Sei sulla pagina 1di 7

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/250029654

Waste glass in porcelain

Article  in  Materials Research · March 2005


DOI: 10.1590/S1516-14392005000100008

CITATIONS READS

17 144

2 authors:

S. R. Bragança Carlos P Bergmann


Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
74 PUBLICATIONS   347 CITATIONS    355 PUBLICATIONS   3,057 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

WCCoCr and NiCr nanocomposites View project

PhD studies View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Carlos P Bergmann on 26 June 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.


-ATERIALS2ESEARCH 6OL .O    Ú

7ASTE'LASSIN0ORCELAIN

3AULO2OCA"RAGAN½A
#ARLOS0£REZ"ERGMANN

,ABORAT˜RIODE#ERºMICOS
!V/SVALDO!RANHA S  0ORTO!LEGRE 23 "RAZIL

2ECEIVED-AY 2EVISED/CTOBER 

)NTHISWORK THEFELDSPARUSEDASAmUXINTYPICALPORCELAINWASREPLACEDBYWASTEGLASS ANDTHERESULTING


BATCHCOMPOSITIONCONTAINEDKAOLIN QUARTZANDWASTEGLASS4HEPROPERTIESOFTHISPORCELAINWITH
GLASSPOWDER'0 WERECOMPAREDTOTRADITIONALPORCELAIN40 WHICHUTILIZESFELDSPAR4HESAMPLESWERElRED
ATDIFFERENTTEMPERATURES RANGINGFROM—#TO—#4ECHNICALPARAMETERS SUCHASWATERABSORPTION
MODULUSOFRUPTUREAND+)# PHASEANALYSISBY82$ ANDMICROSTRUCTUREBY3%-WEREANALYSED4HERESULTS
INDICATEDTHATTHELOWERFRACTURETOUGHNESSAND-/2OF'0ISACONSEQUENCEOFTHEPECULIARMICROSTRUCTUREOF
THISPORCELAIN4HEREDUCTIONINlRINGTEMPERATUREANDTHEUSEOFACHEAPERSUBSTITUTEFORFELDSPARMAKES'0ALSO
ANATTRACTIVEECONOMICALALTERNATIVE

