Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Course Instructor
Engr. Ghulam Murtaza
MSc Water Resource & Irrigation Engineering
UET Taxila
BSc Civil Engineering
UET Taxila
Contact: Cell: 03005069389
Mail: gmurtaza18@gmail.com
Course Contents
Introduction
Definition and type of irrigation. Water Resource for
irrigation, surface water. Irrigation system of Pakistan
Canal irrigation
Elementary concept about canal head works,
selection of their site and layout, weirs and barrages,
various components and functions.
Measures adopted to control silt entry into canals, silt
ejectors and excluders. Design of weirs on permeable
foundations, sheet piles and cut off walls. Design of
irrigation channels.
Kennedy’s and Lacey’s Theories. Rational methods
for design of irrigation channels. Comparison of
Canal head regulators, falls, flumes, canal
outlets. Cross drainage works: types and
functions.
Canal lining: advantages and types.
Maintenance of irrigation canals.
Irrigated Agriculture
Water requirements of crops, duty of irrigation
water.
Delta of crops, consumptive use, estimation of
consumptive use, methods used for assessment
of irrigation water.
Irrigation methods and practices.
Soil survey and land classification
Reservoirs
Water logging and salinity:
Text Book
“IRRIGATION ENGINEERING & HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES” by “Santosh Kumar Garg”.
Reference Books
1. Linslay, R.K. and Joseph, B.F. Water Resources
Engineering, McGraw Hill.
2. Siddiqui, Iqtidar H., Irrigation and Drainage
Engineering, Oxford University Press
3. Iqbal Ahmed, Irrigation Engineering and
Hydraulic Structures
Lecture # 1
Water Resources
Introduction
Plants are living beings and do require water and
air for their survival, as do human beings require.
Their requirement of water varies with their type.
Different types of plants require different
quantities of water, and at different times, till they
grow up completely.
Water is normally supplied to these plants by
nature through direct rain or through the flood
waters of rivers which inundate large land areas
during floods.
Introduction
Sometimes, there may be very heavy rains creating
serious floods and damaging the crops, and sometimes,
there may not be any rains at all, creating scarcity of
water for the crops. Thus, famine and scarcity conditions
are created.
In his bid to control the nature, man discovered various
methods by which the water can be stored during the
periods of excess rainfall, and to use that stored water
during periods of ‘less rainfall’ or ‘no rainfall’. The art or
the science by which it is accomplished is generally
termed as irrigation.
Introduction
Irrigation is an art of applying water to the land by
artificial means to fulfil the water requirements of
crops in areas specially where rainfall is
insufficient.
Sources of Water for Irrigation
The water supply for agriculture is from three main
sources
a) Rainfall
b) Surface water
c) Ground water
Need for Irrigation
Arid Zones:
For such zone annual rainfall is less than 15"
and an irrigation system is necessary.
Semi-Arid Zones:
In these areas, precipitation (annual rainfall)
ranges from 15"-30" and an irrigation system is
desirable.
Humid Zone:
For these zones the annual rainfall is more
than 30".Therefore an irrigation system is beneficial.
Rainfall in Pakistan
In Pakistan the mean annual rainfall ranges from less
than 4" in parts of the lower Indus region to more than
30" in the Northern foothills.
Of this annual rainfall only a small portion makes any
useful or direct contribution of irrigation water
supplies.
According to consultant experts of the World Bank the
figure ranges from1" to 17". The rest is either surface
runoff or addition to the ground water reservoir while
some is lost by evaporation.
It is estimated that the present direct contribution to the
crops is 6 MAF per annum.
Surface Runoff
Pakistan rivers carry the melting snow and rains from
the Northern hills down to the plains where they can be
used for irrigation.
From mid-March to mid-July (When the monsoon
breaks) the river discharges derive mainly from
melting snow.
From mid July to September rain water adds to the
volume
Ground Water
After rainfall and surface water, ground water is the
most important water source for irrigation.
