1

A Proposed Flood Mitigation Plan at Desta Homes Subdivision, Atlag, Malolos,

Bulacan

A Research Presented to the Faculty of Undergraduate School

Bulacan State University

City of Malolos, Bulacan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By:

Patricia Bernadette R. Capati

Sherry Rose A. Gesim

Karen L. Manalo

Dorel Jan T. Perlas

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CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Flooding is considered to be one of the most common and most destructive

natural hazards. It is a natural occurrence where a large quantity of water overflows into

an area which is normally dry. It can cause excessive damage to property, loss of

livestock, destruction of crops and even loss of human life. Floods are triggered by heavy

rainfall, tropical storms, and dam break.

Floods usually occur during rainy season where there are numerous amounts of

rainfall. As relative sea level increases due to climate change, it no longer takes a strong

typhoon to cause flooding. Flooding now occurs with high tides in different areas due to

climate-related sea level rise, land subsidence, and the loss of natural barriers. One of the

ways people do to minimize flooding is through directing water into an outlet, hence, the

drainage system.

A drainage system is a system of natural and artificial channel which is designed

so that the water flows away quickly and is disposed of in a surface watercourse. It is

important to have an efficient drainage system in order to allow water to flow away from

the ground as soon as possible in order to prevent flooding.

Subdivisions adapt the drainage system with the end goal to manage the flow of

water inside or around property and pass on water to an appropriate outlet. The drainage
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system of the subdivision shall abide to the natural drainage pattern of the subdivision

site and shall drain into appropriate water bodies or public drainage system. Not

following the standards for establishing an effective drainage system may result for

different problems to arise.

According to “The United Nations University’s Institute for Environment and

Human Security”, Philippines ranks third on the 2017 World Risk Report, which

indicates "the risk of disaster in consequence of extreme natural events" in 171 countries

around the world. The World Risk Index (WRI) measure each country’s exposure or risk

of being struck by natural disasters like hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding, drought, and

rising sea levels.

On August 2018, Water Level in Ipo and Bustos Dams in Bulacan has reached

spilling level, prompting authorities to open gates. Over the weekend, the water level at

Ipo Dam reached 101.13 meters, higher by .13 meter than its spilling level of 101 meters

while the water level at Bustos Dam hit 17.52 meters, a .02-meter more than its spilling

level of 17.50 meters. The Bulacan Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Office (PDRRMO) said Ipo Dam opened its radial gate 1 while Bustos Dam opened 1

and 2 sluice gates on Saturday. As of Monday morning (August 13), the radial gate of

Bustos Dam was fully opened and already released over 1,500 cms of water, according to

the PDRRMO. Villages in the towns of Hagonoy and Bulakan were the most affected of

the release and again submerged with waters due to the overflowing of rivers. The

PDRRMO said at least 31 villages in Bulacan were inundated by the monsoon rains that

prompted the provincial government to place rescue teams on alert in flooded areas

particularly in Calumpit, Marilao, and Meycauayan. (UNTV News and Rescue, 2018).
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Different towns in Bulacan experience high-tide flooding which has been

worsening through the years. Even those who live in subdivisions particularly those who

are residing at Desta Homes in Malolos, Bulacan also experience high tide flooding.

Desta Homes subdivision was not spared by flooding caused by imminent rain and high

tide. It is experiencing floods not only during the rainy season but also on a sunny day

because of the high tide which affects the daily life of the subdivision’s residents.

Desta Homes Subdivision lies near the Atlag River. Once the river is rising or in

high tide season, the subdivision experience flood. There is an existing drainage system

constructed around the subdivision which is designed to drain excess rain and ground

water from impervious surfaces but, the drainage system is incapable of holding much

water which causes flooding around the subdivision.

The purpose of this study is to assess the current condition and propose a flood

mitigation plan that is suitable for Desta Homes Subdivision. The researchers aim that

this study will come up with a long-lasting solution that will alleviate the current state of

the subdivision.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The main problem of the study is the flooding at Desta Homes Subdivision. It

aims to answer the following queries as a possible aid to solve the problem:

 Will the proposed structural measure ease the flooding?

 Aside from the proposed measures, what other ways could help to mitigate the

flooding?
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1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general goal of the study is to ease flooding in Desta Homes Subdivision.

Specifically, the research aims to:

 Assess the situation at Desta Homes Subdivision.

 Determine the flood control structures that are applicable for the subdivision.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The major concern of the study are the residents of Desta Homes Subdivision.