+EYWORDSPORCELAIN WASTEGLASSPOWDER STRENGTH MICROSTRUCTURE

)NTRODUCTION
4HECHOICEOFRECYCLABLEMATERIALSTOREPLACECONVENTIONALRAW WASCOMPOSEDOFWT QUARTZ WT KAOLINAND
MATERIALS MUST BE MADE CAREFULLY4HE lRST STEP IS TO ANALYZE THE WT FELDSPARTRADITIONALPORCELAIN 40 ANDTHEOTHERONEWAS
DECOMPOSITIONOFTHEMATERIALSDURINGTHElRINGPROCESSDUETOTHE COMPOSEDOFWT OFKAOLIN WT QUARTZAND
POSSIBLE RELEASE OF POISONOUS GASES 4HIS WILL PROBABLY ELIMINATE WT POWDEREDSODA LIMEGLASSGLASSPOWDERPORCELAIN '0 
THE USE OF POLYMERIC WASTES SUCH AS TIRES PLASTIC BOTTLES ETC )N 'LASSPOWDERWASUSEDINTHESECONDBATCHREPLACINGFELDSPAR WHICH
ORGANICMATERIALSMAYRELEASEHEAVYMETALS mUORINEANDSULPHUR ISNORMALLYUSEDINTRADITIONALCOMPOSITIONS4HEMAINOBSERVATIONS
WHICHAREVERYHARMFULTOHUMANHEALTH!NEXPENSIVEALTERNATIVE SHOWEDTHEROLEOFTHEGLASSPOWDERASAmUXINGAGENT WHICHCOULD
WOULD BE THE TREATMENT OF THE mUE GAS HOWEVER THESE EMISSIONS BEEASILYCOMPAREDTO404ABLESHOWSTHECHEMICALANALYSESOF
CANALSOCAUSESERIOUSDAMAGESONKILNREFRACTORYBRICKS4HEGAS THERAWMATERIALS
EMISSIONLEVELS WHICHWILLPROBABLYBEEVENMORERESTRICTEDINTHE 4HEGLASSPOWDERWASOBTAINEDFROMHIGHTRANSPARENCYSODA LIME
FUTURE SINCETHEYARECONTROLLEDBYENVIRONMENTALSTANDARDS MUST GLASSPOTSANDBOTTLESWITHOUTCOLOURINGOXIDES4HEGLASSWASBALL
BECONSIDEREDTOO4HESECONDSTEPISTOMAKESURETHATTHECERAMIC MILLEDANDSIEVEDTOMESHMM 4HECRYSTALLINEPHASESIN
PRODUCTISINERTDURINGUSAGE4HISISESPECIALLYIMPORTANTINTHECASE RAWMATERIALSWEREDETERMINEDBY82$&ORKAOLIN THERESULTSSHOWED
OFDINNERWARE SANITARYWARE ANDSOON,EACHINGCANBEASERIOUS THEPRESENCEOFKAOLINITE!L3I//(  ASTHEMAINCRYSTALLINE
PROBLEMFORmOORTILESANDROOFTILESANDALSOLIMITSTHECHOICEOF PHASE ANDMUSCOVITE+!L!L3I/ /(  PLUSILLITE+!L3I
MATERIALS THAT CAN BE USED IN BODY COMPOSITION4HUS THE USE OF //(  ASSECONDARYCRYSTALLINEPHASES+AOLINWASSIEVEDTOPASS
RECYCLEDCOLORLESSGLASSINTHESUBSTITUTIONOFFELDSPARINTHEPORCELAIN MESHMM &ORFELDSPAR WHICHWASSIEVEDTOPASSMESH
PRODUCTION ASPROPOSEDINTHISWORK SEEMSTOBEVERYSUITABLEAND MM MAINCRYSTALLINEPHASESWEREMICROCLINE+!L3I/ AND
ENVIRONMENTALLYSAFE ALBITE.A!L3I/ 1UARTZWASSIEVEDTOMESHMM WHICH
!SANINITIALCRITERION ANDPRIORTOMAKEANYEXPERIMENTALTESTS ISTHEPARTICLESIZEUSEDINMOST"RAZILIANINDUSTRIES
THEAVAILABILITYOFRECYCLEDGLASSPOWDERTOTHEINDUSTRYWASCHECKED
)N"RAZIL  TONSOFGLASSPERYEARAREPRODUCEDSO THEREISA
4ABLE#HEMICALCOMPOSITIONOFTHERAWMATERIALSWEIGHT 
HUGEPOTENTIALOFRECYCLEDGLASSPOWDERAVAILABILITY4HETOTALAMOUNT
OFGLASSCOLLECTEDINTHECITIESFORRECYCLINGEXCEEDS TONS &ELDSPAR 'LASS 1UARTZ
+AOLIN
4HISCOULDBESIGNIlCANTLYINCREASEDBYGOVERNMENTALINCENTIVES4HE 0OWDER
QUANTITYOFGLASSONTHEURBANWASTEINTHE5NITED3TATESISOF 3I/    
THETOTALWEIGHT ANDISEQUIVALENTTOMILLIONTONSOFGLASS !L/    
4HEAIMOFTHISWORKWASTOEVALUATETHEQUALITYOFTHEPORCELAIN &E/    
THATCANBEMADEUSINGGLASSPOWDER3AMPLESWEREPRODUCEDANDlRED
-N/   
INLABORATORYSCALE4ECHNICALPARAMETERSSUCHASWATERABSORPTION
SHRINKAGE MODULUSOFRUPTURE APPARENTPOROSITY DENSITY WEIGHTLOSS #A/    
ANDFRACTURETOUGHNESSWEREDETERMINED4HEPHASESPRESENTINTHE .A/    
MICROSTRUCTUREWEREEVALUATEDUSING3CANNING%LECTRON-ICROSCOPY +/   
AND8 RAYDIFFRACTOMETRY 4I/    
0/   
%XPERIMENTAL ,/)   
4WO BATCH COMPOSITIONS WERE TESTED IN THIS WORK /NE BATCH 4OTAL    

