From Theory

To
Practical Structural Design

C K LAU
 We learn from the University

Basic Structural Mechanics
Axial Force
Shear Force
Bending Moment
Stress & Strain Relationship
Deflection/Deformation
 We learn from the University

Structural Design of Various Construction
Materials
Timber
Brick
Reinforced Concrete
Steel/Aluminum
Glass
 We learn from the University

Elements Design
Beam
Column
Truss
Wall

Various Structural Forms for Stability
 STRUCTURAL FORM

Common Type of Stability System to resist Lateral Loads on Buildings

Low Rise Structure
1) Portal Frames

Beam

Rigid connection between

columns and beams to form
portal frame structure.

Bending moment and shear

ELEVATION Column forces will be generated in the
columns and beams when the
frame deforms under lateral
force.
 STRUCTURAL FORM

Low Rise Structure

2) Braced Frame

Brace
Diagonal braces or shear

wall to resist lateral load on
building. Connection between
beams and columns can be
Shear wall
pinned.

ELEVATION

Examples for 1) & 2) are
single storey warehouse which
often constructed in structural
steel.
 STRUCTURAL FORM

Shear walls are ‘coupled’ (linked

Medium Rise Structure together) to increase the capacity of
the building against overturning
1) Coupled Shear Wall
moment.
Coupling Beam

This system is very commonly
used in Hong Kong for most of the
Shear Wall
residential buildings which fully
utilize the walls between flats and
rooms.

Transfer structures (plate or

beams) will be required if the shear
walls cannnot be brought to
podium/basement levels.
ELEVATION
 STRUCTURAL FORM

Medium Rise Structure

2) Shear Walls + Moment Frame System
Shear Wall

The beam-column frames

will act together with the shear
walls to take the lateral load.

This system is quite

common for office/commercial
buildings where there are
ELEVATION service cores.
 STRUCTURAL FORM

High Rise Structure

1) Outrigger Frame + Mega Columns
Mega-column Corewall

Mega-column

Corewall

Outrigger truss

Outrigger truss

PLAN ELEVATION
 STRUCTURAL FORM

High Rise Structure

1) Outrigger Frame + Mega Columns (cont’d)

The corewall is coupled with the mega-columns through the
outrigger trusses to enhance the overall stiffness of the building
against lateral load.

The outrigger trusses are often located in the plant room and
refuge floors such that the usable space (e.g. office) is not
obstructed by the diagonal members.

This is the most popular structural form for high-rise buildings in

Hong Kong since the widely spaced mega-columns allow good
view for the tenants.

Examples are IFC2, ICC, One Island East.

 STRUCTURAL FORM

High Rise Structure

2) Perimeter Frame-Tube System

Corewall
Perimeter
Frame

PLAN ELEVATION
 STRUCTURAL FORM

High Rise Structure

2) Perimeter Frame-Tube System (cont’d)

Perimeter frame consist of closely spaced columns linked by floor

beams which take most of lateral load.

This structural form was popular in the 70s and 80s.

Examples are World Trade Centre in New York, Jardine House, SHK
Centre, Hopewell Centre.
 STRUCTURAL FORM

High Rise Structure

3) Mega-brace system (cont’d)

Large diagonal members (crosses) at perimeter linked with columns to

form mega-brace structure to take the lateral load.

This is the most efficient structural form (cheapest) for high-rise building,
but NOT preferred by developers in Hong Kong due to the presence of
‘crosses’ at the building elevation.

Example: Bank of China headquarter.

