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Layer
Stack-up
Technical Workshop
16. / 17. September 2015
Hilden, Germany
Albert Schweitzer
Fine Line Gesellschaft für
Leiterplattentechnik mbH
Itterpark 4, D-40724 Hilden 15.09.2015 Vers. 1.2
Introduction
Source: Maxim
Signal return path
The lowest impedance return path is in a plane
directly underneath the signal trace (Red colored)
Source: Maxim
Signal return path
Complete current paths, IC1 is sourcing Complete current paths, IC2 is sourcing
Source: Maxim
Signal return path
Via
Microstrip Stripline
ε0 = 1 Air
εr= 4.2 εr= 4.2
εr
W 1.5
= =>1
h 0.793 εeff = 3.19
Download calculation tools for Impedance
and dielectric constant
http://www.rogerscorporation.com
http://www.chemandy.com
Signal Propagation Delay
Microstrip Stripline
ε0 = 1 Air
εr= 4.2 εeff = 3.1 εr= 4.2
𝑐 𝑐
v𝑚𝑠 = v𝑠𝑙 =
εeff εr
εeff < εr vms > vsl
Signal Propagation delay
Source: Altium
Important to know about "εr" dielectric
constant
Source: Sequid
Skin effect
Also important, due to the "skin effect," high
frequency currents cannot penetrate a conductor,
and therefore, at high-frequency all currents in
conductors are surface currents.
This affect will occur at all frequencies above 30
MHz for 1 oz. copper layers in a PCB. Therefore,
a plane in a PCB is really two conductors not one
conductor. There will be a current on the top
surface of the plane, and there can be a different
current or no current at all on the bottom surface of
the plane.
Signal layer thickness and skin effect
w s
H
GND plane
D
LP Layout: D=w+s Für s= w H = 2w : k< 0.5
Für s = 1,5 w H = 1,5 w : k< 0.26
Für s= w H= w : k< 0.2
Für s = 2w H= w : k< 0.1
Source: Altium
Differences between Microstrip and Stripline
transmission lines
Prepreg
Power
Core
Signal 2
Source: Fineline
Four layer stack-up
Signal 1 Signal 1
Ground
Ground
Power
Power
Signal 2 Signal 2
Source: Fineline
Four layer stack-up
Power
Signal 2
Source: Fineline
Four layer stack-up
Source: Fineline
Four layer stack-up
Source: Fineline
Six layer stack-up
Six layer stack-up
Prepregs
Prepreg
Signal 3 Core
Core
Power
Prepregs
Signal 2 Solder mask
Source: Fineline
Six layer stack-up
This is probably the most common six-layer
Stack-up and can be very effective in controlling
emissions, if done correctly:
Low Speed Signal
Ground
High Speed Signal
Source: Fineline
Six layer stack-up
This configuration
Low Speed Signal
satisfies objectives “ “,
Ground
“ “ and “ “, but not
High Speed Signal
objectives “ X “ and “ X “.
Its main drawback is the
separation of the power
High Speed Signal and ground planes. Due
Power to this separation there is
Low Speed Signal no significant interplane
capacitance between
power and ground
Source: Fineline
Six layer stack-up
Not nearly as common, but a good performing
stack-up for a six-layer board, is the following one:
Source: Fineline
Six layer Stack-up
Horizontal
(Hx)
Source: Fineline
Six layer stack-up
The disadvantage is that the signals on layer one
and six are not shielded.
Signal (H1)
Ground This configuration
Signal (V1) satisfies objectives
“ “ and “ “,
but not “ X “, “ X “
Signal (H2) and “ X “.
Power
Signal (V2)
Source: Fineline
Six layer stack-up
It is easier to achieve good EMC performance
with a six-layer board than with a four-layer
board. We also have the advantage of four
signal routing layers instead of being limited to
just two. The configurations showed above can be
made to perform very well from an EMC point of
view.
Eight layer stack-up
Eight layer stack-up
Important remark:
An eight-layer board with six routing layers is
definitely not recommended, no matter how
you decide to stack-up the layers. If you need
six routing layers you should be using a ten-
layer board. Therefore, an eight-layer board
can be thought of as a six-layer board with
optimum EMC performance.
Eight layer stack-up
Following the basic stack-up of an eight-layer
board with excellent EMC performance:
Signal 1 Solder mask
Prepregs
Power Solder
Core mask
Ground
Prepregs Copper
Signal 2
Core
Signal 3 Prepreg
Prepregs
Ground
Core Core
Power
Prepregs
Signal 4 Solder mask
Source: Fineline
Eight layer stack-up
Following the basic stack-up of an eight-layer board
with excellent EMC performance:
Low Speed Signal
Power This
Ground configuration
High Speed Signal
satisfies all 5
High Speed Signal objectives!
Ground
Power
Low Speed Signal
Source: Fineline
Eight layer stack up
All signal layers are adjacent to planes, and all the
layers are closely coupled together. The high-
speed signals are buried between planes, therefore
Low Speed Signal
the planes provide
Power
shielding to reduce the
Ground
emissions from these
High Speed Signal signals. In addition the
High Speed Signal board uses multiple
Ground ground planes, thus
Power decreasing the ground
Low Speed Signal impedance.
Source: Fineline
Eight layer stack-up
Source: Fineline
Eight layer stack-up
Source: Fineline
Ten layer stack-up
Ten layer stack-up