Children’s

Illustrated
World Atlas
Consultant

Dr Kathleen Baker
Senior Lecturer in Geography, King’s College London (retired)
Senior Visiting Fellow, London South Bank University

Written by
Simon Adams • Mary Atkinson • Sarah Phillips • John Woodward

A Dorling Kindersley Book

 Contents
This EdiTion

dK dElhi
Senior editor Rupa Rao
Editor Neha Ruth Samuel
ACTIVE PLANET iv
Jacket designer Dhirendra Singh
Jackets editorial coordinator Priyanka Sharma
PLANET PEOPLE vi
Senior DTP designer Harish Aggarwal
DTP designer Jaypal Chauhan
MAPPING THE WORLD 1
Managing jackets editor Sreshtha Bhattacharya
Pre-production manager Balwant Singh
Production manager Pankaj Sharma
Managing editor Kingshuk Ghoshal
Managing art editor Govind Mittal

dK london
Senior editor Anna Streiffert Limerick
Senior art editor Spencer Holbrook
US Senior editor Shannon Beatty
US Editor Karyn Gerhard
Senior cartographic editor Simon Mumford
Senior jacket designer Mark Cavanagh
Jacket editor Claire Gell
Jacket design development manager Sophia MTT
Producer, pre-production Andy Hilliard
Producer Gary Batchelor
Managing editor Francesca Baines
Managing art editor Philip Letsu
Publisher Andrew Macintyre
Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler
Art director Karen Self
Design director Philip Ormerod
Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf
NORTH AMERICA 2
FirsT EdiTion WESTERN CANADA AND ALASKA 4
Project editors Lucy Hurst, Sadie Smith, Shaila Awan, Amber Tokeley
Art editors Joe Conneally, Sheila Collins, Rebecca Johns, Simon Oon, Andrew Nash
EASTERN CANADA 6
Senior editor Fran Jones
Senior art editor Floyd Sayers
USA: NORTHEAST 8
Managing editor Andrew Macintyre
Managing art editor Jane Thomas
USA: SOUTH 10
Picture research Carolyn Clerkin, Brenda Clynch
DK Pictures Sarah Mills
USA: MIDWEST 12
Production Jenny Jacoby
DTP designer Siu Yin Ho
USA: WEST 14
Senior cartographic editor Simon Mumford
Cartographer Ed Merritt
USA: SOUTHWEST 16
Digital Cartography Encompass Graphics Limited
Satellite images Rob Stokes
MEXICO 18
3D globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London CENTRAL AMERICA 20
First American Edition, 2003 THE CARIBBEAN 22
This edition published in the United States in 2017 by
DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014

Copyright © 2003, 2008, 2011, 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited

DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC
17 18 19 20 21 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001—305057—July/2017

All rights reserved.

Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-1-4654-6238-1

DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales
promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact:
DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
SpecialSales@dk.com SOUTH AMERICA 24
Printed and bound in Hong Kong NORTHWEST SOUTH AMERICA 26
A WORLD OF IDEAS:
BRAZIL 28
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 30
www.dk.com
ATLANTIC OCEAN 32
 ASIA 74
TURKEY AND THE CAUCASUS 76
RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN 78
THE NEAR EAST 80
THE MIDDLE EAST 82
CENTRAL ASIA 84
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 86
WESTERN CHINA AND MONGOLIA 88
EASTERN CHINA AND KOREA 90
JAPAN 92
AFRICA 34 MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA 94
NORTHWEST AFRICA 36 MARITIME SOUTHEAST ASIA 96
NORTHEAST AFRICA 38 INDIAN OCEAN 98
WEST AFRICA 40
CENTRAL AFRICA 42
SOUTHERN AFRICA 44

AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA 100

SOUTHWEST PACIFIC 102
AUSTRALIA 104
EUROPE 46 NEW ZEALAND 106
SCANDINAVIA AND FINLAND 48 PACIFIC OCEAN 108
THE BRITISH ISLES 50
THE LOW COUNTRIES 52 ANTARCTICA 110
FRANCE 54 ARCTIC OCEAN 111
GERMANY AND THE ALPINE STATES 56
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 58 GAZETTEER 112
ITALY 60 INDEX 134
CENTRAL EUROPE 62 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 136
SOUTHEAST EUROPE 64
BULGARIA AND GREECE 66
UKRAINE, MOLDOVA, AND ROMANIA 68
BALTIC STATES AND BELARUS 70
EUROPEAN RUSSIA 72
 Active Planet

Active Planet DOWN TO THE CORE

Earth formed from iron-rich asteroids
that smashed together to build the

Earth is a dynamic planet that is always

planet. Early in its history it melted,
allowing the heavy iron to sink
and create a metallic core. This is
changing its form. Heat generated by nuclear surrounded by lighter rock, with
reactions deep below the surface creates hugely the lightest forming Earth’s crust.
Most of the water on the planet
powerful currents that keep Earth’s rocks on lies in great oceans, and above
them is the layer of air that
the move, triggering earthquakes and volcanic forms the atmosphere.
eruptions. Meanwhile, solar energy striking the
planet in different ways creates currents in the air, Lower atmosphere,
driving the atmospheric turmoil of the weather. This 10 miles (16 km) thick

changes with the seasons and from place to place, Crust, 5–45 miles
creating an enormous range of climates and habitats (8–70 km) thick Solid inner
Mantle, 1,800 miles core, 1,515
for the most dynamic element of all—life. (2,900 km) thick Liquid outer miles (2,440
core, 1,400 miles km) across
(2,250 km) thick

North American Plate North THE PLATES OF EARTH’S CRUST

American Plate Heat generated deep within the planet creates currents
in the mobile mantle rock beneath the crust. These
Eurasian Plate currents drag some sections of the cool, brittle crust
apart while pushing other parts together, fracturing
Caribbean the crust into separate plates. The biggest of these span
Plate oceans and continents, but there are many smaller
plates. At their boundaries the plates may be diverging
Pacific
Cocos Plate (pulling apart), converging (pushing together), or
Plate
African Plate sliding past each other at transform faults.
Pacific
Plate South American Indo-Australian Key to map
Plate Plate
Transform Divergent
Nazca fault boundary
Plate Antarctic Plate
Uncertain Convergent
boundary boundary

WHERE MOVING PLATES MEET 1 Continental crust, much 5 Oceanic crust formed from Hot-spot volcano erupting
9
The boundaries between the plates are thicker than oceanic crust heavy basalt rock over mantle plume
volcanic earthquake zones. The plates move
very slowly, pulling apart at divergent 2 Broad basin formed near 6 Upper mantle, mainly solid 10 Ocean trench marking
boundaries. This allows hot rock below to uplifted area but very hot convergent plate boundary
melt, erupt, and cool to form new crust—
3 Ancient converging 7 Mantle, solid but mobile 11 Volcano erupting over
especially at the spreading rifts that form
mid-ocean ridges. Meanwhile at convergent boundary, now inactive owing to heat currents convergent boundary
boundaries, one plate slides beneath 4 Mountains created when 8 Spreading rift forming 12 Earthquake zone—one plate
another, pushing up mountain ranges and plate boundary was active a mid-ocean ridge grinding under another
making volcanoes erupt. Other volcanoes
erupt over hot spots in the mantle below 13 Plates pulling apart, creating
the crust. a rift valley

10

9 11
2 8
4
5 13

6
12
1 7
iv 3

THE SEASONS
Earth spins on a tilted axis, so as it orbits the Sun once
a year the North Pole points towards the Sun in June and
away from it in December. This means that in regions
north of the tropics it is summer in June but winter
in December—and the opposite to the south of
the tropics. Near the Equator it is always warm,
but there are annual wet and dry seasons.
Cold air (in blue)
becomes chilled in
upper atmosphere
Warm air (in red)
heats up near
Earth’s surface
Descending cool,
dry air over
desert zone
Sahara Desert
Rainforest,
Borneo
Rising
warm,
moist air
near
Equator
Atacama Desert,
Chile
Cool, dry air sinks
over desert zone
Active Planet
North Pole
December is
the southern
March is the
summer and
northern spring
northern winter
Arctic Circle,
South Pole where Sun’s rays
are dispersed
Earth’s axis
June is the
northern The Sun
summer and
Equator, where
southern winter
Sun’s rays are
concentrated
Tropic of
Cancer
Tropic of
Capricorn
COLD POLE
The tropics are the hottest part of the
planet because the Sun’s rays strike them
directly, concentrating the heat energy.
Near the poles the same amount of heat
JUNGLE AND DESERT energy is spread out over a broader area,
Concentrated sunlight near the Equator heats so it does not have as much heating
Earth’s surface, warming the air above. The warm effect, even in summer. At midwinter,
air rises, carrying moisture with it. This forms huge the entire polar region is in permanent
clouds that spill tropical rain, fueling the growth darkness, so it gets no solar energy at
of rainforests. The dry, cooling air then flows north all and is bitterly cold.
and south and sinks over the subtropics, creating
deserts. Similar air circulation patterns affect the
climate in the far north and south.
ANNUAL RAINFALL
Some parts of the world get far more rain than others. Key to map
The wettest regions are mainly rainforest zones, where
year-round rain and warmth promote lush plant growth.
Less than 20 in (50 cm)
Regions of moderate rainfall are naturally forests and
grasslands, although much of this land is now used for
farming. The driest regions may be too dry for many 20–79 in (50–200 cm)
plants to grow, creating deserts—but they also include
some northern forest zones and polar tundra. More than 79 in (200 cm)
v
 Planet People

Planet People 10

POPULATION IN BILLIONS
In 2050 there are expected to
8 be more than 9.5 billion people

The number of people on the planet has quadrupled since

6

4
1900. Much of this growth has taken place in the developing world,
which is now home to more than 80 percent of the population. 2

Many of these people are very poor and do not experience the
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
living conditions that most citizens of the developed world take for
YEAR
granted. This is changing, however, especially in nations such as
China, India, and Brazil. Here, new technology and international POPULATION INCREASE
For centuries, the number of people on the planet stayed
trade are fueling rapid economic growth that is transforming how the same, at roughly 300 million. But since the 1750s, better
living conditions and health care have allowed more babies
people live. But as more of the planet’s people demand more of to survive, causing a population explosion. Since 1950, the
its scarce resources, there may be some difficult challenges ahead. population has soared from 2.5 billion to nearly 7.5 billion
today. It will keep growing, but probably not quite so fast.

Russia
POPULATION DENSITY
On this map the area of each United
part of the world is adjusted to Kingdom
Canada China
reflect the number of people who
live there. For example, Japan’s EUROPE
Japan
population of 127 million is far ASIA
bigger than that of Australia, with NORTH
23 million, so it is shown much AMERICA United
larger here despite being a smaller States
country. More people live in
Nigeria—186 million—than in all Philippines
of of Russia. But the nations with India
the biggest populations by far
AFRICA
are India and China, each with SOUTH Pakistan
far more than 1 billion citizens. AMERICA

Nigeria

Indonesia
AUSTRALASIA

FAMILY SIZE
All over the world, some women have more
children than others, but the average varies from AFRICA ASIA SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE
continent to continent. European women have
1.6 children on average, so two families may
have three children between them. This is far
fewer than in Africa, where the population is
growing faster despite higher death rates among
children. Worldwide the average is 2.5—more
than enough to replace both parents. 4.7 children 2.2 children 2.2 children 1.9 children 2.4 children 1.6 children
per woman per woman per woman per woman per woman per woman

BIRTH AND DEATH RATES

If the birth rate is the same as the death rate, the population A country with few young people
stays the same. But in most countries, the birth rate is higher. is said to have an aging population.
In Niger, west Africa, there are 44.8 births but only 12.1 deaths But these school children in Burundi,
per 1,000 people, and the population is growing at 3.2 per cent east Africa, are part of a youthful
a year. Brazil’s population is also growing, with 14.3 births population, with fewer old
against 6.6 deaths. By contrast, Lithuania has a shrinking people. Both situations
population, with 10 births outweighed by 14.5 deaths. can cause problems.

NIGER BRAZIL LITHUANIA

vi
 Planet People

38,000,000
CITY POPULATIONS
As populations grow, people
tend to move from the country
to a city to find work. Today,
one-third of the world’s people
live in cities, which grow bigger 21,000,000 20,999,000
every year. Some are colossal,
like Tokyo—the largest city in 18,770,000
Asia. The other cities shown 18,590,000
here are the most populous
on each continent. They are
vibrant centers of civilization,
but some cities are fringed by 10,310,000
sprawling shantytowns, where
poor people live in makeshift
shacks with no proper services 4,500,000
such as clean water.

TOKYO SÃO PAULO MEXICO CITY CAIRO NEW YORK LONDON SYDNEY

ARABIC SPANISH
LANGUAGES
These are the 10 most common languages worldwide,
HINDI

CHINESE
sized in proportion to the number of native speakers.
Chinese outstrips the others because China has such a
huge population. But Spanish comes next because it is
the main language of many Latin American countries,
such as Mexico. English is almost as common, thanks
mainly to being the language of the United States. It is
also used as an international language for trade.
Christianity
2.2 billion

Islam
ENGLISH BENGALI
PORTUGUESE
JAPANESE PUNJABI
RUSSIAN

1.6 billion

Others
Sikhism 23 million
Juche 19 million
Hinduism Spiritism 15 million
1 billion Judaism 14 million
Baha’i 7 million
Jainism 4.2 million
Shinto 4 million
Cao Ðái 4 million
Buddhism Zoroastrianism 2.6 million
487 million Tenrikyo 2 million
Chinese
Neo-Paganism 1 million
traditional Indigenous
African Unitarian
300 million 300 million
traditional Others Universalism 800,000
100 million 97.7 million Rastafarianism 600,000
Scientology 500,000

RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS

Almost three-quarters of the world’s population are followers of
Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. But many people follow
other faiths, particularly in China where the traditional folk religion,
Shenism, is practised by nearly one-fifth of the huge population.
The “indigenous” and “African traditional religions” data points are
both groupings of different, but similar, religions. Others are listed
at far right, in order of popularity. AFRICA 29% EUROPE 74% SOUTH AMERICA 67% MIDDLE EAST 57%

% of population
using the
ONLINE ACCESS Internet
Over the last decades, the Internet has become a vital ASIA 46% CENTRAL AMERICA 53%
tool for global business, education, and politics, so
the more people who can use it, the better. These
charts show the percentage of people with Internet % of population
access both worldwide and in particular regions. not using the
Australia, North America, and Europe lead the field, Internet
but the number of Internet users is growing fastest WORLDWIDE 50%
AUSTRALIA 92% NORTH AMERICA 89%
in the Middle East and Africa.

vii
 Planet People

WEALTH
A country’s wealth is often measured in terms of the
money it earns in a year divided by its number of
inhabitants. This is called its Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) per capita. Both Norway and Qatar make lots
of money from exporting oil and gas, and since they
have small populations their GDP per capita are very
high. Burundi in east Africa has only one-twentyfifth
of the income of Qatar divided between five times
as many people, so its GDP per capita is very low.

Burundi Bolivia Lithuania Japan Canada Qatar Norway

$277 $3,076 $14,147 $32,477 $43,248 $73,653 $74,400

BUSIEST AIRPORTS
Air travel has expanded enormously since the 1950s,
when international air travel was a luxury enjoyed by
a few wealthy people known as the “jet set.” Today,
flying is often the most economical way to travel, as
well as the quickest. This is reflected in the vast number
of passengers who pass through the world’s airports as
they travel for business or pleasure. The world’s busiest
airport is Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport
in Atlanta, with more than 100 million people arriving
and departing each year. The graphics below show
the busiest airport in each continent, and number
of passengers.

N. AMERICA:
Hartsfield-Jackson, Atlanta, USA
AIRBUS A380
The growth in air travel has led to the development
of giant airliners such as the Airbus A380. When it
ASIA: entered service in 2007, this was the world’s largest
Beijing Capital, China EUROPE: passenger plane, capable of carrying up to 853 people.
Heathrow, London, UK

AUSTRALIA
& OCEANIA: S. AMERICA:
101.5 million Kingsford Smith, Guarulhos, São AFRICA:
Sydney, Australia Paulo, Brazil Tambo,
89.9 million Jo’Burg,
75 million South Africa

39.9 39.2
million million 19.1
million

TRADE
Although air freight is an important
element of international trade, about
90 percent of cargo by weight is
transported by sea. Altogether, this
adds up to around 11 billion tons of
freight. Much of this is transported
in containers, carried by more than
5,000 container ships. The busiest shipping
routes link Europe and North America
with the Middle East and Far East, with
ports such as Singapore, Shanghai, Dubai,
and Rotterdam handling most of the trade.

Traffic in millions of tons

400+
300–400
200–300
100–200
20–100
10–20
5–10

viii
 a landlocked country Gazojak
and three-quarters Tash-Kumyr u
K

osy
(TOSHKENT)
ther Western forces overthrew Köneürgenc‚

Gum
Türkmenbașy Angyrsyndaky Aydark
Angren
GubadagNamangan
Yangiyo’l
of its land is inaccessible terrain. It was Uchquduq

n
Aylagy

Am
o’l K

Ga
undamentalist Islamic regime Balkanabat o Gurbansoltan Eje Dzhal

y
Garagum ’li

uD
Nurota Urganch

pla
ed to democratic presidential invaded by the Derweze Soviet Union in 1979, Olmaliq
Dașoguz Andijon

a
To’rtko’l UZBEKIST
Hazar

arya
Qo’qon

ngy
Bereket Gazli Langar
prompting a continuous series of civil
TURKMENISTAN
Mapping the World

Uc‚
Navoiy Guliston Osh
ons, but Afghanistan is still Bekobod
Xiva

r Pl
tag
3 Jizzax Farg’ona Zarafshon

r
G’ijduvon Oqtosh
ble. Wrecked by more than wars. The 2001 invasion by American Türkmenbașy Üngüz Khujand

an
Serdar Buxoro

atosy
Gazojak Lebap
Kattaqo’rg’on Sulyukta
K o p eand
t d a other Western forces G aoverthrew

Gum

u
ars of warfare, it is one of Seýdi Türkmenbașy Kogon
Samarqand Angyrsyndaky
Ŭroteppa Khaydarkan Sary
gfundamentalist r Galkynyș Aylagy

Am
oorest and most deprived C a s p i a n the G Islamic regime
ag Balkanabat Zeravshan Daroot-Korgon

y
Magtymguly Urgut Garagum
e r Baharly

Mapping the World

uD
s h democratic presidential Türkmenabat Koson khob
and led to u Hazar Derweze
r Ra
nge Q

arya
Sur
ns on Earth. i m Bereket
Kitob
sa E N I S T A N
Gazli
Sea elections,Geok-Tepebut Afghanistan
Abadan
is still Saýat T U
Qarshi R K i sM DUSHANBE
Qullai Ismoili Somon
24,590ft (7495m)

unstable.
ASHGABAT
Wrecked(AŞGABAT)
Gora Chapan by more than Serdar
Denov
G T A J I K I S T ABuxoro NG’ijduv
9478ft (2889m) Kopet
K e l i f Amyderýa Norak Ghŭdara
4
30 years of warfare, it is one of Mary Gara da Boysun
G aDanghara
Qal’aikhum
Seýdi
P
Kog
gu m g G ra
e of the world’s largest C anal Magtymguly Galkynyș n

g
Tejen rt a
the poorest and most Kaka deprived C a s p i a n
Bayramaly Atamyrat
Baharly
e r Qŭrghonteppa Kŭlob
g Ba
Türkmenabat a
Murgab Uzboyy sh u
minesABOUT
is atTHE
Muruntau
ATLAS nations on Earth. MAP LOCATOR MAP COLORS i Moskva
m
Dzhelandy

Murgap
Termiz Jarqo’rg’on
This map shows, in red, S e alocation
Abadan Khorugh Geok-Tepe Saýat
This atlas is divided into six the The colors shown on
Āqchah the maps
Dŭstí
ASHGABAT are built up
Farkhor ir
the Kyzyl Kum
continental desert America,
sections—North of each country, part of a country, Garabil
or
Andkhvoy
from Gora
numerous
Chapan
Balkh satellite photographs andFeyz
(AŞGABAT)
_ābād
reflect
m

Pa
Sarahs Kunduz
9478ft (2889m)
the true colors ofKhulm
the land, averaged over the Ishkoshim K e l i f Am
South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, group of countries in relation to the
in Uzbekistan.
and Australasia and Oceania. Each One of the world’s largest whole planet. There is a locator for
Belentligi Shibirghān
seasons. Certain colors
Mazār-e
Tāloqān
give Khānābād
clues
Mary
Tejen to what
Gara
gu m Baroghil
C a n al
12,392ft
u sU zhb o y y At
Kaka Bayramaly
country, or group of countries, then 5 each map in the book. the land is Sharīf
like—whether it is forested or
Murgab
K
gold mines is at Muruntau Maīmanah Baghlān
u

Murgap
has its own map that shows cities, farmland, mountains or desert.
FESTIVALS IN AFGHANISTAN Bālā Murghāb
Pul-e Khumrī d
towns, theand main geographical
in the Kyzyl Kum desert
Torkestan n

Da
Despite horrors of recent years, the Afghans still Serhetabat Moun Andk
ā - y Morghā tain i

ry
features
celebrate such
important as rivers,
Islamic lakes,
festivals, and
notably Eid ul-Fitr, Towraghoudī Sarahs Garabil
e b
s Land a r H
d appearing sandy tends to
Barīkowt_
which marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan.
mountain ranges. Photographs
People visit friends and family and eat a festive meal
and textThe provide detailed still
information
Asia in Uzbekistan. Sels
eleh-
ye Safī Central Asia
ary
ā-y
h
e Kbe
m
a desert, semi-desert, or scrub.
Chārīkār Maḩmūd-e Rāqī
Belentligi
together. art of storytelling flourishes in d Kūh D
about life in that country—its people, a rīrūd B āb ā KABUL (KĀBOL) Asadābād
Afghanistan, as does the attan, the national dance. B C

Ghōrīān Herāt
D E
H
Kūh
F
-e Mountainous desert
G

looks like H

Maīmanah
I J K L M N O P

traditions, politics, and economy. An Afghan man carries Central

bread with Asia FESTIVALS IN AFGHANISTAN
Maīdān this,Shahrwith shadows on the
KA
MehtarBālā
LāmMurghāb
Torke
Aral Sea today ARAL SEA ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER
The inland Aral Sea, between Uzbekistan
and Kazakhstan, was once a vast, thriving
1

T 6
U styur t

Da
Aral ZA freshwater lake full of fish. Over the years,

Despite the horrors of recent years, the Afghans still Jalālābād Serhetabat
the rivers flowing into it were diverted
he five central asian nations rise up from hot deserts
Each continental section has a
K
which to break the Ramadan fast. Sea
sandy background color.
or drained to provide irrigation for
P l a tea u H
in the west and south to cold, high mountain ranges in the east.
n d STA ā - y Morgh
crops. The sea has now shrunk to

ry
celebrate important Islamic festivals, notably Eid ul-Fitr,
AFGHAN ISTAN
less than one-tenth of its original
The area has oil, gas, and mineral reserves, as well as other Mo’ynoq
l
a
Towraghoudī e size, reducing the numbers of fish, A man in front of
his home, called

different color border to help

natural resources, but water is often scarce and agriculture and leaving former fishing villages and

N
w rusting ships stranded inland. a yurt, in western

which marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan.

is limited. The four northern nations were
Khyber Pass
Pamir, Tajikistan

is usuallySegrassland
2
o Chimboy 2

Pale greenGardēz
once part of the Soviet Union and are KAZAKHST A N
Children in Kabul,
Stages of shrinking

lsele3543ft (1080m)
Taxtako’pir
Sarygamyș since the 1960s shown

you locate that Afghanistan,

section. There is
now independent nations. Afghanistan is Nukus

L
Kyzyl Ku The

People visit friends and family and eat a festive meal Köli in green shades BISHKEK

h-ye S
fishing Tokmak
a landlocked country and three-quarters Köneürgenc‚
Takhiatosh
m Ki Kara-Balta Tyup

Shīndand
Dzhergalan

made
village of rg

or crop land.
of its land is inaccessible terrain. It was
Gubadag Mo’ynoq is hiz Kemin Karakol MOUNTAIN LIFE

Ghaznī
N afīd Kūh
Uchquduq

n
Talas Ozero Issyk-

Ga
together. The artUZBEKISTAN
of storytelling still flourishes inK Y R G Y Z S T A N
Gurbansoltan Eje Range The two small eastern republics of
n Balykchy

LIFE EXPECTANCY
now nearly 62 miles Leninpol’ Kyzyl-Suu

also a gazetteerhomeless and an by index

war to
Urganch Kul’

pla
invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979, e Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are both
Dașoguz ng
Gora Manas
a (100 km) away

a
a Kadzhi-Say Jengish Chokusu/

ngy
14,705ft very mountainous and are subject
lR
h
A
from the Aral Sea.
prompting a continuous series of civil

Uc‚
To’rtko’l (4482m) Tömür Feng
Xiva tka to earthquakes and landslides.

r Pl
As a result of war, drought, and Afghanistan, as does the attan, the national dance.
24,406ft

tag
S
poverty, H Cha
3 Zarafshon 3

r
wars. The 2001 invasion by American Üngüz oldo-Too Only about six per cent of Tajikistan
ebet M
Türkmenbașy TASHKENT Chirchiq Kara-Say (7439m)

Khōst
an
Khr

atosy
Lebap

Ghōrīān Herāt
Gazojak can be used for growing crops,

help you access information.

Karakol

T
(TOSHKENT) Tash-Kumyr Naryn
and other Western forces overthrew n
Gum

u
Ta

u
Türkmenbașy Angyrsyndaky Aydark
Angren whereas Kyrgyzstan is more fertile.
Yangiyo’l Namangan Koksha a l -
e

b
Aylagy

Am
people in Afghanistan can expect toT live an
o’l K
the fundamentalist Islamic regime Balkanabat o’li Dzhalal-Abad

y
Garagum

T
S

uD
Nurota
i Olmaliq Chatyr-Tash

dā
and led to democratic presidential Andijon
An Afghan man carries bread with
Hazar Derweze

arya
Qo’qon
d Darker greens usually indicate
Bereket Gazli Langar
URKMENISTAN T Navoiy Guliston Osh

Rū
elections, but Afghanistan is still Bekobod

average of only 51 years, one of the lowest life

an
G’ijduvon Oqtosh Jizzax
Khujand Farg’ona Këk-Art
unstable. Wrecked by more than
h
Buxoro
Serdar LOCAL WEALTH

which to break the Ramadan fast.

Kattaqo’rg’on

rg
Sulyukta
Kopet Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and

I
4
30 years of warfare, it is one of da Ga Seýdi Kogon
Samarqand Ŭroteppa Khaydarkan Sary-Tash 4

wooded
Zarghūn land or pasture.
Kyrgyzstan all grow considerable

expectancy rates in the world. Infant mortality

AFGHA
g G ra
eA

h
Galkynyș Zeravshan
the poorest and most deprived C a s p i a n
Farāh
Magtymguly Urgut Daroot-Korgon crops of cotton—Uzbekistan is the
e r Baharly g

rā

K
Türkmenabat Koson khob

Dilārām
sh nge Qarokŭl world’s sixth largest producer—
u r Ra Sur

-y
nations on Earth.

C
Kitob
i m sa Qullai Ismoili Somoní as well as fruit and vegetables.

Fa
Sea Abadan Qarshi
is extremely high. Health services have almost i s DUSHANBE

ryā
Geok-Tepe Saýat 24,590ft (7495m) S The three countries are also

Children in Kabul, ā s h
ar

H
Shahr
ASHGABAT G TAJIKISTAN ik rich in mineral deposits, such

PA
Gora Chapan
(AŞGABAT) ol
7 9478ft (2889m) K e l i f Amyderýa
Denov Norak Ghŭdara as gold, mercury, sulphur, and

Da

I N
Qal’aikhum
P Murghob uranium, and have reserves

completely collapsed and few trained doctors Kh

Mary Gara Boysun Danghara
g
One of the world’s largest

Ra
u m C a n al n of coal, oil, and natural gas.

g
Tejen rt a
Kaka Bayramaly Atamyrat Qŭrghonteppa Kŭlob Ba a

t-e

ng
Afghanistan, made Gereshk Shīndand
5 Murgab 5

Qalāt
Uzboyy m
gold mines is at Muruntau Moskva Dzhelandy

White shows land under

A
Murgap

e
Jarqo’rg’on

a s hwar
Termiz

andin nurses aredesert

available to help the sick.
Khorugh
i
LIFE EXPECTANCY
Farkhor Qizilrabot

Dby
Āqchah Dŭstí ir Harvesting cotton
the Kyzyl Kum Andkhvoy Feyz_ābād m
r
homeless
Balkh in Uzbekistan

Pa
Sarahs Garabil Kunduz
Khulm Ishkoshim s
in Uzbekistan.
Many children have been orphaned or
Tāloqān

As a result of war, drought, and poverty, permanent cover by snow

Belentligi Shibirghān Baroghil Pass
Mazār-e
Lashkar Gāh
Khānābād 12,392ft (3777m)
Sharīf
K u s h THE TAJIKS
d u
Maīmanah Baghlān

made homeless, and few have been people in Afghanistan can expect to live an
Bālā Murghāb The majority of people of Tajikistan are Iranian

Hāmūn-e
FESTIVALS IN AFGHANISTAN

Kandahār
Pul-e Khumrī
Torkestan n in origin and speak Tajik, which is related to

Chakhānsūr
average of only 51 years, one of the lowestand
life ice.
6 Despite the horrors of recent years, the Afghans still Da 6
Serhetabat Moun i Farsi. The minority Uzbeks are made up mainly

d
celebrate important Islamic festivals, notably Eid ul-Fitr, Towraghoudī ā - y Morghā
ry
tain
e b
s H ar
d of descendents of Turkic-speaking (related to

able to go to school. Rū
which marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Barīkowt_
ahm

w
Sels
Şāberī
e K Chārīkār Turkish) nomads. This division has led to ethnic
People visit friends and family and eat a festive meal eleh- ā-y Maḩmūd-e Rāqī

go
together. The art of storytelling still flourishes in ye Safī ary tension between the two groups. Civil war

Zaranj
d Kūh D
KABUL (KĀBOL) Asadābād between the government and Islamic rebels
Afghanistan, as does the attan, the national dance. Harīrūd -e Bābā

ār
Ghōrīān Herāt Kūh
expectancy rates in the
Spīnworld. Infant mortality
Mehtar Lām in the east of the country during the 1990s

h
Būldak Farāh
An Afghan man carries bread with Maīdān Shahr led to an exodus of Uzbeks and Russians,

rā
Jalālābād

M Dilārām
which to break the Ramadan fast. who had moved into the country when it
AFGHAN ISTAN
D a s h t -TeA N Kūchnay
was part of the Soviet Union.

Fa
is extremely high. Health services have almost
Khyber Pass

h
7 Children in Kabul, 7
Gardēz 3543ft (1080m)

ās
Afghanistan, made Shīndand Ghaznī
LIFE EXPECTANCY
homeless by war

Darwāshā
As a result of war, drought, and poverty, Tajik horsemen

Kh
Khōst

completely collapsed and few trained doctors

in Pamir, Tajikistan

b The Silk Road

people in Afghanistan can expect to live an
dā
S
Dīshū
d
average of only 51 years, one of the lowest life Rū an

-e
gh

Gere
r

I
expectancy rates in the world. Infant mortality

Dasht
h

eA

Da
Farāh Zarghūn
rā

K
Dilārām -y
Fa

and nurses are available to help the sick.

is extremely high. Health services have almost h ryā Shahr
ās

PA
silks and othe
completely collapsed and few trained doctors h Da
eK
ryā
tān
Gereshk Qalāt
and nurses are available to help the sick. D asht- Tilla-Kari, a 17th-century

g e s Many children have been orphaned or

Many children have been orphaned or

-ye H el m and
8 Lashkar Gāh Islamic religious school in 8
made homeless, and few have been

Lashkar and
Asia Gāh the Midd
Hāmūn-e Chakhānsūr Kandahār Samarqand, Uzbekistan
8 able to go to school.

Rē
Şāberī Zaranj ow
rg
Mā Spīn Būldak
Dasht-e Kūchnay

made homeless, and few have been

THE SILK ROAD

Hāmūn-e Chakhānsūr along its route, Kan

Darwāshā The Silk Road is the ancient trading route that brought
Dīshū

0 km 100 200
Da
ryā silks and other fine goods from China through central
tān
ges
-ye H el m and Asia and the Middle East to Europe. Many cities were built
Rē
able to go to school. Şāberī o w an import
0 km 100 200 along its route, including Buxoro (Bukhara, Uzbekistan),

FOREIGN NAMES Chāgai Hills

an important place of pilgrimage for Muslims, and
Chāgai Hills
Zaranj
r g Samarqand, w
9 Samarqand, which contains some of the finest Islamic 9
0 miles 100 200
architecture in the world. Many of these cities are
PAKISTAN now UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites.