 Statutory Control for Buildings in Hong Kong

• ArchSD :- Government Properties (e.g. Government

Offices, Police Stations, Hospitals, public schools etc)
• Buildings Department (BD) :- Private Properties (e.g.
private offices, shopping malls, private resident
buildings etc)
• Housing Department (HD) :- Public Housing (e.g. Public
Housing units – PRH or HOS)
 Private Buildings Control
• Tools - Buildings Ordinance (B.O.)
• Executive Arm – Building Authority (i.e.
Director of Buildings)
 Topics of Discussion
 Buildings Ordinance (B.O.)
 Building (Administration) Regulations (B(A)R)
 Building (Construction) Regulations (B(C)R)
 Code of Practices
 Design Loads
 Construction Practice and Statutory Procedures
 Objective of Buildings Ordinance
• To provide the planning, design and
construction of buildings and associated
works;
• To make provision for the rendering safe of
dangerous buildings and lands; and
• To make provision for matters connected
therewith
 Buildings Ordinance
• Part I - AP, RSE, RGE and RC (Contractor)
– Registration;
– Disciplinary proceedings
– Appeal
• Part II - Control of Building
– Approval & Consent
– Imposed conditions
– Dangerous Buildings/hillsides
– Defective Buildings
• Part III - Miscellaneous and General
• Part IV - Offences
• Part V - Exemption
• Part VI - Appeals
Building (Administration) Regulations

• Part I - Preliminary
• Part II - AP, RSE, RGE & RC
• Qualification, Requirements
• Part III - Plans, Certificates and Notices
• Part IV - Procedures for Approval & Consent
• Part V - Duties of AP, RSE, RGE & RC
• Part VI - Fees & Forms
• Part VII - Miscellaneous
Hong Kong Building (Construction) Regulations
• Part I - General
• Part II - Materials
• Part III - Loads
• Part IV - Site Formation Works
• Part VI - Foundations
• Part IX - Curtain Wall
• Part XII - Structural Use of Concrete
• Part XV - Fire Resisting Construction

 The Ordinance and Regulations do not contain design codes for the use of structural
design. Design codes are prepared by BD as deems to satisfy the relevant provisions of the
Buildings Ordinance and related regulations.
 BA issues Practice Notes for AP/RSE/RGE (PNAP) to promulgate how BA applies and
enforces the BO and related Regulations.
 Design Codes
• Design codes for structural works include:

Code of Practice for Structural Use of Steel 2011

Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013

Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004

Code of Practice for Precast Concrete 2016

Code of Practice for Foundations

Code of Practice for Fire Resisting Construction 1996

Code of Practice for Site Supervision 2009

Code of Practice for Demolition of Buildings 2004
 Code of Practice
for the Structural Use of Steel 2011
(Steel Code)
 Special topics of the Steel Code

1. Materials control
2. Prescriptive / performance-based control on high rise buildings
3. Second-order and advanced analysis
4. Notional force for simulation of imperfections
5. High-rise buildings
6. Long-span structures
7. Temporary structures
8. Glass supporting structures
9. Composite construction
10. Cold-formed steel construction
11. Structural fire design
 Materials control
• Use of steel materials that conform to
recognized international standards.
• Use of high strength steel materials with
design strength up to 690 MPa.
• Use of uncertified steel materials that are not
traceable with mill certificates.
• Essential material requirements are devised
to determine the suitability of steel material
for structural use, namely strength, brittle
fracture, ductility, and weldability.
 Materials
• The Code : high strength steel of design
strength = 690 MPa.
For steel grade higher than 690 MPa
performance based approach can be adopted
to approve its structural suitability.

• Most country codes : Up to design strength =

460 MPa.
 Sources of Materials
• The Code
Steel materials conforming to 5 specific
standards can be used with some conversions
/ corrections (namely Australia, China, Japan,
USA and EEC)

• Other country codes

Limited to its own products only for
protectionism
 Steel materials
• Class 1 steel : conforming to 5 regions
• Class 2 steel : not conforming to 5 regions
• Class 3 steel : uncertified steel
• Class 1H steel : conforming to 5 regions with
design strength from 460 to 690 MPa
• Class UH steel : design strength > 690 MPa
Examples of use of
normal strength steel:
Example of Normal Steel
Uncertified steel could be used for temporary works
such as hoarding,
or steel could be reused as uncertified where data lost
Economical & Environmentally-friendly Approach
High strength steel
will be useful for
composite mega
columns where
strength rather than
stiffness governs
Ultra high strength
Steels, e.g. Macalloy
1030 tie bars:
 Steel Code - Chapter 6

