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Anjum MED, UET, Taxila 1
ME‐5102
Research Methodology &
Design of Experiments
Lect. # 1
Introduction to Research
Methodology & DOE
Dr. Nazeer Ahmad Anjum
Mechanical Engineering Program
University of Engineering Taxila
Books 3
Text Book:
1. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS by
Douglas C. Montgomery.
2. Design and Analysis of Experiments By: M. N. DAS
3. Experimental Design and Analysis By Howard J.
Seltman
4. Research Methodology (Methods & Techniques) By C.
R. Kothari
Reference Books:
1. Research Methodology By: Dr. Y. K. Singh
2. Research Methodology By: Rajit Kumar
Dr. Nazeer A. Anjum MED, UET, Taxila
4/4/2019
Course Objectives 4
• Understanding some basic concepts of research and its
methodologies
• Identify appropriate research topics
• Select and define appropriate research problem and
parameters
• Sampling & Sampling Distributions
• Regression Analysis
• Prepare a project proposal (to undertake a project)
• Organize and conduct research (advanced project) in a
more appropriate manner
• Write a research report and thesis
• Write a research proposal (grants)
• Testing of Hypothesis
• Factorial Analsis
• Response Surface Methods
Dr. Nazeer A. Anjum MED, UET, Taxila
4/4/2019
Learning Objectives 5
After completing this course, you will be able to:
Pre-requisite 6
Participants should have an excellent working
knowledge of the following topics:
1. Calculation & interpretation of centrality and
dispersion indicators: mean, median,
standard deviation, standard error,
coefficient of variation, quartiles,
interquartile range
2. Use of Box-plots, Probability
3. The hypothesis testing approach, Regression
Analysis
4. Confidence interval and p-values
5. α and β risks and their impact on the scope
and the precision of the results
6. Power and sample size
Dr. Nazeer A. Anjum MED, UET, Taxila
4/4/2019
Design of Experiments 7
Design of Experiments (DOE) is a methodology
that can be effective for general problem-solving,
as well as for improving or optimizing product
design and manufacturing processes. Specific
applications of DOE include:
1. Identifying proper design dimensions
2. Tolerances,
3. Achieving robust designs,
4. Generating predictive math models that
describe physical system behavior, and
5. Determining ideal manufacturing settings.
Dr. Nazeer A. Anjum MED, UET, Taxila
4/4/2019
Design of Experiments 8
Robust Designs
Reducing variation in a product without
eliminating the causes of the variation. This
variation (sometimes called noise) can come from
a variety of factors.
Three main Factors:
Internal variation is due to deterioration such as
the wear of a machine, and aging of materials.
External variation is a factor relating to
environmental conditions such as temperature,
humidity and dust.
Unit to Unit variation is variations between parts
due to variations in material, processes and
equipment. Dr. Nazeer A. Anjum MED, UET, Taxila 4/4/2019
Design of Experiments 9
This subject utilizes hands‐on activities to help you learn
the criteria for running a DOE,
The requirements and pre-work necessary prior to
DOE execution, and
How to select the appropriate designed experiment
type to run.
You will experience setting up, running, and
analyzing the results of simple-to-intermediate
complexity, Full Factorial, Partial Factorial, and
Response Surface experiments utilizing manual
methods as well as a hands‐on computer tool that
facilitates experimental design and data analysis.
You will also receive an overview of Robust DOE,
including the Taguchi DOE Method. 4/4/2019
Dr. Nazeer A. Anjum MED, UET, Taxila
R T D
Basic Technology Product
Research Development Development
• Discovery process • Loosely structured • Structured methods
• No set timing • Difficult to plan • Planned timing
• Unpredictable returns • Less predictable • Predictable outcome
• Long term • Medium term • Short term
Dr. Nazeer A. Anjum MED, UET, Taxila
4/4/2019
Changing Dimensions of Competition 11
DFM 14
How many parts
How many different parts
How many mfg steps.
How many assembly processes
Dr. Nazeer A. Anjum MED, UET, Taxila
4/4/2019
Component Elimination Example: Rollbar Redesign 15
8 Parts
4 different parts
multiple mfg. & assembly
processes necessary
24 Parts
8 different parts
multiple mfg. & assembly
processes necessary
4 Parts 2 Parts
3 different parts 2 Mfg. processes
3 mfg. & assembly processes one assembly step
necessary
Dr. Nazeer A. Anjum MED, UET, Taxila
4/4/2019
Concept of Research 16
Which of these can be classified as research?
1. Mr. X prepared a paper on “computer usage in secondary
schools” after reviewing literature on the subject available
in his university library and called it a piece of research.
2. Mr. Y says that he has researched and completed a
document which gives information about the age of his
students, their results, their parents income and
distance of their schools from the District Office.
3. Mr. Z participated in a workshop on curriculum
development and prepared what he calls, a research
report on the curriculum for building technicians. He did
this through a literature survey on the subject and by
discussing with the participants of the workshop.
4/4/2019
Concept of Research 17
WHY ?
You will know it when you have understood
the concept of the term ‘research’.
4/4/2019
Concept of Research 18
Now consider the following case:
A general manager of a car producing company was
concerned with the complaints received from the car users
that the car they produce have some problems with rating
sound at the dash board and the rear passenger seat after
few thousand kilometers of driving.
He obtained information from the company workers to
identify the various factors influencing the problem.
He then formulated the problem and generated guesses
(hypotheses).
He constructed a checklist and obtained requisite
information from a representative sample of cars.
He analyzed the data thus collected, interpreted the results
in the light of his hypotheses and reached conclusions.
4/4/2019
Concept of Research 19
Explaining of Research:
1. In the previous example it can be noted that the
researcher went through a sequence of steps
which were in order and thus systematic.
2. Secondly, the researcher did not just jump at
the conclusions, but used a scientific method
of inquiry in reaching at conclusions.
3. The two important characteristics of research
are :
I. Systematic
II. Scientific Method of Enquiry
4/4/2019
Concept of Research 20
What is Research?
Research is systematic, because it follows certain
steps that are logical in order. These steps are:
• Research follows a scientific method.
• This means that it makes an integrated use of
inductive (generate new theories from
observed data) and deductive (to test an
existing theory) reasoning.
• This makes it very useful for explaining and/or
predicting phenomena.
• The basic assumption of the scientific method is
that every effect has a cause.
4/4/2019
Concept of Research 21
What is Research?
• Understanding the nature of problem to be
studied and identifying the related area of
knowledge.
• Reviewing literature to understand how others
have approached or dealt with the problem.
• Collecting data in an organized and controlled
manner so as to arrive at valid decisions.
• Analyzing data appropriate to the problem.
• Drawing conclusions and making
generalizations.
4/4/2019
Concept of Research 22
What is Research?
• It starts with the construction of hypotheses from
casual observations and background
knowledge (inductive reasoning) to reasoning out
consequences or implications of hypotheses
(deductive reasoning) followed by testing of the
implications and confirmation or rejection of the
hypotheses.
• Integrated use of inductive and deductive
reasoning is, therefore, the essence of scientific
method.
4/4/2019