Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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vH;kld
gtsjh Øekad
1852003
ekxZn'kZd
çk - M‚ lat; eksjs lj
vH;kl dsaæ
mYgkluxj &421004
2018&2019
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1- 3 mfí"Vîs
1- 4 gokekukrhy cny
1- 5 gokeku cnykps uos ladV o
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1- 6 gokeku cnykps /kksds
1- 7 lanHkZ
çdj.k „
2- 1 cnyrs gokeku vkf.k 'ksrh
2- 2 gokeku cnykps okLro
2- 3 egkjk"Vªrhy 'ksrh oj
gokeku ifj.kke
2- 4—"kh mRiukoj gokeku
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3- 1 'ksrh gokeku 'kkL=
3- 2 xzkeh.k la'kks/ku
3- 3 xzkeh.k uola'kks/ku
3 -4 uola'kks/ku pk gokekukoj
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3- 5 vk;ihlhlh pk vgoky
çdj.k- 4
4- 1 Hkkjrkrhy —f"k{ks=
4- 2 'ksrhpk i)rh
4- 3 'ksrhyk ik.kh |kpk i)rh
4- 4 gokeku vankt ihd
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4- 5 'ksrh {ks=klkBh egRokpk
fidkpk foek 4- 6 Hkkjrkrhy
çeq[k —"kh leL;k vkf.k mik;
4-7gokeku cnyklkBh
'ksrhfo"k;d ;ksxnku
çdj.k- 5
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5- 3 lkjka'k
5- 4 ç'ukoyh
çdj.k ua ƒ
1- 1 çLrkouk
1- „ fo"k; fuoMhps dkj.k
1- 3 mfí"Vîs
1- 4 gokekukrhy cny
1- 5 gokeku cnykps uos ladV o ifj.kke
1- 6 gokeku cnykps /kksds
1- 7 lanHkZ
1-1 çLrkouk
1- vUulqj{ksoj ?kkyk------
3- vFkZO;oLFksojhy ifj.kke
& LFkkfud ikrGhoj fofo/k lekt] çns'kkrhy LFkkfud & ijaijkxr Kku
vkf.k ikGY;k tk.kkj~;k pkyhfjrh] i/nrh ;kaph ekfgrh ?;k;yk goh- l/;k
lq: vlysY;k mik;;kstukacjkscjp ;k ijaijkxr xks"Vhapk mi;ksx d:u
?ksrY;kl R;kpk vWMkIVs'kulkBh eksBk mi;ksx gksow 'kdsy-
ƒ- lanHkZ
1950 lkykuarj vls Li"Vi.ks ikgk;yk feGkys vkgs dh] tkLr {kkjrk
vlysY;k ¼Eg.kts rqyusus deh ikÅl vlysY;k½ Hkkxkrhy {kkjrk
vk.k[kh deh >kyh vkgs] rj deh {kkjrk vlysY;k ¼Eg.ktsp tkLr ikÅl
vlysY;k½ Hkkxkrhy {kkjrsps çek.k vk.k[kh deh >kys vkgs-
& R;kiSdh 40 VDds ok;w ¼880 vCt Vu] v/& 35 vCt Vu½
okrkoj.kkr fVdwu vkgs] mjysyk ouLirh] tehu vkf.k leqæ ;kaP;kr