Analysis & Design Methods

 Every error reduces
safety factor a bit
until collapse

Second-order analysis
by simulation
What is the effective length of the vertical stanchion ?
3m, 4m or (3+4)m ?
500kN 500kN

Can be resolved in the Steel

Code
4m 120x120x10L
grade S275(43)

3m 152x152x30UC
grade S275(43)
Pin Supports

4m
Effective Length

required for first-order linear analysis,

second-order P-∆ analysis
(because P-δ effect is not considered)

NOT required in Second-order P-∆−δ

analysis & Advanced Analysis
 Imperfections

• Frame and member imperfections

• The effects of imperfections shall be taken
into account as.
• Global analysis : P-∆ effect
• Member design : P-δ effect
Global frame imperfection
∆ effect
for P-∆
• The second-order P-∆-δ analysis can be based
on a curved finite element capable of
simulating the changing curvature of a
member and calculating the most critical or
highest stressed section along its length.
Aesthetics Features, Energy Efficiency & Serviceability

ACABAS (Advisory Committee on the Appearance of Bridges and

Associated Structures)
Comment:

1. the sloping footbridge producing a sinking appearance which
was not pleasing;

2. study of possibility to reduce the green house effect caused by
large extent of skylight;

Initial design at preliminary stage with skylight and large amount of glazed area
Aesthetics Features, Energy Efficiency & Serviceability

In order to enhance energy efficiency and reduce green house effect,

aluminium panels is adopted as roof cladding instead of glass
skylight and also reduced the clear area of the bridge’s glass wall;

MTR
WINGS II

Staircase

Final design with Aesthetics Features, Energy Efficiency & Serviceability considered
Aesthetics Features, Energy Efficiency & Serviceability

Enclosed air-conditioned footbridge creates a suitable transition for
pedestrians from the MTR hall to the external environment;

Final design with Aesthetics Features, Energy Efficiency & Serviceability considered
(ACABAS approved on August 2012)
 Bearing Schedule

Fixed Guided
y
x

Guided Free
Wings II MTRC station
Boundary Conditions
 Design Concept and Approach with Unusual Features

1) Second-order direct analysis throughout the design procedure

– Modern Engineering Approach

Second-order direct analysis is adopted throughout the whole

design procedure from structural scheming to the simulation of
construction stages;

The structure is designed by a simulation process, a truly

performance-based approach in which safety is directly checked by
inspecting the global frame stability and section capacity along the
length of every member.

Computer program NIDA version 9 (S0844) is employed for the

second-order direct analysis.
 First-Order Analysis Second-Order Analysis
(Conventional Method) (Innovative Method)

Apply Loads Apply Loads

Linear Ignore(1) P-∆ & P- Nonlinear Consider (1) P-∆ &
δ Effects; (2) P-δ Effects; (2)
Analysis Imperfection; …
Analysis Imperfection; …

Responses Responses
Approximate (1) Effective Length; or Real Behavior Section Capacity
Behavior (2) Amplify Moment Check Only

Design Check Design Check

Indirect Direct

Such technology facilitated simulation-based approach leads to cost effective
design and provides sustainable solution.