Health and convenience of the residents living within the research locale are considered

while undertaking this study. The purpose of the study is to lessen or possibly prevent

occurrence of flood by effectively collecting and conveying excess water from

overflowing rivers that runoffs to the land area.

Through this study, the researchers are able to apply their knowledge that they

acquired from the past years of the Civil Engineering course.

1.5. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study focused on determining the most effective structural measure to

mitigate the flood at Desta Homes Subdivision. It includes the design, plan, and estimated

cost of the proposed solution. This study focused only within the vicinity of Desta Homes

Subdivision; hence it delimits the architectural design, plumbing connections to different

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structures in the subdivision and the drainage system outside the Desta Homes

Subdivision.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This section will investigate previously written literature and studies that is

interrelated and will have an effect in the current investigation. The review provides

information on studies with reference to the factors that cause flooding and ways to

mitigate flooding.

2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Flooding

Flooding is experienced all over the earth. A flood occurs because of a lot of

reasons caused by humans and for natural reasons. Flood is an occurrence of where a dry

land gets submerged under water. In simple terms, the flood can be defined as an

overflow of large quantities of water onto a dry land. A flood occurs at irregular intervals

and varies in size, duration, and the affected area. Some floods that occur can suddenly

subside quick and some may take days before the surface water runs off.

Floods can have devastating consequences and can have effects on the economy,

environment, and people. It damages property and endangers the lives of humans and

other species. Economically, during floods (especially flash floods), roads, bridges,

farms, houses, and automobiles are destroyed. All these come at a heavy cost to people.

The environment also suffers when floods happen. Chemicals and other hazardous
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substances end up in the water and eventually contaminate the water bodies that floods

end up in.

Common Causes of Flooding

 Rainfall
Rainfall is one of the most common causes of flooding. Rainfall is the

amount of rain that falls in a place during a particular period. Rain is the leading

contributor to most of the flooding cases witnessed across the world. Too much

rain causes water to flow overland contributing to flooding. In particular, it is due

to high rainfall intensity over a prolonged period. Rain is liquid water in the form

of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then become

heavy enough to fall under gravity. (Wikipedia).

According to the article “Flooding” by Jackson (2014), the most common

cause of flooding is prolonged rainfall. Raining for a long period of time will

make the ground become saturated and the soil will no longer be able to absorb

and store water resulting in increased surface runoff. Surface runoff, also known

as overland flow, is the flow of water the occurs when excess stormwater flows

over the surface. Stormwater is water that originates during precipitation events

that can infiltrate, held on the surface and evaporates, or runoff in drainages and

nearby surface waters such as streams, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies.
As well as prolonged rainfall, a brief period of heavy rainfall such as a

sudden “burst” of heavy rain, the rain water won’t be able to infiltrate fast

enough, and the water will instead enter the river via surface runoff that can
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possibly lead to a sudden and large increase in the river’s discharged which can

result to flashflood.

 River Overflow
River overflow is also a cause of the flood. Rivers or streams can overflow

their banks to cause flooding. This happens when there is more water upstream

than usual, and as it flows downstream to the adjacent low-lying areas, or

typically called as floodplain, as a consequence, this creates a sudden discharge of

water into the adjacent lands leading to flooding. River overflow may occur due

to rainfall over an extended period that will directly fall into the river that can

make the river or streams rise high.

Other causes of river overflows are broken dams, rough seas, and high

tides. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the

gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun, and the rotation of Earth.

High Tide refers to the state of the tide at the highest level. These events can push

water up the rivers and result in flooding.

Structural Measures

Structural flood mitigation measures are regarded as major infrastructure works

that have significant roles in the sustainable development of flood-prone urban centers

(Kundzewics, 1999). Structures such as flood wall, flood gates, concrete retaining walls,

improvement of drainage system, canals, and waterways and installation of pumping

stations are often used for management of flood control. Other common techniques used

for flood control are installation of rock berms, rock rip-raps, sandbags, maintaining

normal slopes with vegetation or application of soil cements on steeper slopes and
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construction or expansion of drainage channels. Other methods of flood management

include dams, diversion canals, floodplains and groundwater replenishment, river

defences, coastal defences, self-closing flood barrier, temporary perimeter barriers,

levees, dikes, retention or detention basins,

A diversion canal diverts all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural

course. Diversion dams do not generally impound water in a reservoir; instead, the water

is diverted into an artificial water course or canal, which may be used for irrigation or

return to the river after passing through hydroelectric generators, flow into a different

river or be itself dammed forming an on ground or groundwater reservoir or a storm

drain.

