Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Metabolism 2. Coenzymes
• is a series of chemical reactions in the body that • Like metal ion activators, they bind to
converts the food into energy. apoenzyme temporarily.
• 2 TYPES: • They are organic molecule that come from the
vitamins that we take in everyday.
1. Anabolism
• They are loosely bound organic cofactor
2. Catabolism
3. Prosthetic cofactors
• Anabolism is powered by catabolism
• Can either be metal ions or organic molecules
• Metabolism is the process of converting food
into energy. Therefore, skipping meals may • The only difference is that they bind to
cause disruption in cellular activities which apoenzymes permanently.
may result in sickness.
• They are tightly bound organic cofactor
• Anabolism & Catabolism are both vital
processes Enzymes cont'd
• Without these, some of the body's reaction • Only molecular substrates that have the
may not proceed. perfect fit can bind to the active sites.
• It has a lock-and-key relationship. • However some times heat energy can
also increase kinetic energy to a point
• After the reaction is completed, the product is that exceed the energy barrier which
released. results in denaturing of enzymes.
• Then the active site goes back to its original • pH
conditional condition.
• Rate of almost all enzymes catalyzed
SITES OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS reactions depends on pH
• Enzymes are synthesized by ribosomes which • Most enzymes exhibit optimal activity
are attached to the rough endoplasmic at pH value between 5 and 9
reticulum.
• High or low pH value than optimum
• Information for the synthesis of enzyme is value will cause ionization of enzyme
carried by DNA. which result in denaturation of
• Amino acids are bonded together to form enzyme
specific enzyme according to the DNA’s codes • Substrate concentration
substrate enzymes products INHIBITION
• INHIBITORS: Any substance that can diminish
lactose lactase glucose + galactose the velocity of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is
called an inhibitor.
maltose maltase Glucose
• When the enzyme is inhibited, it is not capable
cellulose cellulase Glucose of binding to any substrate.
Examples
lipid lipase Glycerol + fatty acid
Competitive Inhibition:
starch amylase Maltose • Statin drugs such as Lipitor compete with
HMG-CoA(substrate) and inhibit the active
protein protease Peptides + polypeptide site of HMG CoA-REDUCTASE (that bring
about the catalysis of cholesterol synthesis).
ATP provides the energy for cells and tissues ATP from Oxygen
to perform their function, such as the
Aside from food intake, oxygen is important
circulation of blood, the contraction of
for ATP to function well.
muscles, and pumping of the heart.
Inhaling deeply through the nose and exhaling
Transport work
through the mouth will fire up ATP production
ATP provides the energy for substance to and energy release.
move such exit and entry of compounds
Too many people are shallow breather and do
across cell membranes, or substrates binding
not even know it. We gulp air while speaking
to protein enzymes.
and eating, essentially starving the cells of
Metabolism through ATP adequate oxygen and fully functioning ATP
molecules, thus, we experience fatigue and
Heterotrophs obtain ATP through the food potential weight gain.
that we eat.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
First, the digestive system breaks down the
ingested food into smaller molecules. Balance in anabolism and catabolism is
maintained by the circadian rhythm, which
These smaller units are then absorbed into the maintains regular or patterned process in the
blood stream and transported into the cells. body within a 24-hour cycle.
The cells use these molecules to convert ADP The circadian rhythm is disrupted when an
molecules into ATP organism changes certain habits or lifestyles.
If the body does not have this mechanism, it Body Mass Index
will easily run out of ATP after a couple of
seconds. Body Mass Index (BMI) is the weight to height
ratio of an individual
The higher the metabolism is, the more energy
you can produce and the more fat you can Wt in kg
burn.
BMI = ----------------
Ht in m2
STANDARD BMI SCALE
CATEGORY SCALE
Underweight BMI less than 18.5
Normal Weight BMI 18.5 to 24.9
Overweight BMI 25 to 29.9
Obese BMI more than 30