilic Se erTebulia varskvlavad
SeerTeba “varskvlavi” gamoyvanili neitraliT.
gamoyvanili
neitraliTa da
samfaza eleqtruli manqanebis gragnile bis
“samkuTxedad” urTierTganlage ba fazaTa Zvris gaTvaliswine biT
SeerTebuli meoreuli
gragniliT

erTi meoreuli samfaza eleqtruli manqanebis gragnile bis

ganlageba fazaTa Zvris gaTvaliswine bis gareSe
gragniliT

erTi gulariTa da ori mudmivi de nis mimdevrobiT agz nebiani manqana

meoreuli gragniliT
denis
transformatori
ori gulariTa da ori paralelur agzne biani mudmivi denis man qana
meoreuli gragniliT

sasalte, nulovani
Tanmimdevrobis Sere ul agznebiani mudmivi denis manqana
damagnitebis koWiT

sinqr onuli samfaza elmanq ana agzne bis gr agniliT,

cxadpolusiani rotoriT a da varskvlavad
Seer Tebuli stat oriT

asinqronuli samf aza manqana mokled SerTuli

rot oriT da samkuTxedad Se erTebuli statoriT

sinqr onuli samfaza manqana mudmivi magnitebis

agz nebiT da varskvlavad Se erTebuli statoris
gragniliT

samf aza mabruni av totransformatori, potencial -

regulatori. wr eebis See rTe ba niSnavs statorisa
da rotoris eleqtrul SeerTebas

samf aza fazamabrun i transfor matori,

fazoregulatori

324 325
 danarTi 2. danarTi 3.
trigonometriuli funqciebis sadenebisa da kabelebis
mniSvnelobebi standartuli kveTebi da
xangrZlivad dasaSvebi datvirTvebi
cxrili 1
Φ cosφ sinφ tgφ φ cosφ sinφ tgφ φ Cos0φ sinφ tgφ
grad grad grad
cxrili 1
0 1,000 0,0000 0,0000 31 0,8572 0,5150 0,6009 62 0,4695 0,8829 1,88 ras aRniSnavs avtomaturi amomrTvelis ti pi
1 0,9998 0,0175 0,0175 32 0,8480 0,5299 0,6249 63 0,4540 0,8910 1,96
tipi daniSnuleba
2 0,9994 0,0349 0,0349 33 0,8387 0,5446 0,6494 64 0,4384 0,8988 2,05
3 0,9986 0,0523 0,0524 34 0,8290 0,5592 0,6745 65 0,4226 0,9063 2,14 didi sigrZis eleqtrogayvanilobis wredebiT gaTiSvisa
4 0,9976 0,0698 0,0699 35 0,8192 0,5736 0,7002 66 0,4067 0,9135 2,25 AA
da naxevradgamtaruli mowyobilobebis dacvisaTvis.
5 0,9962 0,0872 0,0875 36 0,8090 0,5878 0,7265 67 0,3907 0,9205 2,36
6 0,9945 0,1045 0,1051 37 0,7986 0,6018 0,7536 68 0,3746 0,9272 2,47 B saerTo daniSnulebis ganaTebis qselisaTvis.
7 0,9925 0,1219 0,1228 38 0,7880 0,6157 0,7813 69 0,3584 0,9336 2,60
ganaTebis wredebisa da zomieri gamSvi denebis mqone
8 0,9903 0,1392 0,1405 39 0,7771 0,6293 0,8098 70 0,3420 0,9397 2,75
9 0,9877 0,1564 0,1584 40 0,7660 0,6428 0,8391 71 0,3256 0,9455 2,90 C (Zravebi da transformatorebi) eleqtrodanadgarebis
10 0,9848 0,1736 0,1763 41 0,7547 0,6561 0,8693 72 0,3090 0,9511 3,08
11 0,9816 0,1908 0,1944 42 0,7431 0,6691 0,9004 73 0,2924 0,9563 3,27
gaSvebisaTvis.
12 0,9781 0,2079 0,2126 43 0,7314 0,6820 0,9325 74 0,2756 0,9613 3,49 aqtiuri induqciuri dacvisaTvis, wredebisaTvis, agreTve
13 0,9744 0,2250 0,2309 44 0,7193 0,6947 0,9657 75 0,2588 0,9659 3,73 D
14 0,9403 0,2419 0,2493 45 0,7071 0,7071 1,0000 76 0,2419 0,9703 4,01
didi gamSvi denebis mqone Zravebis datvirTvisaTvis.
15 0,9659 0,2588 0,2670 46 0,6947 0,7193 1,0355 77 0,2250 0,9744 4,33 K induqciuri datvirTvebisaTvis.
16 0,9613 0,2756 0,2867 47 0,6820 0,7314 1,0724 78 0,2079 0,9781 4,70
Z eleqtronuli mowyobilobebisaTvis.
17 0,9563 0,2924 0,3057 48 0,6691 0,7431 1,1106 79 0,1908 0,9816 5,14
18 0,9511 0,3090 0,3249 49 0,6561 0,7547 1,1504 80 0,1736 0,9848 5,67
19 0,9455 0,3256 0,3443 50 0,6428 0,7660 1,1918 81 0,1564 0,9877 6,31
20 0,9397 0,3420 0,3640 51 0,6293 0,7771 1,2349 82 0,1392 0,9903 7,11
21 0,9336 0,3584 0,3839 52 0,6157 0,7880 1,2799 83 0,1219 0,9925 8,14
22 0,9272 0,3746 0,4040 53 0,6018 0,7986 1,3270 84 0,1045 0,9945 9,51
23 0,9205 0,3907 0,4245 54 0,5878 0,8090 1,3764 85 0,0872 0,9962 11,4
24 0,9135 0,4067 0,4452 55 0,5736 0,8192 1,4281 86 0,0698 0,9976 14,3
25 0,9063 0,4226 0,4663 56 0,5592 0,8290 1,4826 87 0,0523 0,9986 19,1
26 0,8988 0,4384 0,4877 57 0,5446 0,8387 1,5399 88 0,0349 0,9994 28,6
27 0,8910 0,4540 0,5095 58 0,5299 0,8480 1,6003 89 0,0175 0,9998 57,3
28 0,8829 0,4695 0,5317 59 0,5150 0,8572 1,6643 90 0,0000 1,0000 -----
29 0,8746 0,4848 0,5543 60 0,5000 0,8660 1,7320
30 0,8660 0,5000 0,5774 61 0,4848 0,8746 1,8040