0 miles 100 200 M ā

Dasht-e
84 85
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Kūchnay
Features on the maps are generally architectu
Darwāshā
labeled in the language of that country. PAKISTAN Da Dīshū now UN
ryā
For example, it would be: t
USING THE GRID REFERENCES ges
-ye H el m and
B C
Lake on English-speaking countries
D E
The letters and numbers around the outside of the page
F G H I
SCALE
J K Rē
Lago on Spanish-speaking countries 9
form a grid to help you find places on the map. For Each map features a scale that shows Chāgai Hills
Lac on French-speaking countries example, to find Kabul, look up its name in the gazetteer how distances on the map relate to
However, if a feature is well-known (see pp.112–133), and you’ll find the reference 85 J7. The miles and kilometers. The scale guidePA KISTAN
or mentioned in the main text on the first number is the page, the letter and number refer to can be used to see how big a country
page, it will appear there in English 84 A the squareB made by following C up or down from D J and E is. Not all maps in Fthe book are drawn
G H

so that readers can find it easily. across from 7 to form J7. to the same scale.

KEY TO MAP SYMBOLS

BORDERS PHYSICAL FEATURES COMMUNICATIONS LATITUDE & LONGITUDE NAMES continued

International border: Mountain Highway Equator PHYSICAL

Border between
countries, which is Depression
Major road
Tropics/Circles Andes Landscape
mutually recognized.
Volcano features
Minor road NAMES Ardennes
State border: Pass/Tunnel REGIONS Balearic Islands Island group
Border used in some Rail
large countries to show
internal divisions. DRAINAGE FEATURES Airport
FRANCE Country Majorca Island

JERSEY Dependent Lake/River

Disputed border: Lake Baikal
Major river (British Crown territory /Canal
Border used in Dependency)
practice, but not TOWNS & CITIES
Minor river
mutually agreed KANSAS Administrative
between two More than 500,000 region PACIF I C
Seasonal river
countries.
Dordogne Cultural region OCE AN
Dam 100,000 – 500,000
Claimed border:
Border that is not TOWNS & CITIES Gulf of Sea features
50,000 – 100,000
mutually recognized— Canal Mexico
where territory Less than 50,000 PARIS National capital
belonging to one Waterfall
SAN JUAN Dependent Bay of Campeche
country is claimed territory
by another. Seasonal lake capital city Undersea
National capital Chile Rise
feature
Ceasefire line
MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES
Internal Seattle
administrative Other
Limón OTHER FEATURES
Undefined boundary capital towns
Tropic of Cancer Graticule text
Site of interest
Polar research Genk & cities
Ancient wall station San José

1
 North America

NORTH AMERICA
The North American continent extends from the frozen wastes of Arctic Canada to
the Caribbean islands and the tropical jungles of Panama. It is dominated politically
by the United States, the richest nation on Earth, yet life in countries such as Mexico and
Nicaragua is still a struggle. The data below is arranged in order of each nation’s size.

Canada Mexico Honduras

3,855,103 sq miles 758,449 sq miles 43,278 sq miles

9,984,670 sq km 1,964,375 sq km 112,090 sq km
35,363,000 123,167,000 8,893,000
Ottawa Mexico City Tegucigalpa
English, French, Punjabi, Spanish, Nahuatl, Mayan, Spanish, Garífuna (Carib),
Italian, Spanish, German, Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomi, English Creole
Cantonese, Tagalog, Arabic, Totonac, Tzotzil, Tzeltal
Inuktitut, Cree

United States
of America Nicaragua

3,796,742 sq miles 50,336 sq miles The warm seas and

9,833,517 sq km 130,370 sq km glorious beaches of
the Caribbean make
323,996,000 5,967,000 islands like St Lucia
Washington, DC Managua magnets for tourists.
English, Spanish, Chinese, Spanish, English Creole,
The wealth they
French, German, Tagalog, Miskito
bring is vital to the
Vietnamese, Italian, Korean,
local economy.
Russian, Polish

Dominican
Cuba Panama Republic

42,803 sq miles 29,120 sq miles 18,792 sq miles

110,860 sq km 75,420 sq km 48,670 sq km
11,180,000 3,705,000 10,607,000
Havana Panama City Santo Domingo
Spanish English Creole, Spanish, Spanish, French Creole
Amerindian languages,
Chibchan languages

Guatemala Haiti

42,042 sq miles 10,714 sq miles

108,889 sq km 27,750 sq km
15,190,000 10,486,000
Guatemala City Port-au-Prince
Quiché, Mam, Kakchiquel, French Creole, French
Kekchí, Spanish

Costa Rica Belize

19,730 sq miles 8,867 sq miles

51,100 sq km 22,966 sq km
The Statue of Liberty 4,873,000 353,800
in New York Harbor San José Belmopan
has long been a potent
Spanish, English Creole, English Creole, Spanish,
symbol of freedom,
Bribri, Cabecar English, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib)
especially for those
arriving here by ship
to seek a new life.

2
El Salvador Dominica

8,124 sq miles 290 sq miles

21,041 sq km 751 sq km
6,157,000 73,700
San Salvador Roseau
Spanish French Creole, English

The Antigua and

Bahamas St Lucia Barbuda

5,359 sq miles 238 sq miles 171 sq miles

13,880 sq km 616 sq km 443 sq km
327,300 164,500 93,600
Nassau Castries St John’s
English, English Creole, English, French Creole English, English Patois
French Creole

Jamaica Grenada

4,244 sq miles 133 sq miles

10,991 sq km 344 sq km
2,970,000 111,200
Kingston St George’s
English Creole, English English, English Creole

Much of Canada is still

untamed wilderness—a
land of huge, dramatic
landscapes like this lake
high up in the rugged,
frost-shattered
Rocky Mountains.

Trinidad and St Vincent and St Kitts and

Tobago Barbados the Grenadines Nevis

1,980 sq miles 166 sq miles 150 sq miles 101 sq miles

5,128 sq km 430 sq km 389 sq km 261 sq km
1,220,000 291,500 102,300 52,300
Port-of-Spain Bridgetown Kingstown Basseterre
English Creole, English, Bajan (Barbadian English), English, English Creole English, English Creole
Hindi, French, Spanish English

3
 North America

B C D E F G H

Western Canada and Alaska

Canada is a huge country—its western half FORESTRY
Large parts of western Canada are
stretches from the flat prairies in the east to the towering covered in forests and lumbering is
a major part of the local economy.
Rocky Mountains in the west, and from the relatively The trees are used to make buildings,
mild south to the permanently frozen area north of the furniture, and paper. In the past, whole
areas of trees were cleared but now
2 Arctic Circle. Harsh conditions over much of the region sustainable methods, such as selective
mean that most of the population is concentrated in cities cutting and replanting, are practiced.

in the south, such as Vancouver, Calgary, and Winnipeg. Felled trees transported down
The Prairies—once a vast expanse of grassland—are now a river near Vancouver
used mainly for growing wheat on huge mechanized
farms. Oil and natural gas are found there as well. These Chukchi Se ARCTIC Prince Patrick
natural resources are also important in Alaska, a Island
3 Wevok Point Lay
Near
Islands
a part of the United States. The Ber
ing S
Barrow
OCEAN Mould Bay

majority of Alaska’s people t r a i t Kivalina

Gambell Wales
moved there to work Saint Lawrence Beaufort

Co
vi
ll e

l
Rat in these lucrative Island Riv e r
Prudhoe Bay Sea
Deering Banks
Islands industries. N orto
n Br Umiat
Island
Sou oo Kaktovik
nd
4 Be r i n g Alakanuk ks
Ran
Sachs Harbour
(Ikaahuk)
iver ge
A

S e a Nunivak Yuk
on R
le

Grayling Kokrines Tuktoyaktuk Amundsen

ti Island
A Is

Pribilof
u

Fort
a A L A S K A Gulf Holman
n la

Islands Yukon
n Kwigillingok
d

Mts (to US) Aklavik Inuvik

re

n a n Atka wim

Y u kon
Is Fairbanks Paulatuk
ska Range
d o ok Fort
la Platinum sk
s f Ku a McPherson
nd Al
Riv
s McKinley Park

er
Denali
Kugluktuk
5 Umnak Island Bristol Iliamna (Mount McKinley) Fort (Coppermine)
Dutch Harbor 20,433ft
Lake Susitna Good Hope
Unalaska Island Bay Anchorage (6194m) (Rádeyilikóé)
Ma Great
Unimak Island a cke M
Belkofski Alaska Peninsul Hope Gulkana
YUKON nz
ie
a Bear
Echo Bay
Lake

ck
TOTEM POLES Valdez Chitina

en
R

zie
The native peoples of British Shumagin Kodiak Cordova
o NORTHWEST

M
Columbia use totem poles to record Islands Mount Logan

ou
Katalla
their clan history. Each carved and Kodiak Island
c
19,551 ft
TERRITORIES
nta
painted totem describes (5959m)

ins
a real or mythical event Whitehorse
6 Edzo
Gulf of Yakutat Tungsten
k

and often features

animals that the P Yellowknife
A Alaska
Fort Simpson
y

clan has a close Great Slave

connection with, C Haines
Atlin Fort Providence Lake
such as the IF Gustavus Fort Liard Hay
M

eagle (left). Juneau River

C o

Kake
BRITISH Fort Nelson
Ale ipelag
Ar
IC

o u

DOGSLED RACING Fort

a s
ch

Vermilion
xan

The state sport of Alaska Ware

Port
is dogsled racing. Here,
t
der

Alexander COLUMBIA
competitors take part in the
O

Fort

C A
Fort
n t a
M o

annual Iditarod Trail Sled Dog

o

Ketchikan St. John McMurray

CE

Race, a grueling run across the

rugged landscape for drivers Prince Rupert ALBERTA
u n

and their teams of dogs. Queen

Kitimat Grande Prairie
AN

Charlotte Athabasca
t a

Islands
haba s c
i n

VANCOUVER Prince At
Ocean Falls Edmonton North
i n

This city’s vibrant cultural mix is George

8 Queen Mount Robson
typical of Canada’s diversity. Many
Charlotte
s

   Mount 12,972ft
South Asian, Chinese, as well as other (3954m) Leduc
s

Sound Waddington
ethnic groups live here and reflect 13,176ft     Red Deer
Vancouver’s historic role as Port Hardy (4016m)
a destination for migrants. Campbell River Kamloops Calgary
Hosting the 2010 Winter
Vancouver Kelowna
Olympics raised its
Island Vancouver
profile and its bustling Lethbridge
economy, mild climate,
Nanaimo Cranbrook
Milk River
and cultural links Victoria
9
make it an attractive
place to live. U N I T E D

4 B C D E F G H
 Western Canada and Alaska

I J K L M N O P

0 km 200 400

NATIVE PEOPLES
0 miles 200 400 1
The native peoples of Alaska
are the Aleut, and those in the
north of Canada are the Inuit.
Native peoples are often called
“First Nations” because they
Ell

were the first to live in North

America. Much of their
esm

land was later taken by

Nares Strait

European settlers. First

ere Isl

Nation culture has revived 2

Axel Heiberg and Nunavut is now
a self-governing Inuit
Island territory. The Inuit have
and

Ellef Ringnes adapted to the harsh

Island Inuit children outside environment and often
their summer camp combine modern
Amund technology with their
Ringnes on Baffin Island
Grise Fiord traditional lifestyle.
Island
Q ue e n E liz a b e t h I s l a n d s
(Ausuituq)
B a f f i n 3
Bathurst Devon Island
d
B a y Da
Melville Island Cornwallis un vi
Island So s
Island a n c a ster St
Resolute L
ount ra
Visc lville (Qausuittuq)
Me und Somerset
it
Baff
P e nin
B r o d sula

So Island CENTRAL STATES

Prince of in Large parts of Alberta,
M’Cl

eu

Wales Isl
r
Gul

Saskatchewan, and Manitoba

Island an have rich soils and form one
4
int

d
fo
oc

of the greatest wheat-growing

fB

Ch Boothia oo
k

an thi Igloolik Cumb areas in the world. More wheat

erland Sou n d
nel Peninsula a is grown here than Canadians
Nettilling
Vi ct o r ia Kugaaruk
Lake can consume, so vast amounts
(Pelly Bay)
Island King William Melville Iqaluit
are exported. Wheat is used
Island Gjoa Haven Peninsula
F oxe Amadjuak to make flour for staple foods
(Frobisher Bay)
(Uqsuqtuuq) B a s in Lake such as bread. Once harvested,
Cambridge Bay
(Ikaluktutiak) wheat is stored in grain
Repulse Bay
elevators, waiting to be
Huds o n S t r a i t
5
Southampton transported by truck or train.
NUNAVUT Island
Grain elevators dominate
e
sid

Coral
rn the skyline of the prairies.
Bu Garry Lake Harbour
k
B ac (Salliq)
Baker Lake
Mansel
Coats
Rankin Inlet

Whale Cove
Island
Island
Canada has a population
(Tikiarjuaq)
of 35 million people, but only 6
t

Reliance
Dubawn

Lutselk’e
(Snowdrift) Arviat H u d s o n about 30 percent of them live
B a y in western Canada—most
Fort Smith
Churchill
Lake Athabasca
Reindeer
Belcher
Islands live near the US border.
Lake
Wollaston Lake Southern
Indian Lake Akimiski
son

Lynn Lake Grizzly bear

N A D A
Island
el

Buffalo
Narrows Thompson
SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA
Flin Flon
an The Pas
Sask hew ROCKY MOUNTAINS
atc a Lake The rugged Rocky Mountains
tc

he
w S ask Winnipeg stretch south through western
Prince Albert
an

Canada and into the US. Every

Saskatoon year they attract millions of
Kindersley Yorkton Lake visitors who enjoy walking,
Qu ' Appelle Manitoba hiking, and canoeing in the
Regina Winnipeg dramatic scenery. Tourists
Brandon sometimes see wildlife such
Medicine Hat
Weyburn as the grizzly bear, black
Melita
Estevan bear, elk, moose, and wolf.

S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A

I J K L M N O
 North America

B C D E G H

Eastern Canada
Maple sap
collected from cuts
in the tree trunk Charles
Island
Ivujivik

The most industrialized and heavily populated

parts of Canada are in its eastern half. Ottawa, the capital,
Ungava
is located here, along with other important cities, such as
Peninsula
Toronto, Montreal, and Québec. Some of the earliest settlers
2 were French, and many people speak French as their first MAPLE SYRUP
The colorful maple trees of Québec and
language. The Great Lakes—the largest system of lakes in Ontario are tapped for maple syrup, a
major export, and a popular topping on
the world—and the St Lawrence Seaway link the interior pancakes. The maple leaf is the national
to the coast. The most easterly parts of Canada, the Atlantic symbol of Canada and is featured on
Inukjuak
the nation’s flag.
Provinces, have rugged coastlines and dramatic scenery. (Port Harrison)
However, soils are thin, so commercial agriculture is limited
3 to a few areas. Fishing used to be the main activity, but fish
Lac
stocks have been so depleted that few people H u d s o n Minto
are now employed in the industry, despite recent
environmental efforts to rebuild the stocks.
Fort Severn B a y Belcher

ern
A growing oil and gas industry and new Islands

Sev
high-tech businesses are attracting Peawanuk
younger workers, although many
4 James
people still migrate to the bustling Bay
cities further inland.
Akimiski
Sandy Lake
W inis
k Island
Q U
C Attawapiskat A Attawapiskat
N
Canadians have a high an
y
Fort Albany
5 O N T A R I O
life expectancy—the

b
Al
de Rupert
Moosonee Rivière

average person lives Kenora

Lac Seul
Armstrong

se

Ha
Dryden
to be 82 years old.
oo

rri
M
Lake of

can
Lake Longlac
the Woods Nipigon

a
Hearst
Fort Frances Atikokan
Nipigon
Kapuskasing Cochrane
6 Marathon
Thunder Bay Réservoir
Tip Top Mountain Timmins Amos Gouin
TORONTO 2100ft (640m)
Foleyet Rouyn-Noranda
Toronto is Canada’s most Wawa
Superio
Lake
Kirkland Val-d'Or
important economic center.
Located on Lake Ontario, close
r Lake
to the US border, it is not only
an industrial and commercial
center but is also home to a Sault Ste.Marie
7
wide diversity of ethnic and Sudbury North Bay
cultural groups. The Canadian ICE HOCKEY
National (CN) Tower, which Sports and leisure are important to Gatineau
Ge Pembroke
dominates the Toronto skyline, Canadians. A popular sport is ice hockey, Manitoulin o Hull
is one of the world’s tallest Island B
which thousands of people enthusiastically OTTAWA
rg y
i an

towers at 1,815 ft (553.33 m),

a

and locals and tourists can

play or watch. Teams of skaters use long, Lake Midland
curved sticks to try to get a hard rubber
get an impressive view of disc, called a puck, into the opposing team’s Huron Kingston
the city and Lake Ontario goal. Both the men’s and women’s national Peterborough
from the top. ice hockey teams won gold medals at the Brampton Oshawa Lake
8 Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics. Kitchener Toronto Ontario
Sarnia Hamilton St. Catharines
Niagara
London Falls
Windsor
ie
CN Tower Leamington
e Er
Lak
9 UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
6 A B C D E F G H
 Eastern Canada

I J K L M N O P

Baffin
I s l an d ATLANTIC PROVINCES 1
Nova Scotia, New
Hu Resolution Brunswick, Prince Edward
dso Island
n Stra
Island, and Newfoundland
it and Labrador attract
Button Islands tourists for their landscape,
Akpatok wildlife, and quaint seaside
Island villages. Icebergs are a
regular sight off the coast
of Newfoundland and
Ung ava Labrador as they drift 2
south from the Arctic.
Bay
il l
es

u
Fe
ux FISHERIES
r ea Kuujjuaq
viè The Grand Banks, off the coast of
Riv

Ri
Newfoundland, are shallow waters that once
ière

contained huge stocks of fish. Stocks have declined,

àl

oa aB Nain
k

ks ale however, due to overfishing, and now catches are severely

Ko in
Cania

e restricted. Tourism has been a valuable alternative for 3

L Hopedale those who relied on fishing for their livelihood.
a
pis

b Makkovik
cau

r a Cape Harrison
d o French
r
Lac
Cartwright
La signs in
Québec city
Bienville
Schefferville
N E br
W
Smallwood
Reservoir
Lake Melville F O Se ad
C hurch ill & N
U a o 4
Réservoir de L A St.Anthony
D
L

r
Caniapiscau B R A
É B E C A N
D
sle

A D A O
I

D
lle
f Be

i n s
Gagnon
R

n t a
in

ma u
Strait o

Mo
t Réservoir Gander
Eas 5
Manicouagan
an
Havre-St-Pierre FRENCH CANADA
Grand Falls
Lac i St.John’s Québec province is the main
t Île d’Anticosti Corner Brook Newfoundland
Mistassini n Sept-Îles
French-speaking part of Canada.
re
With a different language and
cultural traditions from other parts
u Gulf of
Chibougamau a nc
e Gaspé Channel-Port of the country, there have been calls
L Baie-Comeau re
Péninsule de St. Lawrence aux Basques Cape Race in the past for Québec to become
Lac aw Ca independent from the rest of Canada.
.L
St-Jean Matane Gaspé Îles de la bo
t St ST PIERRE
St

Madeleìne rait 6
Chicoutimi & MIQUELON
Rimouski
Jonquière Bathurst PRINCE (to France)
Rivière-du-Loup EDWARD
Edmundston Glace Bay
La Tuque ISLAND Sydney
NEW
Charlesbourg BRUNSWICK Charlottetown Cape Breton
Amherst Island
Québec Moncton New Glasgow
Trois-Rivières Oromocto
St-Georges Truro
Fredericton
NOVA SCOTIA 7
Laval Drummondville Saint John dy Dartmouth
Sable Island
un

Sherbrooke Halifax
fF

Montréal
yo

Liverpool
Ba

Yarmouth
A

E
OC
ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY
Stretching far inland, the

T IC St Lawrence Seaway provides a 8

ATLAN
link from the Great Lakes to the
Atlantic. A series of huge locks descends
from Lake Ontario to sea level, allowing
ocean-going ships to transport their cargo as
far inland as Lake Superior. Large amounts of
iron ore, for example, are transported inland
0 km 100 200 from Labrador to Ontario for processing.
Corn, soy, and other agricultural products
0 miles 100 200 move in the opposite direction, from the
prairies east to the markets of the world. 9

I J K L M N O P 7
 North America

B C D E F G H

USA: Northeast
The northeastern united states is a heavily populated
THRIVING CITY
Hudson
New York is the largest city in the US.
River
Lake Historically it grew because it has a
area that is steeped in history. This is traditionally the main Ontario good harbor and sits at the mouth
of the Hudson River. Immigrants from
immigration point into the States, with the Statue of Liberty overseas flooded into the city in
lighting the way for those arriving into New York by boat. the 19th and 20th centuries,
boosting its population and
2 People from all over the world have settled in this region to economy. Today, it is the
live and work, creating a “melting pot” of cultures and ethnic main financial center,
not just of the US,
groups. Important historical events, such as the signing of but of the world.
the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, took
place in Philadelphia. These documents set the foundations for
American life today. It is also here that the capital and center
3 of government were established. Today, while industry and
agriculture are still important, finance and commerce are the New York
City
driving forces of the economy. Appalachian
A nc
e
Mountains
D w
re Ogdensburg

a
.L
St
N
4 The White House in A ck
ON TA R IO da ns
Washington, D.C. has C ir o
Ad unta
n i
o
been home to every Watertown
M
a
president except George Oswego
Boonville p
Lake Ontario p
Washington, after PITTSBURGH Rochester
AMoh
Syracuse awk River
Once a major steel manufacturing center with Niagara
5
whom the city is named. athriving
polluted environment, Pittsburgh is now a Falls Lockport
Newark Utica
financial center with a large number
of corporate headquarters. Bridges span the
Niagara
Falls Buffalo Avon N E W Y O R K
three rivers that run through the city, Oneonta
ie Hamburg Dansville
Er
connecting the core downtown Ithaca
area (above) to the suburbs.
L a k e Catskill
Dunkirk y Binghamton Mountains
en
CENTER OF GOVERNMENT Erie Jamestown u
ea
Elmira
Pl gh

All three branches of the federal

le

Sayre
at

6
government, the executive,
Al

Warren Mansfield
legislative, and judicial, reside
Middletown
in Washington, D.C. The Scranton
United States Congress Meadville Wilcox
(the legislative branch) Wilkes Barre Milford
meets here in the Capitol P E N N S Y LVA N I A s
i n Stroudsberg
building. Many of the Mercer
Lock Haven
a
Al Rive

city’s residents work Du Bois Milton

nt
leg r

for the government.

OHIO
he

State College
ny

7
Capitol building,
Butler u Allentown
the seat of Indiana o
government Aliquippa Pittsburgh Altoona M Reading Trenton
Harrisburg
Philadelphia
n

Washington
Bedford Carlisle Lancaster NEW
ia

York Wilmington
Uniontown Cherry Hill
Aberdeen
ch

Hagerstown
8 Towson Vineland
Cumberland
Baltimore
la

W E S T Oakland Columbia Dover

a

VIRGINIA
DELAWARE
p

Annapolis
p

VIRGINIA WASHINGTON D.C.

A

Cambridge Ocean
City
9 MARYLAND Salisbury
Chesapeake
Bay

8 A B C D E F G H
 USA: Northeast

K L M N O P

MAINE
Madawaska
Although Maine is a large state,
it is relatively sparsely populated. 1

NEW
Early settlers were attracted to its
Presque Isle coastline, and fishing communities
gradually sprang up. To this day,

B RU N
Mars Hill fishing remains an important
activity, while colorful foliage
attracts tourists in the autumn.

SWICK
s Mount Katahdin Houlton
CRANBERRIES 5266ft (1605m)
i n

The northeast USA is a major 2

cranberry-growing region. Cranberries
grow in flooded bogs, and once Moosehead
harvested—often with high-tech Lake

River
t a

equipment (above)—they can be

Jackman Calais
eaten in pies and sauces.
scot
Lincoln
Penob

Milo
n

M A I N E Machias
u

QUÉBEC Bangor
Millbridge
3
Bay of
o

Newport Waterville
Searsport
Bar Harbor Fundy
M

Plattsburgh V E RMON T Berlin Augusta

Mount Desert
Lake Champlain Island
Burlington n Lewiston
Camden
Maine (above),
Montpelier a Mount
Washington
Bath e famous for its
i 6289ft (1917m) clam chowder and
n
ai

lobsters (right)
hChelsea NEW
M

Portland
c HAMPSHIRE
of

a Laconia
ntains

Lebanon Biddeford
l
lf

Rochester
Gu

Rutland THANKSGIVING
Connecticut River

The first Thanksgiving was held in

ou

Glens Falls Concord 1621 as a gesture of friendship between

Portsmouth
en M

Hillsboro American Indians and the Pilgrims after the

Manchester Pilgrims’ first successful harvest. Americans
Gre

AN

Nashua honor that tradition every November by

Lawrence gathering with family and friends to give
Schenectady 5
Troy Lowell thanks for life’s blessings and to share a meal.
Greenfield
Albany Boston
OCE

Worcester
Pittsfield Cape Cod
i v er

M AS S AC H U SET TS Provincetown
Orleans
R

Springfield Pawtucket
Hudson

Providence
Windsor
New Bedford HIGHER EDUCATION
Hartford
Kingston Bristol Warwick Martha's Vineyard A large number of universities are located in this
6
CONNE C TIC U T RHODE Nantucket Nantucket Island
region, including two of the most famous—Harvard
Waterbury ISLAND (above) and Yale. As well as studying, students enjoy
Groton a full campus life, including taking part
IC

New Haven in sports. Links between industry

Yonkers Bridgeport and education are strong, so many
high-tech companies have
T

Stamford
Paterson N been established here.

LA
New York Long
Island The Statue of Liberty
Newark
Middletown
AT has stood in New York
Harbor since 1886.
7

0 km 50 100 150

0 miles 50 100 150

JERSEY

Atlantic City 8

NEW YORK CITY

The center of US commerce and business
is New York City. People living here have
a fast-paced lifestyle, and many travel
by train or ferry from the suburbs
to work in the towering high-rise
office blocks of Manhattan. People
traveling by boat across the harbor
pass the Statue of Liberty, a huge 9
monument that represents freedom
and opportunity to Americans.

I J K L M 9
 North America

B C D E F G H

USA: South 0 km 50

0 miles 50
100 150 200

100 150 200

The southern states of the US have a varied landscape and an interesting Cincinnati
mix of people, both culturally and economically. Some areas of the region are poor,
especially the Appalachian Mountain communities, while other parts, such as the Newport
INDIANA
Florida coast, are wealthy and attract many people from other states and countries.
Louisville Frankfort
2 The cultural mix includes people of Latin American origin, African Americans, Cajuns Evansville
(French Canadians), and European Americans, giving rise to diverse music styles, Lexington
Henderson
Owensboro
dialects, pastimes, and food. While coal mining in the Appalachian Mountains Elizabethtown Richmond

has declined in recent years, agriculture is still K E N T U CKY

Gr
Paducah ee
nR Somerset
important, as are tourism and industry. Tourism M I S S O U R I Hopkinsville
iv er
Kentucky Bowling
is particularly important in Florida and in Rogers Bull Shoals Mountain
Lake Green
ea
u
Pocahontas Clarksville
New Orleans near the mouth of the mighty Lake

t
la
3 Home Union
Fayetteville

dP
City Nashville Cookeville
Mississippi River. B o s t o n M o u n t a i n s Walnut Ridge Blytheville Dyersburg

lan
Franklin Murfreesboro
Fort Smith
A R K A N S A S JonesboroJackson T E N N E S S E E

ber
MA

Russellville Searcy West Lawrenceburg Columbia Maryville

Memphis

um
North Memphis Cleveland
OKLAHO

C
Ouachita Little Rock Forrest City r Chattanooga
nn

Te
Mountains

ve
Corinth e s s ee Ri
Little Rock ve Huntsville Dalton

Ri
Holly

pi
Hot Springs Florence

Ark
COTTON CROPS

r
sip
Benton an Springs
Cotton was once Decatur Scottsboro

sis
4 sas
Pine

Mis
the mainstay crop Riv Rome
Ouac

Tupelo Cullman
of the south and Bluff Clarksdale Hamilton

er
Re Grenada Marietta
h it a

was grown by d Riv Gadsden

er Texarkana ive
Atlanta
African-American Greenwood Anniston
R

Camden Columbus
slaves. Today, cotton
r

El Dorado Greenville Tuscaloosa Birmingham

is still important for
the economy of the Bastrop MISSISSIPPI Alexander City
region and is grown Shreveport Yazoo City Griffin
Ruston
in large fields and Monroe Canton A L A B A M A Opelika
Bossier City Clinton Demopolis
5 harvested with huge Tallulah Meridian Phenix City

er
machinery. Cotton Prattville

Tombigbee Riv
LOUISIANA Vicksburg Jackson Columbus
S

has many uses, Montgomery

er

Chattahoochee
T E X A

Natchitoches
Re

Pe a r l

primarily as the raw

iv
dR

Laurel
iR

iv e r
material for textiles. Natchez Troy
ive

ipp

River
Riv

aR
Brookhaven
r

Albany
Mississ

Alexandria Andalusia
Hattiesburg

am
Ozark
er
ive r

De Ridder McComb Brewton Dothan

ab
Al
R

Bogalusa Prichard Bainbridge

ine

Opelousas Crestview Lake Seminole

Baton Rouge Mobile
Sab

6
Fort Walton
Lake Charles Lafayette Gulfport
Biloxi Pensacola Beach Tallahassee
New Iberia Panama
Metairie New Orleans City
The Mississippi Cotton pod, or boll Morgan City
Houma
Chandeleur
Islands
Cape San Blas
Apalachee
is the largest river in Jazz musician on
Venice
Gulf of Me
xico
Bay

7
North America and Bourbon Street,
New Orleans
Mississippi River
Delta
the third largest in Chef holding CAJUN CULTURE

the world. a skillet of

jambalaya, a
The Cajuns in this region are
French-speaking people who were
Cajun dish expelled from Canada in the 18th
century. They mixed with other cultures
in Louisiana, but their French influence
can be seen in the music, food, and
place names, such as Lafayette.
8 MUSICAL ORIGINS
The southern US is famous for
its music, much of which reflects
the cultural mix of the region. New FLORIDA EVERGLADES
Orleans and other parts of Louisiana The increasing population
are the birthplaces of jazz and Cajun of Florida means that the
music, while bluegrass and country Everglades, swampy plains
have origins in Nashville and Memphis. inhabited by alligators and
These music styles started here, but other wildlife, are under threat
quickly spread throughout the country as land is needed for houses and
9 and developed even further in the cities. farms. However, the Everglades
National Park protects part of
this important ecosystem.

10 A B C D E F G H
 USA: South

I J K L M N O P

PENNSYLVANIA 1

Parkersburg Clarksburg Winchester

Spruce Knob WASHINGTON D.C.
OHIO W E S T 4862ft Arlington
(1482m)
s
Portsmouth VIRGINIA Dale City
MARYLAND
in

Huntington Harrisonburg
Ohio River Fredericksburg
Staunton P
Charleston
ta

Saint Albans CharlottesvilleR

oto e
2
iv a c Chesapeake Bay

m r
KENTUCKY DERBY
VIRGINIA
n

Beckley James R Richmond Every year on the first

u

iver Saturday of May, the

Lynchburg Petersburg Cape Charles
o

Pikeville Bluefield Kentucky Derby takes place

Norfolk
M

Roanoke Newport News in Louisville. This horse race,

Pulaski Virginia Beach and the festivities based around
London Portsmouth
Roa it, mark the beginning of spring
Middlesboro Kingsport Danville nok
n

e for people in the area. The best

a Elizabeth City
Bristol i horses and jockeys, as well as
Ri

Greensboro
h
ve

3
Greeneville Winston Durham massive crowds of spectators
c
r

Rocky Mount
la
Salem from around the country, travel
Knoxville Mount Mitchell High Raleigh Greenville here for the event.
a 6683ft (2037m) Point Cary
p Goldsboro Cape
d o

li
NORTH CAROLINA
c

p Asheville New Bern m

Pa ou n
Hatteras
A Gastonia Charlotte Fayetteville
S
Havelock
Spartanburg
Laurinburg
Greenville Rock Hill Jacksonville TOURISM
Union Onslow Tourism is an important industry in
Bay the south, especially for Florida. As
Gainesville SOUTH CAROLINA Wilmington well as warm weather and appealing
4
Greenwood Florence
scenery, tourists are attracted to the
Clark Columbia Cape Fear
N theme parks around Orlando. Jobs and
Athens Hill Lake
Lake Marion
Myrtle Beach
A income are generated by tourism, with
Augusta
Aiken
Orangeburg
Long Bay
Georgetown
E many people working in retail outlets,
restaurants, hotels, and theme parks. Kumba roller coaster,
C

GEORGIA
Sa

an a popular ride at Busch

North Charleston
O
v

Milledgeville Gardens Tampa Bay, Florida

nah

Macon Charleston
IC
Riv e

Statesboro r 5
T

Dublin MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR

Vidalia Hilton Head Island
N

Alta Martin Luther King, Jr (left) was born in Atlanta in 1929.