E MAILBERGMANN UFRGSBR SAULORB UFRGSBR


 %UDJDQoD %HUJPDQQ 0DWHULDOV5HVHDUFK

4HERAWMATERIALSSELECTEDWEREDRYMILLEDINABALLMILLDURING CASE BLOATINGOCCURREDATHIGHERTEMPERATUREANDALARGERlRINGRANGE


 MINUTES IN ORDER TO HOMOGENIZE THE MIXTURE 4HE MILLING TIME ISPOSSIBLEFORTHISCOMPOSITION
NECESSARYTOACHIEVETHEOPTIMUMSAMPLESPROPERTIESWASPREVIOUSLY 4HE HIGHEST OBTAINED DENSITIES WERE  GCM FOR '0 AND
DETERMINED%IGHTPERCENTOFFORMINGWATERWASTHENADDEDANDTHE GCM FOR 40 AT THE BEST lRING TEMPERATURES OF  —# AND
MIXTURESIEVEDTOMESHPRIORTOPRESSING4HEDIMENSIONSOFTHE —# RESPECTIVELY4HESEWEREHIGHERTHANTHEDENSITIESOBTAINED
SAMPLESWEREMM[MM[MMFORTECHNICALCHARACTERIZATION ATLOWERTEMPERATURES4HEDECREASEINDENSITYVALUESWITHINCREASE
ANDMM[MM[MMFOR+)#ANDMODULUSOFRUPTUREFOUR INTEMPERATUREnOVERlRING COULDBEEXPLAINEDBYTHEPRESENCEOF
POINTSBENDINGSTRENGTH DETERMINATION4HESAMPLESWEREDRIEDFOR TRAPPEDGASINTHEGLASSYPHASEASMENTIONEDBEFORE4HUS DENSITY
HOURSINAIRANDTHENAT—#FORHOURSINANELECTRICFURNACE WATERABSORPTIONANDAPPARENTPOROSITYALLSHOWTHESAMETENDENCY
.O FURTHER CHANGE IN WEIGHT OCCURRED DURING THIS TIME SINCE THE REGARDINGBLOATING WITHINCREASINGlRINGTEMPERATURE4HEHIGHER
SPECIMENSWEREALREADYDRY4HEDRIEDPIECESWERETHENWEIGHEDAND BUBBLEDIAMETERON'0SAMPLESEXPLAINSTHELOWERDENSITYOFTHIS
MEASUREDTOOBTAINWEIGHTLOSSANDDRYDENSITY4HElRINGTOOKPLACE COMPOSITION WHEN COMPARED TO404HE RESULTING MICROSTRUCTURES
INANELECTRICFURNACEATDIFFERENTTEMPERATURESBETWEEN—#AND DUETOlRINGATTHESETEMPERATURES—#AND—# FOR'0AND
—#WITH+H HEATINGRATEANDSOAKINGTIMEOFMINUTES 40 RESPECTIVELY ARECHARACTERISTICOFANOVERlREDPORCELAINANDTHE
)NORDERTOOBTAINCOMPARATIVERESULTS SAMPLESWITHTHESAMEDRY EXCESSOFHEATEXPLAINSTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESSHOWEDIN4ABLE
DENSITYGCM WEREUSEDINBOTHBATCHES3UCHDENSITYWAS 4HE%$8ANALYSISWASTAKENSIMULTANEOUSLYWITHMICROSTRUCTUREOB
EASILYOBTAINEDFORBOTHFORMULATIONSBYCHANGINGTHEQUANTITYOF SERVATIONS WHICHSUPPORTEDTHEPHASESIDENTIlCATION4HERESULTSOFTHIS
FORMINGWATERANDFORMINGPRESSURE ANALYSISARESHOWNIN&IGURESAND"ASEDONPHASECHEMICALANALYSIS
ANDPHASEMORPHOLOGY WHICHAREWELLDOCUMENTEDINLITERATURE  ITWAS
2ESULTSAND$ISCUSSION POSSIBLETOIDENTIFYTHEPHASESNAMEDIN&IGUREAND
82$ ANALYSIS IS SHOWED IN &IGURE  FOR THE OPTIMUM lRING
'LASSPOWDERISASTRONGmUXINGAGENTANDHASTHECAPACITYTO
TEMPERATUREOFEACHPORCELAIN
FORMALOWERMELTINGPOINTSILICATE4HEREFORETHElRINGTEMPERATURE
4HEMAINDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHETWOPORCELAINSARETHEPRES
RANGE WAS RELATIVELY NARROW AND DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF TRADITIONAL
ENCEOFANORTHITE#A!L3I/ IN'0&IGURE ANDTHE PRESENCE
PORCELAIN4ABLEAND&IGURESHOWTHETECHNICALCHARACTERISTICS
OFTHElREDPIECES
&ROMTHERESULTSSHOWNIN4ABLEAND&IGURE ITISPOSSIBLETO 7ABS 40
CONSIDERTHETEMPERATUREOF—#ASTHEBESTlRINGTEMPERATURE 7ABS '0
FORGLASSPORCELAINAND—#FORTRADITIONALPORCELAIN CONSIDER 3HRINKAGE 40
INGLINEARSHRINKAGEANDBULKDENSITYVALUESANDAVERYLOWVALUEOF 3HRINKAGE '0
WATERABSORPTION  
)TCANBESEENIN&IGURETHATTHEUSEOFGLASSPOWDERRESULTEDINA
LOWERlRINGTEMPERATUREFOR'0 APPROXIMATELY—#LOWERTHANFOR  
7ATERABSORPTION