Max. vertical disp. at mid-span:

1. SW only: 44.4 mm
2. DL+SDL: 105 mm
3. LL only: 50.4 mm
Simulation of deflection by second-order direct analysis method

More reliable and safer design (the unreliability and uncertainty in
the effective length assumption are eliminated; snap-back buckling;
snap-through buckling);

More economic design;

Steel Weight

Design by ordinary 1st-order Steel Weight Reduced

Design by 2nd-order Method
Method

291 tons 243 tons 48 tons (16.5%)

Faster design procedure (no tedious member check, only section

capacity check) – More than ten schemes have been designed.
Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013
• Limit State Design approach
– Ultimate limit state
– Serviceability limit state
• Prescribed design parameters
and formulae for design of
reinforced concrete structure
• Concrete properties Concrete Elastic
• Concrete grade from Grade / Modulus /
MPa GPa
C20 to C100
20 18.7
• Corresponding Elastic 30 22.2
Modulus (Ec) also 45 26.4
given 60 30.0
80 34.2
100 37.8
Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013

• Clause 7.3 – Deformation

• Static analysis
– Top deflection shall not more than H/500

• Dynamic analysis
– Max peak acceleration shall less than:
Residential – 0.15 m/s2 (15 milli-g)
Office or Hotel – 0.25 m/s2 (25 milli-g)
Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004
• First revision since 1983 Design Wind Pressure & Profile
1000
Height Wind
• Basic wind pressure for 900
Pressure

built-up terrain not 800

≤5m
10m
1.82 kPa
2.01 kPa
given 700 20m 2.23 kPa

• Wind Load Calculation th

600
30m
50m
2.37 kPa
2.57 kPa
ige
– Prescribed wind pressure given in H
500
75m 2.73 kPa
Code 400
100m 2.86 kPa
– Dynamic effect to be checked
300 150m 3.05 kPa
200
200m 3.20 kPa
250m 3.31 kPa
100
300m 3.41 kPa
0
0 1 2 3 4
400m 3.58 kPa
Wind Pressure ≥500m 3.72 kPa
 Wind Code Approach

 Assume the topography at far upstream of the

structure is flat and smooth like open sea

 Assume no obstacles adjacent to the structure

 Assume wind speeds blowing from all directions to

the structure are identical under same return period
 Wind Tunnel Test Approach

 Construct a topographic model to simulate the effect of far

field topography to the structure

 Construct a proximity model to simulate the effect of

surrounding buildings to the structure

 Construct a wind climate model to account for the effect of

actual difference in wind speeds for different directions
under same return period
 Areas of Application of Wind Tunnel Tests
 To improve the reliability of structural performance

 To achieve cost effectiveness – in many cases wind loads derived from

wind tunnel tests fall below code prescribed values

 To design structures which are wind sensitive – e.g. tall, slender and
flexible buildings, intermediate and long-span bridges

 Situations in which wind environment is affected significantly by terrain

and surroundings, and existence of major buildings in close proximity

 Serviceability concerns – wind induced deflection or horizontal

accelerations, wind effect on pedestrians
 Design Wind Load Determination
Hong Kong Wind Code 2004
• Use the dynamic gust pressure
profile
• Compute the force coefficient based
on the shape of the building
• Calculate the total wind force
• Calculate the force distribution with
height based on the gust pressure
profile
Wind Tunnel Test
• Determine the incoming wind speed
profile (mean and fluctuating) close
to the site at various directions
through topographical study
• Measure the base moments and total
forces by high frequency force
balance. The influence by buildings in
proximity is taken account.
• Prediction of prototype scale
behavior by combining the wind
tunnel test results with the wind
climate
• Calculate the force distribution with
height (structural response) from the
measured moments using the theory
of structural dynamics
 General Wind Load Reduction
 Hong Kong is a highly built-up city and sheltering effect is significant for
most urban areas

 In particular, wind load reduction for buildings in dense regions, such

as Causeway Bay, Wan Chai, Central, Sheung Wan, Mong Kok, are
obvious

 Based on our experience, the general reduction in wind load is around

20%-30% for buildings in the above urban areas and is around 10%-
20% for less dense regions

 For buildings facing to the sea in the East with no significant

intervening obstacles, the anticipated wind load reduction will be small
(Depend on building configuration, the determined wind load can even
be higher than that computed by using wind code approach in some
occasions)
 Wind Climate Models for Hong Kong