Cordele ma
ha
Savannah In the 1960s, he led many peaceful protests to end the
A

Hinesville laws that discriminated against black Americans. King

Ri

TL

was assassinated in 1969 and has since been seen

ver

Tifton
Waycross as a symbol of the struggle for racial equality.
A

Brunswick Many African Americans live in the southern US

Valdosta where, before the Civil War (1861–65), their
Thomasville Okefenokee ancestors were forced to work on cotton
Swamp plantations and farms. 6
Jacksonville
Lake City
Saint Augustine
Gainesville
Lake
George
Ocala Daytona Beach
De Land
Deltona
Orlando Martin Luther King, Jr, speaking at the final rally 7
Spring Hill Cape Canaveral of the March Against Fear, Mississippi, 1966

Clearwater Lakeland Melbourne

Largo Tampa Lake Kissimmee
Tampa Saint Petersburg Fort Pierce
Bay Hutchinson
Sarasota FLORIDA Island
FLORIDA’S SUNSHINE COAST
Florida’s sunny weather and sandy beaches
Port Charlotte Lake West Palm have traditionally attracted many retired people,
Charlotte Harbor Okeechobee Beach many of whom live in apartments along the 8
Fort Myers Boca Raton coast in resorts such as Miami Beach (right).
s

Florida also attracts young people, particularly

lade

Big Cypress Pompano Beach

to the vibrant city of Miami, where many
Naples Fort Lauderdale
erg

Swamp immigrants from Central America, Cuba, and

Miami Beach
other Caribbean islands live, and Spanish is
v
eE

Miami spoken by half the population. The Florida Keys,

Th

an island chain in the south of the peninsula,

a
id

Cape Sable
Key Largo is also popular with tourists, and contains
or

Florida some of the largest living coral formations

Fl

in North America.
Bay
ey
9
s

of

Key West K ts
da i
F lori St
ra

I J K L M N O P 11
 North America

B C D E F G H

USA: Midwest C A N A D
The american midwest is dominated by the Great Plains, SA SK A T C H
EWAN
once the home of cattle ranches, cowboys, and American M A N I T O
B A Lake
Indian peoples. However, the discovery of gold in South of the
Dakota brought a rush of settlers to the area. This, combined Woods

Red Riv e r
Minot
2 with a decline in buffalo numbers, led to the eventual Williston Grafton

A
International
Devils Lake Thief River Falls
displacement of the American Indians from the Plains. The Upper

T A N
East Falls

n d s
area is prone to dramatic weather—tornadoes, freezing N O R T H Grand Forks
Red Lake
Lake Grand Lower
Crookston Red Lake
blizzards, and blazing hot summers. To the west, vast areas Belfield
Sakakawea
Carrington Forks
Dickinson
of farmland generate more wheat and corn than

l a
Bemidji
Jamestown Valley City Leech Grand

M O N
Fargo
anywhere else in the world. East of the Mississippi the Mandan Lake Rapids

a d
Bismarck

er
Detroit Lakes

ouri Riv
West Fargo
3 landscape varies and, although farming is still important, D A K O T A Moorhead

B
it is an industrial heartland. The greater Detroit area and Wahpeton
Fergus Falls Brainerd

is s
Mille Lacs Lake
other parts of Michigan make up a big manufacturing

eM
Buffalo Alexandria Little
Falls

tt l
center, with other hubs in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Li Selby
Moreau River Lake
Aberdeen MINNESOTA
Oahe Morris Saint Cloud
G Spearfish S O U T H Coon Rapids
BUFFALO ON THE PLAINS Watertown Montevideo
Up to 100 million buffalo once grazed on the Great Plains. Sturgis Minneapolis
er

James Rive

B i g Si ver
e Riv Bloomington
M I N
Bl

They provided local American Indians with food for the Rapid Pierre
4 Burnsville

nn
ac

Huron Marshall

Ri
City New Northfield

eye
family, and skin for clothes and tepees. The Dakota people
k

oux
D A K O T A
Hi

Ulm Faribault
Ch
used buffalo bones to make shields and tools, and the Brookings
ver

r
l ls

animal’s bladder into a bag for carrying water. But Ri Madison

Mankato
te Mitchell

G
hi Owatonna
W Y O

over-hunting and the destruction of the buffalo’s habitat

W Lake Worthington Fairmont
by early European settlers drastically reduced the
number of animals. The buffalo is now a protected Francis Sioux Falls
r
Case Albert Lea
species and lives in reserves. Chadron Spencer
Sheldon Mason
e Ni Yankton City
obra
Sand r a R iver Algona
5 Alliance Vermillion Fort Cedar
Sioux
a
Dodge Falls
Scottsbluff Hills South Sioux City City
Gering Webster City
No Norfolk
t
rth Denison Ames
Pla
tte
N E B R A S K A I O W
R Harlan Ankeny
ive Ogallala Columbus Fremont
Sidney r
Riv er Des Moines
North up
P

ve
r Omaha Indianola
Lo

Platte
Grand Island Ri Papillion Council Bluffs
a tte York
Lexington l Bellevue
l a

P Creston
6 Kearney Lincoln
Hastings Nebraska City Clarinda Lamoni
McCook
R A D O

Beatrice

M i ive
Maryville
i n

R
ss o r
Colby Saint Joseph
ur
Concordia

i
Goodland Atchison Excelsior
Buffalo herd on a reserve, Manhattan Springs
South Dakota Hays Junction City Kansas City
s

Rive r
C O L O

Salina sas
Scott Ka n Topeka Independence
7 City K A N S A S Ottawa
Great Bend McPherson
MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL Garden City Hutchinson Emporia
Mount Rushmore, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, was created as a Newton
tribute to the American presidency. Four of the United States’ greatest Dodge Pratt Iola M I S
presidents—(left to right) Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, City Wichita El Dorado
Chanute Fort Scott
and Lincoln—were carved into the granite cliff between Pittsburg
Liberal Wellington
1927 and 1941. Teams of workers hung from saddles Parsons Springfield
anchored to the mountain to complete the Arkansas City Carthage
work, often enduring harsh winds or O K L A H Joplin
8 blazing sun. Today, it is a popular Each carved face is about O M A Aurora
tourist attraction. 60 ft (18 m) high.
r k
Oza
TORNADO ALLEY
Dramatic tornadoes, or “twisters,” regularly tear
through the states of Kansas and Oklahoma along
a path known as Tornado Alley. Tornadoes occur
when warm and cold air masses meet. As the warm
air rises it cools, and under the right conditions
9 it can suck in more and more air until a whirling
twister develops. The more air that is drawn in,
the greater the power of the tornado.

12 A B C D E F G H
 USA: Midwest

I J K L M N O P

RURAL AMERICA
Although most Americans today live in cities and
large towns, there are still many small towns with 1
populations of less than 10,000 people. These
A towns are often in farming communities and
are where people go to shop or to attend
church. Children, such as these boys from
Iowa (left), often have to be taken to and
from school by bus.

The Great Lakes 2

O
N
T
contain one-fifth
Chisholm
e Superio
Isle Royale A
R of Earth’s
Lak
Virginia
Eveleth r
Keweenaw fresh water.
I
Hibbing
Apostle Peninsula
O
Duluth Islands Houghton
g
e

Superior an Marquette
ic R 3
G oge b
Cloquet Sault Sainte Marie
Ashland
Ironwood
ver Iron M Saint Ignace
ix Ri Mountain
Cro Woodruff Cheboygan
int
a Rice Lake Rhinelander Escanaba
S

Petoskey
L
I

ak

Ladysmith
y

Door
Ba

Alpena
e
C

Saint Paul Peninsula

en

Hu

Wausau
Gre

River Eau Claire Traverse City GREAT LAKES

H

WISCONSIN Several large cities are located

ron

Falls Green 4
n

Red Wing Stevens Beulah Roscommon on the shores of the Great Lakes,
Bay
a

Cadillac ay
I

Point wB including Chicago on Lake Michigan.

Wisconsin Rapids Appleton na
Michig
Lake

Winona Lake Ludington Burned to the ground in the late

i
Sag

Oshkosh Winnebago
G

Midland 19th century, it is now a leading industrial

Rochester Tomah Sheboygan
Mount and financial center and the third-largest city
Austin
La Crosse Fond Bay City
Pleasant in the country. The Great Lakes and their lakeside
A
Mi s s

scon du Lac Saginaw

Wi ver si n West Bend Muskegon retreats are also a popular tourist destination for
Ri Port Huron
Grand
issi p p i R

vacationers who like watersports.

Madison Milwaukee Rapids
N

Flint
Waukesha Lake Saint Clair rie
Waverly v e Janesville Racine
Wyoming
Lansing
Pontiac
k e E 5
Warren
La
r
i

Waterloo Livonia
PENNSYLVA

Kenosha
Iowa Evansdale
Falls Marion Dubuque Rockford Waukegan Ann Detroit
Evanston Kalamazoo Arbor
A Cedar Rapids Elgin
Chicago Adrian Cleveland Euclid
Newton Sterling Aurora Elkhart Toledo
Davenport Joliet Gary
Iowa City South Bend Sandusky Warren
NIA

Rock Island Bowling

Oskaloosa
Muscatine
Valparaiso Fort Green Findlay Akron
Ottawa
nois
River Wayne Youngstown
Mount Pleasant Kankakee Illi Van Mansfield
Ottumwa Galesburg Wabash Wert Canton
6
Burlington Peoria I N D I A N A Marion O H I O
Keokuk Fort Madison Lafayette Kokomo Delaware Wheeling
Pekin Bloomington
Anderson Muncie Sidney
r

Macomb Cambridge
ve

Kirksville Champaign
Ri

Carmel Springfield Zanesville

s

Quincy
ILLINOIS Columbus
oi
in

Dayton
r

Macon
ve

Indianapolis
Ill

IA

Springfield Wilmington
Ri

Hannibal Decatur Kettering io

IN

Jacksonville Terre Haute Oh

RG

Moberly Chillicothe Athens

Mexico
Cincinnati
VI

Effingham Bloomington Oh
Florissant Alton Columbus io R Portsmouth
T

ive r FOOTBALL
ES

Columbia 7
Saint Louis The first official game of football was played between Princeton
W
r

Vincennes
ve

Kirkwood East Saint Louis Huntington and Rutgers universities in New Jersey on November 6, 1869.
Ri

Jefferson City Arnold

M Belleville New Albany K Y Since then, college and professional teams have been founded
ash

S O U R I i ssi
C
all over the country, and playing and watching football has
Wab

ss Mount Evansville U
Farmington ip Vernon T become one of America’s favorite pastimes.
Rolla
pi

Carbondale r N 0 km 100 200

Riv

Lebanon Perryville
R ive

au K E
er

hi o
te
Jackson Cape O 0 miles 100 200
Girardeau
la Dexter Alton
P Poplar Bluff Sikeston
8

Malden
Kennett
E

AGRICULTURE
SE

Caruthersville
The Great Plains extend across the
ES

ARKANSAS west of this region and are important

NN

for agriculture. Rich soils support

TE

crops of wheat and corn, while

livestock grazes on the extensive
grassland. Millions of people live 9
on the Great Plains, many on
family-owned and -run farms.

I J K L M N O P 13
 North America

B C D E F G H

USA: West V
an
co

Str
ai
uv

to
G

er

f
The rocky mountains separate C A
eo
rg BRIT

Is
ia
Strait ISH

la
o
de Fu f Jua Bellingham COLUMBIA

nd
the coastal region from the drier ca n
Anacortes ive
r
Ri
ve
r
Skag i t R
inland states. Large and Oak Harbor

a
Puge Mount Vernon

lumbi
Port Angeles t
fast-growing cities such as Everett Sandpoint Libby

Soun
Olympic

Co
2 San Francisco, Los Angeles, Mountains
Seattle

d
Bremerton Lake Pend

e
Bellevue Spokane Oreille
and San Diego hug the Pacific Olympia Auburn Wenatchee Coeur

g
Tacoma d'Alene
coast, and have attracted many Aberdeen Ellensburg S ain
t Joe

n
Riv
migrants because of good job Centralia W A S H I N G T O N Moscow
er
Yakima Pullman

a
Kelso
opportunities. Inland, blazing Longview Richland Pasco Lewiston
Walla Clearwater
desert and towering mountains

R
Vancouver Kennewick
Portland Col umbi a River Walla Mountains
provide some of the most dramatic Newberg Hermiston

R
3
McMinnville Gresham The Dalles
Pendleton
landscapes in the country. National La Grande

er
Salem Woodburn

o
Riv
Riv c h utes
Jo h
S alm on
parks such as Yellowstone in

C
Albany n D y River

e
Lebanon

a ke
a R iv er

c k
o
er
NORTHERN FORESTS Corvallis Baker

Des

l u
northwestern Wyoming and Montana

Sn
The coastal areas of Oregon

d
Eugene Salmon River

m
and Washington contain
and Yosemite in central California Bend Mountains

b i
large forests. These produce

y
C
Springfield O R E G O N
protect some of these wilderness areas. economically important timber, Coos Bay

a
c
but much land is also left in Burns Boise
Further east, the foothills of the Rockies

o
Caldwell
its natural state and is popular

s
Roseburg

r P l
4 Cape Blanco Summer
give way to vast plains grazed by large Nampa

ve
with hikers. Most people here Ri

a
Grants Upper Lake Harney

a t
live in large cities like Seattle,

hee
Pass Klamath
herds of cattle. and in the fertile inland valleys. Lake
Basin
na

S a
s
ke Ri r

e
C

Ow
Medford Klamath Falls u ve
P A C I

Ashland Goose

t
Lake
Crescent City
Yreka
Klamath

sert
R Mountains Independence
Arcata Mountains

De
Eureka Wells

k
5 Redding Winnemucca
a

oc
The American

R
k
Sacramento V a ll e
ac

er

ins
Susanville

iv
Bl
n

tR

nta
ver
old
Pyramid
Indian name
Honey

Ree se Ri
mb

Mou
C e Lake Lake
Chico

Creek Range
F I C

Hu
S a cra m ent o Ri

Sparks
for Death Valley Reno

Ruby
Yuba Carson
n t

Ukiah Great
e

City Sink
CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE Lake Carson City
N E V A D A
r a

California is warm, fertile, and,

is Tomesha, Tahoe
s

with irrigation, ideal for agriculture. South Lake Tahoe Ely

y

Santa Rosa
l
ver

Citrus Heights Walker

Schell
Grapes are an important crop north
6
which means Napa Sacramento Lake Basin
S i e

of San Francisco in the Napa Valley.

Further south, citrus crops such as Berkeley Fairfield Mono Hawthorne
Stockton
oranges also flourish. Premium farming “land where the San Francisco Oakland
Lake
r r

land is under threat, however, as the Yosemite

Palo Alto Modesto Tonopah
population expands. ground is on fire.” Sunnyvale San Jose
National
a
V a

Park
O C

Santa Cruz Gilroy Madera Alamo

N

Monterey Bay
l l

Salinas
e v

Monterey Mount Whitney

e y
Sa

Fresno 14,495ft
a d
Sa R a

7 Visalia (4418m) Las

n t a ng e

Jo

Dea

Hanford Vegas
aq

-282ft
Lu

a
E A

Porterville (-86m)
ui

th
c ia

Atascadero Delano Ridgecrest Henderson

Va
V

le le
al

San Luis Obispo y

l

y Bakersfield
Santa Maria C A L I F O R MN I A
San
Lompoc Raf oja
N

a e l M Lancaster ve D
ts. Barstow ese
rt
Santa Barbara Oxnard
Pasadena o
8 Los Angeles San Bernardino
Rivorad
er

Riverside
Col

Long Beach Santa Palm Springs

LOS ANGELES Huntington Beach Ana Salton Blythe
This sprawling city— Oceanside Sea
the second largest in the USA— Encinitas Escondido
is home to migrants from all over San Diego El Cajon Brawley
the world, as well as from other states El Centro
in the country. Sandwiched between the Chula
coast and the mountains, the city has massive Vista
9 air pollution problems. This mostly arises from MEXICO
the exhaust fumes from the high number of cars
used by commuters on the city’s highways.

14 A B C D E F G H
 USA: West

I J K L M N O P

0 km 100 200 300 CATTLE RANCHES

Many people who live in Montana, Wyoming, Utah,
0 miles 100 200 300 and Colorado work in the booming farming and mining 1
industries. Much of the land on these foothills and plains
is grazed by cattle on huge ranches, originally established
N A D A to provide food for the flourishing east coast. Modern
cowboys may use horses, trucks, or even
ALBERTA S A S K A T C H E W A N helicopters to watch over the cattle.

Eureka
Milk
Le

Whitefish Shelby Havre Riv

er Malta
wi

D A K O T A
s R

Baldy Mountain 2

N O R T H
Kalispell 6624ft Fort Peck ouri River
(2019m) Lake Miss
ange

Flathead Sidney
Lake Great Falls
Glendive
Orchard Homes M O N T A N A
Mi Lewistown r
Missoula Helena ve
Ri
ssou

ne

Boulder Y e ll o w s t o Miles City

ri River

rn R iv er

Anaconda
i River
v er

Butte Billings 3
Ri

Pioneer Bozeman
Bit

o ur

Laurel
er

Livingston
gho

Mountains
wd
ter

D A K O T A
iss
Bi

Po

S O U T H
M

Dillon Bi
ro

gh ttl
e

Sheridan Li
ot

Absar

or

Cody Powell
Lem

Ra

Gillette
M
ng

Cloud Peak
hi

oka

oun

13,166ft (4013m)
e
Ra

ge DEATH VALLEY
n

Rexburg
tains

Worland
Ra

The driest place in the US

in

I D A H O
Pla

e
ng

Idaho Falls is Death Valley, which

W Y O M I N G also holds the highest
er

Blackfoot
iv

R recorded temperature
ke Douglas
M o u

Sna Pocatello Riverton in North America

NEBRASKA

Twin Falls American Falls Lander Casper L

ar of 134°F (56.7°C).
Burley Reservoir a Although seemingly
Bear Wheatland
m

inhospitable, its
ie

Lake Torrington canyons, formations

Mo

Rawlins
River of rock, and sudden
Logan Green
untai

Brigham City
n t a i n s

Great Evanston Rock Springs Cheyenne spring blooms make it

Ogden Laramie
ns

Salt Lake popular with tourists.

Great Bountiful
Magna Salt Lake City Steamboat Fort Collins
Salt Lake Craig Springs
Greeley Sterling
Tooele Sandy City Vernal Loveland
Desert Longmont Fort Morgan
Utah Orem Brighton
Lake Provo Boulder
Broomfield Denver COLORADO
K A N S A

Price Lakewood Aurora The Rocky Mountains

Grand Mount Elbert Littleton Englewood cut through this region.
14,432ft (4399m)
Junction The stunning terrain and the
U T A H
G r e e n River

C O L O R A D O YELLOWSTONE 6
Sevier Pikes Peak light, dry snow that falls here
Lake Moab Gunnison 14,108ft Colorado Springs support the skiing industry The first national
Richfield (4300m) park in the world,
Montrose Canon City
Pueblo Lamar in Colorado. Resorts such
San as Aspen are popular with Yellowstone was
gre
r

established in 1827
ive

Mount Ellen Uncompahgre San Juan La Junta Americans as well as

S
oR

Cedar City 11,522ft Peak 14,308ft in Wyoming and

de

(3512m) R
    (4361m) Mountains io
with overseas visitors.
ad

Cr

Montana to protect the

isto
lor

Lake Trinidad
Gran

Alamosa abundant wildlife and

Co

Saint George Powell Durango

Mo

hydrothermal activity.
unta

OK LA H OM A
d e

The United States

ins

now has 413 national 7

Lake
A R I Z O N A N E W M E X I C O parks, which attract
Mead
millions of visitors
every year.
EARTHQUAKES
San Francisco in
California suffers
frequent earthquakes
due to its location on the
San Andreas fault line. 8
Modern skyscrapers are
designed to withstand Tourists watching
tremors, but many Old Faithful geyser,
Silicon, an element,
houses, especially Yellowstone
is used in many
those on typically National Park
computer products.
steep streets, are
SILICON VALLEY still at risk.
The area between Palo Alto and San Jose has
been nicknamed “Silicon Valley” because of the
many companies engaged in high-technology 9
research and manufacturing here. It is the center
of the world’s computer industry.

I J K L M N O P 15
 North America

B C D E F G H

USA: Southwest HOT PLACE TO LIVE

The climate across much of the
Southwest is hot and dry, with summer
temperatures often reaching 100°F
(38°C). Although water can be scarce,

The southwest is an area of great contrasts. Much of many people have a swimming pool in
their backyard so they can cool off.
Oklahoma and Texas consists of flat, rolling grasslands and
huge farms, while both Arizona and New Mexico are hot, arid,
and mountainous, with vast canyons and river valleys carving
2 their way through the land. Since the discovery of oil in 1901,
Texas has become the country’s top oil producer Suburbs of Phoenix, Arizona
with Houston as the center of the billion-dollar U T A H
San Ju
industry. Tourism is also important to the a n River C O L

Sa
Lake Powell

n
Southwest, as visitors flock to see the

Ju
Page
C h Shiprock Aztec

an
Grand Canyon, the Painted Desert, N E V A D A Lake n y o n u s Farmington
ka
Wheeler Peak

M
a 13,159ft
and other natural wonders. Buildings Mead dC C o l o r a d o
Bloomfield

ou
3 r a n (4011m)

nt
G
here reflect the mix of Latino, American Coconino Tuba City

ou

ai
Plateau

ns
Plateau

ntai
Indian, European American, and

Pa
Los Alamos Espanola

in
modern American cultures. Humphreys Peak
R o c k y

ns
te
Gallup Santa Fe
12,365ft (3851m)

d
Kingman

De
Sanders Corrales
Hualapai

ser
DESERT LIFE Flagstaff Albuquerque
CALI

Peak
Grants

t
The saguaro cactus can 8419ft (2566m) Sedona

4
reach up to 50 ft (15 m)
tall, grow as many as
Lake Havasu
City
Prescott Holbrook
M ou ntai ns Vaughn
Belen
FORNIA

40 branches, and live for

200 years. Cacti, yucca, A R I Z O N A Willard
iver

and other plants have Wickenburg Show Low

all adapted to the hot, Socorro
do R

dry desert conditions Glendale Scottsdale

N E W M E X
e
ora

found in the Southwest.

ge

M o u nm e n t o
d
Signal Peak Mesa

tains
ran
Col

So, too, have many Globe

Phoenix

Ran
4879ft Elephant
San Carlos

Rio G
animals, including the (1487m) Butte
deadly rattlesnake. Yuma Casa Reservoir

Sacra
Black
5 Grande Clifton
Somerton G ila River Eloy Alamogordo
Sonoran Safford
Desert Ajo
Las Cruces Organ Peak
Saguaro cacti in the Tucson Willcox 8871ft (2704m)
Deming
Sonoran Desert Benson
Sierra
0 km 50 100 150 200 Vista
Nogales
Bisbee El Paso
6 0 miles 50 100 150 200
Douglas
M E Fabens
X
THE GRAND CANYON
I
The Grand Canyon in northern Arizona is one of the natural wonders of the
world. This incredibly deep gorge was slowly cut out of the rock, beginning AMERICAN-INDIAN CULTURES C
6 million years ago, by the Colorado River. People can hike around its edge American Indians, including Navajo, Hopi,
or venture down into the canyon to camp for the night. and Apache, used to live across the Southwest

O
but are now concentrated in reservations set up
by the US government. The largest of these is in
7 Arizona and New Mexico, and is home to the
Navajo people. The Navajo farm the land and
produce crafts, like the woven blanket wrapped
around these Navajo children.

9 Kachina doll made

by the Hopi

16 A B C D E F G H
 USA: Southwest

I J K L M N O P

ADOBE HOUSES Astronaut leaving the

Traditional homes of the Pueblo peoples of shuttle by means of a
the Southwest were made from adobe bricks manned maneuvering 1
of sun-baked earth and straw covered with unit (MMU)
plaster. Dwellings had a flat roof and smooth
walls. Modern adobe-style buildings can still be
seen in the Southwest, but are often made of
concrete and then painted to look like adobe.
Here, a woman demonstrates baking bread in
an adobe oven.

M IS S O U R
O R A D O K A N S A S
Miami

Ark

I
Beaver Rive Alva Ponca City Bartlesville
Raton r ns Vinita

a
Boise City
Sang

as
Guymon Woodward Enid R iv Claremore
er
Sand Springs Tulsa
re de

Perryton 3
Clayton Broken Arrow
Stillwater Sapulpa
Taloga Tahlequah
Cri st o M

Dalhart Muskogee
Dumas Okmulgee
The Village
Lake Borger Clinton Oklahoma City Warner
El Reno

ARKA
Meredith NASA
ountains

Pampa Moore Shawnee Eufaula

iver Elk City Lake Houston, Texas, is the center of the
ian R Norman United States space program. After a rocket
Canad Chickasha McAlester
Canyon Amarillo Ada has blasted off from Cape Canaveral in
Tucumcari Florida, its journey is controlled by
Altus O K L A H O M A

NSAS
the National Aeronautics and Space 4
Hereford Lawton Duncan Lake
Red
R
Administration (NASA) from Houston.
Clovis Tulia Childress ve Ardmore Texoma Hugo Astronauts are also trained at the
r Idabel
i

Muleshoe Burkburnett Durant

Vernon center and new space technology
Plainview is developed here.
River Denison Paris
I C O Littlefield
W i c hita Wichita
Sherman Texarkana
Lubbock Falls Gainesville
Atlanta
Roswell
Levelland
Llano
Denton Greenville
Plano Sulphur Springs The Grand
Artesia
Estacado Brownfield Mineral Wells Garland Lake Tawakoni
Dallas
Marshall Canyon is up 5
Snyder Fort Worth
Hobbs
Seminole
Lamesa
Sweetwater
Abilene
Cleburne
Arlington
Athens
Tyler
Henderson
Longview to 1 mile (1.6
Ennis
Carlsbad Andrews Big Spring Colorado
Stephenville
Corsicana Jacksonville LOU km) deep, 18
Tri

City Toledo
T E X A S
nit

Nacogdoches
Coleman Bend
miles (29 km)
y

Odessa Midland i Reservoir

ISIAN
R

Guadalupe Peak Ballinger Waco

ve
Br

wide, and
8750ft (2667m) Monahans Brownwood Lufkin Pineland
r
az

San Angelo
os

Killeen
Riv

i ve

Neches 6
Van Pecos Copperas Cove Temple
stretches for
er

Sabine R

Brady Livingston
Riv

Horn McCamey Belton Bryan

Lake
A

Fort Stockton
er

S E
dw
Buchanan Taylor
College
Huntsville
217 miles
Pe

Fort Round Rock Conroe Beaumont

cos

Davis ar
(349 km).
ier

Sto ck to n Lake Travis Station Brenham

Riv e r

ds
ra

Pla tea u Kerrville

Austin Color
a do Baytown Port Arthur
Pl
Vie

Alpine
at New
Riv
er Houston
ea San Marcos
ja

u Braunfels Pasadena
Schertz Seguin Rosenberg Texas City
Amistad 7
Reservoir San Antonio Guadal El Campo Angleton
Alvin
Galveston
Emory Peak Hondo Lake Jackson
up

7825ft (2385m) an Edna

Gulf of
S

Del Rio
e Ri

An
Uvalde to er Bay Freeport
v

Pearsall City
Victoria
ni

R iver
o

Kenedy
Eagle Pass
Beeville
Port Lavaca
Port O’Connor
Mexico
io
R

G SPANISH INFLUENCE
Portland Close to Mexico and Central America, the Southwestern
Robstown
ra n

8
Alice states have long been settled by Hispanic people, whose
Corpus
de

influence can be seen—and heard—throughout the

Kingsville Christi Southwest. Spanish is widely spoken, and the Roman
Laredo Catholic religion that the Spanish brought is evident
in the churches scattered throughout the region.
Laguna Madre
Norias
Padre
Island
OIL FIELDS Edinburg
The oil industry has provided Texas with much of its wealth. Mission Harlingen
Oil lies deep underground and is brought up to the surface San Benito 9
by massive oil jacks, known as nodding donkeys. McAllen Brownsville

I J K L M N O P 17
 North America

B C D E F G H

Mexico
ALONG THE BORDER
In 1994, Mexico signed the
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), which
effectively bound its economy
Once home to the great Aztec and Mayan civilizations to that of the US. A large
industrial area has developed
and then the focus of Spanish conquistadors who came in along the Mexican border
with the US.
search of wealth, Mexico today reflects its colorful past
through its culture and architecture. The majority of Mexicans
2 is mestizo (mixed race), of Spanish
and native Indian descent. Mexicali
Mexico City, site of the San Luis Río Colorado U N I T E D S T A T E S

r
ive
Tijuana Des O F
Colorado R
ancient Aztec capital, is Rosarito iert
od Ciudad Juárez
eA Ri
today one of the largest Ensenada lt Ri
oG
ra
Ped

cities in the world, with de Bra nde

Sier Már
Samalayuca o

ar
Nogales Agua Prieta l
No v
rte o
ro

a population of around
ra S tir

Cananea
3
21 million. Despite oil and natural

Río Bavisp
an

Caborca Magdalena
Nuevo
gas reserves, and a plentiful supply Cumpas Casas Grandes El Sueco Ojinaga
of labor, large numbers of Mexicans
B

e
Isla Ángel
San Pedro
a

are still poor, especially in the rural

s
de la Guarda El Sáuz

ho
de la Cueva

onc
j

areas and the urban slums.

Río C
a

Bahía Hermosillo Chihuahua

Seb

Río
Isla Guadalupe astí
C

an

Yaqui
4 Vi
zc
Isla
Cuauhtémoc
Delicias
a

Tiburón

Si
l
aí

Empalme Ciudad Camargo

no

Isla Cedros Guaymas

i

Esperanza

er
f

Guerrero Negro Jiménez

o

San Francisco
G

Ciudad

ra
Navojoa del Oro Hidalgo
r

Obregón
u

San Ignacio del Parral

n

lf

Santa Barbara

M
DAY OF THE DEAD Huatabampo
i

One of the biggest festivals in

a

ad
San Blas Gómez Palacio
Sie

5 Mexico is the Day of the Dead.

f
rra

It is believed that once a year Los Mochis

re
C

the souls of the dead can come Loreto

de

back and visit their loved ones. Guasave

la

M E
li

O
In celebration of this, special
Gig

Guamúchil
Culiacán
fo

food is prepared to welcome

r

cc
anta

Bahía
the souls, and offerings of
de La n Navolato
P

ia

id
flowers, candles, and incense Isla Magdalena Paz Durango
C n
A

are made at the gravesides. El Dorado

e
6 IF Isla Santa Margarita
La Paz
ta
LIFE IN THE CITY The volcano IC l
Mexico City is the political, economic, and cultural Tropic of Cancer Mazatlán
Popocatépetl is Miraflores
hub of the country, and is home to some 16 million the highest peak Escuinapa
people. Its site, in a basin surrounded by mountains, around the city. O Santa Genoveva
7894ft (2406m)
means that expansion is difficult. Air pollution CE Acaponeta
from factories and cars cannot escape, so on
most days a thick layer of smog builds up AN Tuxpan
over the city. Attempts to deal with the
7
pollution, including banning cars Tepic
from some parts, have had Is la s
limited success. Ma r ía s

Puerto Vallarta
WORKING ON THE LAND
Agriculture employs 6.5 million people – about
one-eighth of Mexico’s work force. However,
only 12 percent of the land is suitable for
farming because it is so mountainous
8 Mexico City and dry. The peasant communities of Manzanillo
is contained the south rely on farming for their
within a ring food, while communities
of mountains. in the north are more
industrialized. Here, the
agave plant is being
harvested near the
town of Tequila.