In hilly areas this is in form of springs, wells, etc and
may be the only source for irrigation.
Using ground water by sinking tube wells may
seem to be the direct and rapid way of meeting
immediate irrigation water requirements.
However not all the available ground water may
be suitable for irrigation use.
An estimated 41.6 MAF of groundwater is pumped
annually in Pakistan
Advantages of Irrigation
Cooling the soil and atmosphere and thereby creating a
favorable environment especially for plants to grow.
Irrigation helps in increasing crop yields, and hence, to
attain self-sufficiency in food.
Optimum utilization of water is made possible by
irrigation.
Cheaper power generation can be obtained from water
development projects primarily designed for irrigation
alone
Development of irrigation facilities in an area helps in
extending the water supply in nearby villages and
towns, where other sources of water are not available
or are scarcely available.
Advantages of Irrigation
Mixed Cropping is eliminated.
Irrigation channels are generally provided with
embankments and inspection roads. These
inspection paths provide good roadways.
larger irrigation canals can be used and developed
for navigation purposes.
Washing out and diluting undesirable salts in the
soil.
Softening the land for better tillage.
Disadvantages of Irrigation
Irrigation may contribute in water pollution.
Seepage of nitrates, that have been applied to the
soil as fertilize, can pollute the ground water.
Irrigation may result in colder and damper climate.
Over-irrigation may lead to water-logging and may
reduce crop yields.
Obtaining and supplying irrigation water is
complex and expensive in itself. Sometimes,
subsidized cheaper water has to be provided at the
cost of the government, which reduces revenue
returns.
Phases of Irrigation
Irrigation engineering consists of four phases
1. Storage and diversion.
2. Conveyance of irrigation water.
3. Distribution and application of irrigation water.
4. Drainage of excess water
Selection of Suitable Source for
Irrigation
The selection for suitable source for irrigation
depends on the following
1. Free flooding
2. Border flooding
3. Check flooding
4. Basin flooding
5. Furrow irrigation method
6. Sprinkler irrigation method
7. Drip irrigation method
Techniques of Water Distribution in Farms
1. Free Flooding:
In this method, ditches are excavated in the field. Water from
these ditches, flows across the field. After the water leaves the
ditches, no attempt is made to control the flow by means of
levees, etc. Since the movement of water is not restricted, it is
sometimes called wild flooding.
Although the initial cost of land preparation is low, labour
requirements are usually high and water application efficiency is
also low. Wild flooding, is most suitable for close growing
crops particularly where the land is steep. Contour ditches called
laterals or subsidiary ditches, are generally spaced at about 20 to
50 meters apart, depending upon the slope, texture of soil, crops
to be grown .
Techniques of Water Distribution in Farms
2. Border flooding :
In this method, the land is divided into a number of
strips, separated by low levees called borders. The land
areas confined in each strip is of the order of 10 to 20
meters in width, and 100 to 400 meters in length. When
the advancing water reaches the lower end of the strip,
the supply of water to the strip is turned off.
Techniques of Water Distribution in Farms
Pakistan portion Flows into Pakistan (Punjab) near Ferozepur and eventually joins
Chenab 3 miles u/s Punjnad Barrage
Tributary Rivers Eight major tributaries (all except Rohi Nullah join Sutlej in
India)
Pakistan portion Runs almost along the Indo-Pak Border -15km d/s Madhopur to 20
miles u/s of Shahdara (58 miles)
Tributary Rivers Five major tributaries (Ujh, Bein, Basantar, Deg, Hudiara nullahs –
upper catchments lie in India)
Largest Tributary Deg Nullah (160 miles/256km), catchment area (456 Sq.miles/730
Sq.km)
Pakistan portion The river enters Pakistan a little over Head Marala with very
sharp changes in slope (130 ft/mile above Tandi reduced to 2
ft/mile close to Trimmu)
Salient Features of Main Rivers - Jhelum
River
Origin -One of the largest rivers of the world and the main river
of the Indus valley;