'kks"kyk xsyk- ;k 'kks"kysY;k dkcZu Mk;v‚DlkbZMiSdh fuEek
leqækauh 'kks"kyk] R;keqGs leqækaps] egklkxjkaps
vkEyhdj.k >kys vkgs-
& i`Fohoj vaVkfVZd oxGrk brj loZp [kaMkae/;s 1950 uarj gh ok<
ikgk;yk feGkyh vkgs-
& cnyrs itZU;] cQZ & fge forG.;kP;k çek.kkrhy cny ;keqGs fofo/k
Hkkxkae/khy typØkr xq.kkRed vkf.k la[;kRed cny >kys vkgs-
gokekukr lq/kkj.kk
gokekuke/;s vkiY;kyk vko';d rls cny ?kMfo.ks 'kD; vkgs dk] ;k –
"Vhus xsY;k dkgh n'kdkaiklwu la'kks/kdkaps ç;Ru lq: vkgsr-
txHkjkrhy v'kk ç;Rukapk gk vk<kok-
gokekucnykpk QVdk
e‚Ulwups vkxeu vkf.k e‚Ulwupk çokl ;kP;k loZlk/kkj.k rkj[kk fuf'pr
vkgsr- eqGkr e‚Ulwu ;k 'kCnkpk okij fczfV'k dkGkiklwu lq: >kyk-
itZU;eku
'ksrhlkBh Hkkjrkr lqihd tehu vkgs] loZ çdkjps okrkoj.k
vuqdqy vkgs] itZU;ekukP;k Øeokjhr Hkkjr txkr 9 O;kØekadkoj
vkgs- ns'kkrhy ljkljh itZU;eku 2168 fe-eh- çfro"kZ vkgs- Eg.ktsp
loZckch vuqdqy vlrkukgh vki.k mRiUukr nql&;k Øekadkoj
vkgksr- ;k ckchapk xkaHkh;kZus fopkj dj.ks vko';d vkgs-
'ksrhlkBh flapu O;oLFkk ] iqjs'kh oht ] ntsZnkjfc;k.ks] [krkapk
vko';d iqjoBk o 'ksrhekykps ;ksX; Hkko ;k loZckchaps fu;kstu
d#u lkaxM ?kkryh rjp 'ksrhps o 'ksrd&;kapsç'u lqVq 'kdrh ik.kh
flapukpk ç'u lqVyk rj ckdhps ç'u lgt lqVrhy- rlsp gk ç'u lksMfo.ks
fuf'prp vkokD;kckgsjukgh- dkj.k Hkkjrkr lokZr tkLr ikml iMrks
Eg.kqup vkiY;kyk ik.;kps egRo okVr ukgh- Hkkjrkr ftrdk ikml
iMrks oT;k çek.kkr ik.kh okgqu tkrs R;kpk fopkj dsY;kl 1 VDds
ik.;kpk lq)k vki.k fofu;ksx d# 'kdr ukgh] fg oLrqfLFkrh vkgs-
fulxkZus eqä gkrkus vkiY;kyk HkjHk#u fnysys vkgs- ek= R;kpk
fofu;ksx dj.;kP;k bPNk'käh vHkkoh vki.k cjsp dkfgxekoys vkgs-
yksdla[;k
ikjaifjd 'ksrh
vktP;k lanHkkZr dkyP;k 'ksrhpkgh dky[kaM Lokra=iwoZ dkG
fdaok egkjk"VªkP;k fufeZrhP;k iwohZP;k ‡å&ˆå o"kkZpk
dky[kaM Eg.kwu ?ksrk ;sbZy- baxztkaP;k dkGkr 'ksrhr lq/kkj.kk
dj.;klkBh Qkjls ç;Ru >kys vls fnlwu ;sr ukgh- rhoz nq"dkGkph
uksan ?ksÅu lu ƒŠŠƒ e/;s Qsehu dfe'kuph LFkkiuk dsY;koj
R;krhy f'kQkj'khaP;k vk/kkjs lu ƒŠŠ… e/;s vkiY;k jkT;kr çFkep
— "kh foHkkxkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh-