326 327
 cxrili 4
cxrili 2
kabelebisa da sadenebis kveTis mixedviT
mixedviT denisa da simZlavris xangrZlivad
dasaSvebi sidideebi

rezinisa da polivinilqloridis izolaciis mqone sadenebis

erTfaza, V=220 v samfaza, V=380 v
kveTi,
spilenZis sadeni aluminis sadeni spilenZis sadeni aluminis sadeni
kv.mm
simZlavre, simZlavre, simZlavre, simZlavre,
deni, a deni, a deni, a deni, a
kvt kvt kvt kvt
1,5 19 4,1 _ _ 16 10,5 _ _

2,5 27 5,9 20 4,4 25 16,5 19 12,5

4 38 8,3 28 6,1 30 19,8 23 15,1

6 46 10,1 36 7,9 40 26,4 30 19,8

10 70 15,4 50 11 50 33 39 25,7

16 85 18,7 60 13,2 75 49,5 55 36,3

25 115 25,3 85 18,7 90 59,4 70 46,2

35 135 29,7 100 22 115 75,9 85 56,1

50 175 38,5 135 29,7 145 95,7 110 72,6

70 215 47,3 165 36,3 180 118,8 140 92,4

95 260 57,2 200 44 220 145,2 170 112,2

120 300 66 230 50,6 260 171,6 200 132

cxrili 3
yofa-cxovrebaSi yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli
kabel-sadenisa da avtomaturi amomrTvelis
dasaSvebi datvirTvebi
spilenZis
xangrZlivad dacvis dacvis maqsimaluri
ZarRviani
dasaSvebi avtomaturi avtomatis simZlavre
kabelis an daniSnuleba
dacvis deni, nominaluri maqsimaluri V= 220Bv
sadenis kveTi,
a deni, a deni, a dros, kvt
kv.mm
ganaTeba da
1,5 19 10 16 4,1
signalzacia
Stefselebi da
2,5 27 16 20 5,9 eleqtruli gaTbobis
iataki
wyalgamacxeleblebi
4 38 25 32 8,3
da kondicionerebi

