PERIODIC TABLE

Introduction
Periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate
different aspects of a certain element, including its size and its electronic properties. Major
periodic trends include: electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radius,
melting point, and metallic character. Periodic trends, arising from the arrangement of the
periodic table, provide chemists with an invaluable tool to quickly predict an element's
properties. These trends exist because of the similar atomic structure of the elements within their
respective group families or periods, and because of the periodic nature of the elements. The
topic to be discussed at this time is the relationship between atomic number with the periodic
trend (radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity)

Radius
The radius of the atom is the distance from the center of the nucleus to its outer electron.
The size of an atom depends on a balancing act involving several different forces. The proton has
a positive charge, while the electron has a negative charge. From the table above the radius of the
atom affects the atomic size.

Elements in one group will experience increased radius as the number of atoms increases.
While in one period experience shrinkage of the radius as the number of atoms increases.
For example in group 1A, element H to element Fr his fingers are increasing. Increased radius in
one class occurs due to the addition of the amount of skin filled by the electrons. While in the
period, from element Li to element Ne the amount of skin filled electrons same, but the number
of valence electrons increase from left to right. As a result, in one period the withdrawal force of
the nucleus to the valence electron is stronger. Thus will happen shrink event (pulling into) the
size of the atom.
The conclusion is that in the periodic table of elements, the radius of atoms in a period is
getting smaller as the pull of the atomic nucleus gets bigger so that the electrons are not easily
moved. While in one group of radius of the atom getting bigger, the pull of atomic nucleus is
smaller so that electrons move easily.

Ionization Energy
The ionization energy is the amount of energy that is isolated, the gas atom in the
electronic state of the soil must be absorbed to release the electrons, resulting in a cation. This
energy is usually expressed in kJ/mol, or the amount of energy required for all atoms in one mole
loses one electron each.

The graph above represents the ionization energy relationship with the atomic number. The
price of ionization energy is influenced by the magnitude of the nuclear charge and the size of
the atomic radius. The larger the nuclear charge, the greater the ionization energy. While the
larger the radius of the atom, the smaller the attraction to the outer electron. Therefore, the
ionization energies are smaller and the more reactive the element is.
Based on this, the energy of the ionization of the elements of a group from the top down is
smaller because the greater the radius of the atoms of the elements of a group from top to bottom
with the increase in the number of electron shells. In contrast, the ionization energies of the left-
to-right-oriented elements increase, as the magnitude of the nuclear charge increases from left to
right, while the number of electron shells remains. In the graph, the largest ionization energy is
owned by the helium element (He) and the smallest ionization energy by the Cesium (Cs)
element.

Electronegativity

While going left to right, the electronegativity increases because it shows which elements
can take on more electrons. When we see a drop in the graph, that is because those elements are
the Noble Gases. They cause the falls because those elements cannot take on anymore electrons
because they are each stable.
As one moves gradually across the Periodic Table, you will realize the elements
electronegativity increases from left to right. This is because the electronegativity is a measure of
the ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself. This means it is used to
detect the polarity of a chemical bond.
Electronegativity decreases top to bottom, which is related to the elements atomic
numbers. When a large atomic number is present, an element has a large number of protons that
match it. With more protons, or positive charges, more negative electrons attach themselves to
the element. This creates a negative barrier which surrounds the positive charge inside. This
makes it difficult for electrons to find the positive charge underneath the negative coating and
attach to it.

Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is defined as the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom (in the
gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion. In other words, the
neutral atom's likelihood of gaining an electron.

Electron affinity in the periodic table is random. But, you can see the pattern of electron
affinity based on the groups and period. Electron affinity increases upward for the groups and
from left to right across periods of a periodic table because the electrons added to energy levels
become closer to the nucleus, thus a stronger attraction between the nucleus and its electrons.
Remember that greater the distance, the less of an attraction; thus, less energy is released when
an electron is added to the outside orbital. In addition, the more valence electrons an element has,
the more likely it is to gain electrons to form a stable octet. The less valence electrons an atom
has, the least likely it will gain electrons.
Electron affinity decreases down the groups and from right to left across the periods on the
periodic table because the electrons are placed in a higher energy level far from the nucleus, thus
a decrease from its pull. However, one might think that since the number of valence electrons
increase going down the group, the element should be more stable and have higher electron
affinity. One fails to account for the shielding affect. As one goes down the period, the shielding
effect increases, thus repulsion occurs between the electrons. This is why the attraction between
the electron and the nucleus decreases as one goes down the group in the periodic table.
As you go down the group, first electron affinities become less (in the sense that less
energy is evolved when the negative ions are formed). Fluorine breaks that pattern, and will have
to be accounted for separately. The electron affinity is a measure of the attraction between the
incoming electron and the nucleus - the stronger the attraction, the more energy is released. The
factors which affect this attraction are exactly the same as those relating to ionization energies -
nuclear charge, distance and screening. The increased nuclear charge as you go down the group
is offset by extra screening electrons. Each outer electron in effect feels a pull of 7+ from the
center of the atom, irrespective of which element you are talking about.
When an electron is added to a neutral atom (i.e., first electron affinity) energy is released;
thus, the first electron affinities are negative. However, more energy is required to add an
electron to a negative ion (i.e., second electron affinity) which overwhelms any the release of
energy from the electron attachment process and hence, second electron affinities are positive.

Conclusion
In the periodic table, from top to the bottom (in group), the radius of atoms in one group of
radius of the atom getting bigger as the pull of atomic nucleus is smaller, but the energy of the
ionization, the electronegativity of the elements and the electron affinity of a group from the top
down is smaller. While going left to right (in period), the radius of atoms in a period is getting
smaller as the pull of the atomic nucleus gets bigge r, but the ionization energies, electronegativity
of the elements and the electron affinity increases.

Created by:
1. Ayu Nurdiana Putri 4. Nada Camelia Al-Sefy
2. Dora Refliana Rahmah 5. Nenden Nurhalimah
3. Falikha Fajriati N. R.

CHEMISTRY 2017-A (2-A)