Lokra=iwoZ dkGkr çkeq[;kus 'ks.kkP;k Lo:ikr 'ks.k[krkpk okij
gksr vls o dhVd&uk'kds Qkj'kh dkgh miyC/k uOgrh- ux.;
okijkiklwu vkt dhVduk'kdkapk okij lqekjs ikp gtkj Vu njo"khZi;aZr
iksgkspysyk vkgs- 'ksrhr ;kaf=dhdj.kkpk okij R;k dkGkr vR;Yi
vlwu ikjaifjd 'ksrh votkjkapk okij d:u 'ksrh dj.;kd Ms 'ksrd&;kapk
dy gksrk-
ikjaifjd fids&Tokjh] cktjh] HkqbZewx] ewx] mMhn] Hkkr] rwj]
dkiwl v'kkp fidkadfjrk tfeuhpk okij gksr vls rj mlklkj[;k ckxk;rh
fidk[kkyh rlsp QG vkf.k Hkkthikyk fidksarxZr {ks= vR;Yi gksrs-
vk/kqfud 'ksrh
LokraR;ZçkIrhuarj o çkeq[;kus egkjk"Vª jkT;kP;k fufeZrh >kY;koj
ns'kkP;k mÙkj Hkkxkr >kysY;k gfjrØksarhP;k ik'kZ~oHkwehoj
vkiY;k jkT;ke/;sgh lad fjr vkf.k vf/kd mRiUu ns.kk&;k tkrhapk okij
>ikV;kus ok<r xsyk- ,dksp çdkjP;k tkrhP;k fc;k.;kP;k okijkeqGs
jksxkoj ekr dj.;kph çrhdkj{kerk deh >kY;kus o jksxjkbZps
çek.kgh ok<r xsY;kus dhVduk'kdkapk okijgh eksB;k çek.kkoj
ok<ysyk vkgs- dksjMokgw 'ksrd&;kauk c¡ds dMwu dtZ
?ksrY;kf'kok; 'ksrh dj.ks 'kD; gksr ukgh- vktph 'ksrhph i)r ;k
vFkkZus tkLr dtkZph] [kwi [kpkZph] tkLr mRiknukph] ijarq deh
mRiUukph vls Eg.krk ;sbZy-
Hkfo";dkyhu 'ksrh
—f"kØksarhps tud M‚- ,e- ,l- Lokehuk;u ;kauh vktP;k 'ksrhyk
gfjrØkarh vls tjh uko fnys vlys rjh Hkfo";dkGkph 'ksrh lnkgjhr
Økarh v'kk Lo:ikph jkghy] vls er çnf'kZr ds ysys vkgs- dkyph
'ksrh ikjaifjd] vktph 'ksrh vk/kqfud o m|kph 'ksrh 'kk'or vls lehdj.k
vlwu m|kph 'ksrh djrkuk vk/kqfud 'ksrh – ra=Kkukpk okij d:u
ikjaifjd 'ksrh – ra=Kkukph lkFk ?ksÅu ;k 'ksrhyk 'kk'or cufo.ks
vkrk dkGkph xjt vkgs- m|kP;k 'ksrhpk fopkj djrkuk ikjaifjd vkf.k
vk/kqfud 'ksrhe/;s lkeatL; LFkkfir djhr vlrkuk ts ç'u mHks jkgrkr
R;koj vR;ar xkaHkh;kZus fopkj dj.ks vko';d vkgs-
ikjaifjd vkf.k vk/kqfud 'ksrh %
egkjk"Vª jkT;krhy ,d dksVh ikp y{k 'ksrdjh vkf.k Š… y{k 'ksretwj
jkT;kP;k ,dw.k mRiUukP;k lqekjs ,d"k"Bka'k Hkkx feGowu nsrkr-
'ksrO;olk;kr vlysY;k O;ähaps mRiUu fcxj 'ksrhr vlysY;k
O;kolkf;dkais{kk ,d n'kka'k vkgs-
4-2 'ksrhP;k i)rh
'ksrdj~;kus mnjfuokZgklkBh fdaok /kank Eg.kwu Lor%P;k 'ksrkoj
