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ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻌﺩل ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) (intensity of pixelﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺘﻬـﺎ ) (neighborsﺃﻭ
ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ) (windowﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻨﺎﻉ ) (maskﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓـﺫﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﻨﻬـﺎ
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ.
1
ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ
ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ
●
)(x,y
●
Image ●
2
ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ
ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ .ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺘﻁﻠـﺏ
ﺤﺸﻭ ) (padﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﺃﺼﻔﺎﺭ ) .(0'sﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺘﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺇﻁﺎﺭ( ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﺎﻁ ﺒﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻﺼـﻔﺎﺭ .ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻜـﺄﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ.
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ :Images Noise
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ .ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻗـﺩ
ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺤﺼل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ﻓﻤﺜﻼ )ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ(:
) (١ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ.
) (٢ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ ﻓﻴﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ.
) (٣ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ.
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻷﺘﻲ:
) (١ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﻜﺎﻭﺴﻴﻥ ).(Gaussian Noise
) (٢ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺒﻭﻴﺴﻥ ).(Poisson Noise
) (٣ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ )(Salt and Pepper Noise
) (٤ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ).(Speckle Noise
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) (١٩ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ.
ﻫـ( ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﻜﺎﻭﺴﻴﻥ ﺩ( ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺒﻭﻴﺴﻥ ﺝ( ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺏ( ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ
ﺸﻜل ) :(١٩ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ.
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ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ
Lowpass filter
Highpass filter
)(smoothing
)(sharping
4
ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ
ـﺫﺓ.
ـﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓــــــــ
ـﺩل ﻋﻨﺎﺼــــــــ
ـﺎﺩ ﻤﻌــــــــ
(٣ﺇﻴﺠــــــــ
83 + 80 + 82 + 153 + 173 + 148 + 142 + 172 + 138
= k = 130
9
(٤ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ) (173ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ).(130
) (٢ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ):Median Filter (MF
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻻ ﺨﻁﻲ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـل
ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ .ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ) (x,yﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ .ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ
ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻨﺎﺯﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺒـﺩﻟﻨﺎ ﻜـل
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ N*Nﻓـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﻌﻡ ) (smoothedﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻘﻠل ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺘﺠـﺎﻩ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ .ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ.
ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ N*Nﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 3*3ﺃﻭ 5*5ﺃﻭ ) ...ﻋﺩﺩ ﻓـﺭﺩﻱ *ﻋـﺩﺩ ﻓـﺭﺩﻱ(.
ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ.
ﻤﺜﺎل:
90 94 130 135 140
80 83 80 82 55
83 80 82 153 173 148 142 172 138 55 153 173 148 97
) (٢ﻋﺯل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ )ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ(. 130 142 172 138 140
44 170 116 75 80
) (١ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ 3*3ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ.
80 82 83 138 142 148 153 172 173 ) (٣ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩﻴﺎ.
) (٤ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ) (173ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ) (142ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ.
5
ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ
) (3*3ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﻉ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ .ﻴﻁﺒـﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻨﺎﻉ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ .ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻉ ﻫﻭ:
é - 1 - 1 - 1ù
1ê
- 1 8 - 1úú
9ê
êë - 1 - 1 - 1úû
ﺸﻜل ) :(٢٠ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻹﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ.
Input Filter
Image
) f(x,y
Transformation
Ä of
smoothing
output Inverse
Image transformation
) g(x,y
6
ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ
ì
ï1 if D ( u , v ) £ D0
H (u , v ) = í )…(29
ï0 if D (u , v ) > D0
î
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ Doﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭ) D(u,vﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙD( u , v ) = u2 + v 2 :
) H(u , v ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(٢٢
1
) D(u , v
0
D0
ﺸﻜل ) :(٢٢ﻤﺨﻁﻁ .ILPF
ﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ D0ﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ D0ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ.
) (٢ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ):Highpass Filtering (HPF
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺭ )ﺘﺘﺭﺸﺢ( ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ )ﺘﺴﺘﺒﻌﺩ(
ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﺒﺈﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ( ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ). (٢٣
Input Highpass
Image
) f(x,y
Transformation
Ä filter
output Inverse
Image transformation
) g(x,y
1
) D(u , v
0
D0
ﺸﻜل ) :(٢٤ﻤﺨﻁﻁ .IHPF
ﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ D0ﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ D0ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ.
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ):(١
ﻋﻤل Highpass Filterﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻟﻌﻤل .Lowpass Filter
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ):(٢
ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻥ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل )ﺍﻷﺴـﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺩﺓ( ﻤـﻊ ﺃﺒﻌـﺎﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻻﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ.
image enhancement in the frequency domain
ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻨﺔ )ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ( :Filtering of True Color Images
ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻨﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻟـﻭﻥ )ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺭ
ﻭﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ) .((RGBﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻜل ﻟﻭﻥ
ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻔﺼل ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺩﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻟﻠﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(٢٥
)IR(x,y
ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺣﻤﺮ Filtering
)f(x,y )IG(x,y
دﻣﺞ
ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺧﻀﺮ Filtering اﻷﻟﻮان
)g(x,y
)IB(x,y
ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷزرق Filtering
9