A floodplain or flood plain is an area of land adjacent to a stream or river which

stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls, and

which experiences flooding during periods of high discharge. The soils usually consist of

levees, silts, and sands deposited during floods. Levees are the heaviest materials (usually

pebble-size) and they are deposited first; silts and sands are finer materials.

A flood wall (or floodwall) is a primarily vertical artificial barrier designed to

temporarily contain the waters of a river or other waterway which may rise to unusual

levels during seasonal or extreme weather events. Flood walls are mainly used on

locations where space is scarce, such as cities or where building levees or dikes (dykes)

would interfere with other interests, such as existing buildings, historical architecture or

commercial use of embankments.

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Flood walls are nowadays mainly constructed from pre-fabricated concrete

elements. Flood walls often have floodgates which are large openings to provide passage

except during periods of flooding, when they are closed. As a flood wall mostly consist of

relatively short elements compared to dikes, the connections between the elements are

critical to prevent the failure of the flood wall.

Floodgates, also called stop gates, are adjustable gates used to control water flow

in flood barriers, reservoir, river, stream, or levee systems. They may be designed to set

spillway crest heights in dams, to adjust flow rates in sluices and canals, or they may be

designed to stop water flow entirely as part of a levee or storm surge system. Since most

of these devices operate by controlling the water surface elevation being stored or routed,

they are also known as crest gates. In the case of flood bypass systems, floodgates

sometimes are also used to lower the water levels in a main river or canal channels by

allowing more water to flow into a flood bypass or detention basin when the main river or

canal is approaching a flood stage.

A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral

pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle

of repose of the soil. (Ching, et al, 2006). The most important consideration in proper

design and installation of retaining walls is to recognize and counteract the fact that the

retained material is attempting to move forward and down slope due to gravity.

Floods in Malolos
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The City of Malolos is one of the 24 municipalities and cities comprising the

province of Bulacan. Malolos City is a coastal component city in the province of Bulacan

and serves as the provincial capital. The city center of Malolos is situated at

approximately 14° 50' North, 120° 49' East, in the island of Luzon. Elevation at these

coordinates is estimated at 6.1 meters or 19.9 feet above mean sea level. Malolos has 51

barangays. One of them is Atlag that has an estimated elevation of 5.3 meters or 17.4 feet

above mean sea level. Desta Homes Subdivisions which is the focus of this study is

located at Atlag, Malolos, Bulacan.

On August 21, 2013, Local government and rescue teams remained on red alert in

Bulacan, where several areas including Malolos remained flooded. Several roads were

impassable due to floods caused by the southwest monsoon enhanced by Tropical Storm

Maring. In Malolos, the Capitol Compound became a water world according to GMA

News stringer Rommel Ramos as he reported on News to Go. Nurses at the Bulacan

Medical Center had to ride the rescue teams' ambulances, as no other vehicles could pass

through the floods, which were four feet deep in some areas. (GMA News Online)

On July 18, 2018, Due to continuous heavy rains brought by Habagat enhanced

by the tropical depression, flood occurs in low-lying areas in Bulacan. In Malolos flooded

areas were the villages of Panginay, Borol 1st, Wawa, San Juan and Poblacion. (Manila

Bulletin)

Flood Mitigation
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Floods can be mitigated if it is not possible to be prevented. Flood mitigation

involves the management and control of flood water movement, such as redirecting flood

run-off through the use of different structures, rather than trying to prevent floods

altogether. It also involves the management of people, through measures such as

evacuation and dry/wet proofing properties. The prevention and mitigation of flooding

can be studied on three levels: on individual properties, small communities, and whole

towns or cities. The costs of protection rise as more people and property are protected.

Flood management control are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects

of floodwaters. Flood relief methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or

high-water levels. Effective mitigation requires that we all understand local risks, address

the hard choices, and invest in long-term community well-being. Without mitigation

actions, we jeopardize our safety, financial security and self-reliance.

Topography of Bulacan

Bulacan’s total land area indicates that its topography ranges from level to rugged

terrain. The western portion of Bulacan has been classified in the Landscape Map as

belonging to the lowland category with an approximate coverage of close to 50 percent of

the provincial land area. On the other hand, the eastern part of the province covers those

areas that are hilly to mountainous. This is where the province interfaces with the

southeastern part of Luzon. In the middle of these two major landforms are the piedmont

landscapes, which have elevation of about 50 to 100 meters above sea level. Over one

half of Bulacan's overall land area have been classified as having slopes less than 8
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percent or those considered as having level to gently sloping terrain and this is found on

the western part of Bulacan. (www.bulacan.gov.ph)

Figure 2-1 Topography of the Province of Bulacan

Topographic Map of Malolos City

The topographic map of Malolos City was collected from National Mapping and

Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA). The maps are prepared on 1:10,000 and

1:50,000 scale. It shows natural and cultural features such as relief, vegetation, water
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bodies, road networks and others. The contour intervals are 10 meters in 1:10,000 scale.