pkyfoysyk O;olk; v'kh <kscGekukus 'ksrhph O;k[;k djrk ;sbZy-
'ksrke/kwu dk<ko;kP;k mRiknuko:u 'ksrhps ÅleGk] Hkkr 'ksrh]
i'kq/kuç/kku 'ksrh] eRL; 'ksrh b- fujfujkGs çdkj vfLrRokr vkysys
vkgsr- rlsp flapukP;k miyC/krsuqlkj ckxk;rh 'ksrh] ftjkbZr 'ksrh
vlsgh çdkj iMrkr- [krkaP;k okijkuqlkj lsafæ; 'ksrh] jklk;fud 'ksrh
vls çdkjlqn~?kk vfLrRokr vkys vkgsr- LFkwyekukus uSlfxZd
vkf.k vkfFkZd ?kVdkaeqGs 'ksrhP;k çdkjkar cny gksrkr-'ksrh gk
[kwi egÙokpk Hkkx vkgs Hkkjrke/khy- uSlfxZd fdaok çk—frd
?kVd gs o"kkZo"kkZyk cnyr ukghr- R;kaP;krhy lokaZr egÙokps
Eg.kts gokeku] tehu vkf.k Hkwjpuk gs gksr- ,[kk|k foof{kr
foHkkxkr dks.krs ihd ;sÅ 'kdsy gs ;k ?kVdkoj voyacwu vlrs- deh
ikolkP;k çns'kkr tj flapuklkBh ik.kh miyC/k >kys rj ckxk;hr dik'kh
vkf.k rhG o mlklkj[kh nh?kZeqnrhph fids mÙkejhrhus ;sÅ 'kdrkr-
R;k fBdk.kh v'kk rj~gsus iwohZ vfLrRokr ulysyk vlk 'ksrhpk
O;ogk;Z çdkj fuekZ.k gksÅ 'kdrks- Hkkr 'ksrh vkf.k
m".k&dfVca/kkrhy QGckxkaph 'ksrh dksd.kkr 'kD; vkgs- dkj.k
rsFkhy gokeku Hkkr] vkacs] ukjG] dktw] lqikjh] elkY;kph fids
;kP;k mRiknukyk iks"kd vlrs- uohu ladfjr tkrhaeqGsgh gokeku]
tehu o Hkwjpuk ;kauk ;ksX; v'kh fids vkrk ?ksrk ;srkr-
fids vkf.k 'ksrhpk çdkj gs tehu vkf.k Hkwjpuk ;kaoj voyacwu
vlrkr; i.k ;k ?kVdkauk tj itZU;ekukphgh tksM feGkyh rj R;kaps
ifj.kke vf/kd mBkonkj fnlrkr- [kksy] lqihd vkf.k likV tehu vlsy vkf.k
ikÅl Hkjiwj o pkaxyk foHkkxwu iM.kkjk vlsy rj rsFks 'ksrhph
HkjHkjkV >kysyh vk<Grs- MksaxjkG vkf.k iqjs'kk itZU;ekukP;k
çns'kkr xorkG jkus eqcyd vlY;kus v'kk fBdk.kh loZlk/kkj.ki.ks
dqj.k'ksrh] ou'ksrh] xor'ksrh fdaok i'kq/ku ç/kku 'ksrh Qk;ns'khj
Bjrs- ekQd [kksyhph tehu o rqViqatk ikÅl vl.kkj~;k çns'kkar ⇨
nqtZy 'ksrh fdaok ftjkbZr 'ksrhf'kok; i;kZ; ulrks-
vkfFkZd ?kVd fujfujkG~;k uSlfxZd ?kVdkao:u dks.kR;k
Hkwçns'kkr dk; fidfork ;s.ks 'kD; vkgs rs lkaxrk ;sbZy; ijarq
dks.krh fids vxj 'ksrhpk çdkj fdrh Qk;ns'khj gksbZy rs lkaxrk
;s.kkj ukgh- rs osGksosGh cny.kkj~;k vkfFkZd ?kVdkao:u
Bjokos ykxsy- gs ?kVd Eg.kts mRiknu [kpZ] foØh [kpZ] nqlj~;k
