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SALIVA
By Dr.M.S.Bala Vidyadhar
CONTENTS
Introduction
Historicalsignificance
Composition & Flow of saliva
Functions of saliva
Salivary production/secretion
Conclusion
References
Less than 0.1 mL per minute means the person has hyposalivation
Lymphocytes
Bacterial flora
IONS AND SALIVARY FLOW
As saliva passes through the salivary ducts, cations (sodium
and chloride) are reabsorbed into the adjacent blood vessels.
Level of stimulation
Sublingual 5% 4% 4%
Minor 8% 8% 8%
FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA
Saliva is a very essential digestive juice. Since it has many
1. Salivary amylase,
2. Maltase
3. Lingual lipase.
CLEANSING AND PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS
Due to the constant secretion of saliva, the mouth and
teeth are rinsed and kept free off food debris, shed
epithelial cells and foreign particles.
hyperparathyroidism.
CARRIERS FOR BUFFERS & COAGULATION
FACTORS
Bicarbonate-carbonic acid
Maintenance of physiologic pH
Fibrinolytic enzyme
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
In dogs and cattle, excessive dripping of saliva during
panting helps in loss of heat and regulation of body
temperature.
When the water is taken, it quenches the thirst and restores the
body water content.
SALIVARY SECRETION
In humans, the saliva is secreted by three pairs of major
(larger) salivary glands and some minor (small) salivary
glands in the oral and pharyngeal mucous membrane.
1. Parotid glands
3. Sublingual glands.
PAROTID GLANDS
Parotid glands are the largest
of all salivary glands situated
at the side of the face just
below and in front of the ear.
Saliva from these glands is poured into 5-15 small ducts called
ducts of Ravinus.
1. Serous Glands
2. Mucus Glands
3. Mixed Glands
SEROUS GLANDS
This type of gland is predominantly made up of serous
cells.
of the duct.
The fine duct draining each acinus
is called intercalated duct.
Many intercalated ducts join
together to form intralobular
duct.
Few intralobular ducts join to
form interlobular ducts, which
unite to form the main duct of the
gland.
The gland with this type of
structure and duct system is called
racemose type (racemose = bunch
of grapes).
REGULATION OF SALIVARY SECRETION
pons.
After taking origin from this nucleus, the pre ganglionic fibers run
fibers of facial nerve, chorda tympani branch of facial nerve and lingual
The postganglionic fibers arise from this ganglion and supply the
The postganglionic fibers arise from otic ganglion and reach the
parotid gland by passing through the auriculotemporal branch
in mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
FUNCTION OF PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS
1. Unconditioned reflex
2. Conditioned reflex.
UNCONDITIONED REFLEX
Unconditioned reflex is the inborn reflex that is present
since birth.
3. Histamine.
Substances which Decrease the Salivary Secretion:
Dibenamine
scopolamine.
APPLIED ASPECTS
HYPOSALIVATION
Reduction in the secretion of saliva is called hyposalivation.
1. Xerostomia
2. Drooling
6. Mumps
7. Sjögren syndrome.
and speech.
odors).
DROOLING
Uncontrolled flow of saliva outside the mouth is called drooling.
It is often called ptyalism.
Drooling occurs because of excess production of saliva, in
association with inability to retain saliva within the mouth.
Drooling occurs in the following conditions:
1. During teeth eruption in children.
2. Upper respiratory tract infection or nasal allergies in children.
3. Difficulty in swallowing.
4. Tonsillitis.
5. Peritonsillar abscess.
CHORDA TYMPANI SYNDROME
Viral (Mumps)
1. More Common
2. Secondary to obstruction
Marsuplisation/Excision
SIALADENOSIS
Sialadenosis refers to noninflammatory, often recurrent,
enlargement of the salivary glands, most frequently the
parotids, which is almost always associated with an underlying
systemic disorder.
Seen in:
1. Diabetes
2. Alcoholism
3. Endocrine disorders
4. Pregnancy
5. Bulimia
INVESTIGATIONS
Sialometry
Sialography
Sialochemistry
Ultrasonogram
many years and some tests have been adopted for routine
Note also that for several of these studies, the final research goal
is to seek a simple, noninvasive, and relatively inexpensive
diagnostic salivary tool.
Most people now understand the impact and risk of HIV infection,
but the risk and sequelae of HPV and HCV infections are much
less recognized
Neonatal screening for congenital cytomegalovirus
infection by detection of virus in saliva.
2010. (10mks)
QUESTIONS
Statistical tests where both normal and non-normallly distributed
populations can be compared?
A q-q plot is a plot of the quantiles of the first data set against
the quantiles of the second data set.