40 BUTWITHINASHORTERTEMPERATURERANGETOlRE'04ABLESHOWS

3HRINKAGE
 
THATOFWATERABSORPTIONANDOFLINEARSHRINKAGEOCCURRED
FORTHE—#'0SAMPLES WHILETHE—#40SAMPLESATTAINED  
VALUESOFWATERABSORPTIONANDOFLINEARSHRINKAGE4HE  
LOWERlRINGTEMPERATUREISANADVANTAGEFOR'0ANDCONlRMSTHAT
THEGLASSPOWDERISASTRONGmUX"UTTHESHORTTEMPERATURERANGEFOR  
lRING'0INDICATESTHATMOREACCURATETEMPERATURECONTROLISREQUIRED  
DURINGTHElRINGPROCESSOFTHISPORCELAIN            
-ICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS REVEALED WHICH FACTORS WERE MORE
4EMPERATURE—#
IMPORTANT TO GOVERN THE lNAL SHRINKAGE AND DENSITY OF THE PIECES
&IGURE 4HEPRESENCEOFALARGERQUANTITYOFGASBUBBLESTRAPPED &IGURE7ATERABSORPTIONANDSHRINKAGEASAFUNCTIONOFPEAKTEMPERATURE
INGLASSYPHASECOMPAREDWITHPREVIOUSTEMPERATUREHADASTRONGER SHOWINGTHEDIFFERENCEINOPTIMUMlRINGTEMPERATUREBETWEENGLASSPORCELAIN
INmUENCE40SAMPLESHADTHESAMEBEHAVIOUR &IGURE BUTINTHIS '0 ANDTRADITIONALPORCELAIN40 

4ABLE7ATERABSORPTION BULKDENSITYANDSHRINKAGE#OMPARISONBETWEENTRADITIONALPORCELAIN40 ANDGLASSPOWDERPORCELAIN'0 RELATEDTOlRING


TEMPERATURE
4RADITIONAL0ORCELAIN 'LASSPOWDERPORCELAIN
&IRING4EMPERATURE 7ATERABSORPTION "ULKDENSITY 3HRINKAGE 7ATERABSORPTION "ULKDENSITY 3HRINKAGE
—#  GCM   GCM 
      