m|ksx/ka|k'kh Li/kkZ] 'ksrh mRiknukP;k lkis{k fdaerhr gks.kkjs
cny] vokLro mRiknu ok< o ?kV ;kaps nq"V pd] R;k R;k
cktkjisBkaP;k fof'k"V ekx.;k] tfeuhP;k fdaerh] miyC/k HkkaMoy]
etwj iqjoBk] fidkojhy dhM o jksx vkf.k oS;fäd ?kVd oxSjs-
R;kapk lokaZxh.k gks.kkjk ifj.kke y{kkr ?ksÅu 'ksrhps çdkj
fu;ksftr dsys tkrkr- R;krhy dkgh egÙRok çdkj vkf.k R;kaph
oSf'k"Vîs iq<s fnysyh vkgsr-
,dsjh vxj cgqfo/k fidkaph 'ksrh ,dsjh fidkph 'ksrh Hkkjrkr Qkj :<
ukgh- ;kyk dkj.ksgh osxosxGh vkgsr- R;kr egÙkokps Eg.kts
Hkkjrkrhy 'ksrh gh çk/kkU;kus mnjfuokZgkP;k gsrwus dj.;kr
;s.kkjh vlwu tehu/kkj.ksps ifjek.k vYi vkgs- 'ksrdj~;kyk vkiY;k
ygku'kk 'ksrhP;k rqdMîkr dqVqackP;k xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh vko';d
v'kh toGtoG loZ çdkjph 'kD; rh mRiknus dk<koh ykxrkr-
lqnSokus Hkkjrkrhy gokeku] dkgh FkksMs çns'k oxGrk] cgqrsd
fBdk.kh o"kZHkj 'ksrh dj.;kyk iwjd vls vkgs- dksd.k foHkkxkrhy
Hkkr 'ksrh gk ,dp vkf.k toGtoG ,dsjh ihd in~?krhlkj[kk vkgs-
vesfjdslkj[;k ns'kkr tehu/kkj.ksps ifjek.k [kwi eksBs vlwu
fo'ks"khdj.kgh mPp ntkZps vlrs- rsFks xgw] dik'kh] edk] xor
bR;knhaph ,dsjh ihd in~?kr :< vkgs- vFkkZr rsFkhy gokeku
ckjkgh efgus 'ksrhyk iwjd ukgh gsgh y{kkr ?;k;yk ikfgts- tsFks
'ksrhps ygkuygku rqdMs ,d= d:u lkeqnkf;d 'ksrh vfLrRokr vkgs
fdaok egkjk"Vª jkT; —f"k egkeaMGkçek.ks jkT; ljdkjP;k
O;oLFks[kkyh 'ksrh dsyh tkrs] v'kk fBdk.kh ,dsjh ihd in~?krh
voyafcyh tkrs-
cgqfo/k fidkaph 'ksrh vusd –"Vhauh Qk;ns'khj vlrs- frP;ke/;s
miyC/k lk/kulkexhpk vf/kd dk;Z{kersus vkf.k dkVdljhus mi;ksx
gksÅ 'kdrks- tfeuhph mRiknu{kerk fVdfo.;kP;k fdaok ok<fo.;kP;k
ckcrhrgh frph enr gksrs- cgqfo/k fidkaP;k 'ksrhr dkgh fidkar
vkysys uqdlku nqlj~;k fidkar Hk:u fu?kr vlY;kus dkgh çek.kkar
uqdlkuHkjikbZ gksrs- ek= ,dsjh fidkaP;k 'ksrhr fo'ks"khdj.kkpk
tks Qk;nk feGrks rks cgqfo/k fidkaP;k 'ksrhr feGr ukgh-
nqtZy 'ksrh[laiknu]
okf"kZd ‡å lsaeh- fdaok R;kis{kk deh v'kk fuf'pr itZU;ekukP;k
çns'kkr nqtZy 'ksrh djrkr- vksy fVdfo.ks vkf.k Hkwlaj{k.k v'kk
çdkjP;k 'ksrhrhy egÙokP;k leL;k gksr- dkgh FkksMîk ikolkGh
