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Basics and Fundamentals

Surge Arresters

Siemens AG
Energy Sector
Power Transmission

Mauricio Vargas
EE, MSc, PhD
Overview

 Definition and Operation

 Fundamentals of Protection
 Typical Installation Points
 Protective Zone
 Arrester Types

 MOV Manufacturing

Page 2 Energy Sector


Overview

 Definition and Operation

 Fundamentals of Protection
 Typical Installation Points
 Protective Zone
 Arrester Types

 MOV Manufacturing

Page 3 Energy Sector


Definition and Operation

A Surge Arrester (SA) is a non-linear device intended to


protect other equipments against transient overvoltages
(OV).

Page 4 Energy Sector


Definition and Operation

A Surge Arrester (SA) is a non-linear device intended to


protect other equipments against transient overvoltages
(OV).

The origin of the OV may be intern or extern:


• Intern: system switching or faults.
• Extern: lightning

Page 5 Energy Sector


Example: Us = 420 kV

1200

1100

1000

900 10-kA residual voltage = lightning impulse protective level = 806 kV

800
Peak value of voltage / kV

700

600

500

400

300
Peak value of phase-to-earth voltage: √2·Us /√3 = 343 kV
200

100 Leakage current ≈ 100 µA Nominal discharge current = 10 kA

0
-4 -2 2 4
10 10 1 10 10
Peak value of current / A

Page 6 Energy Sector


Overview

 Definition and Operation

 Fundamentals of Protection
 Typical Installation Points
 Protective Zone
 Arrester Types

 MOV Manufacturing

Page 7 Energy Sector


Fundamentals of Protection
5

Possible voltages without arresters


Magnitude of (over.)voltage / p.u.

Withstand voltage of equipment

Voltages limited by arresters

0
Lightning overvoltages Switching overvoltages Temporary overvoltages Highest system voltage
(Microseconds) (Milliseconds) (Seconds) (Continuously)

Time duration of (over-)voltage


Page 8 Energy Sector
Overview

 Definition and Operation

 Fundamentals of Protection
 Typical Installation Points
 Protective Zone
 Arrester Types

 MOV Manufacturing

Page 9 Energy Sector


Typical Installations Points

1 switchgear

trans- cable generator


former
switchgear
G
overhead tower portal Surge cable 3
line arrester

2 switchgear
4
Substation
(AIS / GIS)

1. At overhead transmission lines and transitions overhead line – cable


2. At the entrance of overhead lines into a substation
3. Usually in the HV-bushing area of transformers
4. Usually in parallel to shunt reactors, filters and special equipment (GIS,
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HVDC, FACTS, etc.) Energy Sector
Typical Installations Points

Page 11 Energy Sector


Typical Installations Points
3EQ 3EP 3EL
3ES 3EB1 3EC3 3EB1 3EK7

Page 12 Energy Sector


Overview

 Definition and Operation

 Fundamentals of Protection
 Typical Installation Points
 Protective Zone
 Arrester Types

 MOV Manufacturing

Page 13 Energy Sector


Protective Zone

Travelling w
a ve effects

Voltage at terminals
of equipment to be
protected may be
higher than
protection level
of the arrester.

Safety margin

Protective Zone

Page 14 Energy Sector


Protective Zone: Travelling Waves

Simplified estimation of the protective zone:

xs protective zone [m]


(BIL / 1,15) - Ures BIL basic insulation level [kV]
xs = · vtw Ures protection level of the arrester [kV]
2·s s front steepness of the overvoltage [kV/µs]
(in the range of 1000 kV/µs)
vtw propagation speed of travelling wave:
- 300 m/µs (overhead line)
- 200 m/µs (cable)
see IEC 60099-5, IEC 60071-1 and IEC 60071-2

Example 1: Distribution network, Um = 24 kV, insulated neutral, arrester of Ur = 30 kV:

(125 / 1,15) - 80
xs = · 300 m = 4,3 m
2·1000

Example 2: Transmission network, Um = 420 kV, effectively earthed, arrester of Ur = 336 kV:

(1425 / 1,15) - 839


xs = · 300 m = 60 m
2·1000

Page 15 Energy Sector


Overview

 Definition and Operation

 Fundamentals of Protection
 Typical Installation Points
 Protective Zone
 Arrester Types

 MOV Manufacturing

Page 16 Energy Sector


Arrester Types

There may be several ways to classify a SA, but in general


they fit the following classification regarding the housing
type:

 Porcelain Housed Surge Arresters


 Polymer Housed Surge Arresters
 Metal Enclosed Surge Arresters (GIS)