The map was published on July 2012.

Since, Malolos City is relatively flat, there is no contour lines near Desta Homes

Subdivision. However, spot heights are presented in 1:10,000 scale. Contour lines are the

series of points of equal elevation and are used to illustrate relief on a map.

Spot height is an exact point on the map with an elevation recorded beside it that

represents its height above a datum. It is a point on the map where height above mean sea

level is noted, usually by a dot and an elevation value. Spot height are shown wherever

practical such as road intersections, summits, lakes, large flat areas and depressions. The

mean sea level is the average height of the surface for all stages of tides. It is used as a

reference surface from which elevations are measured.

In Chapter 4, the 1:10,000 scale topographic map was discussed based on the spot

heights around the vicinity of Desta Homes Subdivision.

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Figure. 2-2 Topographic Map of Malolos City (1:50,000 scale)

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Figure 2-3 Topographic Map of Malolos City (1:10,000 scale)

Design Procedures

In design analysis of drainage system, the following formulas can be used:

Rational Method

The rational method, which can be traced back to the mid-nineteenth century, is

still probably the most popular method used for the design of storm sewers. (Yen and
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Akan, 1999). The Rational Method is applicable to a catchment area smaller than 20 km2

(DPWH, Technical Standards and Guidelines for Planning and Design, March 2002).

Rational Method is used to design storm sewers. It takes into consideration the

physical and hydraulic properties of catchments and their effects on storm water runoff.

The equation for the determination of the peak flow from a catchment is expressed by the

formula:

c IA
Q=
3.60

where:

Q = design discharge, m3/sec

c = runoff coefficient
I = rainfall intensity, mm/hr
A = area drained, km2
3.60 = factor to make the units consistent

Time of Concentration

The time of concentration is defined as the time required for a drop of water to

flow to the watershed outlet from the most distant point in the watershed (Balacdao, n.d.).

It is used to measure the response of a watershed to a rain event

Time of concentration is the time required from the remote part of the drainage to

flow to the point of interest in minutes. The formula was obtained from Department of

Public Works and Highways. It is also used in Consultancy Services for the Civil Works
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of the LRT Line 2 East (Masinag) Extension Project Hydrological and Drainage

Investigation Report by Balacdao.

L 1.15
t C=
51 (H)0.385

where:

L = Length of watercourse, m

H = Difference in Elevation, m

t C = Time of Concentration, mins

Discharge Formula

It is the flow rate or discharge of flow in a channel or pipe running part full. It is

expressed as:

Q =AV

where:

Q = flow rate or discharge,

V = velocity of flow,

A = cross sectional area of the conduit, m2

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Manning’s Equation

The Manning’s Equation or fomula is used for calculating the capacities of

channels and pipes running part full. It is expressed as:

V = (1/n) (R2/3) (S1/2)

where:

V = velocity of flow,

A = cross sectional area of the conduit, m2

R = hydraulic radius =

P = wetted perimeter, m

S = pipe or channel slope =

n = Manning’s coefficient of roughness = 0.017 (value of n for (for

concrete, lined or constructed channels shown in table 2-4)

Surface Characteristics

In Rational Method, surface characteristics of the service area must be

approximated. The total rainfall that will reach the storm drain depends on the surface
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characteristic of the area. And, surface characteristics provides the value of the runoff

coefficient. Table 2-1 shows the runoff coefficients for use in Rational Method (Source:

Technical Standards and Guidelines for Planning and Design, DPWH, March 2002)

Runoff
Surface Characteristics
coefficient
Lawn, gardens meadows and cultivated lands 0.05-0.25
Parks, open spaces including unpaved surfaces and vacant lots 0.20-0.30
Suburban districts with few building 0.25-0.35
Residential districts not densely built 0.30-0.55
Residential districts densely built 0.50-0.75
For watershed having steep gullies and not heavily timbered 0.55-0.70
For watershed having moderate slope, cultivated and heavily
0.45-0.55
timbered
For suburban areas 0.34-0.45
For agricultural areas 0.15-0.25
Table 2-1 Runoff Coefficients for Use in the Rational Method

Guidelines for Selecting the Return Period

Return period is the probability that events such as floods, river discharge flows,

landslides, earthquake, wind storms or tornadoes will occur. It is an estimated average

time between events to occur and it is usually used for risk analysis. For example, a 10-

year flood has a 1/10 = 0.1 or 10% chance of being exceeded in any one year and a 50-

year flood has a 0.02 or 2% chance of being exceeded in any one year. Table 2-2 is taken

from Q & A On The Return Period to be Used For Design (Ponce, May 2008).