Gradient Wind Speed Ratios of  In Hong Kong, wind climate model

is generally established by using
Hong Kong for a return period historical wind data measured on
of 1 in 50 year Waglan Island (Waglan Island
Model) or typhoon parameters
with aids of mathematical
simulation (Monte Carol Model)
 Generally speaking, the wind load
reductions determined by the two
models are not identical
 Waglan Model should be more
reliable as it is entirely established
by using measured data
 However, the results produced by
Monte Carol Model will in general
be more conservative
Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004

• Wind tunnel test

Gradient wind
speed – 59.5 m/s

Gradient height –
500m

Wind load and
building
acceleration will be
calculated

Cladding pressure
can be tested

Environmental /
pedestrian wind
effect can be
assessed
 Code of Practice for Foundation
• Shallow foundation – Footing /
Raft

Bearing on soil or rock

Design to allowable bearing pressure
as determined by ground
investigation (G.I.)

100~300kPa in general for soil
• Pile foundation

Commonly used pile types
- Bored piles
- Barrettes
- Socketted Steel H-piles
- Minipiles
- Driven Steel H-piles
 Code of Practice for Foundation
Pile types Bored piles Barrettes Socketted Minipiles Driven Steel
Steel H-piles H-piles
Typical Size 1m - 3m 0.8m - 1.5m 600mm 210mm 305x305x223
diameter thick diameter diameter kg/m
Typical 9,000kN to 3,000kN to 6,000kN 1,800kN 3,600kN
Capacity 116,500kN 13,000kN
Design Base bearing Base Bond stress Bond stress Steel stress
Parameter various from bearing
700 kPa 700 kPa 0.3 x fy
10,000 kPa to
3,000 kPa
3,000 kPa (where fy is the
depending on the yield stress of
grade of rock steel)
 Code of Practice for Foundation
• Large diameter bored piles

Typical 1m - 3m
Size diameter
Typical 9,000kN to
Capacity 116,500kN
Design Base bearing
Parameter various from
10,000 kPa to
3,000 kPa
depending on
the grade of rock
 Code of Practice for Foundation
• Large diameter bored piles

Installation of Steel Cage

Air Lifting Process

General Setup of Bored

Concrete Pouring
Pile Construction
 Code of Practice for Foundation
• Socketted steel H-piles

Typical 600mm
Size diameter
Typical 6,000kN
Capacity
Design Bond stress of
Parameter 700 kPa
between rock
and grout
 Code of Practice for Foundation
• Socketted steel H-piles

Steel H-pile in Pre-bored

Hole Prior to Grouting

Drilling Rig
The Down-the-hole Hammer
 Code of Practice for Foundation
• Driven steel H-piles

Typical 305x305x225kg/m
Size
Typical 3,600kN
Capacity
Design Steel stress
Paramet 0.3 x fy
er (where fy is the
yield stress of
steel)

Installation of Driven H-piles

 Code of Practice for Foundation
• Minipiles

Typical ~300mm
Size diameter
Typical ~1,800kN
Capacity
Design Bond stress
Parameter 700 kPa
 Code of Practice for Foundation
• Barrettes

Typical 0.8m - 1.5m

Size thick
Typical 3,000kN to
Capacity 13,000kN
Design Base bearing
Parameter 3,000 kPa
 Code of Practice for Fire Resisting
Construction 1996
• Implication to concrete structure design
– Minimum concrete element sizes according to Fire Resistance Period
(FRP)
e.g. floor slab

FRP 4 hrs 2 hrs 1 hr

Thickness 170mm 125mm 100mm

– Minimum Concrete cover to reinforcement according to FRP

e.g. floor slab
FRP 4 hrs 2 hrs 1 hr
Simply supported 55mm* 35mm 20mm
Continuous 45mm* 25mm 20mm
* - Steel mesh to be added at cover zone to protect concrete from spalling under fire.
Fire protection only required for Elements of Construction
Code of Practice for Fire Resisting Construction 1996
• Implication to structural steelwork design

