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ARGUMENT
1
Hey, Guys!
Follow me …everyone’s
going…Come On I say,
Follow Me!
• To persuade means to try to
Persuasive influence or convince.
speech • In persuasive speech, the speaker
attempts to influence listeners of
attempts to something.
• Persuasion is when the speaker
convince or expresses an opinion and supports it
with details that are meant to
influence convince the audience.
audience!
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Persuasive speech’s Central Argument
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Ever had an
argument?
What was
your central
argument?
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Types of Appeals
we can appeal to people 3 ways…
Ethos (Ethics)
Make the audience to decide right or wrong
about what is being presented.
Pathos (Emotion)
Make the audience feel something about the topic
(e.g. children, animals, illness, memories)
Logos (Logic)
Make the audience think about what is presented
(e.g. statistics, facts, authority) 5
Persuasive • Persuasive speeches are
less effective is they
speech contain unsupported
inferences.
• An inference is a
generalization, conclusion,
or reasoned judgment
based on evidence or on
information presented.
• An unsupported
inference is a claim,
generalization, or idea that
is not supported by details 6
in the passage or speech.
Persuasive • Persuasive speeches
speech - are also less effective if
Fallacies they contain fallacious
reasoning; fallacious
means faulty or false.
• So, fallacious
reasoning is a method
of presenting
information that
deceives or confuses
the audience.
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Types of 1. Circular Reasoning
(Begging the Question)
Logical 2. False Causality
Fallacies 3. Hasty Generalizations
4. Either/Or
5. Oversimplification
6. False Analogy
7. Name Calling
8. Sweeping
Generalization
9. Red Herring (Irrelevant
Conclusion)
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Circular • Circular reasoning is an
element of argument used to
Reasoning prove another element of the
(a.k.a. Begging same argument.
the Question) • It may seem that the speaker
is supporting the argument,
when in fact it is not being
supported by outside detail,
but by the argument itself.
• Look for the conclusion within
the premise of the argument.
– Example:
• In a democracy the people are free
because democracies are free
countries. 9
• A cause and effect argument with a
False Causality false cause.
– Example:
• Every time I forget my umbrella, it rains.
Therefore, I cause the rain by leaving my
umbrella at home, and guarantee a nice day
by bringing my umbrella.
• Forgetting my umbrella rain
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• A hasty generalization presents
Hasty a general rule based on a too
few or atypical examples.
Generalizat
Examples:
ions • I saw 12 boys wearing Vans at the
homecoming dance Saturday night so all boys
must wear Vans.
• Stereotype is similar, but based
on gender, ethnicity, race,
political, social, professional, or
religious group.
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• Simply implies that there are only two
Either/Or alternatives.
• Example:
• Would you rather have a senator who is
handsome and dumb or one who is ugly and
intelligent?
• You are either for or against the law. Decide!
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• The speaker’s argument attempts to
Over suggest that a complex issue is
Simplificati uncomplicated.
on – Example:
• I am so tired of hearing about illegal
immigration. Just seal the borders.
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• An incorrect analogical connection
False between two unconnected items thus
comparing two things that are not
Analogy logical.
• An argument based on misleading,
superficial, or implausible
comparisons.
– Example:
• You passed everyone else in the class so I
should receive credit like my fellow
classmates.
• If pizza and French fries are fattening and
make me gain weight, I will never eat in the
school cafeteria.
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• An attempt to discredit an opponent
Name by labeling or describing him with
Calling words that have emotionally loaded
terms or unfavorable connotations to
influence.
– Example:
• Senator Jones just divorced his wife. How can
his proposal be any good?
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Sweeping Generalization
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1. What
Fallacy?
• Learning to swim is
easy because it’s
not a difficult sport to
learn.
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2. What • “We can either burn the house
down and collect the insurance
Fallacy? money or we can continue living in
an unsafe house. Since we
shouldn’t keep living in an unsafe
house, we should burn it down.”
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3. What • “I have a right to
Fallacy?
say what I want,
therefore you
shouldn’t try to
silence me.”
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4. What • "My roommate said
Fallacy? her philosophy class
was hard, and the
one I'm in is hard,
too. All philosophy
classes must be
hard!"
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5. What • "President Jones
Fallacy? raised taxes, and
then the rate of
violent crime went
up. Jones is
responsible for the
rise in crime."
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6. What • “We can either go to
Fallacy? the river or eat
sandwiches. We’re
both hungry, so we
should eat
sandwiches and not
go to the river.”
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7. What
• "Guns Fallacy?
are like
hammers—they're
both tools with metal
parts that could be
used to kill someone.
And yet it would be
ridiculous to restrict
the purchase of
hammers—so
restrictions on
purchasing guns are
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equally ridiculous."
8. What • "Active euthanasia is morally
acceptable. It is a decent, ethical thing
Fallacy? to help another human being escape
suffering through death."
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9. What • It is claimed by some people that
severe illness is caused by
Fallacy? depression and anger. After all,
people who are severely ill are
very often depressed and angry.
Thus, it follows that the cause of
severe illness actually is the
depression and anger. So, a good
and cheerful attitude is key to
staying healthy.
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10. What • You’ll definitely get
Fallacy? into an Ivy League
school if you’re class
valedictorian. Last
year’s class
valedictorian applied
to Stanford and was
accepted; this year’s
valedictorian just
found out she got into
Harvard. 28
11. What • Caldwell Hall is in bad
Fallacy? shape. Either we tear
it down and put up a
new building, or we
continue to risk
students' safety.
Obviously we
shouldn't risk anyone's
safety, so we must
tear the building
down.
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12. What • All Americans are
Fallacy?
patriotic.
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The Final 1. Circular Reasoning
Answer
2. Either/or
3. Circular Reasoning
4. Sweeping Generalization
5. False Causality
6. Either/Or
7. False Analogy
8. Circular Reasoning
9. False Causality
10. Hasty Generalization
11. Either/Or
12. Sweeping Generalization
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