   
      
   
      
   
   
   
   
9RO1R 7ASTE'LASSIN0ORCELAIN 

OFSECONDARYMULLITEIN40&IGURE 4HEOTHERCRYSTALLINEPHASES ALUMINUMCONTENTINTHEMELT MUSTBEHIGHLIGHTEDASAPECULIARITYOF


MULLITE3I/!L/ ANDQUARTZ3I/ WEREPRESENTINTHESTRUCTURE THEUSEOFSODA LIMEGLASSINSTEADOFFELDSPAR!SACONSEQUENCEOF
FORBOTHFORMULATIONS4HEHIGHESTPEAKCONlRMEDTHEEXISTENCEOFA THAT SECONDARYMULLITECOULDNOTCRYSTALLIZEINTHEMELT ASUSUALLY
GREATERAMOUNTOFTHEMULLITEPHASEIN40&IGURE 4HEPEAKHEIGHT OCCURSWITHFELDSPARPORCELAIN(OWEVER THECRYSTALLIZATIONOFSEC
OFQUARTZISAPPROXIMATELYTHESAMEINTHE'0AND40SAMPLES AND ONDARYMULLITEFROMPRIMARYMULLITECOULDBEOCCASIONALLYOBSERVED
ITMEANSTHATASIGNIlCANTAMOUNTOFRESIDUALQUARTZDIDNOTSUFFER ASSHOWNIN&IGURE
DISSOLUTION )MAGE ANALYSIS PERFORMED ACCORDING TO THE METHOD
SUGGESTEDBY6AN6LACK WASUSEDTOQUANTITATIVELYEVALUATEPHASE &RACTURETOUGHNESSANDBENDINGSTRENGTH
COMPOSITION)TCONlRMEDTHATTHEAMOUNTOFRESIDUALQUARTZWASHIGH 4HEMECHANICALBEHAVIOUROFTHECERAMICBODIESWEREANALYSED
INDICATINGAPPROXIMATELYOFQUARTZFORTHETRADITIONALFORMULATION INTHISWORKINTERMSOFFRACTURETOUGHNESSANDMODULUSOFRUPTURE
ANDOFQUARTZFORGLASSPORCELAIN FOUR POINTS BENDING STRENGTH  &RACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FRACTURE
!NORTHITEISANUNUSUALPHASEINPORCELAIN4HECRYSTALLIZATIONOF ENERGYPARAMETERSANDTHECRITICALmAWSIZEWERECALCULATEDACCORD
THISPHASEWITHIN'0COMPOSITIONISACONSEQUENCEOFTHEPRESENCEOF INGTO(ÓBNER4HEMEANVALUEOF+)#WAS-0AMFORTHE40
#A/INPOWDEREDSODA LIMEGLASS0ORCELAINUSUALLYCONTAINSQUARTZ SAMPLESAND-0AMFOR'0SAMPLES4ABLESAND 4HESE
MULLITEANDAGLASSYPHASE ASSHOWNIN&IGURESANDFOR40 AREACCEPTABLEVALUESFORPORCELAIN0ORCELAINUSUALLYHASA+)#RANGE
4HEIMPORTANCEOFTHEGLASSPHASECOMPOSITION ASWELLASTHELOW OF BETWEEN  AND  -0A M 4HE MODULUS OF RUPTURE BENDING

&IGURE3%-PHOTOMICROGRAPHOFGLASSPORCELAINlREDAT—#AND—#"LOATINGASACONSEQUENCEOFTEMPERATUREINCREASING

4ABLE-ODULUSOFRUPTURE-/2 NOTCHSIZEC FRACTURETOUGHNESS+)# ANDSURFACEENERGYG OFNOTCHEDSAMPLESBENDINGSTRENGTH"3 ANDMAINmAW


SIZEC OFNON NOTCHEDSAMPLES'0VALUESAFTERlRINGAT—#
.OTCHED3AMPLES .ON .OTCHED3AMPLES
3AMPLES -/2 C +)# G 3AMPLES "3 C
.MM MM -0AM -P .MM MM
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
  