No. Type of project or feature Return period

(yr)

1 Urban drainage [low risk] (up to 100 ha) 5 to 10

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2 Urban drainage [medium risk] (more than 100 ha) 25 to 50

3. Road drainage 25 to 50
4 Principal spillways (dams) 25 to 100
5 Highway drainage 50 to 100
6 Levees [medium risk] 50 to 100

7 Urban drainage [high risk] (more than 1,000 ha) 50 to 100

8 Flood plain development 100
9 Bridge design (piers) 100 to 500
10 Levees [high risk] 200 to 1000
11 Emergency spillways (dams) 100 to 10,000 (PMP)
12 Freeboard hydrograph [for a class (c) dam] 10,000 (PMP)

Table 2-2 Guidelines for the selection of return period

Rainfall Intensity
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Table 2-3 Rainfall Intensity taken at Makinabang, Baliuag, Bulacan based on 18 years of
records by PAGASA

Values for Manning’s Roughness Coefficient

Table 2-4 shows the values of roughness coefficient (n) that could be used for

Manning’s Equation.

Type of Channel and Description Minimum Normal Maximum

Natural streams - minor streams (top width at floodstage < 100 ft)
1. Main Channels
a. clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools 0.025 0.030 0.033
b. same as above, but more stones and weeds 0.030 0.035 0.040
c. clean, winding, some pools and shoals 0.033 0.040 0.045
d. same as above, but some weeds and stones 0.035 0.045 0.050
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e. same as above, lower stages, more ineffective

0.040 0.048 0.055
slopes and sections
f. same as "d" with more stones 0.045 0.050 0.060
g. sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools 0.050 0.070 0.080
h. very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways
0.075 0.100 0.150
with heavy stand of timber and underbrush
2. Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks usually steep, trees and
brush along banks submerged at high stages
a. bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders 0.030 0.040 0.050
b. bottom: cobbles with large boulders 0.040 0.050 0.070
3. Floodplains
a. Pasture, no brush
1.short grass 0.025 0.030 0.035
2. high grass 0.030 0.035 0.050
b. Cultivated areas
1. no crop 0.020 0.030 0.040
2. mature row crops 0.025 0.035 0.045
3. mature field crops 0.030 0.040 0.050
c. Brush
1. scattered brush, heavy weeds 0.035 0.050 0.070
2. light brush and trees, in winter 0.035 0.050 0.060
3. light brush and trees, in summer 0.040 0.060 0.080
4. medium to dense brush, in winter 0.045 0.070 0.110
5. medium to dense brush, in summer 0.070 0.100 0.160
d. Trees
1. dense willows, summer, straight 0.110 0.150 0.200
2. cleared land with tree stumps, no sprouts 0.030 0.040 0.050
3. same as above, but with heavy growth of
0.050 0.060 0.080
sprouts
4. heavy stand of timber, a few down trees, little
0.080 0.100 0.120
undergrowth, flood stage below branches
5. same as 4. with flood stage reaching branches 0.100 0.120 0.160
4. Excavated or Dredged Channels
a. Earth, straight, and uniform
1. clean, recently completed 0.016 0.018 0.020
2. clean, after weathering 0.018 0.022 0.025
3. gravel, uniform section, clean 0.022 0.025 0.030
4. with short grass, few weeds 0.022 0.027 0.033
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b. Earth winding and sluggish