Provide fire protection materials on exposed structural steel
surface

Commonly used fire protection systems are
- Intumescent coating
- Sprayed vermiculite cement, etc.
– Fire engineering approach

Intumescent Coating Finishes Sprayed Vermiculite Finishes

STRUCTURAL LOADING
• VS

B(C)R 1990

Effective on 1 Aug. 2011

 Design Loads
• Requirements on imposed loads covered in
Regulation 17 (Table 1) of HKB(C)R
Extract of Table 1 of B(C)R
Distributed load to be
Usage applied uniformly on plan
Dormitories; hospital wards, bedrooms, toilet rooms; etc. 2.0 kPa
Domestic buildings; hospital consulting rooms; etc. 2.0 kPa
Classrooms, lecture rooms; offices for general use; etc. 3.0 kPa

• The table shows the minimum imposed loads (live load) for various
type of usage in buildings.
• The self-weight of the structure and superimposed dead load
should also be evaluated for structural design. Superimposed dead
load includes finishes, ceiling, partitions, etc.
 Illustration on Loading Intensity

Area of 1.0 sq. m

1.5 kN/m2 3.0 kN/m2
 Illustration on Loading Intensity

4.0 kN/m2 5.0 kN/m2

Illustration on Loading Intensity

7.5 kN/m2
LOADIND CODE COMPARISON
LIVE LOAD REDUCTION
 As the load reduction factor for vertical elements has been
tightened in lower floors, saving to vertical elements and
foundations can only be achievable for buildings with more
than 30 storeys
BCR 1990 CoP for Dead and Imposed Loads 2011
Number of % reduction of total distributed
% reduction of total Number of floors imposed load on all floors
floors (including
distributed imposed load (including the roof) (including roof) carried by the
roof) carried by
on all floors (including roof) member under consideration
the member
carried by the member
under 1 0
under consideration
consideration 2 5
1 0 3 10
2 10 4 15
3 20 5 20

4 30 6 25

5 or more 40 7 30
8 35
Over 8 40 max.
 Superstructure Design - Work Flow
Superstructure Design Work Flow
Scheming

Computer Modelling & Analysis

Extraction of Element Forces

from computer model

Iterative From Design To

Construction
Design Check

Adjust Element Size (if

necessary); Coordinate with
Architect

Final Product
Superstructure Design –Scheming
Superstructure Design Work Flow
1. General
Building Plan from
Architect

Structural Scheming
2. Identify Vertical
Structural Elements
 Columns/ Walls

Structural Scheming
3. Identify Horizontal
Structural Elements 
Slabs/ Beams
Superstructure Design – Computer Modelling
Superstructure Design Work Flow

Computer modelling

• Structural
Element Input
• Loading Input
• Gravity Load
• Wind Load
Superstructure Design – Computer Modelling
Superstructure Design Work Flow

Wind Deflection
Animation
 Superstructure Design
Superstructure Design Work Flow
- Work Flow
Scheming
Extraction of Element Forces from computer
model (Axial force, Shear, Moment)
Computer Modelling & Analysis
Story Column Load Loc P V2 V3 T M2 M3
2/F C1 WY 0 3200 -36 106 0 -90 31
2/F C1 WY 3 3200 -36 106 0 -455 157
2/F C1 WY 7 3200 -36 106 0 -820 282
2/F C1 W45 0 -6370 -169 -83 0 104 -220
2/F C1 W45 3 -6370 -169 -83 0 390 362 Extraction of Element Forces from
2/F C1 W45 7 -6370 -169 -83 0 676 943
computer model
2/F C1 W135 0 3611 400 -145 0 72 281 Iterative
2/F C1 W135 3 3611 400 -145 0 572 -1098
2/F C1 W135 7 3611 400 -145 0 1072 -2476
2/F C1 WX 0 6768 374 -40 0 -22 330
2/F C1 WX 3 6768 374 -40 0 115 -959
2/F C1 WX 7 6768 374 -40 0 252 -2248
Design Check
1/F C1 WY 0 3200 -36 106 0 546 -186
1/F C1 WY 3 3200 -36 106 0 228 -77

