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Networks
Outline XP
networking
2 Introduction to Mobile & Wireless Networks
• Introduction to Wireless Networks
• A taxonomy of wireless networks
Mobile
Computer Networks Cell
Communication Networks
Cellular Handover
Ad-hoc Sensors Roaming FDMA
TDMA ITU Wibree
Wireless HomeRF
Bluetooth GSM 3GPP
3GPP2 UMB
ZigBee
EDGE ITS OFDM
Terminologies IEEE 802.xx
WiMax
WiFi RFID HAPS GPRS
LTE IMT-2000 HiperMAN
Wibro OFDMA 3G
4G
Technologies MBWA WCDMA
HSPA+
TETRA
5G
Communication Concept XP
16 Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
Communication in general is the sharing of ideas and
information. It can be also defined as:
The act of transmitting
C ommunications
Transmission of signals
Encoding, interfacing, signal integrity, multiplexing etc.
Networking
Topology & architecture used to interconnect devices
Networks of communication systems
Definition of Networks XP
14 Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
A Network is a structure with cords, threads or wires crossing
each other
C omputer Network is a group of two or more computer
systems linked together
Using hardware and software, these interconnected computing devices
can communicate with each other through defined rules of data
communications.
In a network, computers can exchange and share information and
resources. A computer network may operate on wired connections or
wireless connections.
Wireless Networks XP
24 Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
Wireless Networks:
Un-tethered, no physical wire attachment
Networks utilize Electromagnetic Waves (radio waves
and/or microwaves) to maintain communication channels
between computers
Wireless Communication is the transfer of information over a
distance without the use of electrical conductors or wires
Source Channel
Formatter Modulator
encoder encoder
Source Channel
Formatter Demodulator
decoder decoder
Signal Propagation?
Modulations?
Multiple Access?
Wireless Technologies?
Issues to be addressed
Mobile vs Wireless XP
Mobile Wireless
Mobile vs Stationary
Wireless vs Wired
Wireless ⇒ Media sharing issues
Mobile ⇒ Routing, addressing issues
stationary computer
Regulations of frequencies
– Limited availability, coordination is required
– useful frequencies are almost all occupied
Bandwidth and delays
– Low transmission rates
• few Kbits/s to some Mbit/s.
– Higher delays
• several hundred milliseconds
– Higher loss rates
• susceptible to interference, e.g., engines, lightning
Always shared medium
– Lower security, simpler active attacking
– radio interface accessible for everyone
– secure access mechanisms important
Single Service,
Digital, LAN, MAN, Broadcast, Wireless,
Integrated
Analog WAN Point-to-point Wired
services
Wired Wireless
Access Standardizat
Infrastructure Mobility Scale Technology Application Services ions --------
Based on infrastructure
Infrastructured network
composed of fixed and wired network nodes and gateways
each main node has predefined separate role in the network
cellular networks are infrastructured network
PSTN backbone switches, MSCs, base stations, and mobile hosts
Access points-based WLAN also fall into this area
Infrastructure-less network (ad hoc networks)
there is no pre-arrangement
an arbitrary set of independent nodes capable of coordinating to form a
network dynamically
infrastructure
network
AP: Access Point
AP
AP wired network
AP
ad-hoc network
Based on Standardizations
3GPP: WCDMA, HSDPA, LTE
3GPP2: CDMA2000, EV-DO, UMB
IEEE: IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16,
WAN
WAN-MAN
PAN
MAN
MAN-LAN
LAN-PAN
Pico-Cell
Perspectives XP
Outline XP
2 Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
Wireless Standards
The Evolution path of Wireless Technologies
Key Technologies for 4G Systems
USA mainly
ITU Organization XP
41 Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is a UN agency with the
following structure
3GPP Releases XP
44 Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
3GPP standards are structured as Releases. Discussion of 3GPP thus frequently refers
to the functionality in one release or another
What is IEEE? XP
46 Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
2. Wireless
1. Cellular LANs -WPAN 3. Broadband
(CDMA, GSM,WCDMA HSPA) (802.11x, Wireless
802.15.x) Access (802.16,802.20)
More Mobility
?
More Data and voice
rates are support are
needed needed
All three dominating standards (3GPP, 3GPP2, Wimax) show high improvements in
uplink and downlink peak data rates in the next years
Mobile WiMAX
Rel 1.0 Rel 1.5 Rel 2.0
802.16e-2005 802.16e Rev 2 802.16m
IP e2e Network
3GPP IMT-
HSPA HSPA+ Advanced
Rel-6 Rel-7 & Rel-8
4G
Ckt Switched Network
IP e2e Network
Mobile WiMAX
time to market
advantage
CDMA-Based OFDMA-Based
Trend of Evolution
• Service : Voice Multimedia
• Bandwidth : Narrow band Wide band
• Technology : Multi-scheme OFDM/MIMO
• Operation : Single mode Multi-mode
• Market : Diverged Harmonized
GOALS
All IP network
Broadband services
Flexible spectrum utilization
Seamless evolution .