1. no vegetation 0.023 0.025 0.030
2. grass, some weeds 0.025 0.030 0.033
3. dense weeds or aquatic plants in deep channels 0.030 0.035 0.040
4. earth bottom and rubble sides 0.028 0.030 0.035
5. stony bottom and weedy banks 0.025 0.035 0.040
6. cobble bottom and clean sides 0.030 0.040 0.050
c. Dragline-excavated or dredged
1. no vegetation 0.025 0.028 0.033
2. light brush on banks 0.035 0.050 0.060
d. Rock cuts
1. smooth and uniform 0.025 0.035 0.040
2. jagged and irregular 0.035 0.040 0.050
e. Channels not maintained, weeds and brush uncut
1. dense weeds, high as flow depth 0.050 0.080 0.120
2. clean bottom, brush on sides 0.040 0.050 0.080
3. same as above, highest stage of flow 0.045 0.070 0.110
4. dense brush, high stage 0.080 0.100 0.140
5. Lined or Constructed Channels
a. Cement
1. neat surface 0.010 0.011 0.013
2. mortar 0.011 0.013 0.015
b. Wood
1. planed, untreated 0.010 0.012 0.014
2. planed, creosoted 0.011 0.012 0.015
3. unplaned 0.011 0.013 0.015
4. plank with battens 0.012 0.015 0.018
5. lined with roofing paper 0.010 0.014 0.017
c. Concrete
1. trowel finish 0.011 0.013 0.015
2. float finish 0.013 0.015 0.016
3. finished, with gravel on bottom 0.015 0.017 0.020
4. unfinished 0.014 0.017 0.020
5. gunite, good section 0.016 0.019 0.023
6. gunite, wavy section 0.018 0.022 0.025
7. on good excavated rock 0.017 0.020
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8. on irregular excavated rock 0.022 0.027

d. Concrete bottom float finish with sides of:
1. dressed stone in mortar 0.015 0.017 0.020
2. random stone in mortar 0.017 0.020 0.024
3. cement rubble masonry, plastered 0.016 0.020 0.024
4. cement rubble masonry 0.020 0.025 0.030
5. dry rubble or riprap 0.020 0.030 0.035
e. Gravel bottom with sides of:
1. formed concrete 0.017 0.020 0.025
2. random stone mortar 0.020 0.023 0.026
3. dry rubble or riprap 0.023 0.033 0.036
f. Brick
1. glazed 0.011 0.013 0.015
2. in cement mortar 0.012 0.015 0.018
g. Masonry
1. cemented rubble 0.017 0.025 0.030
2. dry rubble 0.023 0.032 0.035
h. Dressed ashlar/stone paving 0.013 0.015 0.017
i. Asphalt
1. smooth 0.013 0.013
2. rough 0.016 0.016
j. Vegetal lining 0.030 0.500
Table 2-4 Manning's roughness coefficient (n) for Channel

2.3 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

The study entitled “A Proposed Drainage System for the University of San Carlos

- Talamban Campus” by Dayag (1997, October) discussed about establishing an adequate

storm sewage drainage system for the University of San Carlos - Talamban Campus that

will be beneficial for future development of the said campus. The existing drainage

system of the university is inadequate to convey the storm water into its point of

discharge. The main streamline which is the point of discharge is also deficient to

accommodate storm water from the University of San Carlos sub-catchment and should
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be corrected by government’s responsibility. The study proposed two separate drainage

systems in the service area to accommodate more storm water. Also, the study

recommends a continuous maintenance of the sewers and a proper waste disposal to

minimize the problem of clogging.

According to Gabrielle Rosales Iglesias (2008, August) in her article entitled

“Flood Disaster Mitigation and River Rehabilitation by Marikina City, Philippines”,

urban flood mitigation is a complex effort wherein both structural and non-structural

mitigation play equally important roles. Marikina started a flood control project for 12

barangays that includes construction or rehabilitation of major outfalls, improvements in

the network canals, drainage systems, creeks and waterways. There are improvements

done to sidewalks and drainage network, as well as part of a 6-km road dike. Marikina

paved 500 km of roads to reduce the amount of sand, pebbles and mud that enters the

drainage system. The national government conducts regular river dredging. The removal

of informal settlers, commercial buildings, slaughterhouses and other industries from the

riverside was done. There is also an establishment of a solid waste management system

by enforcing an anti-dumping ordinance which aims to lessen the dumping of wastes in

waterways or near riverbanks that impeded the drainage of flood waters and causes

sludge at waterways. Structural mitigation efforts were expensive; however, the impact of

flood mitigation program shows some improvement and requires monitoring.

According to the World Bank Organization, Metro Manila also has its own flood

management program. They formulated the Metro Manila Flood Management Master

Plan, which was approved by the National Economic and Development Authority

(NEDA) Board in 2012. The project includes the master plan proposed a set of measures
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to effectively manage major flood events in the future. It includes building a dam in the

upper Marikina River catchment area to reduce peak river flows entering Metro Manila

during typhoons and other extreme rainfall events, eliminate long-term flooding in the

flood plain of Laguna de Bay, improvement of urban drainage and modernization of

pumping stations. Under this project, and existing 36 pumping stations will be

modernized, and 29 new ones will be constructed and infrastructures along critical

waterways will be improved in different cities around Metro Manila. The existing

pumping stations were built around 1970’s and have become inefficient and

underperforming. The improvement of solid waste within villages in the vicinity of

drainage systems will be supported by the government.