  
MEAN    -EAN  
2EMARKhCvWASOBTAINEDWITHADIAMONDDISChCvRESULTSFROMTHEORETICALCALCULATIONS
 %UDJDQoD %HUJPDQQ 0DWHULDOV5HVHDUFK

,ETTERS %LEMENTS -AIN0HASE 3ECONDARYPHASES

! 3I !L / .A -ULLITE #LAYRELICTSAND


GLASSPHASE
"# 3I !L / .A #A -ATRIX #LAYRELICTS
GLASSPHASE MULLITE

$ 3I / QUARTZ

&IGURE%$8ANALYSISOFSELECTEDREGIONSIN3%-PHOTOMICROGRAPH'LASS
POWDERPORCELAIN'0 lREDAT—#%TCHEDBY(&FORSECONDS

,ETTERS %LEMENTAR -AIN0HASE 3ECONDARYPHASES


ANALYSIS

! 3I !L / + .A SECONDARY 'LASSPHASE


-ULLITE FELDSPARRELICTS
" 3I !L / PRIMARYMULLITE #LAYRELICTS
# 3I !L / PRIMARYMULLITE #LAYRELICTS
$ % 3I !L / CLAYRELICT
& 3I / QUARTZ

&IGURE3%-PHOTOMICROGRAPHOFTRADITIONALPORCELAINlREDAT—# &IGURE%$8ANALYSISOFSELECTEDREGIONSIN3%-PHOTOMICROGRAPH4RADI
—#AND—#"LOATINGWASSIGNIlCANTONLYAT—# TIONALPORCELAIN40 lREDATŽ#%TCHEDBY(&FORSECONDS
9RO1R 7ASTE'LASSIN0ORCELAIN 

STRENGTH WASHIGHENOUGHFORPORCELAIN SINCETHEYARESUITABLEEVEN ASINDICATEDINTHEMICROSTRUCTUREAND8 RAYDIFFRACTOGRAMANALYSIS


FORTHEPORCELAINSTONEWAREMINIMUMSTRENGTH.MMACCORDING ANDTHEHIGHERDENSITYOF40ACCOUNTFORTHEHIGHERSTRENGTHOF40
TOTHE)3/ "A  4HEORIGINOFTHISmAWISEXPLAINEDBYTHESIZEOFQUARTZPARTICLESUSED
7HENCOMPARINGTHEVALUESFORTHETWOPORCELAINSITCANBESEEN INTHEBATCHFORMULATION4HESTRESSESRELEASEDDUETOLARGEQUARTZ
THAT40HASAHIGHER+)#ANDAHIGHER-/2(OWEVER THEMEANCRACK PARTICLES AND MATRIX THERMAL EXPANSION MISMATCH CAUSE THIS mAW
LENGTHWASALMOSTSIMILARMM FORBOTHPORCELAINS4HEREFORE 4HESIZEOFTHECRITICALmAWISEXPLAINEDBYTHELINKINGOFTHECRACKS
THEREISANOTHERFACTORBESIDESCRACKLENGTHTHATHASASTRONGINmUENCE ORIGINATEDAROUNDTHEQUARTZPARTICLES ASSTATEDINTHELITERATURE 
ONSTRENGTH WHICHISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEHIGHERENERGYNECESSARYTO ANDSHOWEDHEREIN&IGURE
RUPTURE404HISFACTORISFRACTUREENERGYG WHICHHASAVALUEOF
*MFOR40AND*MFOR'0&RACTUREENERGYISRELATEDTO #ONCLUSIONS
THE ENERGY CONSUMED DURING CRACK PROPAGATION4HIS ENERGY CON
4HE COMPARISON BETWEEN GLASS PORCELAIN '0 AND TRADITIONAL
SUMPTIONISDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFBARRIERSTHATINCREASETHECRACK
PORCELAIN40 SHOWNTHATTHEUSEOFRECYCLEDSODA LIMEGLASSPOWDER
PATHUNTILTHECOMPLETERUPTUREOFTHESAMPLE4HISPHENOMENONIS
ASAmUXINGAGENTREPLACINGFELDSPARINAPORCELAINFORMULATIONIS
WIDELYEXPLAINEDINLITERATURE 4HEPRESENCEOFAHIGHERCONTENT
POSSIBLE0ORCELAINWITHEXCELLENTMATERIALPROPERTIESWASPRODUCED
OFCRYSTALLINEPHASES MAINLYQUARTZ PRIMARYANDSECONDARYMULLITE
3MALLDIFFERENCESINMATERIALPROPERTIESWEREOBSERVEDWHENCOM
PAREDTOATRADITIONALPORCELAIN
4HELOWERlRINGTEMPERATUREOF'0—# THANTHATOF40
3I/
#OUNTS3