18 A B C D E F G H
 Mexico

I J K L M N O P

Mexican selling CHEWING GUM

baskets, Puerto Chicle is a latex produced
Escondido by the sapodilla tree, 1
native to the Yucatán
Peninsula. In 1867,
American inventor
Thomas Adams added
sugar to chicle pellets and
invented an early form of
chewing gum. This worker
(right) is stretching heated
chicle with a stick,
preparing it to be made 2
into chewing gum.
TOURIST INDUSTRY
One of Mexico’s largest employment sectors is tourism.
The tourists are attracted by the numerous beautiful beaches
on both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, as well as
Mexico’s rich blend of history and culture. Popular
A tourist sites include the archaeological remains
M of the Aztec and Mayan civilizations,
E such as the Mayan ruins of the
R city of Palenque. 3

I
Villa Acuña C FAMILY TIES
Mexico has a large population, almost
Boquillas half of which are 24 years old or younger. MEDIEVAL RULERS
A

Very often extended families live together The Aztecs ruled a large part of this
Piedras Negras region from about 1428 until 1521,
in one house, with the mother at the
Ri

San Miguel when they were conquered by the

oG

ra center of the family. Mother’s Day

nd remains one of the most important Spanish. Their capital, Tenochtitlán,
e
Nueva Rosita dates in the Mexican calendar. was located on the site that is now
Sabinas Nuevo Laredo Mexico City. The influence of this 4
great civilization has left its
mark on Mexico – more than
Sabinas Ciudad 1 million Mexicans speak
Monclova Hidalgo Miguel Alemán Nahuatl, the native Aztec
language. This feather
Reynosa headdress is thought
Río Matamoros to have belonged to
Bravo Moctezuma, the last
San Pedro Monterrey
Saltillo Aztec ruler.
Torreón Montemorelos
5
Matamoros Aztec headdress
Ciudad Lerdo Linares
Sier

X I C O Ciudad Victoria Tropic of

Cancer Mexico is the world’s tán Channel
Juan Aldama
Yuca
ra M

Miguel Asua
Río Grande
main producer Rio Lagartos Cancún

Ciudad Mante
of silver, which is Tizimín 6
ad

Fresnillo Progreso
Motul
Zacatecas Guadalupe Ciudad Madero
mined in the center Mérida
Isla
Cozumel
re

Tampico Umán Valladolid

of the country.
Chichén-Itzá
San Luis Potosí Pánuco
Ticul
Villanueva Uxmal
Or

Ciudad Valles Peto

bbean Sea
Aguascalientes Laguna de Oxkutzcab
Lagos de Río Verde Tamazunchale Tamiahua
Tekax
Felipe Carrillo
ie

Jalpa Moreno Dolores Campeche Puerto

Gulf of Yucatán
nt

Hidalgo Tuxpán
Yahualica Poza Rica
León Guanajuato Pe n i n s u l a
al

7
Champotón
Tequila Querétaro Tulancingo
Papantla Mexico Chetumal
Guadalajara Teziutlán Laguna de
Irapuato Pachuca Bay of Campeche Términos
Tlaquepaque Zamora de MEXICO CITY Perote Xalapa Fransisco Escárcega
Cari

Hidalgo Veracruz Frontera

Carmen
Tlaxcala
IZ
E

(MÉXICO) Alvarado
Ciudad Guzmán Comalcalco L
Morelia Toluca Puebla
Zapotiltic
Popocatépetl 17,887ft (5452m)
Córdoba Coatzacoalcos Villahermosa BE
Tuxpan Uruapan Cuernavaca Cuautla Tehuacán
San
Teapa
Macuspana
Colima Andrés Río
Us
Taxco Zacatepec Minatitlán 8
Tuxtepec Tuxtla Palenque um
aci
Iguala nta
Tecomán Aguililla Río Balsas
I s t m o d e T e h u a n t e p e c Tuxtla San Cristóbal
A

Huajuapan
AL

de Las Casas
Chilpancingo Oaxaca Ocozocuautla
Lázaro Cárdenas Chiapa de
M

Ixtapa Monte Alban Ixtepec

Matías Romero Corzo Comitán
TE

Tecpan Arriaga
Tehuantepec Juchitán Presa de la
A

Acapulco Miahuatlán Pijijiapán Angostura

U

Pinotepa Nacional Salina Cruz G

0 km 100 200 Gulf of Escuintla 9
Puerto Escondido Tehuantepec Huixtla
Tapachula
Puerto
0 miles 100 200 Angel Ciudad Hidalgo

I J K L M N O P 19
 North America

B C D E F G H

Central America Corozal

Lake Nicaragua
is the only
Volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes
Caledonia
Orange Walk
freshwater lake
threaten the livelihoods of people in the M E X I C O Indian Church
San Pedro
in the world
seven countries of Central America. People Hill
Bank Belize City that contains
here have also struggled with poverty and Carmelita
sharks.

ze
i
B el
2 civil war. In more recent years, however, Santa Elena
BELMOPAN
San Ignacio
peace and economic recovery have offered Rí
oU Flores Dangriga
hope, and education is now free in all sum San Benito
ac
in
BELIZE
countries. Remains of the ancient Mayan t La Libertad ya s
Ma tain Monkey River
la
Bah
ía

a
Dolores n e
civilization that flourished until the Mo
u Town
las
d Roatán

as
Sayaxché
San Antonio Is

ur
16th century, when the Spanish invaded, San Luis n d
Trujillo
Iriona
Punta Gorda Ho
3 can be seen throughout the region. Gulf
f
o Puerto Cortés
La Ceiba
Limón
Large numbers of the native Barillas Chisec
Puerto Barrios San Pedro Tela Tocoa
population died after the Sula
Jacaltenango G UAT E M A LLagoAde Morales El Progreso
Savá
San Esteban
invasion, mostly from disease. i
Huehuetenango e r r Nebaj
Chajul
S

Cobán Gualaco
Izabal La Unión
Today, Spanish is the main a
M Rabinal Salamá Motag Gualán
ua Los Amates Yoro
Catacamas
a
language of the region. Santa Cruz del Quiché dre Río
Quezaltenango
Zacapa HONDURAS Siguatepeque Juticalpa
San Marcos Santa Rosa
Chiquimula Campamento
4 de Copán Guaimaca Bocay
GUATEMALA CITY Comayagua
La Esperanza
Jutiapa
Metapán Danlí
Escuintla
TEGUCIGALPA
Santa Ana Jalapa

ec a
Chalatenango

lut
San José
Ahuachapán SAN SALVADOR Ocotal

ho
San Vicente C Somoto
Sonsonate

o
Rí
FAUNA AND FLORA San Miguel Condega
5
Ecotourism, which encourages visitors
but aims to protect and preserve the
EL SALVADOR Usulután aCholuteca
c
Estelí
Jinotega
Somotillo
nse
Matagalpa
environment, is increasingly important Sébaco
f Fo Muy Muy
in the region. In Belize, tourists can dive in o Ciudad Darío
the clear, warm waters off the world’s second Chinandega NLagoIde Managua
C ABoaco
R
lf
Gu

largest barrier reef, and there are wildlife treks

to many forest areas. Animals include jaguars, Corinto
León
howler monkeys, and butterflies.
PA Tipitapa
Juigalpa
MANAGUA Masaya
C
6
TEMPLE PYRAMIDS
Between 250–900 ce, the Maya IF Jinotepe
Nandaime
Granada
Isla de
designed ceremonial centers filled Ometepe
Belén
with temples, courts, and plazas.
IC
Without metal, they shaped Rivas
DECORATED CHURCHES
tools from the solid lava
The Spanish colonizers of the 1500s,
of volcanoes to carve the La Cruz
O
and the missionaries who came with
limestone buildings. One
them, converted the native population and Golfo de
C
of the largest sites is at
established Roman Catholicism throughout Papagayo
Tikal (left), in Guatemala, Liberia
Central America. They also built many
EA

where temple remains

7 fabulously decorated churches. Filadelfia
lie in a huge area of
The one shown here, El Merced,
tropical rainforest. Nicoya
is built in a low, squat style to
N

resist the ever-present threat

of earthquakes. The majority Península
of people still follow the de Nicoya
Roman Catholic faith.

Pyramid with nine

sloping terraces VOLCANIC REGION
Central America is an unstable area because
it lies along the meeting point of two of
Steps leading up Earth’s tectonic plates. There are at least
to the temple at 14 active volcanoes here, including Volcán
the top de Pacaya (right). Although this makes it a
dangerous place to live, the volcanic
soil is very fertile and good for crops.

D E F G H
 Central America

I J K L M N O P

FOOD MARKETS NATIVE PEOPLES

Coffee, bananas, and sugar These Cuna Indians of Panama wear
cane are all key exports from traditional embroidered clothes. 1
here to the food markets of Native Indians and mestizos
the world. Most are cultivated (people of mixed heritage) form
on large plantations. However, a small minority in the region,
food for the local population, although the ethnic mix varies
such as potatoes, avocados, from country to country.
rice, and corn, is grown In Guatemala, more than
on small farms and sold at half the people are direct
local markets. descendants of the
Maya Indians.
2

Brus
Laguna
BANANA INDUSTRY 3
Laguna de Caratasca
The hot, wet climate of Honduras is perfect
ca
atu

Puerto Lempira for cultivating fruit, such as bananas. These

oP

are often grown on huge plantations,

Rí

which employ local people who may

co work long hours for very little pay.
Co
Río Cayos Once cut down, the bananas are
Miskitos washed, inspected, and packed into
Waspam
boxes to be sent abroad. Bananas
are a major export for Honduras.
Tuapi 4
Yablis
Bonanza Puerto Markets selling fresh fruit
Cabezas and vegetables
Coast

Siuna
As bananas grow,
they begin to point
upward.
Prinzapolka
Mosquito

COFFEE BEANS
Barra de
Costa Rica was the first
Río Grande 5
La Sirena country in Central America
to grow coffee and today
Laguna de Perlas
produces more than
A G U A 165,000 tons each
year. Coffee is harvested
El Rama from the fruit of the
Bluefields coffee bush. Once
picked, the beans are
left to dry in the sun.
This worker is raking 6
Lago de Punta the beans as they dry.
Gorda
Nicaragua
San Carlos
San Juan
del Norte
Upala Rí
oS
an Juan
Puerto
Bagaces
Cañas
Viejo
Quesada
COSTA
Siquirres
RICA 7
Istmo de Panamá
Alajuela Heredia El Porvenir
Limón Portobelo
SAN JOSÉ Caribbean Colón illera de San Bl Aligandí
Puntarenas Cartago Cord as
Co Guabito
Sea Cristóbal Gulf of
oya

Cerro Chirripó
r Lago Bayano
Ta dille
Panama Canal Darien
Grande Almirante Puerto
lam ra Mosquito Lago Gatún San Miguelito
Nic

Quepos 12,530ft Obaldía

(3819m) an de Laguna Balboa de Ser
ca de Chiriquí Gulf PANAMA Chimán l D ran
de

Buenos Aires
Bahía Capira CITY
ía n
ar
o

o Cortés Volcán Barú 11,401ft (3475m) La Palma PANAMA CANAL

lf

ié

G de Coronado Palmar Sur Penonomé Archipiélago Forming a vital link

8
BIA

Boquete Cordillera Central Isla El Real Yaviza

de las Perlas between the Atlantic
Aguadulce del Rey Garachiné
La Concepción and Pacific Oceans,
Península de Osa David P A N A M A the Panama Canal
ce
ul

is one of the world’s

M

D Santiago
fo Chitré
G ol Golfo busiest waterways. After
Ocú Gulf
O

de Chiriquí Las Tablas Jaqué sharing the canal with

Guarumal
o f Pa n a m a
L

Península de the US, Panama took full

0 km 50 100 150 200
Azuero O control in 1999. Over the
Isla de Coiba
Isla C years, trade has made Panama 9
0 miles 50 100 150 200 Cébaco City a major financial center.

I J K L M N O P 21
 North America

B C D E F G H

The Caribbean UNITED STATES

OF AMERICA
Grand Bahama
Island
Marsh Harbour

This region consists of thousands of islands stretching from

Freeport
Great Abaco
Bimini annel
Islands
rovi dence Ch
Cuba in the west to Trinidad and Tobago in the southeast. European Berry rthe
ast P
o
colonists wanted control of the islands in the 1500s, but the diseases Islands N

they brought wiped out most of the local Carib and Arawak peoples. Nicholls NASSAU Eleuthera Island

a
Town

id
New
2 African slaves, imported to work on plantations, replaced local Rock Sound

or
l Providence
peoples and today most of the population are descended from F Andros Town

Ex oun
of Cat Island

S
um d
Exuma
those Africans. English, Spanish, and its

a
a Cays San Salvador
St r Andros Island
French are spoken in different Tropic of Cancer
Anguilla Cays
T H E B A H A M A S
countries, depending on HAVANA Rum Cay
(LA HABANA) Guanabacoa George Town
which European power Artemisa Cárdenas Great Exuma Island Long Island
e
Pinar Matanzas ssag
claimed the territory. del Río
Sagua la Grande
Archipiélago
Clarence
d P a Crooked
C h a na t a n

3 Town n
l

Consolación la
Tourism and agriculture Santa Clara Island
ne

La Fé del Sur
de Camagüey Is
Cienfuegos Placetas Crooke d
are major sources Ragged Island
Yuc

Nueva Gerona Morón Acklins

Range

na
Island ua
of employment.

Ba
Isla de Cayo Largo Sancti ag ag
Ciego de Ávila May

hía

e
la Juventud Spíritus s
Pas
os
C U B A
de
Archipiélago de los Canarre ch

Co
in Nuevitas
os Camagüey
Lake Rosa
4 Archipiélago de Las Tunas Holguín Matthew
los Jardines de la Reina Town

ge
Bayamo

ssa
Manzanillo
Guantánamo

Pa
Cayman Palma Soriano
Brac

d
Little Cayman Santiago de Cuba

ar
dw
GEORGE
TOWN Grand Cayman G Guantánamo Bay
(to US) W
in

r
5
CAYMAN ISLANDS e NAVASSA ISLAND Île de la Gonâve
(to UK)
Montego Bay a (to US)

am
Jérémie

J
ai Cayes
ca
CUBA
Spanish Town
e Ch
ann
Cuba is the largest island and the only communist country JAMAICA r
in the region. It was supported by the communist superpower,
Car KINGSTON el
the USSR, until the USSR collapsed in 1991, at which time
ibbea A
6
many Cubans suffered great economic hardship. The Cuban
government invested its money in improving social services.
The people benefit from a good health service and a high Cuba specializes in
n Sea
literacy rate. Children who complete pre-university education making top-quality cigars.
are awarded the Bachillerato. 0 km 50 100 150 200

JAMAICA
The Rastafarian religion began in Kingston,
Jamaica, in the 1930s. Followers worship
The most 0 miles 50 100 150 200

Rastafarian, whose
Haile Selassie, the former emperor of
Ethiopia (Ras Tafari), and believe that God
densely populated CARIBBEAN CROPS
The semi-tropical climate here creates ideal conditions
7
religion forbids him
from cutting his hair
will lead black people back to Ethiopia, the
Promised Land. Jamaica is also home
country in the for many crops, especially sugar. The growing and
processing of sugar is an important industry in Cuba,
to reggae music, a rhythmic
blend of African, European, Caribbean is Jamaica, and many of the Lesser Antilles, providing
jobs and income for the region. Fermented cane sugar
and South American
styles that can be heard Barbados. is used to make rum and is a major export.
across the island. Sugar cane
The lyrics often tell
of hardship and Plantain
political struggle. Breadfruit
Sweet potato
8

Papaya

Okra
9

Mango Ginger Chilli Banana

22 A B C D E F G H
 The Caribbean

I J K L M N O P

HURRICANES
The Caribbean islands can
be devastated by hurricanes 1
between May and October
each year. These powerful
and damaging storms occur
when a normal storm builds
up energy as it moves
across the Atlantic Ocean.
Eventually, violent winds
and torrential rain are
released on the islands.
2

Tropic of Cancer FAMILY LIFE

Family is very important here,
and is usually the center of TROPICAL ISLES
everyday life. Some Caribbean White sands and warm
people migrated to other seas attract vast numbers 3
TURKS countries, such as the UK, but of visitors to these islands.
Mayaguana Tourism is important to the
ge & CAICOS return when they retire—
assa economies of many countries
sP ISLANDS often bringing considerable
ico money back with them. including the Bahamas and
Ca (to UK) the Dominican Republic. Many
COCKBURN TOWN people work in tourism-related
jobs, such as in hotels.
Little Inagua
Great Inagua
A T L 4
DOMINICAN A N
L e e
REPUBLIC w a r T
Cap- Monte Cristi d I
Haïtien Puerto Plata
VIRGIN
BRITISH VIRGIN
ISLANDS I s C
Santiago ANGUILLA
Gonaïves San Francisco de Macorís ISLANDS (to UK) l
(to UK) a
C o r d i l La Vega (to US) ROAD n
HAITI le SAN JUAN THE VALLEY
Centr ANTIGUA & d s
TOWN

O
Sint Maarten 5
ge
ra

La Romana Mayagüez CHARLOTTE (to Netherlands)

BARBUDA
ssa
al

C
Caguas AMALIE Saba
Pa

PORT-AU- SANTO (to Netherlands)

Barbuda
Isla Saona o n Ponce

E
a

DOMINGO Isla ST JOHN’S

Jacmel PRINCE M
Mona PUERTO RICO
St Croix BASSETERRE Antigua

A
(to US) SAINT KITTS & NEVIS BRADES
GUADELOUPE

N
Isla Beata
s L e MONTSERRAT Grande Terre
n t i l l e ss (to UK)
(to France)
Pointe-à-Pitre
er BASSE-TERRE
Basse-Terre
Marie-Galante 6

HAITI DOMINICA
Haiti was the first ROSEAU
A

Caribbean country to Ma r t i n i q u e P a ss a g e
n

Islands
become independent.
However, political unrest, MARTINIQUE FORT-DE-FRANCE
ti

l
combined with poor soil a nn e
(to France)
and natural disasters, S t L u c i a Ch
l l e

have made Haiti one

ST LUCIA CASTRIES 7
of the poorest countries
Sa
in the world. Health care int
Vincen
Vieux Fort BARBADOS
s

and sanitation levels are t Pa s s ag e

poor and, as a result, life Saint Vincent
expectancy is low. BRIDGETOWN
SAINT VINCENT &
KINGSTOWN
ard

THE GRENADINES
The Grenadines
dw

Haitian man Lesser Antilles

selling flowers ARUBA GRENADA ST GEORGE'S 8
in

(Netherlands) CURAÇAO
(Netherlands) BONAIRE
W

ORANJESTAD (to Netherlands) A TIME TO CELEBRATE

KRALENDIJK The celebration of Diwali (Hindu), Eid ul-Fitr Tobago

IA
WILLEMSTAD (Muslim), and Christmas (Christian) reflect the
B varied religions of people in Trinidad and Tobago. TRINIDAD &
M The woman above is dressed for Carnival in PORT-OF-SPAIN TOBAGO
LO
Port of Spain to mark the beginning of the
Christian season of Lent. Trinidad
O Gulf of
San Fernando
9
C

V EN EZU EL A Paria

I J K L M N O P 23
 South America

SOUTH AMERICA
Although South America is much poorer than its northern neighbor, it is rich in natural
resources. Its mineral wealth led to its invasion by the Portuguese and Spanish in the 1500s,
and their languages and culture still shape the lives of the people here. The nations below
are listed in order of area, headed by Brazil—the world’s fifth largest country.

Brazil Venezuela

3,287,957 sq miles 352,144 sq miles Latin American culture

8,515,770 sq km 912,050 sq km is world famous, thanks
to its infectious music
205,824,000 30,912,000 and dance. Here a
Brasília Caracas couple in Buenos Aires,
Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Amerindian Argentina, demonstrate
Spanish, Polish, Japanese, languages the art of the tango.
Amerindian languages

Bolivia Chile

424,164 sq miles 291,933 sq miles

1,098,581 sq km 756,102 sq km
10,970,000 17,650,000
La Paz Santiago
Aymara, Quechua, Spanish Spanish, Amerindian
languages

Argentina Paraguay Ecuador

1,073,518 sq miles 157,048 sq miles 109,484 sq miles

2,780,400 sq km 406,752 sq km 283,561 sq km
43,887,000 6,863,000 16,081,000
Buenos Aires Asunción Quito
Spanish, Italian, Amerindian Guaraní, Spanish, German Spanish, Quechua, other
languages Amerindian languages

Peru Guyana Uruguay

496,225 sq miles 83,000 sq miles 68,037 sq miles

1,285,216 sq km 214,969 sq km 176,215 sq km
30,741,000 736,000 3,351,000
Lima Georgetown Montevideo
Spanish, Quechua, Aymara English Creole, Hindi, Tamil, Spanish
Amerindian languages, English

Colombia Suriname

439,736 sq miles 63,251 sq miles

1,138,910 sq km 163,820 sq km
47,221,000 585,800
Soccer is a national
Bogotá passion in Brazil. Paramaribo
Spanish, Wayuu, Páez, and Most of these barefoot Sranan (creole), Dutch,
other Amerindian languages boys on Ipanema beach, Javanese, Sarnami Hindi,
Rio de Janeiro, will be Saramaccan (creole),
dreaming of playing for Chinese, Carib
Brazil in the World Cup.

24
Hidden high in
the Andes, the
ruined city of Machu
Picchu is a spectacular
symbol of the Inca
empire of Peru that
was destroyed by the
Spanish invasion.

25
 B C D E F G H I

1
Northwest
2
South America 2
High mountains and plateaus, dense tropical rainforest,
and coastal swamps are found in this region. In the 16th century,
South America

promises of untold riches attracted the Spanish to the countries

here. They found the vast empire of the Incas, which stretched from
what is now Peru into northern Colombia. To the north and east,
other colonizers—Dutch, English, and French—arrived. Today,
3 although the countries are independent, with the exception of 3

French Guiana, Spanish remains the main language. The population ANDES MOUNTAINS
The Andes, the world’s longest mountain
is mainly a mix of native peoples and Europeans, except along the chain, extends 4,505 miles (7,250 km) down the
Caribbean coast where descendants of former African slaves live. western edge of South America. Barley, wheat,
and potatoes grow well in highland areas, and
are cultivated on the terraced hillsides.
C a r i b b e a n Puerto FRENCH GUIANA
López French Guiana is the
4 Santa Punto Fijo only remaining colony 4
S e a Marta Ríohacha Isla Blanquilla
Coro Isla de La Asunción Tobago in South America, and
Barranquilla Margarita is governed by France.
Maracaibo CARACAS Carúpano TRINIDAD &
G u l f o f D a ri e n Soledad Valledupar Porlamar TOBAGO Tropical forests cover more
Cabimas
Cumaná Valencia than four-fifths of its land.
Cartagena Ciudad Ojeda Puerto La Cruz Trinidad In 1968, the European Space
Sincelejo Barquisimeto Maracay Barcelona Agency established a launch
Acarigua Maturín
PANAM Valera Anaco site on the coast at Kourou,
Montería Valle de Tucupita

A
El Vigía Guanare la Pascua El Tigre
which is still used today.
5
Aguachica s oco Ciudad Guayana 5
uc
a Mérida Barinas San Fernando o Río Orin
Caucasia Upata Matthews
Ca Cúcuta n Ciudad Embalse

Río
San Cristóbal e
l a Ridge Charity
A T L
o A pur L Bolívar de Guri
í a
Dabeiba
A N
Yarumal Bucaramanga R uc El Callao GEORGETOWN
R ío Ara Aurora T I
New
A O C E
Bello Barrancabermeja ta
V E N E Z U E LEl Dorado

N
Río Me Peters Mine
A N C
Medellín Amsterdam PARAMARIBO

IF
Puerto Carreño Angel

A I C
Sogamoso Falls Linden

ral

C
Nuquí
Quibdó Tunja eta Puerto R Totness Sinnamary
Kamarang
ío

E
Yopal ío GUYANA St-Laurent-

A
Manizales Ayacucho Kourou

R
Río Caur

Orealla
Car

C
du-Maroni
a

Pereira Zipaquira s

P
G

Cent
Apoera

í a
CAYENNE
on

6 ain 6
í

nt

O
Armenia u
u

BOGOTÁ Kurupukari

n
a Mo Grand-Santi Ouanary

Río Orinoco
Tuluá Ibagué i Pakaraim

o
Villavicencio Puerto Inírida a SURINAME FRENCH St-Georges

z
Buenaventura
Ess

Palmira n Lethem

a
(Venezuela claims all GUIANA
Co

Cali C O L O M B I A a of Guyana west of (to France) Camopi

a
ura

Neiva Essequibo River) Tumuc

A
-Humac Mounta i n s

er
H
nty

-
Garzón

ll
ne

Río
equibo Rive

Popayán San José del

i
r

a
Ori i g
Tumaco

í
noco
Pitalito Guaviare

rd
h l (claimed by
o u Suriname)
IL

Pasto C Mocoa Florencia q

Río V
aup
a n (claimed by
7 Esmeraldas o és Z d s Suriname) 7
Ibarra n Rí Mitú A
Santo Domingo Tulcán i oA
pa
r po Equator BR
de los Colorados QUITO O ris
Equator CARACAS
Manta Río Venezuela’s population is growing rapidly and more
ECUADOR Pu
t
Rí
oC than 89 per cent of its people now live in cities. The oil
Ambato aqu

um
Portoviejo etá industry brings in considerable wealth, but many people
ay
Rí o
Riobamba oN are still poor. Although Caracas, Venezuela’s capital city, is
Guayaquil apo
an important financial center, it has many shantytowns.
Milagro
8 R 8
Cuenca ío

Pa
Machala
A
Iquitos ma

staza
Tumbes Loja zo n
 Nauta

ri
Sullana n
Chulucanas ñó
ra

a
i
Yava
Piura l
aya ANGEL FALLS

A
Rio

Río M
Uc Each year thousands of
9 9

Río
Ferreñafe Chachapoyas 0 km 100 200 300 400 tourists visit the spectacular
Tarapoto Angel Falls on the River
Chiclayo Cajamarca Churún in eastern Venezuela.
0 miles 100 200 300 400
The Falls were spotted by an

n
San Pedro

Río
de Lloc P E R U American pilot, Jimmy Angel,

Hua
in 1935, and later named

ll a
Trujillo Pucallpa after him. The water drops

ga
Chimbote for 2,648 ft (807 m), making

d
Aguaytía Angel Falls the highest
Huaraz Abunã
10 Rio uninterrupted waterfall 10
Huarmey Fortaleza
Huánuco in the world.
Chiquián

e
Cerro de Pasco
Huacho Cobija Riberalta

ni
ios
eD B

Be
d
Callao Huancayo re
Puerto ad

Río
RA
M

s
Maldonado ío

R
LIMA Ri
ZI
L

C
Quillabamba oG
uap

or
oré
11 11

di
Pisco Ayacucho Magdalena

R í o Ma
ll
Ica e r a Cusco Reyes

moré
O B O
c A Ayaviri L I V I A
Nazca c i
d Nevado Pupuya
Trinidad

Río
Lomas
en Juliaca 19,088ft (5818m)

S
ta
l Lake

an
Nevado Ampato n Titicaca

M
20,702ft (6310m) Puno Copacabana

ig
ue
Camaná LA PAZ l San Matías
12
Arequipa 12
P Montero
A Moquegua Cochabamba Buena Vista

d
San José
C Nevado Oruro The railway
I Sajama
Tacna 21,391ft Lago Aiquile
Santa Cruz
F

A
(6520m) Uncía Puerto from Lima climbs
I Poopó

l
Suárez

C
Sabaya

C
SUCRE

e
15,807 ft (4,818 m)

t i

H
Potosí

O
Villa Uyuni Monteagudo into the Andes and
13 Martin 13

I L
AY

l a
GU

C E
is the highest in

E
Tupiza
A
R

MACHU PICCHU

n o
Tarija the Americas.
PA

The conquering Spaniards never found the remains of this Villazón

A N
important Inca city—it remained a secret until Hiram Bingham, an
American archaeologist and explorer, discovered its ruins hidden in ARGENTINA
the forest in 1911. Situated on a high ridge northwest of Cusco, this Tropic of Capricorn THE INCAS
magnificent ruined city covers 5 sq miles (13 sq km), and has small The Incas first lived in the mountainous
14
houses, temples, and stairways built around a central square. area near Cusco in Peru. By the time of 14
Quechua the Spanish invasion, the Inca Empire
MINERALS woman in extended north into southern Colombia
LAKE TITICACA and south through Bolivia and into
Many countries in this area At 12,507 ft (3,812 m), Peru
have extensive reserves of Argentina and Chile. The Quechua
Lake Titicaca is the highest Indians were the most powerful group
gold, silver, copper, and gems. navigable lake in the world. It
Colombia produces more than in the empire, and theirs was the
is also South America’s largest official language. The Quechua
half the world’s emeralds. The lake. The Uru people live here
Incas made good use of these and Aymara peoples now live on
in houses built on huge, the high plains in the Andes.
15 resources and created many floating reed islands. They 15
beautiful golden objects, such grow potatoes, hunt birds,
as this llama. LIFE ON THE HIGH PLAINS
and catch fish, using
boats made from tightly The Altiplano is a cold plateau at high altitude between two ranges
bundled reeds. of the Andes Mountains in southwest Bolivia and southern Peru. The
native peoples who live here graze sheep and llamas on the windy
plains. They have generally retained their own language and customs.

16 16
Northwest South America

A B C D E F G H I

27
 South America

B C D F G H

Brazil
VENEZUELA

GUYANA
u

G
Uraricoera
A ia
BI na
Boa Vista

The vibrant culture of brazil— M

Hi
Caracaraí

LO
with its fusion of music and dance—reflects ghl
Pico da Neblina Ror ands
the rich mix of its ethnic groups. The country aima

CO
9888ft (3014m)
also boasts immense natural resources with COFFEE
Equator
Represa
Ri
2 well-developed mining and manufacturing Brazil produces about one-quarter
of the world’s coffee, which is
oN
egr
Balbina
Rio Jap u r á o
industries. Brazil grows all its own food grown on large plantations in the
and exports large quantities of coffee, states of Paraná and São Paulo.
However, because world coffee Rio Içá Manaus
sugar cane, soya beans, oranges, and prices go up and down so much, Am
azo
Brazilians are now growing other
cotton. However, the wealth is not crops for export as well.
Tefé n
ra

ru á
Coari
evenly distributed, with some people

ei
Ju

ad
ri
living in luxury while most struggle

io

M
ava R o

ru
oJ Rio P u Ri
Ri
3

Basin
with poverty. São Paulo is home to more Amazon
than 21 million people, but poverty and
lack of housing means that many live in Humaitá
shantytowns without running water or Japiim

B R
Feijó

PE
sanitation. Brazil was colonized in the 16th
Porto
century by the Portuguese, who established A c r
e Abunã Velho
Rio
4
their language and their Roman Catholic R R
faith. It remains a deeply Catholic country U on
dô
nia
with a strong emphasis on family life. C hap
B Guap a d a

Rio Juruena
O oré d o Vilhena
AMAZON RAINFOREST
LI s
Pa
Covering more than one-third of
Brazil, the rainforest is home to a VIA

re
huge variety of animals and plant life.

ci
s
5 At one time, more than 5 million
native Indians also lived here, but
now only about 200,000 remain. Over
the years, vast areas of forest have
been cut down to provide timber for
export, to make way for farmland, or
to mine minerals such as gold, silver,
and iron. The Kaxinawa Indians (left)
still cultivate root vegetables as
a food crop.
6

Brazilian morpho butterfly
7 with brilliant blue wings
lives in rainforests from
Brazil to Venezuela.
BRASÍLIA
Brasília replaced Rio de Janeiro as Brazil’s capital
in 1960 as part of a scheme to develop the interior
of the country. Situated on land that was once
rainforest, the city is laid out in the shape of
an airplane. Government buildings are in the
“cockpit,” and residential areas are in the “wings.”

PEOPLE OF BRAZIL
8
Brazilians come from a variety
of different ethnic groups,
including descendants
of the original native
Indians, the Portuguese
colonizers, African
slaves brought over
SOCCER ENTHUSIASTS
to work in the sugar
Brazilians are passionate about soccer,
plantations, and
which is played everywhere from beaches
European
9 to shantytowns. There is fervent support for the
migrants.
national team, which has won the World Cup more
times than any other country, most recently in 2002.

28 A B C D E F G H
 Brazil

I J K L M N O P

FRENCH
GUIANA 0 km 200 400
(to France)
SURINAME 1
0 miles 200 400

Tum
u c - Humac ths o
f
Mou mazon T

A
M o u n tains
the A L
Amapá A
Ilha Caviana de Fora
N Equator
Macapá Baía de Marajó TI
Ilha
C
azon
de Marajó Belém de s OC 2
Alenquer Am ía arco
Ba o M
ã
EAN
S
Santarém Parnaíba
Altamira
São Camocim
Itaituba Represa de Luís Fortaleza
Tucuruí Piripiri AMAZON TRANSPORT
Bacabal The Amazon River provides Brazil
R i o Xin

Teresina Cabo de
s

with its most important transportation

jó

Imperatriz São Roque

pa

Marabá Ceará Mossoró Assu link, not only for tourists but also 3
ão
Ta

Maranh for trade. Large boats can travel as

g
io

R Rio Grande do Norte

u

Natal far inland as the city of Manaus.

P a r á Floriano João
Carolina ba Pessoa
Se

a Araguaína Picos Paraí

rr

do s Balsas Juazeiro do Norte

n

C ac Campina Grande
auí
A Z I L
anti

him bo Pi mbuco
Perna
s
daú

Rio Toc

Cachimbo
Al
ago Recife
Represa de Sobradinho Juazeiro as
Ri

Gra
oS

Palmas Maceió 4
sa
ão

a
sco
mo

do Tocantis ad na
Ma

dos

nsi

ap nti
For

Aracaju
nuel

Rio São Fra

T o ca n ti n s a Estância
D Ch

Barreiras
M

Serra

m
Serra

Feira de
ia
at

Taguatinga
Santana
o

ro
aia
G

ss B a h i a Salvador B aía d
ragu

s
o s o s S a e T odo RIO CARNIVAL
i á Planalto n tos During the five days leading up to Lent,
Rio A

5
o Vitória da Rio de Janeiro celebrates Carnival. There
Cuiabá G Conquista Itabuna
BRASÍLIA are street parties, balls, and parades in the
streets, and samba schools compete for
Anápolis Central Janaúba
Canavieiras awards for best costume and best float.
Rondonópolis Montes Claros
Goiânia Mi
na Araçuai
Jataí s G
Pan

era
Mato Grosso Araguari is Caravelas
São Paulo has the world’s
ta

do Sul Governador
largest Japanese community
na

Uberlândia 6
l Valadares Espírito
Campo Uberaba Santo

Aquidauana
Grande
São José
Divinópolis
Belo Horizonte outside Japan.
do Rio Preto Vitória
Presidente Epitácio Ribeirão Preto
Juiz de Fora Campos dos
Marília
Campinas Goytacazes
PA Londrina ulo Nova
Maringá Iguaçu Rio de Janeiro 7
a

R São Paulo
oP

Tropic of Capricorn
Sã

Paraná Santos
A

Represa
G

de Itaipú Ponta Grossa

IC
U

R i o Iguaçu Curitiba
AY

Saltos do
Iguaçu Joinville
C NT
N

Blumenau
a Catarina
Sant
EA

Florianópolis
LA

Passo Fundo 8

Rio Gran d e
T
O

BEACH CULTURE
Santa Maria Canoas
A

Wide, sandy beaches along the

do Sul Porto Alegre eastern coast of Brazil provide a
playground for large numbers of
U Bagé Lagoa dos Patos Brazilians who come here to relax,
RU meet friends, and play volleyball or
G Rio Grande football. By far the most popular beach
UA Mirim Lagoon
is Copacabana (right) in Rio de Janeiro. 9
Y Only the strongest swimmers brave
the strong tides of the Atlantic.