Adjust Element Size (if

necessary); Coordinate with
Architect

Final Product
 Real Life Examples

Structural System:
Central core + Outrigger + Mega Column + perimeter frame (double
belt truss and secondary steel frame)
Real Life Examples
Real Life Examples
 Foundation Design
Foundation - Work Work
Design Flow Flow
Ground Investigation

Identification of Founding
Stratum

Scheming ($/kN)  Foundation

Layout

From Design To
Construction
Computer Modelling and Analysis

Iterative Design Check

Adjust Foundation Layout (if

necessary)

Final Product
 Foundation Design – Ground
Foundation DesignInvestigation
Work Flow

Ground Investigation (G.I.) G.I. Machines

Plan
Foundation Design Work Flow
Bore Logs

Identification of
Founding Stratum
Foundation Design Work Flow

Identification of
Founding Stratum

Fill

~7m
Marine

~4m
Deposit

CDG

~15m
N=50~70

Grade III
Rock
 Foundation Design – Scheming ($ / kN)
1. Driven H-Pile 2. Socketed Steel H-pile 3. Bored pile
Pile Cap

~12m
Grade III
Rock

~3m
~6m

Socketed Bored
Driven H- Steel H- Pile
Pile Pile
Foundation Design - Scheming

Foundation Layout Plan

Foundation
FoundationDesign
Design––Computer
ComputerModelling
Modelling

Vertical Load
Deflection
Animation
 Foundation Design - Work Flow
Ground Investigation

Identification of Founding
Stratum

Scheming ($/kN)  Foundation

Layout

TABLE: Nodal Reactions

Computer Modelling and Analysis Node Point OutputCase CaseType Fx Fy Fz Mx My Mz

Text Text Text Text kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m

23 23 D+W0 Combination 0 0 -59.81 0 0 0

7P001 7P001 D+W0 Combination 0 0 1720.54 0 0 0

Iterative Extraction of Analysis Result 7P002 7P002 D+W0 Combination 0 0 1650.09 0 0 0

7P003 7P003 D+W0 Combination 0 0 1480.53 0 0 0

7P004 7P004 D+W0 Combination 0 0 1890.33 0 0 0

Design Check 7P005 7P005 D+W0 Combination 0 0 1786.78 0 0 0

Adjust Foundation Layout (if 7P006 7P006 D+W0 Combination 0 0 1933.1 0 0 0

necessary)

Final Product
Construction Practice and Statutory Procedures
• Superstructures
– In-situ concrete
 Slump test for workability of concrete.
 Concrete cube compression test (28-day strength).
Sampling rate in accordance with Table 7 of B(C)R, which
depends on the type of structural elements.
Type or part of building, building Quantity of concrete to be
works or street works represented by each sample
Masts, cantilevers more than 3 m in length, columns, 10 m3 or 10 batches whichever
shear walls, prestressed and other critical elements is the smaller volume
Solid rafts, pile caps, caisson caps and mass 100 m3 or 100 batches
concrete retaining walls whichever is the smaller volume
25 m3 or 25 batches whichever
All other types or parts
is the smaller volume

 Schmidt rebound hammer test for cast structural

concrete. Usually carried out by BD engineers.
Construction Practice and Statutory Procedures
• Substructure
– Foundation Works

Interface Core of Bored Pile

Setup of Pile Loading Test Load Cell of Pile Loading test

Innovative + Safety =
Cost Effective Engineering Design

Thank you !