efgU;kar o R;kaP;k FkksMîk ekxhy&iq<hy dkGkr gks.kkjh gh
gaxkeh 'ksrh vlrs- fidkaph fuoM e;kZfnr vlrs- Hkwlaj{k.k dj.;klkBh
vkf.k vksykok fVdfo.;klkBh 'ksrhP;k e'kkxrhP;k dkgh [kkl f'kQkjl
dsysY;k in~?krh oki:u gh fids dk<yh tkrkr- mnk-] leikrGhr cka/k
?kkywu R;kauk lekarj fidkaph isj.kh dj.ks] deh ch isj.ks] jksikaph
la[;k e;kZfnr dj.ks] iêkisj in~?krhus ihd isj.ks] vkPNknukpk okij
dj.ks] [krkapk ekQd okij dj.ks bR;knh-
ftjkbrh 'ksrh
;k 'ksrh çdkjkr ‡å rs ƒåå lsaeh-P;k vklikl vl.kkj~;k] o vf/kd fuf'pr
vlysY;k itZU;ekukoj fids dk<yh tkrkr- Hkkjrkrhy dkgh Hkkxkar
[kjhi vkf.k jCch v'kk nksu gaxkekar fids dk<.ks 'kD; vlrs- ;k
çdkjP;k 'ksrhr [krkpk eqcyd okij djrk ;srks- vkPNknukpk okij d:u
ftjkbrh 'ksrh tkLr Qk;ns'khj djrk ;srs- Hkkjrkr vusd jkT;kar v'kk
çdkjph 'ksrh djrkr-
ckxk;rh 'ksrh
okLrfod gk 'ksrhpk çdkj ulwu rh fids dk<.;kph ,d in~?kr vkgs- ;k
'ksrhrhy fids ikolkoj voyacwu ulrkr vkf.k Eg.kwup ;k fidkaps
mRiknu ftjkbZr fidkais{kk vf/kd fLFkj vlrs- ik.khiqjoBîkeqGs lca/k
o"kZHkj fids ?ksryh tkrkr- lk/kulkexhpk okijlqn~?kk eqcydi.ks
vkf.k fdQk;r'khji.ks dsyk tkrks- ;k 'ksrhP;k leL;k ftjkbZr 'ksrhP;k
leL;kais{kk osxG~;k vkgsr- mnk-] ckxk;rh 'ksrhiq<hy lokaZr
egÙokP;k leL;kaiSdh ,d Eg.kts tyksRlkj.kkus dkGthiwoZd jhR;k
vfrfjä e`nk&ty dk<wu Vkdwu tfeuhph mRiknu{kerk fVdfo.ks-
;kmyV nqtZy 'ksrhr ik.;kpk Fksac u~ Fksac okpowu R;kpk
mRiknuok<hlkBh mi;ksx dj.ks gh leL;k vlrs-
gaxkeh ckxk;rh 'ksrh
ik.khiqjoBk gk ckxk;rh 'ksrhpk ik;k vlY;kus R;kpk lzksrp tj
gaxkeh vlsy rj gaxkeh ckxk;rh 'ksrh in~?krhpk voyac djkok
ykxrks- ;kr lkekU;r% [kjhi vkf.k jCch ;k gaxkekar lajf{kr ik.;kP;k
ikG~;k nsÅu fids ?ksryh tkrkr- [kjhi gaxkekrhy fids cgqrka'kh
ikolkP;k ik.;koj ;srkr vkf.k jCch gaxkekP;k mÙkjk/kkZr miyC/k
ik.;kpk lajf{kr Eg.kwu okij d:u ihd ?ksrys tkrs-
v'kk ygku vkf.k [kafMr 'ksrkaoj flapu dBh.k gksrs- f'kok;] lhek
iqjfo.;ke/;s Hkjiwj mitkÅ 'ksrh tehu O;FkZ >kyh vkgs- v'kk
ifjfLFkrhr 'ksrdjh lq/kkj.kk dj.;koj y{k dsafær d: 'kdr ukgh-
2- fc;k.ks