I J K L M N O P 29
 B C D E F G H I

A mix of Colonial
1
Spanish, Italian,
and Art Deco styles
Southern South America of architecture
shows Montevideo’s
Towering mountains, vast grassy plains, and hot rich history.
deserts create a very diverse geographical landscape. The
four countries in this region—Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay,
2 and Argentina—were once Spanish colonies but gained 2
their independence in the early 1800s. Each country
South America

has an elected government but their

economies remain fragile. Most of RU
the population speak Spanish and PE

Co
ITAIPÚ DAM
The enormous Itaipú dam on the

rd
are mestizo—of mixed Spanish Arica
Paraná River in Paraguay is one

ille
and native Indian descent—except

o
of the world’s largest hydroelectric

r
3 LIVIA 3
for Argentina, where up to 97 percent projects. It generates 75 percent of BO

a O
the electricity Paraguay needs as Capitán

c
are descended from Europeans. well as large amounts for export. Pablo Lagerenza

cci
General Eugenio
Iquique

a
A.Garay
ATACAMA DESERT Fuerte Olimpo URUGUAY’S CAPITAL
Lagunas

dental
Sandwiched between the high Andes and the sea, the The capital of Uruguay, Montevideo,

h
Atacama Desert in northern Chile is one of the hottest and Mariscal is home to nearly half the country’s
driest areas in the world. Rain hardly ever falls here. This Tocopilla Estigarribia population. It is also the main
4 Chuquicamata La 4
C
harsh landscape, however, is rich in copper deposits. Pedro Juan port and economic center.
Calama Quiaca

D e s e r t
San Ramón de la Caballero This lively capital lies on the
Mejillones Nueva Orán PARAGUAY east bank of the Río de
la Plata, and is a
Antofagasta Pil n Concepción popular holiday
Nevado de Chañi Tropic of Caprico

E
co
m rn
20,341ft (6200m) San Salvador ay resort because
o
Par

de Jujuy
a
of its white

m a
Río
B Las Lomitas Rosario sandy beaches.
Salta
r

a
erm
aguay

ejo

L
5 Taltal 5
G
Metan Coronel Oviedo
Cafayate ASUNCIÓN
Ciudad
Chañaral Cerro Galán Villarrica Caazapá del Este
Formosa
21,654ft (6600m)

I
A t a c
á

San Miguel de Tucumán Eldorado

e s
Cerro Ojos Yuty
an

Caldera del Salado San Juan r

Santiago Pa
22,572ft Pilar Bautista
Copiapó (6880m) del Estero Resistencia Encarnación

d
Corrientes
Posadas

H
6 San Fernando 6
Añatuya
del Valle de
Vallenar Santo Tomé
R ío

Catamarca Frías

n
y
S

Domeyko al Reconquista ua
ug
L

ad Mercedes
o
Ur

Vera Goya I
La Rioja

C
La Serena

A
Z
Deán Funes Laguna A
Coquimbo Mar Chiquita Monte Caseros Artigas R
Monte Patria
á

Ovalle Jesús María B

ran

7 Rafaela Rivera 7
Pa

Cerro San Juan Concordia Salto

Illapel Aconcagua Córdoba Tacuarembó
22,835ft Santa Fe
Salamanca (6960m) Paraná
Villa María Paysandú o
La Ligua eg r
La Calera Mendoza Rosario R ío N Melo
Viña del Mar San Luis Río Cuarto
CHILEAN EDUCATION Mercedes
Chile has a relatively high literacy rate Valparaíso Godoy Cruz Gualeguaychú Mirim
Villa Mercedes URUGUAY Lagoon
(ability to read and write). This may be San Antonio SANTIAGO Pergamino Dolores
because between the ages of 6 and 18 Trinidad
8 Rancagua Florida 8
schooling is both free and compulsory. Rufino Junín Zárate
Pichilemu San Rafael BUENOS AIRES Chuy
Curicó Realicó s La Plata
General Alvear a mpa
(

Talca P Lomas de Zamora ve MONTEVIDEO

Ri Río

r
 Pehuajó
de
Parral Linares Trenque la
P la
Pla te
Santa Rosa Lauquen ta)
Talcahuano Dolores
Chillán Olavarría Azul
9 Concepción Tandil 9
Rí A R G E N T I N A
oB
Balcarce

R
ío Los Ángeles ío
Lebu B ío Co
lor Tres Arroyos Mar del
ado
Bahía Blanca Plata
Temuco Zapala Cipolletti Coronel Necochea
Neuquén Punta Alta Dorrego
Loncoche Choele Choel Bah
Río
í a B l a n ca
Ne
10 Valdivia San Antonio gro 10
Lago Oeste IC
Nahuel Huapí Viedma T
Osorno

s
Puerto Varas N N
San Carlos Maquinchao Golfo San Matías
de Bariloche A
Puerto Montt

E
LA
Ancud Peninsula

C
T

e
Valdés
Castro

a do
Go
Esquel

O
A
lfo N
Isla de Chiloé Trelew uevo
11 WINES FROM CHILE 11

rcov
R Rawson
About 90 percent of Chileans live in í o C b ut
hu

Co
the central region, where the rich soil

d
a
o Paso
is ideal for a wide range of agriculture. G olf
de Indios

o
Vines were brought to Chile by the

i
hic
Spaniards, and the country now has Lago
DANCING THE TANGO

oC

C
an important wine-making industry Musters Rí Popular around the world today, the tango

os
that exports wine all over the world. Puerto Aisén Comodoro

n
Sarmiento originated in the slums of Buenos Aires in
Coihaique Rivadavia the late 1800s. This passionate dance with its

o n

C hon
Lago Golfo San Jorge
12 Buenos Aires
characteristic rhythm is accompanied by music 12

los é la g o
0 km 200 400

A
Chile Chico

H
Caleta Olivia on a type of concertina known as a bandoneón,

d e rc hipi
Cerro Perito together with piano and violin.

R
San Valentín Moreno ío

A
0 miles 200 400 13,314ft De

s
sea

a
(4058m) d

na
Cochrane Puerto

I
Pe
Deseado Chile has a large

de
Cerro
ANDES MOUNTAIN WEATHER lf o Mellizo Sur
The Andes stretch the entire length of Go 10,007ft (3050m) concentration of
South America, and this has a major Rí

L
oC
13 effect on the weather. As westerly air from hi Puerto San Julián astronomical 13
co BUENOS AIRES

P a t
the Pacific Ocean rises over the mountains, Isla
Wellington More than one-third of Argentina’s
its moisture can fall as rain and snow. By the z observatories
a Cru population lives in or around the capital
time it reaches the eastern side, the air is Río Sa nt
Buenos Aires. A thriving port on the

E
much drier and the landscape is more arid. El Calafate Bahía River Plate estuary, it is the largest city in because of its
Cerro Paine G rande Argentina. The colorful La Boca district
8760ft (2670m) with its painted walls is home to the exceptionally
Río Gallegos
descendants of Italian immigrants.
Puerto Natales
clear skies.

PA
14 14
Strait of Magellan

CI
F
Punta Arenas Porvenir

IC
Ti Gaucho herding
a de
e rr Isla cattle in the
l Fueg de los Estados Pampas region
Ushuaia o

O
C
15 E Beagle Channel 15
A Cape Horn
N (Cabo de Hornos)

PAMPAS
Vast, treeless plains called the Pampas—
which means “flat” in Spanish—cover
much of southern and western Argentina.
16 The Pampas are used to grow cereals and 16
raise cattle. Gauchos, Argentinian cowboys,
Southern South America

work on large ranches, or estancias.

A B C D E F G H I

31
 Atlantic Ocean

B C D E F G H

Atlantic Ocean GREENLAND

The largest island in the world,
Greenland is a self-governing
part of Denmark. Most
Fishing for
halibut

The world’s second-largest ocean, the Atlantic

Greenlanders live on the
southwest coast. Mainly
Inuit, with some Danish-
separates the Americas from Europe and Africa. The Norwegian influences,
Atlantic is the world’s youngest ocean, starting to form they make their living
by seal hunting, fishing,
about 180 million years ago, as the continental plates and fur trapping.
2 began to separate. This movement continues NORTH
today, as the oceanic plates that meet at TOURISM AMERICA
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge continue to pull The volcanic islands and black
beaches of the eastern Atlantic,
apart. The Atlantic is a major source of fish especially the Canaries (left),
but, due to overfishing, stocks are now low. Madeira, and the Azores, are BERMUDA
popular with tourists, who are
Many shipping routes cross the Atlantic, attracted by the scenery and
(to UK)

Pla eras
and pollution is an international problem subtropical climate.

in
3

tt
as ships dump chemicals and waste. There Gulf of

Ha
Mexico
are substantial reserves of oil and gas in
the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of west Gr
ea Puerto R
ter T r e nc ico
Africa, and in the north Atlantic. Ant
illes
h

Caribbean Sea

es
Colombian

ill
4 nt
Basin rA
Guatemala Le s s e
WARM CURRENTS Mid-Atlantic Tristan da
Basin
The Gulf Stream flows up the Ridge Cunha island
east coast of North America
and across the Atlantic. It brings Panama
warm water and a mild climate Basin
to northern Europe, which would Galápagos Islands
otherwise be cooler. (to Ecuador)

At the
5
center of
the ridge

Peru-
is a valley
at least 10 miles
(16 km) wide.
Pe
SOUTH

Ch
ile
ru
UNDERWATER MOUNTAINS

Tr
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a great

Ba

A
en
underwater mountain chain that runs
n
sin

ch
6
the entire length of the Atlantic. It was
formed by magma that oozed up from
the sea bed, cooled to create solid rock, PACIFIC

d
and gradually built up to form a ridge.
Some peaks are so high that they break

e
the surface to form volcanic islands, such OCEAN
Peru
as the country of Iceland.

s
Chile
-Chi
ATLANTIC FISHING INDUSTRY
The Atlantic Ocean contains more than half the
7 world’s total stock of fish. Herring, anchovy, sardine, Basin
le T
Humpback whale
cod, flounder, and tuna are among the most important
WHALES breaching
ren

fish found here. However, overfishing, particularly of cod

Many whales and tuna, has caused a significant decline in numbers. Ch
ch

live in the Atlantic, ile

migrating from R
is
summer feeding e
grounds in the cold polar
regions to warmer waters
in the Caribbean for the
8 winter. They give
birth and mate
again before
returning FALKLANDS
north. Set in the windy south Atlantic
off the coast of Argentina,
the Falkland Islands belong
to the UK but are also
claimed by Argentina.
Fishing and sheep farming
9 are important. The land is
rocky, mountainous, boggy,
and almost treeless.

32 A B C D E H
 Atlantic Ocean

I J K L M N O P

GREENLAND ait
Str 1
Labrador (to Denmark)
a rk
Sea e nm ICELAND
D
REYKJAVIK FAROE ISLANDS
Reykjanes (to Denmark)

a
Labrador Iceland

e
Basin

cS
nk
Basin Basin a British North
lB

lti
Charlie-Gibbs Fractur
e Zone c k al Isles Sea Ba
Ro EUROPE
g e

Newfoundland
s
Grand Bank
s of Bay of l p Mineral-rich waters
in the Blue Lagoon,
Newfoundla
nd Biscay A 2
id

Newfoundland Iceland, are said to

be beneficial to
Azores Med
R

Basin people’s health.

(to Portugal) it
Zone
er
ti
ra
c

East Azores Fracture nea

Ris uda

Sohm ns
ntai
an u n Sea
m

Mo
e

Madeira ICELAND
Plain
Ber

t l Great Meteor s
(to Portugal)
Canary Islands A tla Iceland is situated in the north Atlantic on

Sargasso
A Tablemount (to Spain)
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. As a result, it has at
Madeira least 20 active volcanoes and suffers frequent
-

3
earthquakes. There are numerous thermal
d

Sea Plain
S a h a r a springs with boiling mud lakes and geysers.
Mi

Water from hot springs (above) is used to

N a res provide hot water and heating for much of
P l a in Cape Verde Iceland’s population, most of whom live
Kane Plain on the coast. The warm Gulf Stream
Fractur
e Zone
Cape Verde ensures that the country’s ports
Basin PRAIA stay ice-free in winter.
CAPE
VERDE
S a h e l 4

ATLANTIC AFRICA
Dem
Pla erar
in a
Doldrums Fractu
re Zone Sierra The Atlantic
Leone Sierra
Rise Leone covers one-fifth
Amazon
OCEAN Basin
Guinea Gulf of of Earth’s
Fan
M Basin
Cea
rá
i d
ne
Guinea
surface. 5
Pl e Zo
a Pernambuco Fractur
on
Ascensi
Fernando de
-
in

Noronha Plain
(to Brazil)
AMERICA ASCENSION ISLAND
A t

(to UK) ICEBERGS

Icebergs in the Atlantic Ocean are
Brazil Angola formed when icesheets and glaciers
l a n t i c

Basin Basin
reach the sea. Parts break off and start
to drift, driven by winds and currents.
6
ST HELENA
(to UK) Zubov
Seamount
Ilha da
Vitória Trindade
e

Seamount
idg

(to Brazil)
R i d

s R

Santos
O range Fan
vi

Plateau
al

Cape
W

Rio Grande
g e

7
Rise Basin
Cape of
TRISTAN DA CUNHA Good Hope
(to UK)
Argentine e Gough Island
Gulf of San Matías ure Zon (to Tristan da Cunha)
Fract
Basin Gough
Gulf of San Jorge
FALKLAND ISLANDS Z api o la Ridge BOUVET 8
(to UK) Scotia SOUTH SANDWICH ISLAND
Sea ISLANDS (to Norway)
(to UK)
Cape SOUTH GEORGIA
Horn
ke P
assage
(to UK)
SOUTHERN OCEAN
Dra
East Scotia
Basin

I J K L M
 Africa

AFRICA
Covering one-fifth of the world’s land area, Africa has a rapidly growing
population. Many of its 53 nations—listed below in order of size—are
desperately poor. This is partly due to hostile climates, especially in and
around the vast Sahara desert, but also because of a history of political
turmoil, ethnic tension or conflict and, in some countries, war. Despite
this, African culture is among the most vibrant on Earth.

South
Algeria Chad Ethiopia Namibia Sudan Morocco

919,595 sq miles 495,755 sq miles 426,373 sq miles 318,261 sq miles 248,777 sq miles 172,414 sq miles
2,381,741 sq km 1,284,000 sq km 1,104,300 sq km 824,292 sq km 644,329 sq km 446,550 sq km
40,264,000 11,852,000 102,374,000 2,436,000 12,531,000 33,656,000
Algiers N’Djamena Addis Ababa Windhoek Juba Rabat
Arabic, Tamazight (Berber: French, Sara, Arabic, Maba Amharic, Tigrinya, Galla, Ovambo, Kavango, English, Dinka, Nuer, Zande, Bari, Arabic, Tamazight (Berber),
Kabyle, Shawia, Tamashek), Sidamo, Somali, English, Bergdama, German, Afrikaans Shilluk, Lotuko, Arabic French, Spanish
French Arabic (Oromu)

Congo, Dem
Rep of the Niger Mauritania Mozambique Madagascar Zimbabwe

905,355 sq miles 489,191 sq miles 397,955 sq miles 308,642 sq miles 226,658 sq miles 150,872 sq miles
2,344,858 sq km 1,267,000 sq km 1,030,700 sq km 799,380 sq km 587,041 sq km 390,757 sq km
81,331,000 18,639,000 3,677,000 25,930,000 24,430,000 14,547,000
Kinshasa Niamey Nouakchott Maputo Antananarivo Harare
Kiswahili, Tshiluba, Hausa, Djerma, Fula, Hassaniyah Arabic, Wolof, Makua, Xitsonga, Sena, Malagasy, French Shona, isiNdebele, English
Kikongo, Lingala, French Tuareg, Teda, French French Lomwe, Portuguese

Congo, Ivory
Republic of Angola Egypt Zambia Botswana Coast

132,946 sq miles 481,354 sq miles 386,662 sq miles 290,587 sq miles 224,607 sq miles 124,504 sq miles
342,000 sq km 1,246,700 sq km 1,001,450 sq km 752,618 sq km 581,730 sq km 322,463 sq km
4,852,000 20,172,000 94,667,000 15,511,000 2,209,000 23,740,000
Brazzaville Luanda Cairo Lusaka Gaborone Yamoussoukro
Kikongo, Teke, Lingala, Portuguese, Umbundu, Arabic, French, English, Bemba, Tongan, Nyanja, Setswana, English, Shona, Akan, French, Kru,
French Kimbundu, Kikongo Berber Lozi, Lala-Bisa, Nsenga, English San, Khoikhoi, isiNdebele Voltaïque

Sudan Mali Tanzania Somalia Kenya Burkina Faso

718,723 sq miles 478,841 sq miles 365,755 sq miles 246,201 sq miles 224,081 sq miles 105,869 sq miles
1,861,484 sq km 1,240,192 sq km 947,300 sq km 637,657 sq km 580,367 sq km 274,200 sq km
36,730,000 17,467,000 52,483,000 10,817,000 46,791,000 19,513,000
Khartoum Bamako Dodoma Mogadishu Nairobi Ouagadougou
Arabic, Nubian, Beja, Fur Bambara, Fula, Senufo, Kiswahili, Sukuma,Kichagga, Somali, Arabic, English, Kiswahili, English, Kikuyu, Mossi, Fulani, French,
Soninke, French Nyamwezi, Hehe, Makonde, Italian Luo, Kalenjin, Kamba Tuareg, Diyula, Songhai
Yao, Sandawe, English

Central African
Libya South Africa Nigeria Republic Cameroon Gabon

679,362 sq miles 470,693 sq miles 356,669 sq miles 240,535 sq miles 183,568 sq miles 103,347 sq miles
1,759,540 sq km 1,219,090 sq km 923,768 sq km 622,984 sq km 475,440 sq km 267,667 sq km
6,542,000 54,301,000 186,053,000 5,507,000 24,361,000 1,739,000
Tripoli Pretoria Abuja Bangui Yaoundé Libreville
Arabic, Tuareg English, isiZulu, isiXhosa, Hausa, English, Yoruba, Igbo Sango, Banda, Gbaya, Bamileke, Fang, Fula, Fang, French, Punu, Sira,
Afrikaans, Sepedi, Setswana, French French, English Nzebi, Mpongwe
Sesotho, Xitsonga, siSwati,
Tshivenda, isiNdebele

34
Guinea Malawi

94,926 sq miles 45,747 sq miles

245,857 sq km 118,484 sq km
12,093,000 18,570,000
Conakry Lilongwe
Pulaar, Malinké, Sousou, Chewa, Lomwe, Yao,
French Ngoni, English

Uganda Eritrea Togo

93,065 sq miles 45,406 sq miles 21,925 sq miles

241,038 sq km 117,600 sq km 56,785 sq km
38,319,000 5,870,000 7,757,000
Kampala Asmara Lomé
Luganda, Nkole, Chiga, Tigrinya, English, Tigre, Ewe, Kabye, Gurma,
Lango, Acholi, Teso, Lugbara, Afar, Arabic, Saho, Bilen, French
English Kunama, Nara, Hedareb

Guinea-
Ghana Benin Bissau Burundi Swaziland Comoros
92,098 sq miles 43,484 sq miles 13,948 sq miles 10,745 sq miles 6,704 sq miles 863 sq miles
238,533 sq km 112,622 sq km 36,125 sq km 27,830 sq km 17,364 sq km 2,235 sq km
26,908,000 10,741,000 1,759,000 11,099,000 1,451,000 795,000
Accra Porto-Novo Bissau Bujumbura Mbabane Moroni
Twi-Fanti, Ewe, Ga, Fon, Bariba, Yorùbá, Adja, Portuguese Creole, Balante, Kirundi, French, Kiswahili English, siSwati, isiZulu, Arabic, Comorian, French
Adangbe, Gurma, Dagomba Houeda, Somba, French Fula, Malinké, Portuguese Xitsonga
(Dagbani)

Senegal Liberia Lesotho Rwanda Gambia, The Mauritius

75,955 sq miles 43,000 sq miles 11,720 sq miles 10,169 sq miles 4,363 sq miles 788 sq miles
196,722 sq km 111,369 sq km 30,355 sq km 26,338 sq km 11,300 sq km 2,040 sq km
14,320,000 4,300,000 1,953,000 12,988,000 2,010,000 1,348,000
Dakar Monrovia Maseru Kigali Banjul Port Louis
Wolof, Pulaar, Serer, Diyula, Kpelle, Vai, Bassa, Kru, English, Sesotho, isiZulu Kinyarwanda, French, Mandinka, Fula, Wolof, French Creole, Hindi, Urdu,
Mandinka, Malinké, Soninke, Grebo, Kissi, Gola, Loma, Kiswahili, English Jola, Soninke, English Tamil, Chinese, English,
French English French

Equatorial São Tomé

Tunisia Sierra Leone Guinea Djibouti Cape Verde and Príncipe

63,170 sq miles 27,699 sq miles 10,831 sq miles 8,958 sq miles 1,557 sq miles 372 sq miles
163,610 sq km 71,740 sq km 28,051 sq km 23,200 sq km 4,033 sq km 964 sq km
11,135,000 6,019,000 759,400 846,700 553,400 197,500
Tunis Freetown Malabo Djibouti City Praia São Tomé
Arabic, French Mende, Temne, Krio, Spanish, Fang, Bubi, French Somali, Afar, French, Arabic Portuguese Creole, Portuguese Creole,
English Portuguese Portuguese

35
 Africa

B C D E F G H

Northwest Africa
F our countries, plus the disputed area of Western Sahara, make
up this part of Africa. Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia have rich supplies
of oil and natural gas that boost their economies. Morocco relies
on tourism, phosphates used for chemicals and fertilizer, and
2 agriculture. In the fertile valleys of the Atlas Mountains, farmers
grow grapes, citrus fruit, dates, and olives. The area also attracts SUN AND SEA
tourists to its colorful Many tourists visit Tunisia and Morocco each year to enjoy
the warm climate and sandy beaches. Tourism provides jobs
markets, historical sites, for the local people and brings much-needed income.
and sandy beaches. The
Sahara Desert dominates Tizi Ouzou
C ALGIERS
the region, particularly in T I tr a it of Gi
S
3 GIBRALTAR (ALGER)
Algeria and Libya. N braltar (to UK)
N Chlef
A
Ceuta (to Spain)
A Tangier
Melilla
Oran Blida
E Tetouan Mostaganem
L
ARAB INFLUENCE (to Spain)
T Ksar-el-Kebir
Chefchaouen

C
Arab invasions during the Sidi Bel Abbès
A
7th and 11th centuries O Salé Kénitra Oujda Djelfa
Fès Tlemcen
have influenced the RABAT u x Chott ech Chergui
culture, religion Casablanca Jerada tea
Mohammedia s Pl a en
(Islam), architecture, El-Jadida H a ut s a r i Laghouat
in ah
4
and language of
s S
northwest Africa. Khouribga n t a Atla
Safi Beni-Mellal u
Mo
Today, Arabic is the
s Ghardaïa
A t l a Er-Rachidia
main language, and MOROCCAN MARKET Marrakech
In a souk, or market, craftworkers Essaouira
more than 95 percent Figuig
of the people here sell handmade products to
al
are Muslim. tourists. Goods are displayed in MOROCCO Béchar
e nt
booths along the bustling streets.
Agadir Ouarzazate
Oc ci d
Erg
5 Tiznit Grand El Goléa

a
Dr
a du
Hamad
Tan-Tan
A L G E R
Plateau
LAÂYOUNE
El Mahbas
Tindouf Adrar du Tademaït
Smara
Boujdour
6
Bou Craa
u îdi I-n-Salah
Ig
rg
Reggane
Galtat-Zemmour
‘E

ITANIA
Muslims going to worship at the Hassan II
mosque in Casablanca, Morocco
WESTERN MAUR
SAHARA
ch

Ad Dakhla (disputed territory

under Moroccan occupation)
g
C
he S a
BERBERS Er
7 The Berber people were the Tropic of Cancer
original inhabitants of northwest an
T

Africa. Most now live in the ez

Atlas Mountains or the desert. M ro
uf
Although most Berbers
converted to Islam when the Lagouira A t
Arabs arrived, they kept their
own language and way of life. Berber woman L
In 2001, Algeria recognized
Berber (Tamazight) as an
working on
the land in the I
official language. Atlas Mountains
8

36 A B C D E F G H
 Northwest Africa

I J K L M N O P

ANCIENT RUINS
Phoenicians, Romans, and Greeks
DATE PALMS from ancient times have all left their 1
Dates are an important mark on this part of Africa. Today,
crop for Algeria and Tunisia. tourists come to admire the historical
Date palms are often grown sites along the coast. These ruins
at oases, where water lies of Carthage, near Tunis, date from
close to the surface of the 146 bce, when Romans laid waste
desert. Here, the clusters of dates to this city. The Romans went on to
are shown ripening beneath control all of the north African coast.
polythene. Leaves from the trees
can be used for thatch and the
trunk is cut for timber. 2

M e d i t e r r a
S e a Bizerte n e a n The seeds from dates
Annaba Carthage
can be roasted and 3
TUNIS
Sétif
Constantine Sousse
ground to make a
Batna Kairouan
Kasserine
traditional date coffee.
Mahdia Ruins of a Roman
Biskra
Chott
Gafsa Sfax bath at Carthage
Melghir
de Gabès
Golfe Al Bayḑā’ Darnah
Tozeur Gabès Île de Jerba TRIPOLI
Chott el Jerid Médenine Al Marj r Ţubruq 4
Zuwārah (ŢARĀBULUS) ḑa
Benghazi kh
El Oued
Touggourt
TUNISIA Al Khums (Banghāzī) Al Jab
a l al
A

Az Zāwiyah Mişrātah Gulf of Sirte Cy rena SURVIVAL IN THE SAHARA

Yafran
Gharyān (Khalīj Surt) ica The Sahara Desert covers almost one-third
Nālūt Ajdābiyā of Africa and is an inhospitable place to
Ouargla Wādī al Ḩamī live with high daytime temperatures and
l

Surt m
ta

n Al Jaghbūb freezing nights. The Tuareg are nomads for

r ie Marsā al Burayqah whom the desert is home. Traditionally,
O they keep camels for transport and to

E G Y
g 5
d Er Tr i p o l i t a n i a Marādah
Jālū
provide meat, milk, and hides. Many

G ran Great
Tuareg now live in mountain areas
or dwell in the cities.
Waddān San

I A
d S
e
Bordj Omar Driss
L I B Y A a
P T

Birāk
Tiguentourine
Sabhā
Awbārī 6
a h
yān
Tassili Zawīlah
Rab
-n-
Aj F e z z a n Ramlat Libyan
jer Al 'Uwaynāt

r a
a
Al Kufrah

h
of
Tropic
Cancer
Djanet Idhān Desert
ar
agg Murzuq 7
Ah Tahat Picco Bette
SUDAN

9573ft (2918m) 7500ft (2286m)

Tamanrasset C
H
R A Tuareg nomads in the Sahara

E D carrying salt to trade in markets

G
I 0 km 100 200
8

N 0 miles 100 200

LIBYAN OIL RESOURCES

The discovery of oil and gas in 1959 brought considerable
wealth to Libya, and by 2010 oil and gas made up 95 percent
of the country’s exports. Since 2015, however, civil war, political
chaos, and low oil prices have made life hard for Libyans. 9
Libyan oil field

I J K L M N O P 37
 B C D E F G H I

RIVER NILE
The Nile is the world’s longest river. It flows north from
Burundi to run along the Tanzania–Rwanda border, then 1
through Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt to the
coast. Most of Egypt’s population lives around the valley
Northeast Africa
Africa

and delta of the Nile, which provides the region’s water. The
river also provides irrigation for local crops, such as cotton.
This region, known as the Horn of Africa, contains the oldest
civilizations in the continent, and some of its poorest countries. The
borders that divide the countries today were mostly created by colonial
2 rulers in the last hundred years. Pastoral nomads with their herds of 2
animals often cross these borders in search of pasture. Most people
still live in the countryside and farm the land, but many people now
live in the cities. Tourism and agriculture are important sources of
income for Egypt and Kenya, two of the richest and fastest-growing
countries in the region. Elsewhere, tribal rivalries and disputes over
3
land and resources have sometimes erupted 3
into full-scale war and these,
together with drought and Me
d i t e reraa n e a n
S N i l e Damietta
poverty, have blighted the Sīdī Barrânī e l t a (Dumyāt)
lives of millions of people Alexandria D Port Said
Al ’Alamayn Suez Canal SUEZ CANAL
in this region. Az Zaqāzīg Al Ismā‘īlīyah The Suez Canal, opened in 1869,
Qattara
Depression Giza Suez is one of the world’s longest and
4 -436ft 4
(-133m) CAIRO Sinai most important artificial waterways.