Low CAPEX and OPEX
HSPA, 5 MHz
DL: 14.4 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
IMT- Advance
X
UMB ?
1xEV-DO, Rev. 0 1xEV-DO, Rev. A 1xEV-DO, Rev. B
cdma DO-Advanced
1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 5.0 MHz DL: 32 Mbps and beyond
2000 DL: 2.4 Mbps DL: 3.1 Mbps DL: 14.7 Mbps UL: 12.4 Mbps and beyond
UL: 153 kbps UL: 1.8 Mbps UL: 4.9 Mbps
EDGE
XP
2005-2015 Wireless Industry Forecast ( Market Potential)
56 Declining growth expected for traditional cellular infrastructure Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
(2006-2010)
2009-10 growth driven by WiMAX 802.16e + LTE
$ (billions)
W-CDMA expanding continues in Western Europe, North America and Japan
45
39.7
40 38.5
37.3
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
34.7
35
31.8
29.1 WCDMA/HSDPA
30
27.1
26.4
24.9 LTE (3GPP)
25 26.6 24.0
22.2 25.8 22.2
20.4 20.6
20 18.8 19.0 CDMA
17.5 (IS95-A / 1X RTT / EV-DO)
15.5
14.2 16.5
15 15.2 UMB/LTE (3GPP2)
12.5 11.9
10.8 14.0
9.4
10 11.6 11.5 11.1 10.9 8.1 10.1 7.9 iDEN
10.5 9.9 6.7
5.7 7.4 5.6
5.9
5 3.7
2.4 3.2 5.4 WiMAX Mobile (802.16e)
1.4 1.2 1.1 1.5 4.1 3.8
0.8 2.5 2.0
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source: H&N, Strategy &
Technology , September 2007
Today 2020
Max Launch Vision
LTE performance 2009
2014
Mass 0.5
WCDMA / HSPA market
billion >6 50
billion billion
Largest 4
GSM / EDGE coverage
billion
Towards 100% penetration
Bluetooth
CMDS
1. Smart Antenna (Beam forming: follow users BWAN
Cellular Cellular
GSM 2G
Servcies
2.5/3G
&
Cellular Applications
4G
Connection
Broadcast
IP Based Core Network DVB/DAB
Short Range
PAN/LAN/WAN Layer
WLAN
Seamless connectivity to all Fixed HIPERLAN
networks, applications, &
services
Anytime Anywhere
The
Internet
Satellite FES
Context-aware informatio n
Centre
IP backbone
i
Broadcast Networks
(DAB, DVB-T) i
GSM /
GPRS
3G/3.5G
IP-based
Multi-Access Radio Networks micro-mobility Wireless
- will support growing services LANs
Communicate
with Any
Network
OFDM MIMO
Orthogonal Multiple Input,
Frequency Division Multiple Output
Multiplexing
Delivered
Throughput
SIMPLIFIES
SPECTRUM
4G ADVANCED RF
<200 Mbps EFFICIENCY
MIMO-OFDMA TECHNIQUES
OPTIMIZES
LEVERAGES
<20 Mbps SPECTRUM
3G CDMA BANDWIDTH
ALLOCATION
<500 kbps
2G GSM (TDMA)
OFDMA offers better spectral efficiency – directly translates to higher throughput and capacity
4G
WiMAX
Network
Large
Simplicity
Coverage
WiFi
Broad 802.11
Band
3G /HSDPA
W-CDMA
3.9G
ITS 5G
CDMA
GSM
GPRS 4G HAPS
portable/ walking
LTE &
IEEE 802.16m
mobile
HSDPA
EDGE EV-DO
EV-DV IEEE LTE- Advanced
FlashOFDM 802.16e
(802.20) Advanced- IEEE 802.16m
WiMAX
DECT 4G
WLAN
(IEEE 802.11x) IEEE
stationary
BlueTooth 802.16a,d
nomadic
UWB
Ethernet (Twisted Pair)
Ethernet (Fiber)
Mb/s
0.1 1 10 100 103 104
4G Complete Vision XP
67
Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
Fully Autonomous
Converged
Ser vices 2012+ Networks
Any Service
Any Place
Software
Any Time
Independency
Any Device
Ubiquitous
Mobile Access
Any Network
4G =
• Communication
• Anytime
• Anywhere
• with Anybody
• on Any device
• through Any network
Topic Description
Radio wave propagation, Multi-path characteristic of radio wave, Short/long
Radio Propagation term fading, Indoor and Outdoor propagation models.
Cellular Concepts Basic principles of cellular systems, e.g., Cell layout, Planning, Interference