11/17/2018
BACKGROUND
SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY
Dr. Faisal Usman
TERMINOLOGIES
 Solution : mixture of two or more components that form a single
phase which is homogeneous down to molecular level.
 Solvent: component that determines the phase of solution; it is
usually (not necessarily) the largest part of the system
 Solute: dispersed as molecules or ions throughout the solvent
(dissolved)
 Dissolution: Transfer of molecules or ions from a solid state into
solution. Controlled by relative affinity b/w the molecules of the
solid substance and those of solvent.
 Solubility: Extent to which dissolution proceeds under a given set
of experimental conditions. Amount of substance that is passed
into solution when equilibrium is established b/w the solute in
3 substance at constant temp.
solution and excess (undissolved)
 Frequent use of solutions in Pharmaceuticals; as dosage
form, in clinical trials, functioning in the body.
 Drug manufacturing and Drug delivery both involve the
process of solubility as well as diffusion.
 Various types of solutions can exist depending on the nature
of solute as well as solvent, e.g.,
 Gas in liquid
 Liquid in Gas
 Gas in Gas
TERMINOLOGIES
 Saturated Solution: Solution with equilibrium b/w solute in
solution and excess substance. Temperature, Pressure and
Chemical composition are important.
 Unsaturated Solution: Solution with concentration less than at
equilibrium.
 Supersaturated : Solution with conc. greater than at equilibrium;
can be obtained in certain conditions. E.g., If crystals are to be
formed from a soln., it is necessary to have more solute present
that can be dissolved.
 As crystals form from a supersaturated solution, system will
progress until there are solid particles in equilibrium with
saturated solution.
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 Usually unstable with precipitation of excess solute readily occurs
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TERMINOLOGIES TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

 Miscibility: When two components forming a solution are either
both gases or both liquids.
 Rate of solution (dissolution rate) & amount which can be
dissolved (solubility) are not same and not necessarily related.
 High drug solubility usually related with high dissolution rate.
Exceptions exist e.g., HPMC
 Classified according to state of solute and solvent.
 Solid, liquid, gas three states of matter
 Solutes can be classified as;
 Electrolytes (HCl, Sodium sulphate, phenobarbital)
• Show apparently anomalous colligative properties ,i.e.,
produce greater freezing point depression and elevation of
boiling point.
• Strong and Weak Electrolytes
 Non-electrolytes (Sucrose, glycerin, urea, naphthalene)
 Colligative properties of solutions of non-electrolytes fairly
regular. E.g. 0.1 M soln of non electrolyte produces same
colligative effect as any other non electrolyte solution with
equal conc.

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TYPES OF SOLUTIONS EXPRESSIONS OF CONCENTRATION

Solute Solvent Example  Solubility expressed in terms of the maximum mass or
Gas Gas Air volume of solute that will dissolve in a given mass or volume
of solvent at a particular temperature and at equilibrium.
Liquid Gas Water in Oxygen
Solid Gas Iodine Vapor in air  Quantity Per Quantity:

Gas Liquid Carbonated water  Concentrations simply expressed as weight or volume of

solute contained in given weight or volume of solution.
Liquid Liquid Alcohol in water
 Pharmaceuticals usually occur as solids dissolved in liquids.
Solid Liquid Aqueous NaCl soln
 SI unit is kg/m3; can also use g/L, mg/mL, µg/µL, g/mL
Gas Liquid Hydrogen in Palladium
Liquid Solid Mineral oil in paraffin
Solid Solid Mixture of alums, Au-Ag
mixture
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EXPRESSIONS OF CONCENTRATION EXPRESSIONS OF CONCENTRATION

 Percentage Preference method for quoting concentration.  Molarity (M) Number of moles of solute in 1 dm3 (1L) of
solution. Unit is mol/L.
Concentration (% w/v) = Wt of solute/ Wt of soln * 100
 Molality (m) Number of moles of solute divided by mass of
 Effect of Temperature on Volume
solvent. Unit is mol/Kg.
 Parts:
 More clear depiction of concentration as not affected by T.
 Pharmacopoeia give information on approximate solubility
 Mole fraction (M) Number of moles of solute divided by
of official substances in terms of number of parts of solute
total number of moles of solute and solvent.
dissolved in a stated number of parts of solution
 Mole fraction of solute (y) = x1 / x1 + x2
 Usually not recommended
 Mole Percent : moles of one constituent in 100 moles of
solution.
 Mole Percent = mole fraction * 100
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QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF
EXPRESSIONS OF CONCENTRATION
SOLUBILITY (USP/EP)
 Milli-equivalents and normal solutions Conc of solutes in Descriptive App volume of solvent Solubility Range
body fluids and solutions used for replacement of fluids term (mL) necessary to (mg mL-1)
usually expressed as millimoles in 1 L of solution. dissolve 1 g of solute
 In case of electrolytes, concentrations may be expressed in (Temp b/w 15 & 25oC)
terms of mEq/L. Very Soluble <1 ≥1000
1 mEq = ionic weight (mg)/Valency Freely Soluble From 1 to 10 100-1000
 Normal solution or 1N contains equivalent weight of solute Soluble From 10 to 30 33-100
expressed in grams in 1L of solution. Sparingly Soluble From 30 to 100 10-33

Slightly Soluble From 100 to 1000 1-10

Very Slightly From 1000 to 10000 0.1-1
soluble
11 Practically > 10000 12 ≤0.1
Insoluble