Gr
Beni Suef Gebel It links the Mediterranean Sea with the

e
Sīwah Mûsa

Gu

at
7497ft Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea, providing
Sa Al Minyā

lf o
Bawītī (2285m) a crucial shortcut from Europe to India

fS

a
Mallawī ue
z and east Asia. The tolls from the canal

San
(W
Ni
le
Hurghada are a great source of income for Egypt.

h es
Asyūt Akhmīm (Al Ghurdaqah)
Qasr

d Se
rā tern

a
Farāfirah Sawhāj
Qinā

h
’ a De
Al Khārijah Luxor

a
5 5

l G ser
Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cancer

rb
Isnā

t)
īy
a Idfū
E G Y P T Aswan Dam Aswān
Gilf Kebir (Hala’ib Triangle)
Lake Nasser
Plateau
Plowing fields in
R

Ethiopia
Jabal al Wadi Halfa
6 ‘Uwaynát 6
e d

6257ft
Wadi Oko

Nubian

LIBYA
(1907m) Akasha
Delgo Desert Port
Abu Hamed
Sudan
Argo
Dongola Suakin
Shereik
S

Merowe Tokar
El‘Atrun
Atbara Haiya

AD
Ed Debba
e a

lk

7 i Ed Damer 7
S ar U D lM A N LOSING FARMLAND
ow ie le
H ad Ni Shendi ERITREA As the population grows in Ethiopia, forests are cut
ABU SIMBEL W

C H
di
Tourists come to Egypt to see the ā Omdurman down for firewood, or to cultivate new areas for food
W Massawa
pyramids at Giza and the temples Kassala ASMARA crops. The soil, no longer held firm by the trees, is easily
Umm Buru KHARTOUM Zula blown or washed away, and valuable farmland is lost.
along the Nile, such as these two Khashm Teseney
built at Abu Simbel, south of fur Sodiri el Girba
Aswan. Tourism brings in money ar Wad Medani Da
to preserve these historical sites. Kebkabiya D El Fasher Gedaref Mek’elē na
Umm Sennar ki
El Obeid Ruwaba Maych’ew
lD
Aseb
8 El Geneina 8
Bl
es

Lake Tana Gonder en Caluula

er
t

DJIBOUTI Ad
ue N

Nyala Er (Tāna Hayk’) Lalibela of

N il e

Obock
ile

Rahad Bahir Dar Weldiya f Boosaaso

Dilling DJIBOUTI G u l Shimbiris
Ed Da‘ein Ed Damazin Ch’ok’ē Desē Dikhil CITY Karin 7897ft (2407m)
El Muglad
White
 Kadugli Burē Ábuyé Méda

C
13,123ft (4000m) Berbera Bandarbeyla
Sumeih Ethiopian

EN
Malakal Dirē Dawa Somaliland Puntland

T
Highlands Hargeysa Sinujiif
Mī’ēso Dooxo Nugaa

RA
9 Hārer lee 9

L
Raga SOUTH ADDIS ABABA Āwash Garoowe d
Jur (ĀDĪS ĀBEBA) Oga

AF
dd Nazrēt den
Gorē

R
Āgaro

Su
Wau
SUDAN SOMALIA

IC
A Tonj Duk Faiwil Jīma

ey
N W
E T H I O P I A Gaalkacyo

ll
Kongor

hi
N
RE Rumbek Shilabo

te
Va
Gellinsoor
PU
Bor Elemi Triangle Ābaya Hāyk’

Sue
Nil
N
She

ift

e
BL (administered bel
i Dhuusa Marreeb
Tambura Amadi by Kenya)

IA
Negēlē

tR
IC

A
Kapoeta

ea
Beledweyne
10 JUBA 10

E
Maridi Yabēlo

Gr
Busy street Lotagipi Doolow Xuddur
Yambio
Swamp Lokitaung
C
bazaar in Cairo Kinyeti Luuq Buulobarde
Lake

IN
10,456ft Baydhabo
CAIRO D EM. REP. Arua (3187m)
Gulu Lodwar
Turkana
Jawhar O D

Juba
The largest city in Africa is Cairo, the capital of Marsabit Wanlaweyn
Egypt, with a population of more than 18 million.
C ONGO Lira MOGADISHU
Baardheere
Here, Arab, African, and European influences exist Lake Albert Masindi
(MUQDISHO)
alongside more traditional Egyptian customs.
Mbale KENYA Marka
UGANDA Baraawe
11 Eldoret Afmadow Jilib 11
KAMPALA Jinja Equator
Equator Meru Jamaame
Kisumu
Lake Edward Masaka Entebbe Kirinyaga
Kismaayo
Nakuru 17,060ft (5200m) Garissa
Young Mbarara Lake Nyeri
Dinka man Kabale Victoria NAIROBI Buur Gaabo
RWANDA Bukoba Musoma
Water makes up
Lake Kivu

alley
Garsen
KIGALI Biharamulo Mwanza Kilimanjaro almost one-fifth of
19,341ft (5895m)
Nyantakara Arusha Malindi
12 Shinyanga 12
THE DINKA OF BUJUMBURA the surface area
Moshi
SOUTH SUDAN BURUNDI Nzega Mombasa
Kasulu
Masai
There are more than of Uganda.

gar
Steppe Pemba

G r e a
500 tribes in Sudan and Tabora Singida

Mala asi
Great Rift V
South Sudan. They speak Kigoma Tanga

t
more than 100 languages Lake TANZANIA Zanzibar
and dialects. Like many Tanganyika Zanzibar Coptic
DODOMA Morogoro

R
tribal people here, the cross RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Dinka are nomadic – their t Ruaha
DAR ES

i
Kipili rea SALAAM The Ethiopian Orthodox
13 cattle graze on the plains G 13

f
Lake Rukwa Rufiji Union Church has existed
east of the Nile. Cattle Iringa
Mafia since the 4th century ce. It is

t
Sumbawanga Mohoro
are central to their lives – Sao Hill a branch of the Coptic Church
young Dinka men officially Mbeya Kilwa Kivinje
V and mixes Christian beliefs, such

Z
become adults with an Njombe go
a we as Catholic saints, with some

A
initiation ceremony in l Lu Lindi traditional African spiritual beliefs.
which they are given
M l e Nyamtumbo
y Mtwara
an ox of their own. BI Masasi
A Songea
Tunduru Newala
14 14
Lake Nyasa IQ UE
MALAWI MOZ AMB TEA IN KENYA
Kenya is an important world producer of tea, which
is grown on plantations in the highland areas (such
Kenyan workers as this one below). High rainfall here ensures a good
MOUNTAIN GORILLAS carefully select tea crop. Coffee is also a valuable export.
The Volcanoes National Park 0 km 200 400 leaves for picking.
in Rwanda is one of the few
15 places where you can still see 0 miles 100 200 300 400 15
a mountain gorilla (right) in
the wild. These animals are
threatened with extinction
because of poachers and the
destruction of their habitat.
Tanzania and Kenya also
have many important game
reserves, which preserve the
wildlife of the savanna.
16 16
Northeast Africa

A B C D E F G H I

39
 Africa

B C D E F G H

West Africa 0 km 100

0 miles
200

100
300

200
400

300 400

i
îd
ramatically different climates and landscapes influence life in

u
west Africa. In the hot, dry north, it is difficult to grow crops. Only oases I

g
‘Aïn Ben Tili
in the Sahara and seasonal rainfall in the Sahel make growing crops Bîr Mogreïn r g
possible. To the south, the climate is warm and wet, and crops ' E
t
h e

k
2 such as cocoa and coffee are grown on large plantations. This n
a
g H g
region also has many valuable minerals. Despite these rich WESTERN
Tropic of Cancer
K
â
E l E r h
resources, most countries are poor. Since independence e c
SAHARA Fdérik Zouérat C h
from colonial powers, there has been much political unrest, (disputed territory
e
under Moroccan occupation) Touâjîl
â n Taoudenni
often sparked by poverty and tribal rivalries in the region. a r
u
West Africa is also divided by religion, with Islam Choûm

O
dominant in the north and Christianity in the south. Nouâdhibou r
3 h â Atâr c S a
Chinguetti
Ak
GAMBIA Akjoujt Oujeft El M
In recent years, tourism rey
yé
has become increasingly
important to the economy
MA URI T A N I A
of Gambia. Visitors come to NOUAKCHOTT
Idîni Tîchît
see wildlife along the Tidjikja
Gambia River and to visit the Boutilimit Magta‘
Atlantic coast beaches. These Lahjar Boûmdeïd
4
safari tourists are admiring Rkîz Aoukâ Oualâta
a giant termite mound. Rosso Seneg Aleg Tâmchekket r
Lac
Richard Toll Kiffa ‘Ayoûn el ‘Atroûs Faguibine
Kaédi

al
Dagana Néma
Saint Louis Louga Timbedgha
Matam Goundam
Kobenni Amourj
DAKAR
Mékhé
SENEGAL Sélibabi Bassikounou
Thiès Mbaké Nioro
Mbour Diourbel
Mopti
5 PEOPLE OF GHANA
Family ties and a sense of community are BANJUL
Sokone Kaolack Kayes S Ténenkou
er
a
important to the people of Ghana, and GAMBIA Tambacounda
Ga
mb Toukoto Kolokani Nig
Ségou B ani
Bafin
ceremonies throughout each year mark the Bignona Kolda ia
Kita
events of childbirth, puberty, marriage, and Koulikoro San
Ziguinchor Sédhiou g
death. About half of Ghanaians are Ashanti Bafatá
people whose ancestors developed one BAMAKO
of the richest and most notable
BISSAU Gaoual Koutiala
A

GUINEA-

go é
civilizations in Africa. Dinguiraye Bougouni
Boké Labé

Ba
BISSAU Pita Tikinsso Siguiri Sikasso
G U I N E A
T

6
Kankan
Bobo-Dioulasso
Kindia Mamou
O

Faranah

Ko
Tengréla

moé
L

CONAKRY Tokounou Odienné Ferkessédougou

SIERRA
C

Boundiali Korhogo
A

Makeni Kissidougou

LE O NE Beyla CÔTE Katiola

E

FREETOWN
D'IVOIRE
N

Bo Kenema
Nzérékoré (IVORY COAST)
A

7
Lac de
T

Gbanga Danané
Kossou
Tubmanburg YAMOUSSOUKRO
N

Harbel
I

MONROVIA Gagnoa Ban

Zwedru S
da

Buchanan
C

LIBERIA
ma
as

Divo
s an

Abidjan
dra
Ca v a l l a

Sassandra
San-Pédro
Harper
8

DIAMONDS AND GOLD

West Africa has many valuable
minerals, including diamonds, uranium,
copper, and gold. In Sierra Leone,
where diamonds (left) provide crucial
9 income, the mines were a focus of
fighting in the civil war between
rebel groups and the government.

40 A B C E F G H
 West Africa

I M N O P

FOOD CROPS
In wetter, southern regions, Cassava
root vegetables such as yams 1
and cassava are grown for
food. Peanuts, which also grow
underground, are cultivated
in the north for export or to
cook in traditional stew.

Peanuts Yam

LIBYA 2

Lake Volta in Ghana,

Tropic of Cancer
SPREADING SAHARA A formed by a dam, is
The Sahara may be spreading south into a region
of semi-desert known as the Sahel. People are I
planting grass to try and halt the erosion,
which may be a result of droughts, R the largest artificial
ne
overgrazing, and tree removal. E Ténéré lake in the world.
h S âk
â a r a G du
Séguédine
3
Tafassâsset
n-
g
I- Tessalit L
‘Er Adrar des
A é
ér
Ifôghas Iferouâne
Araouane Assamakka
d Massif n
â de l'Aïr

a
é

Ma o uA L I l

m
Bi
T

de
Monts Bagzane

A z

A D
6634ft (2022m) 4
g
Er
d
Timbuktu Agadez an
(Tombouctou) Gr
Gao
Ansongo
Ménaka
N I G E R Ngourti

H
Lac
Niangay D
Hombori i lia
Tahoua Keïta
C
Ayorou

Baudiagara
h e Tillabéri l Birnin
Konni
Dakoro
Zinder
Nguigmi

Lake Chad
5
Tessaoua Gouré
Ouahigouya Dogondoutchi
NIAMEY
Maradi Guidimouni
BURKINA
Kaya
oto Hade j i a
Nguru
Sok

Nig Sokoto Katsina

OUAGADOUGOU er Jega Hadejia Maiduguri
Gusau Kano
Koudougou Fada-Ngourma Potiskum
Tenkodogo Koko
FASO Bawku Kandi
Zaria ong
ol a
G

Yelwa Biu 6
Sansanné-
B lack Volta

Bolgatanga Mango Natitingou Kainji Kaduna Bauchi

Kumo
Reservoir Jos Gombi
ol ta

Wa BENIN N I G EP laJotes aRu I A

Oti
T O

N
Wh V

Yendi Yola
ite

Parakou Minna s
Tamale Nig ABUJA
un i
n
Mo e b s h

Sokodé
O

Jebba e
tai

Ilorin
GHANA WEST AFRICAN FARMERS
G O

Lafia
Sh

In the dry northern areas, crop farming is restricted

Bondoukou Ogbomosho e
O

Wenchi
Oyo Be nu Wukari to when and where seasonal rain falls. Herders are
Lake Ede l partly nomadic and they need to follow the rains
ot e s
Lokoja 7
Ibadan Owo Makurdi
Sunyani Abomey G ntain
R

Volta in search of grazing land for their animals. Further

Kumasi u south, where rainfall is higher, farmers grow a wider
Kpalimé PORTO-NOVO Benin City Enugu
o

E
M

variety of crops for their families to eat, and for sale.

Abengourou Lagos
Nsawam
Volt
a Cotonou Sapele Onitsha M
Asamankese
Aboisso
LOMÉ
ACCRA Bight
of Benin Warri Owerri
Uyo C A
of Guinea Aba
Mou

Cape Coast Herbs, shells, bones, and sticks

Sekondi- G ulf Port Harcourt Calabar
used by traditional healers
th

Takoradi of
t h e N ige r
s

MEDICINE AND HEALING

Many people here seek advice from a
traditional healer if they are ill. Often
the healer is also a religious leader.
MASKED DANCERS Treatment may include the use of herbs
Masks, such as this one from the Dan tribe of or magical items to fight off the enemy
the Ivory Coast, are worn by dancers who take spirit. Healers may also chant and
on different characters during tribal ceremonies. dance to attract the good spirits.
Round-eyed masks represent males, while
straight-eyed masks are for females. However,
the actual dancers are always men.

I J K L M N O P 41
 B C D E F G H I

1
Central Africa
Africa

A ll eight countries in central Africa were European colonies

with a painful history of slavery. Since the 1960s, independence has
brought them mixed success. Rich mineral deposits and the discovery
of offshore oil have provided income for Cameroon, Congo, and
2 2
Gabon, while civil war and repressive governments
have damaged other countries in the region. These
include Chad and the Central African Republic, Tropic of Cancer

two of the world’s poorest countries. Although the

north is mainly arid, Africa’s Massif L
d’Abo I FISHING IN LAKE CHAD
largest tropical rainforest Aozou B Lake Chad is an important source of food, but it is shrinking
3 at an alarming rate. A shallow lake, it is now only about 3
dominates the south, with Bardaï
Y
A 6.5–13 ft (2–4 m) deep on average. Its surface area
the powerful Congo River Tibesti has also reduced, due to droughts and the
linking the interior with demand for water to irrigate the land.
Zouar
the coast. The tiny, volcanic
country of São Tomé and 0 km 100 200 300 400
S a h a r E rdi a
Ounianga
Príncipe lies off the coast Kébir M a
Erdi 0 miles 100 200 300 400
4 of Gabon. 4
Faya épression D
i

E R
du Mourd
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS rab Fada
jou di

G
Although Christianity is E rg du D Enne
the main religion here,

I
many people also follow Koro Toro
traditional beliefs. These N Massif
suggest that natural objects, such as C H A D du Kapka
5 mountains and rivers, have a spirit. Masks, 5
like this Bambuku head, are sometimes Nokou
Biltine
used to scare off evil spirits. Lake
Chad Mao
Abéché
Bol Moussoro
Ati

Mangalmé
Goz Beïda
S U D

Mud-brick N’DJAMÉNA Mongo

home Kousséri
6 oum 6
Abou-Déïa Az
A

Massenya hr
B a
Ch Am Timan
Maroua a ri PEOPLE OF CHAD
N

Ba Illi
Birao With almost half the country lying in the

A
Guider Bongor arid Sahara Desert, more than 70 percent

I
Fianga of Chadians work on farmland near the
Léré Laï Kyabé
River Chari in the south. Across Chad

R
Garoua Lac de Kélo Koumra Sarh Ouanda there are large numbers of ethnic groups,

E
k
go

Lagdo B a hr A o u Djallé speaking more than 100 languages.

7
Doba o n 7

G
Moundou Maro Ndélé Women here live an average of just
e sB

I
Mbé Goré 51 years and have 4.5 children.
VILLAGE LIFE if d o
Baïbokoum ott

N
Markounda Mass K
Most people in rural areas Ngaoundéré
live in villages or small towns. Adamawa Highlands CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Some grow crops such as Banyo S
Kaga Bandoro
cotton or cassava for sale, Bossangoa Bria
Dékoa
Bamenda Djéma
SUOU
but many exist by growing C AME RODO N Bouar Bakala Ippy
food just for their family. Foumban jé Sibut D TH
Baoro Bambari Obo
re

Grimari Bomu
m

8 Nkongsamba Bafoussam Damara (O Dembia 8

AN
Bossembélé u Alindao
aga Bertoua Ub bang
Kumba San an ui) Bangassou
Douala Berbérati g i
BANGUI Zongo le
Edéa YAOUNDÉ Mbaïki Mobaye Ue Dungu Aba
MALABO
 Isla Nola Bétou Gemena Titule Watsa
Ebolowa Sangmélima Isiro

y
de Bioco Buta
EQ Ambam

le
Akula Bumba Mungbere

l
UA Ngoko
TO Bata Bitam Dongou Lake Albert
9 Príncipe Souanké Lisala Con
go 9
Impfondo

Va
RIA
L GUINEA Oyem Sembé Nia-Nia Bunia
SÃO TOMÉ & Ouésso Epéna ri
Acalayong zo
PRÍNCIPE

en
Bélinga onga Yangambi
Cocobeach Lul

A t
São Tomé CONGO Beni

Ubangi
Ruw
LIBREVILLE n

t
SÃO TOMÉ Mbandaka Butembo

N DR i f
Kisangani

(Oubangui)
Ndjolé Etoumbi Makoua i

A
Equator s Equator

ea
Owando Boende Lake Edward

Lo m
N Lubutu

U
B aTshu

am
G A B OBonda o

i
L ual a
Gr
Port-Gentil Lambaréné a
apa

M
C o n g

ba
Koulamoutou Lac Ikela

i
m Oyo

go

as
Fougamou

Al
10 10

s
Moanda Ntomba Goma

Ch
Con

ma
ai if d
Omboué Lake Kivu
Mouila l l u u Franceville D E M . R E P . RWANDA
Gamboma

Mpa
Ndendé Lac Mai-Ndombe Lomela Bukavu
Setté Cama Djambala Kalima
Mossendjo Ngo
Plateaux Bandundu C O N G O Kindu BURUNDI
Kibangou Batéké L ukenie
Kasa
i Lodja
Ndindi Sibiti BRAZZAVILLE Kibombo
Dolisie Mangai Ilebo
Nkayi

Sa n
Kasongo

k
11 Pointe-Noire Kikwit Mweka ur 11
KINSHASA u
MIGHTY RIVER Kenge
Tshela Luebo Demba Kongolo
The Congo River, also called the Zaire, is a CABINDA Mbanza-
(to Angola) Boma Ngungu Lubao Kalemie
crucial part of the area’s transportation system. Kananga
TANZ

Kabinda

Kwilu
Dugout canoes and motorized boats take Matadi Kasongo-Lunda Lu
kuga
R a n g e

people, goods, and even health clinics from

Mbuji-Mayi Lake
AN Tshikapa Tanganyika
cities to the villages and back. The river is home Gandajika
Mwene-Ditu Luvu
a
a
ANI

Kw
GO
to many species of fish as well as crocodiles. Manono Moba

an
L
A

go

N
AT OCE
gu

12 Mulongo 12

A
un

Lulua
r
m b

TI
Ma

LA AN
Kasai
u

C
The waters of the Kamina Lac
a

Upemba
i t

Congo River have the Lake

Mweru
M

Lualab
Lu

capacity to provide Kasaji

fira

Kolwezi
electrical power for Dilolo Likasi
13 13
zi
be
all of Africa. m Kipushi
Za

Lubumbashi
ZA
MB
REFUGEES IA
There are around 5 million African refugees south of the
Sahara – more than 25 percent of the world’s total. Conflicts
in Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central Copper
MINING FOR COPPER
African Republic have resulted in huge numbers
14 of Africans leaving their homes. The Democratic Republic of the Congo 14
has vast reserves of copper, and was
once one of the world’s major exporters.
More recently, however, competition
from lower-cost producers such
LOGGING IN GABON
as Chile has seen a dramatic
Timber provides valuable income for
downturn in the industry.
Gabon, with much of the demand
for okoumé—a softwood used to
make plywood. Hardwoods,
15 such as mahogany and 15
ebony, are also felled.
Because logging poses
a threat to the future
of the forests, the
government is now
setting up conservation
programs, including 13
national parks that
together cover at least
16 10 percent of the country. 16
Central Africa

A B C D E F G H I

43
 Africa

B C D E F G H

Southern Africa 0 km

0 miles
200

200
400

400

F rom the dramatic Namib and

o
CABINDA Cabinda

ng
Kalahari deserts in the west, to the

Co
(to Angola)

tropical forests in the north, southern M’Banza Congo

DE
Africa is a region of contrasts. Oil, diamonds,

Cu
an
Uíge Lóvua Chitato
gold, and other precious metals are all

go

M
2
Ambriz
Lake
mined here. There are huge inland plains

.R
Camabatela Lucapa
Caxito Mweru
that are home to a variety of wildlife, and LUANDA P.

E
N’Dalatando
Saurimo
large areas devoted to agriculture. But Malanje CO
flooding and droughts, together with civil
Dondo Cuan z a
NGO
unrest, have hampered development so that,
Gabela
ANG OLA Mansa
Sumbe Uaco Cungo zi
3 despite an abundance of natural resources, Môco
Luena be

m
Camacupa Solwezi Mufulira

Za
many countries remain poor. 8593ft
Lobito (2619m) Lun

o
gé-Bu
Chingola

mp
Kuito ngo
Benguela Planalto

bo
Kitwe

Ka
SAN BUSHMEN
Caála Huambo
One of the few groups of hunter-gatherers left in Cubal Zambezi Luanshya
do Bié
San hunter using a
poison-tipped arrow
Africa, the San people roam the Kalahari Desert.
Also known as Bush people, many San are
Caconda
Cubango
Z A M B I A
now changing to a more settled life, Cua Kaoma Nambala Kabwe
Lubango Menongue nd

Kaf u e
often working on cattle ranches.
Mongu LUSAKA

o
Huíla
4 Namibe Mazabuka Kafue

Cu
Plateau Monze Kariba

ban
Tombua Cu Choma

go
ito
nene N’Giva Katima Mulilo Victoria Lake
Cu Falls Kariba
rip Livingstone
Olifa Oshikango Ca p r i v i S t
Rundu Victoria Falls
Etosha O Hwange
Pan Okavango

ka
N

Tsumeb
ZIMBABWE

va
o Delta

ng
Tunnels transport
a

5 Otavi Grootfontein Maun Bulawayo

water between
m

dams. Otjiwarongo Nata

Gwanda
i b

NAMIBIA Francistown

Sh
Brandberg Ghanzi as
he
8445ft (2574m)
B O T S W Serowe
ANA
po
D

Wlotzkasbaken Gobabis
Karibib Mamuno po
Swakopmund
Palapye m
e s

Li
WINDHOEK Mahalapye
6 The Okavango River LESOTHO
Walvis Bay
Rehoboth Kalahari
Polokwane
(Pietersburg)
Tropic of Capricorn
e r t

does not run out to

Mochudi
Water is a
Fi
sh GABORONE Modimolle
valuable resource Mariental No Jwaneng
Dams (Nylstroom)
sea like most rivers, in southern Africa, and Werda Kanye
so

are marked
Au

PRETORIA
p

Lesotho makes good use

Desert
ob

in black.
but runs inland into of its mountainous land and
numerous rivers. The Highlands Water Scheme
Keetmanshoop op
o
Mmabatho
Johannesburg
Soweto
M ol
the Kalahari Desert.
uses dams and tunnels to transport water
e
be o t

o Klerksdorp
rg
AT

to neighboring South Africa. Lüderitz Aus Gr s Vaa

l
7 Klein Karas Ka
ra
Karasburg S O U T H Kroonstad
Bethlehem
LA

GOLD MINING O Upington Welkom

JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA ra n
Gold, first discovered near ge R i ver Kimberley
More than 9 million people live in Johannesburg
Johannesburg in 1886, brought a
LESOTHO
NT

and its surrounding urban area. Many people Oranjemund BLOEMFONTEIN

have moved here from the countryside in great deal of wealth to the region.
South Africa is among the world’s Springbok Prieska MASERU
search of work.
A F R I C A
IC

top gold-producing countries. Kokstad

rg
De Aar Colesberg s be
O

St Calvinia en
He ak
8
D r Mthatha
C

len
a
EA

B Beaufort West Cradock Queenstown

ay

Karoo Mdantsane East

Great
N

Uitenhage London
Bellville
George Port Alfred
CAPE Worcester
TOWN Mosselbaai Port Elizabeth
Cape of
Good Hope Cape Agulhas
9

44 A B C D E F G H
 Southern Africa

J K L M N O P

MOZAMBIQUE FLOODS
Mozambique suffered a devastating
civil war until 1992 and as a VICTORIA FALLS 1
consequence many people continue At Victoria Falls, situated on the
to rely on foreign aid. Floods in 2000 Zambia-Zimbabwe border, the mighty
made conditions worse as they left Zambezi River drops 128 m (420 ft) down
millions homeless and vulnerable. a narrow chasm. The sound of the crashing
water can be heard 40 km (25 miles) away.

Lake
2
Rukwa TA Tobacco
NZ plantation
Mbala
A WORKING ON THE LAND
N In both Malawi and Mozambique, agriculture employs
Kasama
Lake Nyasa
IA more than four out of every five workers. Important crops
Isoka include cotton, tea, tobacco, and sugar.
MALAWI um Mocímboa
Samfya Mzuzu Rov a da Praia
R io
3
Mpika Negomane COMOROS
MORONI
da
gen alo
Grande Comore
Lu Mucojo Tanjona
e ss Anjouan
M Bobaomby
o

Serenje Rio
Ri

Pemba Mohéli
Chipata LILONGWE MAMOUDZOU
Antsiranana
Salima
rio Lúrio MAYOTTE
Monkey Bay Rio Lú
(to France)
Albufeira de Nacala Ambanja
Cahora Bassa Zomba
E Lumbo
Analalava Sambava 4
Vila do Blantyre U Nampula Maromokotro
Za

Zumbo Tete Antsohihy 9436ft

b eMilange Mahajanga
Antalaha
Q
m

zi (2876m)
Nyamapanda Maroantsetra
Nsanje I Mocuba
l
R

HARARE
e

Inyangani
A
B

8504ft (2592m)
n

Chitungwiza Quelimane MADAGASCAN MAMMALS

Bem

S C

Kadoma
ha
M

Fenoarivo Madagascar has an unusual range of mammals

Chimoio Atsinanana
Kwekwe Mutare that developed in isolation after the island
a raha
C
A

Toamasina split from the African mainland. It is the 5

A
e

Beira only place where lemurs, members of

ANTANANARIVO
qu

Masvingo
Z

the primate family, live in the wild.

G

Zvishavane
bi

Machanga Morondava Betafo

O

e
am

Rio S av
y
ka Ambositra
A D

Ma
M

oz

Mananjary
Musina PORT LOUIS
M a n g oky Fianarantsoa
Ch

ST-DENIS
M

(Messina) Ihosy
ang

MAURITIUS 6
ane

Manakara
Inhambane Toliara RÉUNION
Farafangana
n ds
Ring-tailed (to France) la
Vangaindrano Tropic o
n e Is
lemur Masca re
f Capric
Quissico o rn
Xai-Xai
MAPUTO
MBABANE Amboasary
Tanjona
SWAZILAND Vohimena
7
Dundee APARTHEID
In 1994, Nelson Mandela
(1918–2013) became the first
black president to govern South
Pietermaritzburg Africa. This historic event marked
Durban the end of white rule and the first
fair elections in the new “Rainbow
N

Nation.”Apartheid was a policy of

racial segregation and restricted the
IA
N

rights of black people. 8

A
D

IN
E

WILDLIFE
C

Southern Africa
O is home to a huge
variety of animals. Numerous
parks have been created to protect
the animals and their habitat. The
Gaza-Kruger-Gonarezhou Transfrontier
Park joins parks in Mozambique,
South Africa, and Zimbabwe to 9
form the largest conservation
and ecotourism park in Africa.

I J K L M N O P 45
 Europe

EUROPE
Separated from Asia by the ridge of the Ural Mountains, Europe is
a continent of very different nations, listed below in order of their land
area. Each nation has its own language and culture, but they share
a 2,000-year history of civilization that has inspired some of the world’s
greatest political ideas, works of art, and innovations in technology.

Russia (Russian Federation)

United Bosnia and
Germany Kingdom Iceland Serbia Herzegovina

6,601,668 sq miles 137,847 sq miles 94,058 sq miles 39,769 sq miles 29,913 sq miles 19,767 sq miles
17,098,242 sq km 357,022 sq km 243,610 sq km 103,000 sq km 77,474 sq km 51,197 sq km
142,355,000 80,723,000 64,430,000 335,900 7,144,000 3,862,000
Moscow Berlin London Reykjavík Belgrade Sarajevo
Russian, Tatar, Ukrainian, German, Turkish English, Welsh, Scottish Icelandic Serbian, Hungarian Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian
Chuvash, various other national Gaelic, Irish Gaelic (Magyar)
languages

Slovakia
France Finland Romania Hungary Ireland

212,935 sq miles 130,559 sq miles 92,043 sq miles 35,918 sq miles 27,133 sq miles 18,933 sq miles
551,500 sq km 338,145 sq km 238,391sq km 93,028 sq km 70,273 sq km 49,035 sq km
66,836,000 5,498,000 21,600,000 9,875,000 4,952,000 5,446,000
Paris Helsinki Bucharest Budapest Dublin Bratislava
French, Provençal, German, Finnish, Swedish, Sami Romanian, Hungarian Hungarian (Magyar) English, Irish Gaelic Slovak, Hungarian
Breton, Catalan, Basque (Magyar), Romany, German (Magyar), Czech

Ukraine Norway Belarus Portugal Lithuania Estonia

233,032 sq miles 125,021 sq miles 180,155 sq miles 35,556 sq miles 25,212 sq miles 17,463 sq miles
603,550 sq km 323,802 sq km 207,600 sq km 92,090 sq km 65,300 sq km 45,228 sq km
44,210,000 5,265,000 9,570,000 10,834,000 2,854,000 1,259,000
Kiev Oslo Minsk Lisbon Vilnius Tallinn
Ukrainian, Russian, Tatar Norwegian (Bokmål, Belarussian, Russian Portuguese Lithuanian, Russian Estonian, Russian
“book language”, and Nynorsk
“new Norsk”), Sami

Spain Poland Greece Austria Latvia Denmark

195,124 sq miles 120,728 sq miles 50,949 sq miles 32,383 sq miles 24,938 sq miles 16,639 sq miles
505,370 sq km 312,685 sq km 131,957 sq km 83,871 sq km 64,589 sq km 43,094 sq km
48,563,000 38,523,000 10,773,000 8,712,000 1,966,000 5,725,000
Madrid Warsaw Athens Vienna Riga Copenhagen
Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Polish Greek, Turkish, Macedonian, German, Croatian, Latvian, Russian Danish
Basque Albanian Slovenian, Hungarian (Magyar)

Sweden Italy Bulgaria Czechia Croatia Netherlands

173,860 sq miles 116,348 sq miles 42,811 sq miles 30,451 sq miles 21,851 sq miles 16,040 sq miles
450,295 sq km 301,340 sq km 110,879 sq km 78,867 sq km 56,594 sq km 41,543 sq km
9,881,000 62,008,000 7,145,000 10,645,000 4,314,000 17,017,000
Stockholm Rome Sofia Prague Zagreb Amsterdam
Swedish, Finnish, Sami Italian, German, French, Bulgarian, Turkish, Romany Czech, Slovak, Hungarian Croatian Dutch, Frisian
Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian (Magyar)

46
Switzerland Slovenia

15,937 sq miles 7,827 sq miles

41,277 sq km 20,273 sq km
8,179,000 1,978,000
Bern Ljubljana
German, Swiss-German, Slovenian
French, Italian, Romansh

Moldova Montenegro

13,070 sq miles 5,333 sq miles

33,851 sq km 13,812 sq km
3,510,000 644,600
Chisinau Podgorica
Moldovan, Ukrainian, Montenegrin, Serbian,
Russian Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian

Belgium

11,787 sq miles
30,528 sq km
11,409,000
Brussels The cathedral dome of
Dutch, French, German Santa Maria del Fiore
dominates the skyline
of Florence, Italy—one
of the world’s most
beautiful cities.

