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signs
1
n 1 1
1
Front of
mirror Back of
mirror
f R1 R2
principal C f Real
axis object
Center of focal
curvature point (-)R₁ (+)R₂
Virtual (-) q
image
Double-concave
lense
Convex (diverging) mirror
f, the focal length is negative also.
Front of Back of
mirror mirror q, when object is far, is found from q=f, so it is
negative also.
principal f C
axis
focal Center of
point curvature
(-) R Double-convex
real (+) q
image
n1 n2 lense
M is positive
back of front of
Convex (diverging) mirror
Front of surface surface
mirror Back of (-) p
mirror
virtual real (+) q
(+) p (-) R object image By Nasser M. Abbasi
(+) R
(-) q virtual
image n1 n2
M is negative
1
p 1q 1f n1
n2
n 2 n 1
p q R
Flat mirror
back of front of
Front of Back of surface surface Magnification formula
mirror mirror (-) p
q
(+) p
virtual
object
real
image
(+) q
M h
h
p
(-) q
virtual
image n1 n2
n1
M=1, p=q
p n2
q