 —# WASTHEMOSTIMPORTANTADVANTAGEOF'04HISCOULDCER


'LASS
 0ORCELAIN



#A!L3I/

3I/!L/
3I/!L/
I/!L/

#A!L3I/
3I/



3I/




     
3I/

4RADITIONAL

0ORCELAIN



3I/!L/

3I/!L/
3I/!L/


3I/



3I/




     
—4HETA
&IGURE3%-PHOTOMICROGRAPHSOFGLASSPOWDERPORCELAIN'0 lREDAT
&IGURE  8 RAY DIFFRACTOGRAM OF '0 lRED AT  —# AND 40 lRED AT —#3-SECONDARYMULLITE0-PRIMARYMULLITE%TCHEDBY(&
—# FORSECONDS

4ABLE-ODULUSOFRUPTURE-/2 NOTCHSIZEC FRACTURETOUGHNESS+)# ANDSURFACEENERGYG OFNOTCHEDSAMPLESBENDINGSTRENGTH"3 ANDMAINmAW


SIZEC OFNON NOTCHEDSAMPLES40VALUESAFTERlRINGAT—#
.OTCHED3AMPLES .ONn.OTCHED3AMPLES
SAMPLES -/2 C +)# G 3AMPLES "3 C
.MM MM -0AM -P .MM MM
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
    
MEAN    -EAN  
2EMARKhCvWASOBTAINEDWITHADIAMONDDISChCvRESULTSFROMTHEORETICALCALCULATIONS
 %UDJDQoD %HUJPDQQ 0DWHULDOV5HVHDUFK