Albania Kosovo Luxembourg Malta San Marino Vatican City

11,100 sq miles 4,203 sq miles 998 sq miles 122 sq miles 24 sq miles 0.17 sq miles
28,748 sq km 10,887 sq km 2,586 sq km 316 sq km 61 sq km 0.44 sq km
3,039,000 1,883,000 582,300 415,200 33,300 1,000
Tirana Pristina Luxembourg Valletta San Marino Vatican City
Albanian, Greek Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, Luxembourgish, German, Maltese, English Italian Italian, Latin
Gorani, Romany, Turkish French

Macedonia Cyprus Andorra Liechtenstein Monaco

9,928 sq miles 3,572 sq miles 181 sq miles 62 sq miles 0.77 sq miles

25,713 sq km 9,251 sq km 468 sq km 160 sq km 2 sq km
2,100,000 1,205,600 85,700 38,000 30,600
Skopje Nicosia Andorra la Vella Vaduz Monaco
Macedonian, Albanian, Greek, Turkish Spanish, Catalan, French, German, Alemannisch French, Italian, Monégasque,
Turkish, Romany, Serbian Portuguese, Castilian dialect, Italian English

47
 B C D E F G H I

1
Scandinavia and Finland SKIING
Europe

The three scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden, and During the winter months,
Denmark), along with neighboring Finland, are among the most northerly much of Scandinavia is
countries in Europe. Here the winters are long and cold. In the far north, covered with snow, so skiing
is a very popular sport.
above the Arctic Circle, the Sun remains below the horizon for up to two
2 2
months a year. Finland is the most densely forested country in Europe, North Cape Sami man in
and wood accounts for 30 percent of its exports. All four countries N (Nordkapp) traditional
Magerøya costume

n
Bare

ge
are highly industrialized and are among the wealthiest in the EA nts
C

s an
world. In the last few decades, a large number of refugees O Se
a

Po r
Sørøya Varangerhalvøya
have found a new home here, and Scandinavia in particular C Tana n
is a lot more ethnically diverse than it used to be. I rde
V ara n gerfjo
3 T Lakselv
Ringvassøya Talvik Kirkenes
C a
URBAN POPULATIONS Tan
R Alta
Scandinavia has a high urban Kvaløya Válljohka

A
population. Many people live in idda
Copenhagen in Denmark towns and cities, with less than Tromsø rksv Inarijärvi
is the second-largest city one-fifth living in the countryside. Senja nma Karigasniemi
in

F
in Scandinavia after Since the region is covered in Andøya Kaamanen
Stockholm, Sweden. lakes, fjords, and surrounded
by sea, many people also Ivalo
4 V e st e r å l e n Harstad 4
live near the water. Kaaresuvanto d
øya Saariselkä
nn
en Hi Narvik L a pM l a n LAPLAND
ot f Torneträsk

uo
Northern Sweden and

Lo
Muonio
RUSS

n Finland are known as

de Kiruna nion

j
or Kebnekaise Sattanen Lapland. Here, the local
joki

stf
6946ft Sodankylä Sami people survive the

Ve
(2117m)
IA

K it
i

ne cold and inhospitable

Kolari n
O un asjo

Bodø climate by herding

N

ki

Fauske Malmberget
5 C ir cl e reindeer, which they 5
To

Kemijärvi Arcti c
Gällivare breed for their meat,

n
e Skalka
milk, and skins.
r tis Rovaniemi
rnionjoki

Kalixä

Sva
FE

Arctic Circle Jokkmokk Lu

joki

le o
äl
mi

lven

Mo i Rana al Kuusamo
v
D

Ke
ven

a
Ki
E

we
Haparanda Tornio
Boden

Se gia
r
Mosjøen
ki

Kalix Kemi
jo

llet

o
Vega Arvidsjaur Livo
6 6
RA

Pudasjärvi

fje
Luleå

N
T

Oulu

rg
Storuman Piteå
Sk

Suomussalmi
e

lle Hailuoto Oulu

Bø
jok
i

f te Kempele
Storuman älv
IO

en Skellefteå
0 km 100 200 Kvarnbergs- Raahe
Vilhelmina Lycksele Kajaani
N

Namsos vattnet Kuhmo

Oulujärvi
Ån

0 miles 100 200 Sotkamo

U

Dorotea
ger

t
m
ia

eċ

Kokkola

a
ve Steinkjer
lve

Frøya (Karleby) FINLAND

n

7 7
hn

Hoting

Froh
Verdalsøra Levanger Strömsund Umeå Nurmes
t

Hitra
manälven

Trondheim s f j o r den Jakobstad Iisalmi Pielinen

Smøla
Bo

SWEDEN Holmsund (Pietarsaari) Keitele Siilinjärvi

Trondheim Stjørdal
Kristiansund Heimdal Örnsköldsvik Vaasa (Vasa) Kuopio
of

Støren Joensuu
Molde Storsjön Östersund
f

Lapua Kallavesi
Ålesund ll Kramfors Äänekoski
Seinäjoki
ul

Åndalsnes fje Røros Svenstavik

re
G

v Timrå Närpes (Närpiö) Varkaus

Do Härnösand Keuruu
8 Femunden Ratan Ånge Jyväskylä Haukivesi 8
Dombås
Sundsvall
Jot NORWAY Sveg Lj
us Näsijärvi
Idre na
n Ljusdal Kankaanpää Päijänne Saimaa
Glittertind
unh
eimen 6946ft Ringebu Hudiksvall Nokia Tampere Imatra
Sognefjorden
 (2464m)
Hermansverk Lappeenranta Joutseno
Lillehammer
Pori Lahti

Glåm
Bollnäs Söderhamn

a
Rauma Hämeenlinna
Mora Kouvola
Bergen Gol Rättvik Riihimäki
9 Geilo Gjøvik Hyvinkää 9
Hamar Malung
Leksand Gävle Kotka
Eidfjord Mjøsa Vantaa Porvoo

Kla
Hardanger- dda Sandviken Åland Turku
fjorden vi Borlänge Falun Salo HELSINKI

rälv
Hard a n g e r Hønefoss Tierp (Åbo)
Leirvik Avesta

en
Lillestrøm Ludvika Espoo

Å
Haukeligrend Sandvika la
Drammen OSLO Sala Uppsala nd Hanko
of
Haugesund sH lf
Kongsberg Ski Filipstad av (Hangö)
den Västerås
Norrtälje
Gu land
n
Horten Moss Mälaren Fi
S k u d n e s f j o r Stavanger Grums Karlstad Nora Täby
Porsgrunn Sarpsborg Sollentuna
10 Sandnes Halden Örebro 10
Fredrikstad Södertälje STOCKHOLM
Åmål Säffle Hjälmaren

Setesdal
Moi Strömstad
Evje Vänern Askersund
Arendal Mellerud
Nyköping THE SAUNA

k
Liknes Lidköping Mariestad
a Norrköping The sauna, or steam bath,
r Uddevalla
r Vättern was invented in Finland about
Kristiansand ge Trollhättan Linköping 1,000 years ago as a way of
Ska cleaning and relaxing the body.
Gothenburg Borås Gotland After a hot sauna, many Finns
North (Göteborg)
11 Jönköping Visby cool off by plunging into an icy 11
Hjørring Mölndal pool (below) or a snowdrift.
Sea Læsø
Kungsbacka INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH
Varberg Oskarshamn Manufacturing is an important source
Aalborg of employment and wealth throughout
Hobro Ljungby Växjö Scandinavia and Finland. Many of the
Halmstad Borgholm
Viborg goods produced here, such as machinery,
Holstebro Randers
Laholm Kalmar medical and technological equipment, motor
Jutland K at te g a t vehicles (Sweden), and pharmaceuticals
øbing ( J y l l a n d ) Aarhus Öland

a
Ringk d Helsingborg (Denmark), are exported all over the world.
12 Fjor Karlskrona e In Denmark, many people also work in 12
Varde
D E NM ARK S agriculture, fish processing, and brewing.
COPENHAGEN Lund Kristianstad
Esbjerg Hanöbukten
Kolding (KØBENHAVN) ic
Rømø Malmö t
Odense Slagelse

Stor
al

eb
Fyn Sjælland B

æ
lt Rønne NORWEGIAN FJORDS
GE Møn The west coast of Norway has thousands
Lolland Falster Bornholm
RMA
NY of deep inlets, known as fjords, gouged
Nykøbing
out of the mountains by glaciers during
the last ice age and then flooded by the 13
sea. The fjords run inland between
high mountains and make a favorite
BUILDING WITH WOOD destination for cruise ships bringing
Much of Norway and Sweden, and two-thirds tourists to admire the stunning scenery.
of Finland, is covered by dense forests of birch,
pine, spruce, and other trees. Finland has
more than 16 times more forested land
per person than the European average.
Many people in the region work in 14
the forestry industry, producing
wood for the construction and
furniture industries. This great
natural resource is also used to
build homes and churches, like
this medieval stave church (left)
in Norway.

15 15

SAVING THE ENVIRONMENT

The people of all four countries are very
environmentally conscious and recycle as
many household items as they can. Strict
national laws protect the environment
from industrial waste and pollution,
although there is growing concern about
16 the levels of pollution in the Baltic Sea. 16
Scandinavia and Finland

A B C D E F G H I

49
 B C D E F G H I
Unst
n ds

la
Yell
1

Is
The British Isles Fetlar

and
Mainland
Europe

For such a small group of islands, the British Isles has a very rich Lerwick
history. This is evident from its legacy of ancient ruins, medieval castles,

Shetl
dramatic cathedrals, and grand country houses. Once a leading industrial
and colonial power, British monarchs ruled an empire that circled the globe.
2 SCOTLAND 2
As a result, English is still widely spoken around the world. Today, many Scotland and England united as a single
Fair Isle
traditional industries, such as shipbuilding, mining, and engineering, ds country in 1707. Today, however, Scotland is
l an a self-governing part of the UK, with its own
have declined, and the emphasis is now on banking and insurance, Is parliament and distinct legal and educational

y
Sanday systems. Edinburgh, above, is a popular city
as well as pharmaceuticals. The British

ne
with a magnificent castle. Each summer, the

k
Isles consists of two countries: the Kirkwall city hosts an international arts festival.

Or
United Kingdom of Great Britain ATLANTIC Mainland
3 Hoy 3
and Northern Ireland (the UK), and OCEAN
the Republic of Ireland. Thurso John o'Groats

Isle of Lewis Wick

Ben Hope

s
ch
3041ft North
Stornoway s

in
(927m)

ide
Wales has more

M
nd

a
Sea

he
hl

br
T
g

e
4
than 200 castles. St Kilda Ullapool
4

Hi

H
Harris irth
yF Fraserburgh

r
ora

st
North
M

e
h
IRELAND Uist
Isle of Elgin

inc
We
Tourists visit Peterhead

ut
Skye Inverness

y
Ireland, attracted

O
pe
by its unspoiled Stromeferry S

rth
Loch Ness
countryside and lively South Uist a ins

No
cities, such as Dublin Aviemore nt Dee

The Little M
Barra Mallaig ou Aberdeen
(left). Once part of
5 Britain, Ireland gained Rhum M 5
independence in 1922. Eigg S C O T L A N D
Fort William

an
Its economy, the fastest- Montrose NORTH SEA ENERGY
Coll Ben Nevis Forfar
Ta

pi
growing in Europe just 4406ft y Beneath the shallow seas around Britain, there are supplies
before the global banking (1343m) Arbroath
of oil and natural gas. Oil rigs raise oil and gas to the surface,

am
crisis of 2008, has since Tiree Dundee
Oban Perth where it is pumped by pipeline to be refined on the mainland.

Inner H
seen good recovery. Isle of

Gr
St Andrews Production has declined and supplies are now running low,
Mull but more distant reserves still wait to be exploited. However,
Lorn F ort
h Dunfermline

ebr
Firth of Loch of Forth few businesses are willing to take on further costly exploration.
Lomond Stirling Firth

id
6 HORSE BREEDING 6
Lush pastures and a mild climate Jura Greenock Glasgow Edinburgh

es
Berwick- MONEY MATTERS
have encouraged the breeding of Paisley upon-Tweed The City of London is the UK’s
thoroughbred racehorses in Ireland. Islay Hamilton
ds

East Kilbride financial center. Before the

n

Stud farms here raise some of the

Cly

Kilmarnock Galashiels banking crash of 2008, more

a

de

best racehorses in the world. Prestwick l than 500 banks had offices
p Hawick
s

Kintyre Isle of Newcastle there. Lloyd’s Insurance

Ayr U ll
Arran Hi upon Tyne Building (right) is one of
rn ot
Coleraine Sou the C hevi T South the city’s most distinctive
yn

7 skyscrapers. Built of 7
e

Dumfries Shields
Londonderry steel and glass, its
NOR THER N Stranraer Sunderland elevators are outside.
Stranorlar Strabane IR EL A ND Carlisle
P

Penrith Durham Hartlepool

Donegal Newtownabbey Bangor Workington Tee
Lough
s

Lake

U
Don Middlesbrough
egal Ba
y Neagh Whitehaven
e

Omagh

l
s
Belfast District Darlington Whitby
Lower Lough Erne
t Portadown UNITED KINGDOM Scarborough
Sligo e Northallerton
n

Enniskillen r Armagh Downpatrick

Irish horse and Kendal Bridlington
8 Collooney Upper Barrow-in- 8
rider on a Newry DOUGLAS
Ou

Lough Erne Furness

n

s e Harrogate
Ribble

training run Boyle ISLE OF MAN

Castlebar Lancaster York Beverley
Cavan Dundalk (British Crown
g ht Ardee Dependency)
Leeds Kingston
i

Connau Longford Blackpool Preston Castleford

Drogheda Bradford upon Hull
 Huddersfield

n
Bolton Grimsby
Lough Corrib Anglesey Liverpool Manchester Doncaster
I R E L A N D Lucan Louth North

e
Galway Athlone ey DUBLIN Holyhead Birkenhead M ersey Sheffield Lincoln Skegness

T r e nt
iff

L
G al w a y B a y
9 on Newbridge Dún Laoghaire Sea 9
Loughrea nn

a
Bangor Chester E N G L A N D

Sh
Wicklow Boston The
Port Laoise Crewe Wash
Lough Mountains S nowdonia King's
Derg
Nenagh Iri sh Sea Stoke-on-Trent Derby Nottingham Great
Leinster Lynn Norwich Yarmouth
Ennis Th e
Carlow Arklow Shrewsbury Stafford Leicester
Barmouth F en s
Limerick Wolverhampton Peterborough
Rathkeale Kilkenny Tywyn Nuneaton Lowestoft
Cashel Cambrian Kettering
Abbeyfeale Cardigan Bay Birmingham
Mountains Coventry Newmarket
Wexford Aberystwyth Kidderminster
10 Tralee Clonmel 10

Barrow
MunsterB Cambridge Ipswich
Northampton
l a c k w a ter WALES
Dingle Waterford nnel Worcester Felixstowe
Bay Cha Bedford

W
Killarney e’s Milton Keynes Harwich

ye
Cork r g Fishguard Stevenage
Youghal G eo Gloucester Cheltenham Luton Colchester
Carmarthen Brecon ls Harlow
St old Hil

ern
Haverfordwest Beacons tsw Oxford St Albans Southend-
Co ames

Sev
ay Bantry Llanelli Th on-Sea
yB Milford Haven Port Talbot Watford
ntr Celtic Sea Newport Swindon Margate
Ba Swansea LONDON
Cardiff Bristol Reading Windsor Croydon
Bristol Channel Canterbury
11 Bath Maidstone 11
Weston-super- Andover Guildford Woking Dover
WALES Ilfracombe Stonehenge Folkestone
Mare Salisbury Winchester Crawley Channel
Wales was formally united with Barnstaple E xm oor
Taunton Eastleigh Tunnel
England in 1536, but retains its Yeovil Brighton
Havant Hastings
own language and traditions. Bideford Tiverton Southampton
Welsh is spoken widely in some Hove

Exe
Dartmoor Newport Portsmouth Eastbourne
parts, and public signs appear Poole
Exeter Bridport Isle of Wight ish
in both Welsh and English. Coal Lyme Engl
Exmouth Bournemouth

Ta m
mining and steel production Bodmin
l
Bay Weymouth

ar
Saltash nne
12 were important in the south, Newquay Cha 12
Torquay
but have both declined. Rugby St Austell
is the national game. Truro
Plymouth LONDON
Penzance The capital of the UK is London, a sprawling city on the
Falmouth
Land’s End banks of the River Thames. It is the political and financial
center of the country, as well as home to more than
Isles of Scilly Channel 8 million people. One of its
Islands Alderney most popular attractions
0 km 50 100 is the London Eye—
ST PETER
13 PORT a giant ferris wheel, 13
Wales playing Scotland at GUERNSEY Sark 443 ft (135 m) high.
0 miles 50 100
rugby in the Millennium (British Crown
MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY ST HELIER
Stadium, Cardiff Dependency)
Britain once controlled a world empire with JERSEY
colonies in every continent. Many people— (British Crown
from the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and Dependency)
Stonehenge in southern
the Caribbean in particular—came here and England was built from
brought their cultures with them, as well about 3000 bce onward.
as settling into British life. Today, about
one in eight British people are from
14 14
an ethnic minority background.

15 15

BRITISH LANDMARKS
Tourism is a major industry in Britain. Visitors come from all over the Each pod is nearly entirely
16 world to see the many churches, castles, and ancient monuments, such see-through, giving the occupants 16
as Stonehenge (above), and to admire the pretty villages. Many also a view of the whole city beneath
The British Isles

come for the theaters, galleries, and shops in Britain’s vibrant cities. them when it reaches the top.

A B C D E F G H I

51
 B C D E F G H I

1
The Low Countries
Europe

The netherlands, belgium, and luxembourg are known as the

Low Countries because the land is so flat and low-lying. In the case of
the Netherlands, much of the land is below sea level—Netherlands is Dutch
for “under lands.”The three countries are among the richest in Europe and,
2 2
while farming still plays an important part, they all have strong, modern
economies based on manufacturing and trade. Luxembourg in particular is
known as a tax haven and is a major center for international finance. Their
location at the mouth of the River Rhine and other major
European rivers places the three countries at the heart of
western European trade and politics—all three were
3 3
founder members of the European Economic
Community (now the European Union, or EU),
established in 1957.
ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
Every year, around 30,000 sea-going ships and 110,000 barges call at
the port of Rotterdam. Lying at the mouth of the River Rhine, this port
is the largest in the world and is where vast container ships from all
Tulips were introduced over the world load or unload their cargoes. The smaller barges help
4 to transport goods farther inland. With the port’s advanced Vessel 4
to the Netherlands from Traffic Service (VTS) it’s possible to track ships on a radar screen up
to 37 miles (60 km) off the coast and 25 miles (40 km) inland.
Turkey in 1562. Black
tulips were the
most valuable. Dutch tulips
5 a n d s 5
I s l
n en)
s i a eiland Schiermonnikoog
e n Ameland
Land below sea r i add
level on main map F Terschelling Eemshaven
t (W
s e Dokkum Loppersum Delfzijl

e
ze
Vlieland en

W
d Menaldum Winsum Zuidhorn Appingedam
Leeuwarden
ad

6 Groningen 6
RECLAIMING THE LAND
W

Haren
Texel Harlingen Leek
Over the centuries, the Dutch have reclaimed land from the Drachten Zuidlaren
sea. They did this by building huge dykes, or dams, to keep out
the sea, and then draining the surface water into canals. Windmills Sneek Joure Assen
Vlagtwedde
originally pumped out the water, but electric pumps are now used. Heerenveen
Y

Borger
Den Helder Wolvega Beilen
AN

DUTCH PEOPLE Schagen I J sse l m e e r Steenwijk CROPS

Emmen
The Dutch once ruled a vast empire Hoogeveen Fertile soil and
7 Opmeer Emmeloord 7
in Indonesia, the Caribbean, and Meppel Coevorden good irrigation
South America. As a result, many Alkmaar Hoorn Staphorst have helped the
nationalities now live here. Castricum
Netherlands become
Ethnic minorities make up NETHERLANDS Hardenberg a major exporter of
GERM

about 15 percent of the people Velsen-Noord Purmerend Lelystad Den Ham agricultural products,
and in some cities, the majority Zwolle with vegetables and
Zaanstad Fl e v o l a n d Tubbergen
of primary school children have Haarlem Nunspeet tomatoes forming
Almere Almelo Denekamp
a non-Dutch background. AMSTERDAM Rijssen
important crops. It is also
IJssel

Zeewolde famous for its bulbs and

Noordwijk Amstelveen Vaassen Hengelo
8 aan Zee Baarn Deventer cut flowers, notably tulips. 8
Hilversum Apeldoorn Goor
Enschede
Leiden Sassenheim Zutphen
Amersfoort Haaksbergen
THE HAGUE Zoetermeer Utrecht Zeist Dieren Eibergen
(’S-GRAVENHAGE) Ede
 Delft Gouda R Elst Arnhem Winterswijk
N eder i j n
Vlaardingen Ulft

R
Rotterdam Waal hine
Spijkenisse r g
Be se M (Ri
Goeree a jn)
0 km 25 50 75

as
9 Dordrecht Werkendam Nijmegen 9
Schouwen Oss Cuijck
0 miles 25 50 75 Overflakkee Vlijmen
Oosterhout ’s-Hertogenbosch
Noord- Tholen Schijndel
Beveland Breda Nieuw-Bergen
Middelburg
Roosendaal Oirschot
Goes Tilburg Helmond Horst

a th
or Vlissingen Essen Baarle-Hertog
We Zuid-Beveland Eindhoven
Zeebrugge Veldhoven Venlo
N Se sters
cheld e
Blankenberge Oostburg Kalmthout Someren
Terneuzen Bergeyk

Sc h
Kapellen Turnhout 10
Ostend Axel

el d
t
(Oostende) Assenede Antwerp Reuver
Beveren Lommel Weert
Middelkerke Bruges (Brugge) (Antwerpen) Roermond
Kinrooi
Ghent Sint-Niklaas Geel Echt

R
(Gent) up el Beringen Bree
Veurne Torhout Susteren

r
Aalter Herselt
Melle Mechelen

Ijze
Deinze t Tremelo Zonhoven

d
Aalst Genk
Roeselare Gavere AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
Ieper s Leuven Geleen Heerlen

Schel
The old architecture and picturesque canals make
e r Kortrijk BRUSSELS Hasselt Kerkrade
Poperinge d (BRUSSEL/ BRUXELLES) Schaerbeek Riemst Amsterdam one of the most visited cities in Europe. 11
an Tienen Maastricht Occasionally the canals freeze over and city officials
Fl Zwevegem Halle Overijse
e

der
Lei Wavre Landen Oupeye Vaals may decide it’s safe for people to go skating. When
Mouscron Enghien
they do, men and women of all ages, from very old to

Den
Herstal
Tournai Ath very young, take to the ice. Amsterdam is also home
B E L G I U M Liège Verviers Our to some great museums, including the Van Gogh

es
Péruwelz Leuze-en-Hainaut Gembloux Éghezèe Seraing gn Museum, Rijksmuseum, and the Anne Frank House.
Huy Fa Botrange
Mons tes
La Louvière Namur euse Hau 2277ft (694m)

e
M
Jemappes
Malmédy

n
Erquelinnes Binche Charleroi 12

n
Thuin Gerpinnes Ciney
e
Dinant m Marche-en-Famenne
Walcourt Ou
n e F a rth e Cyclists have their
F a g Rochefort Weiswampach own traffic lights –
this one is green

s
BELGIAN QUALITY Couvin Hosingen
Bastogne for “go”.
Belgium is renowned for its beautiful historic buildings e
Ou r

and for its excellent food, especially chocolates. Belgians Recogne n S û re

G E R MAN

13 have been making top-quality chocolates for more than e n 13

Se Diekirch
Y

100 years, and pralines, a type of filled chocolate, are F mo

is d
a speciality. Brussels even boasts a chocolate museum. R A r Neufchâteau Ettelbrück
A LUXEMBOURG
N Étalle Arlon Grevenmacher
Al z e t t e

Aubange LUXEMBOURG
Virton Pétange

C
Dudelange
E Esch-sur-Alzette
14 14
Luxembourg’s flag (top
left) is similar to that of
the Netherlands (below). TRILINGUAL
The Grand Duchy
of Luxembourg lies CYCLING
between Germany, The flatness of the land makes
France, and the Netherlands ideal for cycling,
Belgium. As a and more than half a million
result, the majority people cycle to school or work
15 of the people are each day. Lines of 20–100 15
trilingual—German children cycling together to
and French are school are common. Most of
widely spoken as is the roads have special cycle
Luxembourgish, the national lanes, and bicycles are often the
language. The capital, also quickest form of transportation
known as Luxembourg, to get around the crowded towns
has around 150 banks. and cities. The use of bicycles
also reduces car use and thus
16 cuts down the amount of 16
air pollution.
The Low Countries

A B C D E F G H I

53
 B C D E F G H I

I
France
n direct contrast to its mainly rural landscape, France
Europe

is a modern nation with most people now living in towns and

cities. While industry makes up the largest section of its economy,
tourism also plays a big part—France is the world’s most visited NUCLEAR POWER
Three-quarters of France’s electricity is produced
2 country. A land of varied scenery, from gently rolling farmland 2
by nuclear power plants (above), making the country
in the north to a stretch of dry, warm Mediterranean coast in the largely self-sufficient in energy and one of the main
producers of nuclear power in Europe.
south, France also shares two mountain ranges—the Pyrenees Hydroelectric plants are also
an important source of power.
and the Alps. Each of the 22 regions within France, which includes
the island of Corsica, has its own distinct
identity and culture. The tiny
3 countries of Andorra and 3

Monaco lie next to France.

HIGH-SPEED TRAVEL
France has Europe’s fastest train, the TGV – train à grande vitesse –
Boules, the which travels at up to 186 mph (300 kph) during normal services.
In 2007, a modified TGV even set a speed record for conventional
4 national game of trains of 357.2 mph (574.8 kph). The TGV network 4
connects Paris with all the country’s major cities, Channel ver
f Do
which makes it easier to commute or visit Tunnel trait o

BE
France, is still S Dunkerque

L
relatives. It also extends to Germany, G
Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Calais
played in village and through the Channel Boulogne-sur-Mer St-Omer Tourcoing
IU
Tunnel to Britain.
M
squares around le Portel Roubaix
STREETS OF PARIS
Berck-Plage A r t o Lille
Tourists flock to Paris to visit its world-famous
the country. is Douai
5
el museums and art galleries, shop in its elegant stores, 5
English C hann Abbeville Arras Valenciennes and soak up its vibrant atmosphere. Montmartre,
So
m which overlooks the city, is famous for its artists.
Cherbourg Dieppe Cambrai

m
e
Fécamp Close by, in the Place du Tertre (above), visitors
GUERNSEY Albert Hirson can have their portrait painted.
Baie de la Seine Amiens
(British Crown Dependency) Charleville-
le Havre Picardie St-Quentin
Noyon
Mézières
JERSEY Bayeux Barentin Beauvais
(British Crown Dependency) Rouen Laon LUX.
St-Lô Ois e Sedan
Coutances
Île Lisieux Louviers Compiègne
Golfe de Caen
GE
Senlis
Meus

6 d’Ouessant Morlaix Reims Thionville 6

St-Malo Se
e

Évreux Château-
RM
Granville
in
e

Plérin St-Malo y) Pontoise Thierry Hagondange AN

Landerneau Avranches a n d ie
Argenteuil Y
Brest r m nd PARIS Metz
B r i t t a n y St-Brieuc Nanterre Châlons-en-
Iroise
( N oo r m a Créteil Marne Champagne
Lorr
(Bretagne) Dinan N Versailles
ain
e Alsace
Fougères Bar-le-Duc
Quimper Alençon Antony Haguenau
Pontivy Loudéac Champagn Saverne
Rennes Chartres Melun e Nancy
Concarneau Quimperlé Maine Toul Schiltigheim
Vitré Île-de-France Fontainebleau
Troyes Strasbourg
Ma

Lorient Hennebont Laval Nemours

M os

7 Vannes Sens 7
rne

le Mans Châteaudun St-Dié

Auray Châteaubriant
es

ell e

Redon Sarthe Orléans Yon Chaumont g Sélestat

la Flèche Montargis Épinal
ne

A Belle Île Vendôme os

T Angers V Colmar
la Baule-Escoublac Trélazé Tou O r Olivet Auxerre Langres
L Nantes rai Blois l é a n a i s Cernay
O St-Nazaire Loire Tours ne Mulhouse

A
C Rezé Anjou Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire Côte d'Or Vesoul Belfort
Saumur

N
St-Louis
Montbéliard

E
Challans Cholet Vierzon undy) Fran
Cher che-Co Audincourt

A
TI
Thouars Bourges
(Burgrgogne
o u mté
Île d’Yeu les Herbiers Berry N B Dijon AND

N
C
8 8
Cre

la Roche-sur-Yon Châtellerault
ive Mor
va Z ERL
Po

Châteauroux rn n Beaune
i
use

to Nevers a Besançon IT
les Sables-
is

u Poitiers Dôle SW
d’Olonne Fontenay- Chalon- Pontarlier
Île de Ré le-Comte Niort F R A N C Moulins
E sur-Saône
 la Rochelle is Lons-le-Saunier Lake
Rochefort rbonna Digoin Geneva
Bou Montluçon St-Claude

V ie n n e
Île d’ Guéret Mâcon
Oléron Cusset FRENCH CHEESE

e
e Thonon-
9 Saintes Cognac ch Roanne Bourg-en-Bresse les-Bains Among France’s best-known 9
Limoges Mar Vichy
cheeses are Brie, Camembert,

Saôn
Royan Char Riom Ambérieu-
ente
Angoulême Limousin and Roquefort. Mountain

s
Thiers Tarare en-Bugey
Annecy regions each have several

An
Charente Clermont-Ferrand Mont Blanc

go
um Issoire Lyon 15,771ft goats’-milk cheeses,
Villeurbanne

Méd
ois Ussel (4807m)
Périgueux Vienne while cheese from

oc
Little

p
Auvergne Normandy tends
Tulle St-Chamond Chambéry St.-Bernard
Isl e St-Étienne to be made from
Pass

re
Mérignac Cenon Dordogn
e Brive-la- Voiron Savoie

sè
Pessac Libourne I 7178ft (2188m) cows’ milk. A
Bergerac Gaillarde M assi f St-Egrève

l
Arcachon Bordeaux le Puy cheese is usually
10 Dordogne Aurillac St-Flour Valence Grenoble Col du Mont named after its 10
la Teste Gar
on Cenis
town or region.

Da
Lot Figeac C entral Privas Briançon 6834ft (2083m)

ne
u

La
Marmande Col de

n
A
Cahors

ph
de Lot Mende èche Montgenèvre
s Houilles

in
A r dMontélimar D r ô m e 6070ft (1850m)
Aqui Agen Rodez é Gap

I
tai Moissac
Mont-de-Marsan ne Bollene ce
D ura n

s
Castelsarrasin Carmaux

TA

Rhône
AVIATION INDUSTRY Montauban
Ave y r o n e Alès
Dax Albi nn Orange
Tarn

LY
The French were pioneers Anglet Bayonne Gaillac ve Sorgues Digne
11 of aviation. They co-built Orthez A Auch Graulhet Cé 11
Biarritz edoc Avignon
Concorde and, in 1970, joined
rma Tarn ngu Nîmes Tarascon Manosque
forces with German, Spanish, G a s c o gnac Toulouse La
g n Montpellier Arles Salon-de- Nice MONACO
and UK companies to produce Pau e Provence P r o v e n c e
Castelnaudary Frontignan MONACO
short- to medium-range aircraft Tarbes Béziers Camargue Aix-en- le Cannet
that were both economic to run Lourdes Sète Antibes
P St-Gaudens Pamiers Agde Martigues Provence Cannes
and carried up to 300 passengers. Carcassonne Aubagne ur
Narbonne Marseille la Ciotat Az
Called Airbus, these aircraft filled S y Foix Limoux Hyères d’
a vital gap in the market and changed P
te

r Toulon

Ro
the face of the aviation industry. A e
Cô

12 n e u s Perpignan
Îles d’Hyères
12
I N e s sil Lig u rian
ANDORRA LA VELLA lon Me Sea
ANDORRA Bastia
0 km 50 100 150
dite
rranean Sea
0 miles 50 100 150 Monte Cinto
8878ft (2706m)
Corsica
(Corse)
13 TOUR DE FRANCE 13
The Tour de France cycle Ajaccio Monte Incudine
race was first held in 1903
7008ft
and is the most important Sartène (2136m)
sporting event in France.
Every July, thousands of Bonifacio
cio
people line the route to Strait of Bonifa
support their favorite team
or cheer on the winner. The
race covers about 2,500 miles
14 14
(4,000 km) and is divided into
20 or more daily stages.

VINEYARDS
15 15
The Romans first planted grape vines in
southern France about 2,000 years ago.
Today, France is the world’s major
wine-producing country, selling
a range of wines for the home
market and for export. The type
HISTORIC HOMES of wine produced depends on
During the 15th and 16th centuries, French aristocrats built beautiful the soil, location, and climate
châteaux, such as Chenonceau (above), in the Loire Valley, Bordeaux, where the vine is planted.
16 and other regions of France. These houses were elaborately decorated Wines from Burgundy, 16
by the best artists and craftsmen. Today, most are state-owned and Champagne, and the Rhône
France

open to the public. valley are sold worldwide.