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Arrester Types:
Porcelain Housed Surge Arresters

up to Um = 123 kV up to Um = 362 kV up to Um = 550 kV up to Um = 800 kV

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Arrester Types:
Porcelain Housed Surge Arresters

O-ring seal Bolt terminal


(flat terminal available)
Sulphur cement bonding
(non-porous) Pressure relief diaphragm
Housing filled with nitrogen Material: Stainless steel
to avoid oxygen Thickness: 3EP4: 0,1 mm
(causing moisture) 3EP2/3: 0,2 mm
Opening pressure: 1 bar
Porcelain housing
Pressure relief vent
MO column Material: Aluminium

Support for MO column


Material: FRP rods

Fixing plate (FRP)


Ø 70 mm Ø 100 mm

Aluminium flange
Ø 58 mm
Ø 48 mm

Ø 41 mm
Ø 78 mm
Ø 32 mm

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Arrester Types:
Polymer Housed Surge Arresters

up to Um = 800 kV
up to Um = 72 kV up to Um = 170 kV up to Um = 550 kV

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Arrester Types:
Polymer Housed Surge Arresters

There are three general classification of polymer arresters


regarding their internal design:

1. Cage Design

2. Tube Design

3. Wrapped Design

1. 2. 3.
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Arrester Types:
Metal Enclosed Surge Arresters (GIS)
1-phase meander 1-phase linear 3-phase linear

Ur=576 ... 612 kV Ur=180 ... 444 kV Ur max=180 kV

BEWAG, Germany 550 kV

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Arrester Types:
Metal Enclosed Surge Arresters (GIS)

SF6-SF6-bushing
(Oil-SF6-bushing on request)

Spring contact
Access cover with pressure
relief device and filter
Grading hood

Enclosure
GIS arresters connected to a
Supporting tube
123 kV Transformer,
Metal-oxide resistors Germany

Electrical monitoring devices


Gas pressure/density monitoring

Page 23 Energy Sector


Arrester Types:

3EL1 3EL2 3EQ1 3EQ4 3EQ3 3EQ5 3EP4/5 3EP2 3EP3 3ES2 3ES5 3ES7
DC
3ES9
3EL 3EQ 3EP 3ES
Silicone Silicone Porcelain GIS
(Cage Design) (Tube Design)

Page 24 Energy Sector


Arrester Types:
360/550 kV

5
550 kV 800 kV
Line Discharge Class

550 kV
3EP2 3EQ4 3EQ3
Porcelain Silicone
Silicone
4
362 kV
3EP3 800 kV DC
Porcelain 3EQ5
123 kV 800 kV Silicone
3
362 kV 3EL2
3EP5 3EP4 Silicone
Porcelain Porcelain
2
40,5 kV
72,5 kV 245 kV
3EL1 3EQ1
Silicone Silicone
1

Silicone
Highest Voltage of Equipment UM
3EK4 3EK7
3 36 72 145 245 300 362 420 550 800 kV
Page 25 Energy Sector
Overview

 Definition and Operation

 Fundamentals of Protection
 Typical Installation Points
 Protective Zone
 Arrester Types

 MOV Manufacturing

Page 26 Energy Sector


Manufacturing of MO Resistors

Delivery of raw materials


Release of raw materials

Weighing ≈90% ZnO


≈ 10% additives

Milling/Mixing 1...5 tons

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Manufacturing of MO Resistors

Granulating
(Spray drying)

Check of:
• V-I-Characteristics
Release of granulate • Power loss
• Long duration current capability

Pressing

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Manufacturing of MO Resistors

Decarbonizing

Sintering

3.5 V
δ ≈1200 °C I
Volume reduction ≈40% 100 µA
Microvaristor
Zincoxide grain
10 ... 50 µm

Page 29 Energy Sector


Manufacturing of MO Resistors

Coating with glass paste

Grinding

Metallization

Sample tests: Routine tests:


• V-I-Characteristics • Residual voltage (U10kA)
Electrical tests • Long duration current capability • Power loss at Uc (P0)
• Accelerated aging • Long duration current test
• High current impulse

Page 30 Energy Sector


Manufacturing of MO Resistors

Long duration current


test (2 ms) passed
2
Marking Manufacturer's name SIEMENS
E70SR133
Type
P 64 13.21 L
Power loss (10-2 W) 18230
Residual voltage (kV)
and classification

Lot number

To:
Visual inspection PTD H 4
Berlin

and packing 1PP70572X14230L0007

Page 31 Energy Sector


Thanks you for your attention

Page 32 Energy Sector

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