2EFERENCES
 #OMPROMISSOEMPRESARIALPARAARECICLAGEM#%-02% !VAILABLE
FROM52,HTTPWWWCEMPREORGBR
 +INGERY7$ "OWEN(+ 5HLMANN$2)NTRODUCTIONTOCERAMICSND
ED.EW9ORK*OHN7ILEY3ONS0UBLISHER
 3CHÓLLER+(2EACTIONSBETWEENMULLITEANDGLASSYPHASEINPORCELAINS
4RANS"R#ERAM3OC  
 #ARTY-7 3ENAPATI50ORCELAINnRAWMATERIALS PROCESSING PHASEEVOLU
TION ANDMECHANICALBEHAVIOR*!M#ERAM3OC  
 )QBAL9 ,EE7%*&IREDPORCELAINMICROSTRUCTURESREVISITED*!M#ERAM
3OC  
 )QBAL9 ,EE7%*-ICROSTRUCTURALEVOLUTIONINTRIAXIALPORCELAIN*!M
#ERAM3OC  
 6AN6LACK,0ROPRIEDADESDOSMATERIAISCERºMICOS3áO0AULO "RAZIL
%DGAR"LÓCHER0UBLISHER
&IGURE3%-PHOTOMICROGRAPHOFUNPOLISHEDANDNON ETCHEDGLASSPORCELAIN  (ÓBNER ( -ECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING CERAMICS
SURFACE SHOWINGTHATCRACKBRIDGINGCANOCCURDUETOTHESTRESSESRELEASED 4ECH5NIVOF(AMBURG (ARBURG(AMBURG'ERMANY #ERAMICS#OURSE
FROMLARGEQUARTZPARTICLES -ATERIAL
 &REIMAN37&RACTUREMECHANICS!PPLICATIONSFORWHITEWARES)N(ENKES
6% /NADA'9 #ARTY7- EDITORS3CIENCEOFWHITEWARES7ESTERVILLE
TAINLYBRINGACOSTREDUCTIONINTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSANDMAKETHE /HIO !M#ERAM3OC0 
USEOFGLASSPOWDERANECONOMICALATTRACTIVEALTERNATIVE  "IFl ' )L GRES PORCELANATTO MANUALE DI FABBRICAZIONE E TECNICHE DI
4HECURVEOFWATERABSORPTIONANDSHRINKAGEVERSUSlRINGTEM IMPIEGO&AENZA)TALY &AENZA%DITRICE
PERATUREINDICATEDTHATGLASSPOWDERBEHAVEDSIMILARLYTOASTRONGmUX  7ACHTMAN*"-ECHANICALPROPERTIESOFCERAMICS.EW9ORK*OHN7ILEY
4HISHASANADVANTAGEOUSEFFECTOFLOWERINGTHElRINGTEMPERATURE 3ONS
BUTDECREASESTHETEMPERATURERANGEFORSINTERING'LASSPORCELAIN  $AVIDGE 27-ECHANICALBEHAVIOROFCERAMICS#AMBRIDGE5NIVERSITY
DEMONSTRATEDTOBEVERYSUSCEPTIBLETOBLOATING WHATHADDELETERIOUS 0RESS
EFFECTSTOGLASSPORCELAINPROPERTIESINHIGHERlRINGTEMPERATURES
 7ARSHAW3) 3EIDER2#OMPARISONOFSTRENGHTOFTRIAXIALPORCELAINSCON
82$ANALYSISREVEALEDTHEPRESENCEOFANORTHITEIN'0 ASWELL TAININGALUMINAANDSILICA*!MER#ERAM3OC  
AS THE MULLITE AND QUARTZ PHASES ALSO FOUND IN40 PORCELAIN4HE
 /RAL-3&RACTURE INITIATINGmAWSINWHITEWARESCONTAININGQUARTZ4RANS
CRYSTALLIZATIONOFANORTHITEWASACONSEQUENCEOFTHECALCIUMOXIDE *"R#ERAM3OC 
WITHINTHESODA LIMECOMPOSITION
 "RAGAN½A32 "ERGMANN#0!VIEWOFWHITEWARESMECHANICALSTRENGTH
!FRACTURETOUGHNESS+)# OF-0AMANDAmEXURALSTRENGTH ANDMICROSTRUCTURE#ERAMICS)NTERNATIONAL 
OF.MMWEREOBTAINEDFORTHE40SAMPLESlREDAT—#&OR
 "RAGAN½A32$ESENVOLVIMENTODEUMACERºMICATRIAXIALUTILIZANDOVIDROCOMO
THE'0SAMPLESlREDAT—#A+)#VALUEOF-0AMANDA
FUNDENTEERELA½áOENTREMICROESTRUTURAEPROPRIEDADESTECNOL˜GICAS;4HESIS=
-/2OF.MMWEREOBTAINED4HESERESULTSAREGOODVALUESFOR 0ORTO!LEGRE23 &EDERAL5NIVERSITYOF2IO'RANDEDO3UL
AlNECERAMIC4HELOWERFRACTURETOUGHNESSAND-/2OF'0ISA
 %CE/) .AKAGAWA:"ENDINGSTRENGHTOFPORCELAINS#ERAMICS)NTERNA
CONSEQUENCEOFTHEPECULIARMICROSTRUCTUREOFTHISPORCELAIN TIONAL 

View publication stats

Potrebbero piacerti anche