2.4 ASSUMPTIONS

Since this project study utilizes the topographic data and actual investigation of

the service area, it is assumed that the said data is competent and therefore reliable.

The study also utilizes the computer-aided drafting software (AutoCad) in

obtaining the total area and area in its sub catchment or region. Also, engineer’s level

instruments that is available in the university was utilized in determining the elevation of

the service area. The lowest elevation points are assumed flood prone.

The rainfall intensity of computed extreme values measured at Makinabang,

Baliuag, Bulacan based on 18 years of records by PAGASA is assumed accurate and

adapted in this study. A 10-year return period is adapted, and the runoff coefficients from
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Technical Standards and Guidelines for Planning and Design (DPWH, 2002) was used in

rational method.

2.5 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

2.6 SUMMARY OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Flooding is a devastating phenomenon which can cause damage to property. The

related literature and studies show that flood should not be taken for granted and should

be resolved before becoming severe. Through developing new drainage system there is a

possibility that flooding in Desta Homes Subdivision can be prevented.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter briefly discussed the methods of research used, research locale of the

study, the, sources of data, instruments for gathering data and procedure for gathering

data.
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3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The researchers employed a descriptive method of research. It is a method that

goes beyond gathering and tabulation of data. Detailed and factual information was

collected. Descriptive method describes the characteristics of a phenomena such as

current condition, situation, and practices. It was the most appropriate method in

determining the general overview of the Desta Homes Subdivision present situation.

Research Locale

The study was conducted in Desta Homes Subdivision. It is located in Barangay

Atlag in the City of Malolos, Bulacan. It is one of the first subdivisions that was built in

Malolos during 1960s. Formerly, Desta Homes Subdivision has a total land area of

105,945 sq. meters. But now, the lot was divided into two, namely Villa Desta

Subdivision and the Desta Homes Subdivision. The total land area of Desta Homes

Subdivision is 67,120.9861 sq. meters.

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Figure 3-1 Plan of Subdivision of Desta Homes and Villa Desta

3.3 RESEARCH PROCEDURE

Techniques Used in Data Collection

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The following was used to gather information and data for the study

 Interviews
The interviews from the residents and community leaders are the primary

data that was used. An informal interview was conducted in different parts of the

subdivision. In achieving random samples, the researchers used personal

judgment in selection of households that are spatially distributed. The researchers

utilized the chances and captured distinct and diverse responses. Conducting an

interview allowed the researchers to ask residents for maximum level of flood

experience, flood prone areas, starting point of floods and countermeasures they

do to addressed flooding.

 Investigation of the Service Area

A thorough inspection of the service area was made. Naturalistic

observations was conducted after continuous rainfall and before and after high

tide to be able to determine flood prone areas, maximum flood levels, point of

entry of floods, location of storm drain inlets, type and size of existing storm

sewers. The depth of water in the opened storm drain inlets during normal day and

high tide was measured. Also, the surface characteristics of the area was

established.

 Profile Surveying

Profile surveying was conducted by the researchers to obtain the vertical

elevations of Desta Homes Subdivision. Benchmark Leveling or Direct leveling is

the method to be used in determining elevations. The engineer’s level instrument,

stadia rods and meter tape are the instruments that was used in attaining the

profile elevation data of the said area.

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After having determined the elevation profiles, the gathered data was in

tabulated form and then plotted in the site development plan of Desta Homes

Subdivision. The gathered data was then used to evaluate and determine the

lowest points in the area and in which it is most likely to be flooded.

Sources of Data

The data gathered and used in this study are from the following:

 Homeowners of Desta Homes Subdivision

 Malolos City Hall
 National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA)
 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration

(PAGASA)
 Department of Public Works and Highways

3.4 INITIAL FLOOD MITIGATION PLAN

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The plan consists of structural measures to mitigate flooding in Desta Homes

Subdivision. However, the proposed plan will be chosen wisely from the assessment

made in the subdivision. The following are the initial flood mitigation plan:

1. Construction of flood walls and gates in the boundary lines of subdivision.

2. Construction of detention ponds.
3. Diversion Canals
4. Rehabilitation and improvement of existing drainage system.

3.5 THE PROPOSED FLOOD MITIGATION PLAN

The proposed flood mitigation plan discussed in Chapter 4 was the rehabilitation

and improvement of existing drainage system to hold large volume of water. Since, the

main problem arise in assessment of the Desta Home Subdivision is the cause of flood

which is river water enters the drainage system of the subdivision thus, making the

subdivision flooded.