mPp ihd mRiknu feGfo.;klkBh vkf.k 'ksrh mRiknukr lrr ok<
gks.;klkBh fc;k.ks ,d egÙokps vkf.k ewyHkwr buiqV vkgs-
fc;k.ks r;kj dsY;kus fuf'pr xq.koÙkk fc;k.ks forj.kkl egÙoiw.kZ
vkgs- nqnSZokus] pkaxY;k çrhps fc;k.ks cgqrsd 'ksrd;kaZe/khy]
[kkld#u ygku vkf.k fdjdksG 'ksrd&;kaP;k ikspkais{kk pkaxys
vkgsr dkj.k pkaxY;k fc;k.;kaP;k fdaerh tkLr vkgsr-
'ksrh FksV vkf.k vçR;{k mRltZu r;kj djrs- FksV mRlftZr —f=e
ekrh vkf.k i'kq/ku [krkadMwu ;srkr- vçR;{k m"ekad deh
gks.;kiklwu vkf.k [krkapk vH;kl dj.;kiklwu] tfeuhP;k okijkrhy
cnykae/kwu mRltZu] e'khuhdj.k] okgrwd vkf.k —f"k&jklk;fud
vkf.k [krkaP;k mRiknuklkBh thok'e ba/kukapk okij djrkr - lokZr
egÙokps vçR;{k mRltZu uSlfxZd ouLirh vkf.k oU; dVkbZ vkf.k
tfeuhph ?kV ;klg ikjaifjd tehu okijkae/;s cny vkgs- bfcdsy
bfFk;ksfi;krhy oU; okrkoj.kkpk eq[; dkj.k oU; dVkbZ ¼'ksrh foLrkj
vkf.k ba/ku ykdMklkBh½ vk<Grks- xgu ykxoM gh ikjaikfjd tehu
okij i/nrhaiSdh ,d vkgs T;ke/;s tehu lrr O;R;; vk.krs- ,lvks,e vkf.k
e`nk {kj.k P;k fo?kVu ;keqGs lh 2 mRltZu ok<rs-
tkxfrd c¡dsP;k ] uqlkj] —"kh tkxfrd mRltZukiSdh fuEes
;ksxnku nsrs-
çdj.k- ‡
‡ - ƒ fu"d"kZ
‡- „ mik;;kstuk
‡ - … lkjka'k
‡ - † ç'ukoyh
5- 1 fu"d"kZ
Hkkjr gk 'ksrhç/kku ns'k vkgs- ns'kkph laiw.kZ le`)h gh 'ksrh'kh
fuxfMr gksrh o vktgh vkgs- ns'kkrhy ˆå is{kk tkLr turk
[ksMksikMh jkgrs- ;k yksdkapk eq[; O;olk; gk 'ksrh fdaok
'ksrh'kh fuxfMr O;olk;ka'kh tksMysyk vkgs- iwohZ ,d Eg.k :<
gksrh] rh v'kh dh] ^^mÙke 'ksrh] e/;e O;kikj vkf.k dfu"B uksdjh-**
vFkkZrp] 'ksrdjh gk lokZr eksB;k ekukpk /kuh gksrk-
vkiyh egkjk"Vªkph 'ksrh eksBeksB;k m|ksx/kan;kauk dPpk eky
iqjfo.;kpk eq[; L=ksr vkgs- dkiM vkf.k T;qV] lk[kj] ouLirh rsy
bR;knh m|ksx vkgsr- ts vçR;{kjhR;k 'ksrhoj voyacwu vkgsr-
vkiY;k ns'kkrhy NksVsNksVs dqVhjm|ksx mnkgj.kkFkZ] gkrekx]
rsyfc;k] Hkkrfxj.;k bR;knh dPP;k ekykdfjrk 'ksrhoj voyacwu vlrkr-
vkiY;k ns'kkP;k yksdthouke/;s 'ksrhyk vuU;lk/kkj.k egÙo
vukf/kdkGkiklwu ns.;kr vkysys vlwu eksgsu&tks&nMks o gMIik
;k fBdk.kh >kysY;k mR[kuukr /kkU;kph dksBkjs lkiMysyh vkgsr-