eleqtruli Rumelebi
6 46 32 40 10,1 da furnakebi
Д̀уховки~
Semyvani mkvebavi
10 70 50 63 15,4
xazebi

328 329
 cxrili 5 cxrili 6
metalis damcav garsacmSi moTavsebuli rezinis araizolirebuli sadenebis xangrZlivad dasaSvebi
izolaciis mqone sadenebisa da tyviis denuri
,polivinilqloridis,rezinis garsacmis mqone
javSniani da arajavSniani kabelebis xangrZlivad xangr Zl i vad dasaSvebi deni , a
dasaSvebi deni. Senobi s gar eT Senobis Si gniT

xangr Zl i vad dasaSvebi deni ,a sadeni s masal a

sadeni s
dengamt ar i sadeni s

kveTi Senobi s Senobis

er TZar Rva or Zar Rva samZar Rva mm2 sadeni s mar ka gar eT Si gni T spi l enZi al umini spil enZi al umini
10 AC-10/ 1,8 84 53 95 60
kveTi mm2

haer Si HhaerSi miwaSi haer Si m

i waSi 16 AC-16/ 2,7 111 79 133 105 102 75
25 AC-25/ 4,2 142 109 183 136 137 106
spi l enZi al umini spi l enZi al umini spi l enZi al um
i ni spi l enZi al umini spi l enZi al umini 35 AC-35/ 6,2 175 135 223 170 173 130
1,5 23 19 33 19 27 50 AC-50/ 8 210 165 275 215 219 165
2,5 30 23 27 21 44 34 25 19 38 29 70 AC-70/ 11 265 210 337 265 268 210
4 41 31 38 29 55 42 35 27 49 38 95 AC-95/ 16 330 260 422 320 341 255
6 50 38 50 38 70 55 42 32 60 46 1209 AC-120/ 19 390 313 485 375 395 300
10 80 60 70 55 105 80 55 42 90 70 120 AC-120/ 27 375 485 375 395 300
16 100 75 90 70 135 105 75 60 115 90 150 AC-150/ 19 450 365 570 440 465 355
25 140 105 115 90 175 135 95 75 150 115 150 AC-150/ 24 450 365 570 440 465 355
35 170 130 140 105 210 160 120 90 180 140 150 AC-150/ 34 450 570 440 465 355
50 215 165 175 135 265 205 145 110 225 175 185 AC-185/ 24 520 430 650 500 540 410
70 270 210 215 165 320 245 180 140 275 210 185 AC-185/ 29 510 425 650 500 540 410
95 325 250 260 200 385 295 220 170 330 255 185 AC-185/ 43 515 650 500 540 410
120 385 295 300 230 445 340 260 200 385 295
240 AC-240/ 32 605 505 760 590 685 490
150 440 340 350 270 505 390 305 235 435 335
240 AC-240/ 39 610 505 760 590 685 490
185 510 390 405 310 570 440 350 270 500 385
240 AC-240/ 56 610 760 590 685 490
240 605 465
300 AC-300/ 39 710 600 880 680 740 570
300 AC-300/ 48 690 585 880 680 740 570
300 AC-300/ 66 680 880 680 740 570
330 AC-330/ 27 730
400 AC-400/ 22 830 713 1050 815 895 690
400 AC-400/ 51 825 705 1050 815 895 690
400 AC-400/ 64 860 1050 815 895 690
500 AC-500/ 27 960 830 980 820
600 AC-600/ 72 1050 920 1100 955
700 AC-700/ 86 1180 1140

330 331
 ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 28.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

08.06.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 20,5.
tiraJi 300 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77