Design Procedure for Drainage System

1. Surface Characteristics
In Rational Method, the surface characteristic must be satisfactorily

approximated. The total rainfall that will reach the storm sewer depends on the

surface characteristic. And, the values of runoff coefficient was established

depending on the surface characteristic in reference with the Technical Standards

and Guidelines for Planning and Design (DPWH, March 2002) shown in table 2-

1.
The service area was divided into sub catchments or regions with its

corresponding area and is shown in Figure 4-7. The catchment area was computed
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using AutoCad software. The areas were used as the drained area for the

computation of design discharge. Mostly, the surface characteristics that was

obtained ranged from residential district densely built and residential district not

densely built. Table 4-3 shows the surface characteristics of each regions and its

corresponding runoff coefficient.

2. Design Analysis
Rational Method was used in design analysis, Six procedures were

followed consecutively, namely: 1.) Determination of time of concentration; 2.)

Determination of Rainfall Intensity; 3.) Determination of Design Discharge; 4.)

Determination of Channel Cross-section 5.) Determination of Flow Velocity and

6.) Determination of Discharge of the Proposed Channel.

Determination of Time of Concentration

In determining the time of concentration the formula used is expressed as:

L 1.15
t C=
51 (H)0.385

where:

L = Length of watercourse, m

H = Difference in Elevation, m

t C = Time of Concentration, mins.

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Determination of Rainfall Intensity

The researchers used a 10-year return period and was based from guidelines for

the selection of return period shown in table 2-2. A 5 to 10-yr return period could be used

for urban drainage with low risk having a drained area less than 100 hectares.

A rainfall intensity of computed extreme values based on 18 years of records

taken at Makinabang, Baliuag, Bulacan shown in Table 2-3 was used to determine the

intensity by interpolation. The value to be used was depend on the time of concentration

computed and the range of it from the time in table 2-3. The results and computation will

further explain in Chapter 4.

Determination of Design Discharge

The Rational Method was used to compute the design discharge, Q.

cIA
Q=
3.60

where:

c = runoff coefficient

I = rainfall intensity, mm/hr

A = area drained, km2

Q = design discharge, m3/sec.

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Determination of Channel Cross-section

The depth of the channel is equal to the depth of design discharge from rainfall

and computed depth of water from the full capacity of the existing drainage system. The

depth of existing drainage system was added in consideration with the volume of water

coming from river overflow or high tide flood.

For depth (d1):

Discharge Formula and Manning’s Equation was used and it is expressed as:

Q = VA

V = (1/n) (R2/3) (S1/2)

where:

Q = flow rate, m3/sec.

A = cross-sectional area, m2 = bd
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V = velocity across a cross section, m/sec.

n = manning’s coefficient of roughness (in SI units) = 0.017

(Manning’s roughness coefficient for concrete, lined or constructed

channels)

R = hydraulic radius, m

R=A/ P

P = wetted perimeter of the channel, m

P = 2d + b

S = slope of the channel flow

S=H/L

H = difference of elevation (rise)

L = length of watercourse (run)

Using Discharge formula, the depth was obtained.

Q = VA

Q = V (b) (d)

Therefore,

Q
d=
V (b)
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Using Manning’s Equation, the velocity are obtained.

V = (1/n) (R2/3) (S1/2)

V = (1/n) (A/P)2/3 (H/L)1/2

Therefore,

V = (1/n) [(bd) / (2d + b)] 2/3 (H/L)1/2

Substituting the velocity, V to the depth, d, the depth for the design

discharge will obtained. The depth computed from this method is d1.

For depth 2 (d2):

The depth of the existing drainage was obtained by the formula:

(Volume of Sewer Pipe)+(Volume of Catch Basins) = (Length) (Proposed Channel Base)

(Depth)

Therefore,

Depth = [(Volume of Sewer Pipe) + (Volume of Catch Basins)] / [(Length)

( Proposed Channel Base)]

Determination of Velocity of the Proposed Channel

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Manning’s roughness coefficient for concrete, lined or constructed channels is

0.017 shown in table 2-4 was used.

Manning’s Equation were used and expressed as:

V = (1/n) (R2/3) (S1/2)

where:

V = velocity, m/sec.

n = manning coefficient of roughness (in SI units)

R = hydraulic radius =

S = slope of the channel flow =

Determination of Discharge of the Proposed Channel

Discharge Equation was used and expressed as:

Q = VA

where:

Q = discharge, m3/sec

A = area of the proposed channel, m2 = b (D)

V = velocity across a cross section, m/sec.

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