lqekjs ikp gtkj o"kkZiwohZP;k ;k laL— rhe/;s 'ksrh O;olk;kyk
egÙokps LFkku feGkysys gksrs] gs R;ko:u fl) gksrs- ek.klkP;k
thouekukr T;k lq/kkj.kk ?kMwu vkY;k R;krwup vktpk lekt fuekZ.k
>kysyk vkgs gs ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- lektkP;k tM.k?kM.khe/;s
dkyP;k 'ksrhpk vR;ar egÙokpk okVk vkgs fol:u pky.kkj ukgh-
5-2 mik;;kstuk
taxyka[kkyhy {ks= 33 VDds ok<fo.ks vko';d vkgs-
lksyj ,uthZpk okij ok<o.ks vko';d vkgs- miyC/k lw;Zçdk'kkpk
iqjsiwj okij djko;kl gok-
foaM ,uthZoj ohtfufeZrh dj.;koj Hkj nsÅu l/;kpk ba/kuokij deh
djrk ;sbZy-
IyWfLVdpk okij dehr deh djko;kl gok-
'ksrh {ks=kr uohu tkrhaoj la'kks/ku d:u] ok<R;k rkiekukl cGh u
iM.kkj~;k tkrhaph ykxoM ok<okoh ykxsy
5- 3 lkjka'k
vkiY;k Hkkjrns'kkyk fulxkZuh veki ojnku fnys vkgs - i.k rjh fg
vkEgkyk R;kph tk.kho ukgh - ns'k Lora= >kyk rsOgk …‡ dksVh
yksdla[;k gksrh vkrk ƒ„ƒ dksVh vkgs xjhc Jhearkrhy njh ok<r
vkgs - 'ksrh vkf.k 'ksrhoj vk/kkjysY;k m|ksxkph fLFkrh okbZV
vkgs- R;koj Bksl mik; ;kstus vkrk xjt cuyh vkgs 'ksrh ulwu
tso.kekxZ vkgs- ga ekuk;yk dks.kh r;kj ukgh - R;keqZGs ƒ‹‹ƒ
uarj vkysyk ykVhr 'ksrh o 'ksrdj;kapk fVdko ykxyk ukgh- ifj.kkeh
lektkpk loZp LFkjkoj 'ksrh 'ksrdj~;kph çfr"Bk deh gksr xsyh
5- 4 ç'ukoyh
1- Hkkjrkrhy çeq[k O;olk; dks.krk \
2- Hkkjrkrhy gokeku dks.krk çdkjps vkgs \
3- Hkkjrkrys _rwps çeq[k çdkj dks.krs \
4- gokeku cnykpk ekuokpk vkjksX;koj ifj.kke gksrks dk \
5- Hkkjrkrhy gfjrØkarheqGs 'ksrhrhy mRiknu ok<ys vkgs dk \
6- gfjrØkarh dks.kR;k jkT;kr >kyh -\
7- Hkkjrkrhy jCch gaxkekrhy ihd dks.krs\
8- Hkkjrkrhy [kjhc gaxkekrhy ihd dks.krs\
9- Hkkr 'ksrh lkBh dks.kR;k çdkjps gokeku pkxys vkgs \
10- tkxfrd rkieku gokeku cnykeqGs ok<r vkgs dk \gks; fdaok
ukgh -
11- gokekukr cny gks.;kps çeq[k dkj.k \
12- Hkkjr txkr /kkU;kph fu;kZr djrks dk \ gks; fdaok ukgh-
lanHkZ
gokeku cnykps ladV o ifj.kke Ú Marathi.destotalk.com
gokekukP;k cnykps okLro Ú Indiawater portal.org
gokeku 'kkL= Ú Mr.Vikaspedia.agriculture climate
egkjk"VªkP;k 'ksrhoj gokeku cnykps ifj.kke Ú www.saamana.com