A B C D E F G H I

55
 B C D E F G H I

1
Germany and the Alpine States
ying at the very heart of europe, Germany is
Europe

L
one of the world’s wealthiest nations. It is also Europe’s THE JOY OF UNIFICATION
leading industrial power. To its south lie the Alpine states After World War II, Germany was split, with
a US-backed capitalist state in the west
of Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Slovenia. The and a Russian-backed state in the east. Built in
2 2
region is famed for its beautiful Alpine scenery, mountains, 1961, the Berlin Wall was 96 miles (155 km)
long and was designed to stop East
and lakes. German is the main language in all but Slovenia. Germans from leaving for a
However, each of the five countries has its own distinct better life in the West. The wall
divided Berlin and separated
history, culture, and national identity. Indeed, since 1815, families, friends, and a
Switzerland has been recognized as a neutral nation, and nation for 28 years. When
Germany was unified
has stayed out of all the wars that have affected Europe. (reunited) in 1990, the wall
3 was officially demolished. 3

Westerland
D E
N M

Sc
A R K
Baltic Sea

h
F
l e Flensburg Kappeln e h m
sw Kieler arn Sassnitz
Schleswig Belt
ig Bucht Puttgarden Bergen Rügen
Husum -H Fehmarn

(Nordfriesis c h e I n s e l
Stralsund Pomeranian

n
ol Kiel

North Frisian Isla )

nds
Rendsburg s Mecklenburger
4 te Bay 4
Helgoland Kiel
Oldenburg Bucht Warnemünde
Greifswald

in
Bay Heide Canal Eutin
Wolgast Rostock
Neumünster Lübeck Wismar
sian Islands Cuxhaven Itzehoe Demmin Anklam
t Fre nseln)
Eas stfriesische I Teterow Oderhaff
(O Norderstedt Güstrow Malchin
Elmshorn
Norden Bremerhaven Schwerin Waren Neubrandenburg
Stade Hamburg Parchim Pasewalk
Wilhelmshaven Winsen Neustrelitz
Emden Rosengarten Boizenburg
Müritz Prenzlau
5 Leer Oldenburg Scheessel Lüneburg Ludwigslust 5
GERMAN INDUSTRY Wittstock
Angermünde

DS
With its coal and iron mines, the Ruhr Valley Weener Bremen Elbe Perleberg
Dannenberg

N
was once the powerhouse of the German Delmenhorst Verden Neuruppin
economy. Today’s industry ranges from Soltau Uelzen Wittenberge Eberswalde-Finow Celebrations at the
Cloppenburg
Bassum Salzwedel Oranienburg Bad Freienwalde Brandenburg Gate marking

LA
engineering to high-tech goods. Quality

Wes e r
assembly and design make Germany the Diepholz Celle Bernau the 10th anniversary of the
Stendal

Ems
Lingen fall of the Berlin Wall

ER
fourth-largest car producer in the world. BERLIN Frankfurt
Hanover Brandenburg

H
Osnabrück Wolfsburg an der Oder
Nordhorn (Hannover) Peine Potsdam Ludwigsfelde GENEVA

ET
6 Rheine Minden Braunschweig 6
Eisenhüttenstadt

N
Herford Geneva lies on the shores of
Münster Magdeburg
Lake Geneva, Europe’s largest
PO

Hildesheim Salzgitter Lübben

Rhine Bielefeld Schönebeck Guben
Bocholt Dülmen Seesen S p ree Alpine lake. This orderly
Ahlen Gütersloh Halberstadt Lübbenau city is a global center
Dessau Cottbus
Recklinghausen Paderborn Northeim Bernburg for banking and
S a a le

Torgau Finsterwalde
LAN

Hamm finance. It is also

Essen Warburg Göttingen Eisleben Halle-Neustadt Senftenberg
a base for many
D

Duisburg Dortmund Nordhausen

Bochum Marsberg Kassel Halle Riesa n y Hoyerswerda international
Krefeld Leipzig )
7
Wuppertal x o s e n Bautzen Görlitz organizations, 7
Düsseldorf such as the
S

Solingen Döbeln a ch Löbau

Leverkusen Olpe Red Cross.
(S a

Melsungen Dresden
G E R MErfurtA N Y Weimar Hainichen
Alsdorf Cologne Siegen Gotha Pirna
Gera Zittau
FOOD AND DRINK (Köln) Bad Hersfeld Jena
Chemnitz
The annual Munich Aachen Bonn Marburg an der Lahn Hünfeld
Saalfeld Zwickau

R hin

BE
Oktoberfest is Germany’s

e
g e
er birge Giessen Fulda Suhl .
biggest beer festival. Blankenheim s S c h i e f ts The Swiss speak
e Plauen

LG I
Entertainment includes c h Neuwied Wetzlar H e s s e n M ge)
nis Hof e r
parades and music. ei Koblenz Coburg Kronach
el
O r zgebi German, French,

UM
8 Rh fe l
i Mos Boppard Frankfurt am Main Münchberg (Er 8
Lichtenfels

E
Wiesbaden Offenbach Marktredwitz
Wittlich Mainz Schweinfurt Italian, and Romansh.
Bitburg
Ma

Bayreuth
in

LUX. Trier Pfungstadt Darmstadt Würzburg Bamberg

 Birkenfeld Forchheim
Worms Ludwigshafen Erlangen
Kaiserslautern

Bo

b
Merzig Mannheim Fürth
Schwandorf

he

Al
Neunkirchen Heidelberg Nuremberg

e
Neustadt an Sinsheim (Nürnberg)

ia

h
9
CZECHIA 9
Saarbrücken der Weinstrasse Regenstauf n

sc
Heilbronn Da
Weissenburg

ki
Karlsruhe (Do n u b e Fo

N e ckar
SWISS WATCHES Ludwigsburg re nau
)
The Swiss invented the Pforzheim ä n Regensburg
Aalen F r Straubing
st Mistelbach an
first wristwatch, the first Baden-Baden Deggendorf der Zaya
Göppingen Donauwörth Ingolstadt Hauzenberg
quartz watch, and the Stuttgart Passau Zwettl

S LOV
Kehl b Heidenheim an D a Hollabrunn
first water-resistant watch. Al der Brenz Landshut (Do nub
Offenburg na e VIENNA

AK
With their worldwide Reutlingen i s c h e Augsburg Pocking u) Linz Sankt Pölten
b Ulm Tulln

)
reputation for quality Lahr w ä B (WIEN)
ch avaria Munich Inn Wels IA

ald t
10 and style, timepieces Emmendingen Neu-Ulm
S Ried im Perchtoldsdorf 10

au)
Rottweil (Bayern)
(München)

zw es
make up the country’s Bad Vöslau Traiskirchen

D
on u b e
Freiburg im Villingen Mindelheim Innkreis Vöcklabruck Steyr

ar For
(D a n
third largest export. Breisgau Eisenstadt Neusiedler

w
-Schwenningen E nns
Memmingen

l
Rosenheim See

ch ck
Bad Krozingen Salzburg Wiener Neustadt

B
Stockach Kaufbeuren Ebensee

(S a
Müllheim Singen Lake Constance
Y

Schaffhausen Konstanz Kempten Bad Ischl Mürzzuschlag

er
R

Lörrach R n e ach
hi Bülach Friedrichshafen Füssen a v a r i a n A l p s Liezen
B Leoben schb en
Basel ( R h ei n) Winterthur Bregenz Zugspitze n Fi Alp
9718ft (2962m) In Kitzbüheler
GA

E
La Chaux- Zürichsee Zürich Sankt Gallen Innsbruck Alpen AU ST RIA
ra Schwaz

C
de-Fonds u Biel re Zug Graz
11 J Aa LIECHTENSTEIN he Tauern Judenburg 11
Ho

N
Neuchâtel
Luzern VADUZ ler
BERN o l Grossglockner
Schwyz T i r kta
Mu r
HUN

12,461ft (3798m)

A
G
Lac de Klosters Brenner Pass ur pen
l
A Wolfsberg
Neuchâtel Chur p 4508ft (1374m) s Lienz Murska Sobota
in Villach
I T Z E R L A N eD
S WThun
Eiger rrh l

FR
Lausanne Thuner See rde Klagenfurt Maribor
13,025ft Vo Plöcken Pass
(3970m) A St.Moritz 4452ft (1357m) Loibl Pass Velenje Ptuj D r a va
I T Jesenice 4485ft (1367m)
Lake n e r A l p s Brig
Geneva
B e r Sion Celje
Tolmin Kranj
A L
Onex Monthey Simplon Pass Bellinzona Y
12 Geneva 6578ft LJUBLJANA Trbovlje Sava 12
(Genève) n e Al ps Locarno Krško IA
(2005m)
T

nni Lugano
Pe
A

Lake SLOVENIA

R hône
Matterhorn Nova
Great Saint 14,692ft Maggiore Gorica Novo Mesto
Bernard Pass (4478m) Postojna
RO

Kočevje
8100ft (2469m) SLOVENIA
Koper
C

0 km 50 100 After centuries of rule by overlords, Slovenia became

independent in 1991. Although the population is only Gulf
0 miles 50 100 2 million, the national culture is strong. The famous
Lipizzaner show horses are named after the Slovenian
of Istra
13 farm where they were first bred. Venice 13
The opera ball
in Vienna

VIENNA, AUSTRIA
Vienna is a city of Baroque
buildings, palaces, and
famous concert halls.
Grand balls with traditional
waltzes are still customary.
14 14
These are a reminder of when
the city was the center of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire,
which controlled large parts
of east and central Europe.

15 15

ALPS
The Alps run from southeast France and spread eastward through
16 Switzerland and northern Italy into Austria and Slovenia. A The high and graceful stride 16
popular tourist destination, the Alps are famous for dramatic of the Lipizzaner horses makes
Germany and the Alpine States

scenery and winter sports. them excel in competitions.

A B C D E F G H I

57
 Europe

B C D E F G H

Spain and Portugal Spanish families tend to

eat dinner late, at around
9 pm. So after school,
The countries of spain and portugal share an area of land
called the Iberian Peninsula. In the north, this land is cut off from the children eat a snack
rest of Europe by the Pyrenees Mountains, while to the south, it is called a merienda.
separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar. The region was once
2 ruled by Islamic people from north Africa, known as the Moors. Gijon
Evidence of their culture can still be seen in buildings in the A Coruña Ferrol Luarca Avilés (Xixón) C o s t a V e r d e
(La Coruña) Villaviciosa
Pravia
cities of Andalucía. The Moors were eventually defeated in Laracha Betanzos Tineo Oviedo
Llanes
A s
1492 and, for a while, Portugal came under Spanish control, Santa Cataliña Vilalba t urias Mieres del Camín
de Armada Galicia Ca nt a bri a
as did much of Europe. During the 20th century, both Cabo Outes
Lugo La Pola
Cabanaquinta
countries were ruled by brutal Fisterra
Muros Santiago de Compostela lera Cantábrica
dictatorships, which were Santa Uxía
Lalín Chantada C o
rdil
3 de Ribeira Ponferrada León
overthrown in the 1970s. Pontevedra O Carballiño Monforte
Marín Ourense
They are now modern (Orense)
Astorga
Vigo Castilla-León
democracies and popular o
Ponteareas
Xinzo de Limia
iñ o
tourist destinations. M
in
h
Ponte da Barca
Benavente Palencia
M
Bragança Embalse de
Viana do Castelo
Ricobayo
Braga Chaves Valladolid
HARVESTING CORK Póvoa de Varzim Zamora
4 Guimarães
Cork is made from the outer bark
of the evergreen cork oak tree. Vila do Conde
Vila Real Toro Duero
The bark is carefully stripped Matosinhos
off, flattened, laid out in sheets, Porto (Oporto) Embalse Medina del Campo
Douro Lamego de Almendra
and then left to dry. The cork Vila Nova de Gaia
is used for many products, Ovar São João da Madeira Salamanca Segovia
such as stoppers for wine
bottles, matting, and tiles.
Aveiro
Albergaria-a-Velha
Viseu
S P
Portugal is the world’s Ílhavo Ávila
leading exporter of cork. Alto da Torre Guarda
Ciudad-Rodrigo
tra l
5
Coimbra
6539ft (1993m) Béjar
m a Cen
rel
a
Sist e edos
Figueira da Foz Est r
da Covilhã a de G
Serra Sierr
Plasencia

Leiria
PORTUGAL
Castelo Branco
Coria
Talavera de la Reina

Tomar Tagus
LISBON Embalse Embalse de
Portugal’s capital city Entroncamento Abrantes de Alcántara Cáceres Valdecañas
is Lisbon, which is Peniche Caldas da Rainha
6 Trujillo
situated at the mouth Santarém Herrera
Torres Vedras Portalegre
of the River Tagus on del Duque
a series of steep hills Coruche Extremadura
and valleys. In 1755, Elvas Mérida Villanueva de la Serena
two-thirds of the
Sintra LISBON Estremoz
Cascais (LISBOA) Don Benito
city was completely ra Badajoz
Almada Barreiro S er ss a Castuera
destroyed by an Évora d’ O Almendralejo
Puertollano
earthquake and tidal Setúbal
ana

Villafranca de los Barros

wave but was rebuilt Alcácer do Sal Zafra
Baía de Pozoblanco
adi

with beautiful squares Azuaga

Gu

7 Setúbal Jerez de los

and public buildings.
ena
Caballeros
M o r Montoro
Many explorers have set
Sines
sail from Lisbon in their Beja a
err Córdoba
Si
quest to find new lands. Trams are a feature of Lisbon Cortegana
ir Bujalance
streets and a popular form of Ourique Nerva l iv
q u a Palma del Río
transportation for both the Guad
Valverde del Camino La Algaba Alcaudete
locals and tourists. Carmona
Algarve Seville Ecija Andalucía
Portimão Lepe Lucena
Ayamonte (Sevilla) Osuna
8 Cabo de
Lagos Faro Isla Huelva Dos Hermanas
São Vicente Tavira Cristina Archidona
Olhão Las Cabezas de San Juan Antequera
Olvera
Gulf of Cadiz Lebrija Álora
FISHING
(Golfo de Cádiz) Ubrique
Ronda Málaga
Spain and Portugal have well-developed Coín
fishing industries with large-scale fleets Jerez de
Cádiz la Frontera Fuengirola
and many smaller local fleets. However, ol
San Fernando Marbella del S
C os

overfishing along Portugal’s coast and out Estepona sta

in the north Atlantic has put many people’s Co
ta

Barbate de Franco
la
de

livelihoods at risk. Spain is still one of Europe’s GIBRALTAR

9 top fishing nations, with catches of fish, Lu Algeciras (to UK)
z
molluscs, and crustaceans reaching around ibraltar
it of G Ceuta (to Spain)
1,100 tons per year. Stra
MOROCCO
58 A B C D E F G H
 Spain and Portugal

I J K L M N O P

SPANISH CITIES
The majority of Spanish people live in
towns and cities. Madrid is the largest 1
Spanish city and the capital of Spain.
Tourists flock to Barcelona, capital
of Catalonia and a leading cultural,
economic, and industrial hub. Bilbao,
home to the magnificent Guggenheim
Museum, is the capital of the Basque
region and a busy port.

The Guggenheim, a modern art 2

museum in Bilbao

Santander The Pamplona bull run

Laredo Bermeo
Donostia/San Sebastián is an annual fiesta that
Zarautz
Torrelavega Irun takes place in July.
Eibar
Bilbao Tolosa
asque Country
The Baís Vasco) P F R A N C E
Reinosa
(P Pamplona y r FIESTAS

Vitoria-Gasteiz (Iruña) e n In Spain, many towns hold their own fiestas,

Miranda e e ANDORRA or festivals, to celebrate a special event in their 3

de Ebro
Estella-Lizarra
Jaca
Monte Perdido
3348m s history or the birthday of their patron saint.
These fiestas differ from one region to another.
Burgos Logroño Navarra La Seu d'Urgell
Figueres
Ripoll One of the most famous is held in Pamplona,
Arnedo Banyoles where the brave run with the bulls.
Calahorra Berga
S La Rioja Ejea de
Huesca Catalo
n Manlleu Girona (Gerona)
Lerma i Tudela los Caballeros
Barbastro ( C a
talu ia
Eb
ro Monzón ñ a ) Vic Palamós Palafrugell

a
Balaguer
s

Tarazona

av
Lleida Blanes
te

Aranda Zaragoza (Lérida) Cervera

Sabadell

Br
de Duero Soria Arenys de Mar
m

Tàrrega Terrassa Mataró t

a
Fraga s 4
Co
a

El Burgo Vilafranca del Penedès Barcelona

de Osma L’Hospitalet de Llobregat
Ib

Calatayud Valls Sitges

de
Medinaceli Aragón Reus El Vendrell
ér

rra ma Tarragona
Sie darra
Daroca Alcañiz
ic

Gu
a
A I N Tortosa
Amposta ds
l a ne s )
o

Guadalajara Sant Carles de la Ràpita I s r

Alcalá de Henares c ea
r i s Bal Minorca 5
o

Torrejón de Ardoz Vinaròs

Teruel a
an

MADRID e la (Menorca)
a l (Is
ci

Getafe Javalambre en B
Ciutadella
s

l
gu

Cuenca
Va
Aranjuez 6628ft
Castellon de la Plana Maó
Ta

Onda Pollença
(2020m)
Tarancón s Sa Pobla
Ocaña í Borriana
Toledo Pa Vall d’ Uxó
Palma HOLY WEEK
ar

Ca st i l l a- L a M a n ch a Sagunto Manacor Easter in Spain is marked by

ah

Burjassot (Sagunt) Golfo de solemn celebrations, known as

Mota del Cuervo Llucmajor Felanitx
Costa del Az

Valencia Valencia Majorca

the Holy Week processions. These
Campo de Criptana Torrente Catarroja processions vary according to the 6
Socuéllamos Sueca Illa de (Mallorca)
Júcar Ibiza region, but generally, men wear
Tomelloso La Roda Algemesí Cullera (Eivissa) Cabrera
Daimiel robes and hoods and carry heavy
Manzanares Albacete Xàtiva Gandia crosses to show penitence.
La Solana Almansa Oliva
Ibiza 0 km 200 400
Ciudad (Eivissa)
Real Valdepeñas Ontinyent Alcoy Denia
Villanueva de los Infantes Villena 0 miles 200 400
Benidorm Formentera
Hellín Jumilla Elda
Segura
Villajoyosa (La Vila Joíosa)
Monóvar Sant Joan d’Alacant
La Carolina Beas de Segura
Alicante (Alicant) 7
Bailén
Moratalla Cieza Elche
Villacarrillo a
nc

Linares UbedaCazorla Mula Orihuela

la

s Murcia
Murcia
aB

Jaén
i co
ét Huéscar Totana
Cost

La Unión
Martos
as
B Lorca a Flamenco dancing was
tem Cartagena
Se
created by the gitanos
Sis Baza (Romani people) of
Granada Guadix Aguilas
a n Andalucía and dates back

ne
Mulhacén to the 15th century. 8
11,421ft (3481m) Mojácar

Sierra Neva
da ra
Berja
t er
edi
Adra Almería
COASTAL RESORTS
Motril
M Every year, millions of northern
Europeans head south for the beaches
of southern Spain and Portugal, or for
REGIONAL SPAIN the Spanish Balearic Islands. They are
There are 17 Spanish regions, each with its own attracted by the warm climate as well
distinct cultures and traditions. For example, in as affordable hotels and restaurants. 9
the south is Andalucía, with flamenco dancing
and traces of Moorish influences.

I J N O P 59
 B C D F G H I

Vatican City has a permanent 1

Italy population of only about
Europe

The boot-shaped country of Italy stretches from the 1,000 people, although more
mountainous north down to the Mediterranean Sea. For
much of its history, Italy consisted of city-states—such as than 3,000 come to work in
Florence and Venice—and was united only in 1870. Regional the city-state each day.
2 Andrea Bocelli 2
differences in Italy are huge, as each region has its own
cuisine, customs, and dialect, and is geographically quite HOME OF OPERA
distinct. As a result, many Italians identify themselves first The idea of setting drama to
music originated in Italy during
Carnival masks
by region and then by country. The largest division, however, the 16th century. Since then,
is between the rich north and the poorer south—a rugged Italian composers such as Rossini,
Verdi, and Puccini have made
region with several active volcanoes and the occasional opera the most popular musical
3 form in Italy. Many cities have
severe earthquake. The mainland of Italy includes two tiny their own opera houses.
independent states—San Marino and Vatican City.
Brenner Pass
4508ft
SWITZERLAND s (1374m)
A
Rhône U
ST
Great St.-Bernard Merano Bressanone
Mont Blanc p RI CITY OF CANALS
15,771ft Pass 8,100ft Bolzano es A
(2469m)
Lake it The beautiful city of Venice is
4 (4807m) l Cortina d’Ampezzo 4
Aosta Maggiore m made up of 118 islands, 177 canals,
Little St.-Bernard Lake Como Edolo D olo and 400 bridges. The only way to get
Pass 7178ft (2188m)
A Varese around is to walk or take a boat: a vaporetto,
Como L om bar dy Trento Gemona del Friuli Tarvisio
Gran Paradiso (Lombardia) motoscafo, or motonave. The most distinctive
13,323ft Monza Arco boat, however, is the gondola. Each year,
(4061m) Novara Bergamo Lake Garda Udine in the days before Ash Wednesday, Venice
Vercelli Rho Sesto San Giovanni Bassano
SLO

COLOSSEUM del Grappa hosts a carnival when the city celebrates

Milan Pordenone
One of Rome’s Susa Turin Brescia Monfalcone with fireworks and everyone wears
Rivoli (Torino) (Milano) Vicenza Treviso spectacular masks.
greatest sights is Verona Portogruaro

E
5 the Colosseum, Moncalieri Mestre 5
VENIA

P
Asti Casteggio Pavia P Cremona
which opened o P i em ont e Padova
Alessandria o Mantova Monselice
Venice (Venezia) Trieste
in 80 ce. Deadly Piacenza
Savigliano Ostiglia
gladiatorial nnino Ligu Adig
Appe re V e A
combats and Cuneo

Po
Mondovì Parma a Rovigo
Chioggia Gulf of ATI
animal fights were l C RO

FRANC
Genoa (Genova) l e y Venice
staged here before Carpi
crowds of up to Finale Ligure Reggio nell’ Emilia Ferrara Foci del Po
Savona
55,000 people. Modena A
Gulf of Genoa Comacchio
6 MONACO Imperia Imola 6
Ventimiglia San Remo Carrara Bologna Ravenna
La Spezia p
Massa Faenza Forlì
The oval-shaped Colosseum Viareggio Pistoia Cesena
I A Rimini
stood at 620 ft (189 m) high. Lucca Prato pp SAN MARINO
e en
Pisa Arno n SAN MARINO
i

Florence Pesaro
no

(Firenze) Fano
Livorno
hi

Sansepolcro
a

Arezzo Falconara
U

M FOOTBALL FANS
nt

Marittima
n
m

7 7
i

Cecina a Italians are mad about

br
r

Siena
o

Ancona football and fanatically

ch

Tuscany
T

Piombino
-M

follow the performance of

e

Civitanova
( T os c a n a )
ar

Ar Lago Marche teams such as Juventus,

c

c
n

Portoferraio Trasimeno AC Milan, Inter, and Roma.

hi

Perugia Fermo
hig

Isola
p

Grosseto Foligno Italian teams frequently win

el
ia

d’Elba Ascoli major European competitions,

ag

Lago di
no

Todi Piceno and the national team has won

i

T Orbetello Bolsena
os
Giulianova the World Cup four times – in
8 ca
Viterbo 1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006. 8
A

no
Terni Teramo
Corsica L’Aquila Pescara
n

re

(Corse) Civitavecchia Ortona

eve

(to France) Chieti

 St io
rai Tivoli Avezzano
t o f B o nifac

A
Termoli

pe
Sardinia Isola Asinara la Maddalena VATICAN CITY ROME n

Ap bru
L
Olive harvesters (ROMA) zz nin

A
(Sardegna) es o
9 Tempio Pausania gather olives in nets e 9
Anzio Campobasso San Severo

d
Porto Torres Isernia
Sassari Latina

r
Olbia

V
ol

i
Alghero Terracina tur Manfredonia
a

no
Ozieri Gaeta Y Foggia
Siniscola Golfo di C ampania Cerignola Barletta t
Nuoro Isole Gaeta Caserta i
Macomer Ponziane Vesuvius Benevento Molfetta c
Naples 4190ft (1277m) o Andria Bari
Punta La Marmora Avellino ant S

Of
(Napoli) Bitonto
6017ft (1834m) Torre del Greco e
10 Oristano 10
Salerno Altamura a

App
Battipaglia P u gli a
Isola
Gulf of Potenza

enn
di Capri Matera Brindisi
Villacidro Salerno
Taranto

ino
Iglesias Agropoli Sala
Lecce

Lu
Cagliari Consilina
Manduria

ca
Carbonia

n
Quartu Sapri

o
Sant’ Elena Lauria Maglie
Gallipoli
11 11

Ty
Castrovillari Golfo di

rr
OLIVE HARVEST
nto

S
Italy is a big producer of olive oil, producing around 330,000 tons,
tra

Taranto
which is second only to Spain in Europe. The oil is produced by O
ea en
ia Rossano of
first pressing the fruits of the olive tree between steel or stone n S tr a it
rollers, then squeezing oil from the pulp using a press. Olive
trees flourish in the fertile soils and the mild, frost-free climate Cosenza La Cirò Marina
of southern Italy. Isola Amantea Sila
Crotone
i e Stromboli
Isole Eol Lamezia 12
Catanzaro
VATICAN CITY Isola Lipari
This tiny state in Rome is the Trapani
Palermo Isola Vulcano Ionian
center of the Roman Catholic Palmi
Church and home to the Pope. Messina
Cefalù
As well as St Peter’s Basilica and Alcamo Siderno
the surrounding buildings
Marsala Sea
Mount Etna Reggio
and gardens, the Vatican boasts Castelvetrano Sicily 10,958ft 0 km 50 100
Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel. (3340m) di Calabria
Me s s
i

13 The state has its own flag, (Sicilia) 13

of
Strait na

0 miles 50 100
Si m
postage stamps, and coins.
et o

Catania
Caltanissetta
Agrigento HOME LIFE
St Family life is important
Isola di ra Gela in Italy, and most
Pantelleria
it
Vittoria
Siracusa
M of people live at home
Swiss guards, in their red, yellow, and ed Si Ragusa until they marry. This
cil Modica is partly due to lack of
blue striped costumes, stand at the ite y
14 gates into Vatican City. rra Pozzallo cheap housing. Lunch 14
nean Ma (pranzo) is often the
Sea lta main meal of the day.
Cha
nnel
RENAISSANCE ITALY
Florence (below) sits on either side of the Arno River. During the Gozo
15th century, a new movement in art and architecture known as the MALTA
Renaissance, or rebirth, began in Italy. Painters and sculptors such as Isole
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael created beautiful works Pelagie VALLETTA
of art using improved techniques of perspective and realism. Many of Malta
15 these can still be seen in the galleries and churches of Florence.
Italy
 B C D E F G H I

1
FAMILY FARMS
Poland has one of the largest agricultural sectors
Central Europe in Europe, with more than 12 percent of the
Europe

Four countries lie at the heart of central Europe— workforce employed on the land. Most farms are
Poland, Czechia (until 2016, the Czech Republic), Slovakia, still small, family-run businesses, growing grains,
sugar beet, and potatoes. Large numbers of pigs
and Hungary. The region is composed of wide plains and other animals are also kept.
broken by gentle hills and the Carpathian mountain
2 2
range in the south. In the late 1980s, these countries
broke away from decades of communist rule and, as
new democracies, began to modernize. EU-members
since 2004, they have seen a rise in living standards,
TRADITIONAL TRADES
despite the global economic crisis of 2008 hitting their The countries of central Europe are
growing economies. heavily industrialized. Vast coal mines,
3 steel works (above), and engineering 3
works dominate the urban landscape.
Although some of these sites are old
GOLDEN PRAGUE and poorly equipped, these countries
Prague, the capital of Czechia, is are trying to update machinery and
one of Europe’s most charming and introduce measures to improve standards
beautiful cities. Unlike many other of environmental pollution.
central European cities, it escaped
serious damage in both World Wars,
and contains many fine historic a Gulf of
4 buildings, soaring church spires, Danzig 4
S eWładysławowo
and grand squares. ic
t Ustka Wejherowo
l Rumia Vistula Lagoon KALININGRAD
Lębork Gdynia (to Russian Federation)
B a Sławno Słupsk Braniewo Gołdap
Koszalin Bartoszyce
Pomeranian Gdańsk Elbląg Lidzbark Suwałki
Bytów

isî a
Warmiński Kętrzyn

W
Bay Kołobrzeg Tczew Giżycko
Kościerzyna Dobre Miasto Ełk
Białogard Augustów
y

Świnoujście Malbork
Biskupiec
r

Zalew
Jezioro
5 Szczeciński Świdwin Szczecinek Ostróda Pisz Grajewo Kużnica 5
Olsztyn Śniardwy u
Nowogard Chojnice Kwidzyń
BE

Goleniów Człuchów Iława z Sokółka

Szczecin Szczytno
L

Stargard Szczeciński Świecie Grudziądz Nidzica M a

Wałcz Brodnica Łomża Narew
Choszczno Chełmża Białystok
Pyrzyce Piła Ostroı̆ęka
Solec KujawskiRypin Mława
Trzcianka Bydgoszcz Łapy
Ostrów
ARU

Chodzież
Toruń Ciechanów Zambrów

Od
Noteć Lipno Mazowiecka

er
S

Gorzów Wielkopolski Sierpc

(O
Żnin Pułtusk

d
6 ra Inowrocław Bu Bielsk Podlaski
6
g

) Płońsk
Oborniki Gniezno Włocławek Wyszków RELIGION
Mogilno
Międzyrzecz Płock Siemiatycze The Roman Catholic
Słubice Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki WARSAW
Poznań Września Church is very strong

GERMAN
Świebodzin Konin Kutno Pruszków (WARSZAWA) Siedlce throughout central
Sulechów
Biała Podlaska Europe. Attending

Y
Koło Łuków
Krosno Odrzańskie P O L A N D Międzyrzec Podlaski mass on Sunday and
Góra Garwolin observing religious
ta

Zielona Góra Nowa Sól Pleszew Skierniewice

ar

Leszno Zgierz Radzyń Podlaski holidays, such as

W

Lubsko Od
Łódź Grójec Kalwaria
e r (O
dr a ) Kalisz Ryki Christmas and Easter,
7 Żagań Pabianice Tomaszów 7
Głogów Rawicz Ostrów Włodawa are important features
Part of Prague’s colourful Szprotawa Sieradz Mazowiecki Radom Puławy of family life.

S
Lubin Wielkopolski a
history is preserved in buildings Bełchatów Lublin
i
isî

Bolesławiec Piotrków Skarżysko- Chełm

W

around the Old Town Square. l Wieluń

Zgorzelec Legnica e Kępno
Trybunalski Kamienna Poniatowa
s Radomsko
Ostrowiec Krasnystaw
S u Jelenia Góra i a
Wrocław Starachowice Kluczbork
Świętokrzyski
de Brzeg Kielce yna Lubelska
Děčín t Kłobuck n a Wyż Zamość
Ústí nad Labem en Świdnica Częstochowa ż y k a Sandomierz
Liberec Sněžka Opole Jędrzejów
y ols
Teplice Wałbrzych Lubliniec W o p Stalowa Wola
8 Lovosice Turnov 5256ft ł 8
Chomutov (1602m) Ząbkowice Śląskie Zawiercie M a Tarnobrzeg Tomaszów Lubelski
Most Bytom
Karlovy Vary Hradec Kędzierzyn-Kożle Gliwice Chorzów Mielec Leżajsk
PRAGUE Miechów
Cheb Kladno Poděbrady Králové
(PRAHA) Katowice Rybnik Kraków Dąbrowa Tarnowska Jarosław
 Mariánské Lázně Kolín Elbe Pardubice Wodzisław Śląski Żory Tychy Dębica Rzeszów
Tachov Opava Jastrzębie-Zdrój Wieliczka Tarnów
Zábřeh

B
Limanowa Przemyśl

NE
Plzeň Rokycany Ostrava Havířov Bielsko-Biała Krosno

I
CZECHIA Olomouc Nowy Sącz Sanok

ohe
9 Humpolec Frýdek-Místek 9

GE
Bohemia

m
Klatovy Tábor Prostějov Přerov
thian Mount

RA

ia
Písek Jihlava
C a r p aad r a FOLK CULTURE

n
Strakonice Zakopane Pop in

RM
Moravia Bytča Žilina Rysy 8199ft (2499m) Bardejov s Traditional folk culture is still

Labo
Třebíč Otrokovice Zlín preserved in Slovakia, and is

Fo

A
rec
České Budějovice Brno T atra Mts Prešov Snina

va
UK

re
seen as an essential part of

N
s
Martin Ružomberok Poprad Vranov nad Topl’ou

ora
t Znojmo Vá regional identity. Throughout

Y
Hodonín Michalovce
Český Krumlov Trenčín Banská Bystrica the year, especially during the
Rožňava
AU Košice summer months, folk festivals
STR Piešťany SLOVAKIA are held in many towns. The
10 10
IA Zvolen dohrie Sátoraljaújhely Záhony people dress up in their
Danube Malacky Trnava ské Ru

Nitra
Nitra oven Lučenec colourful regional folk costumes,
Pezinok Sl Encs
play traditional instruments,
Galanta Levice Ózd Kisvárda
BRATISLAVA Senec Ip e l ’ and sing and dance.
Šurany Miskolc Fehérgyarmat
Ip o l y

L
D it Kolárovo Kékes Eger Nyíregyháza
Mosonmagyaróvár an t 3326ft Nagykálló

s za
u b el e Alföld Vác (1014m)

Ti
Győr Esztergom Hajdúhadház
Budapest was once Csorna Gyöngyös
Sopron Tatabánya
Debrecen
11 BUDAPEST A

I
two cities – Buda on Püspökladány
Celldömölk Berettyóújfalu

N
Szombathely H U N G A R Y ó
tty

ba
re

A
the right bank of the Székesfehérvár

Be

Rá
Nagykőrös Szolnok
Veszprém Dunaújváros Mezőtúr

M
River Danube, and Pest Körmend y Great Gyomaendrőd
a k o n to n Kecskemét Tiszakécske
Zalaegerszeg B a
Bal Békéscsaba
RO
on the left bank. SLO Keszthely Hungarian
VE Mu Lenti Fonyód
NI r Paks
12 A Kaposvár Szekszárd Tolna P l a i n Hódmezővásárhely 12
Nagykanizsa Szeged Makó
Csurgó Mecsek Baja
INDUSTRIAL LIFE
C Barcs Pécs IA
Czechia is central Europe’s R
most industrialized country, Siklós SERB
O

Da
with a large car manufacturing

nube
AT Dra
sector. It is renowned for its va
IA LANDSCAPE OF SLOVAKIA
centuries-old glass industry
Slovakia is divided between a fertile, lowland south and a more
13 and also produces some of 13
rugged, mountainous north. The country is far more rural than
the world’s best-known beers.
0 km 50 100 its industrial neighbour, Czechia. Most Slovaks live in small
Pilsner lager, for example,
towns and mountain villages. The Tatra Mountains in the north
originated in the town of Plzen,
0 miles 50 100
are popular with skiers and hikers, who bring in much-needed
while Budweiser beer has been
tourist income.
brewed at České Budějovice for
more than a century.

14 14

HOT SPRINGS
A land of fertile plains,
Hungary is also famous
for its numerous hot
springs. In the capital city
of Budapest, there are more
than 100 hot springs. The
15 warm waters rise naturally 15
from the ground, and spas
and baths are centred on
these springs. They are as
popular today as they were
centuries ago, when the
Romans used the hot springs
on the Buda side of the city.

16 Széchenyi baths in 16
Budapest has outdoor
Central Europe

pools open all year.

A B C D E F G H I

63
 B C D E F G H I

1
Southeast Europe
ntil 1991, croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia,
Europe

U
Montenegro, and Macedonia were all part of Yugoslavia.
THE ADRIATIC
Ethnic tensions between the Serbs and other peoples in The long Adriatic coastline of Croatia is one
Yugoslavia caused a series of bloody wars that broke up of the most beautiful in Europe. The wooded
2 hillsides, pretty beaches, such as Markarska 2
the country. Peace was eventually restored in 1999, but all (right), islands, and historic towns
such as Dubrovnik attract
five countries have suffered intense economic problems as tourists from all over Europe.
a result. So, too, has Albania since its communist government The archipelago is also
popular for sailing holidays.
collapsed. The six nations do, however, have huge potential,
with considerable agricultural and mineral resources. In the
north, the Danube River is an important trading route for
3 3
both Croatia and Serbia, while Croatia has a flourishing
tourist industry along its beautiful Adriatic coast.
GROWING FOOD
The Dalmatian The most fertile area in
SPORTING ACHIEVEMENT this region lies along the
Croatia is a great sporting nation. dog is named River Danube in northern
Former skier Janica Kostelic has won Serbia and eastern Croatia.
four Olympic gold medals (three in 2002 after the coastal Here, vegetables, fruit,
and one in 2006), making her one of the corn, and cereals are
4 grown, as well as grapes 4
most successful female Alpine skiers of region of
all time. Other popular sports are football for wine-making. Most
(soccer), tennis, and basketball. farms are small-scale
Dalmatia in family businesses growing
a wide range of crops.
IA
Croatia, its first

Dr
EN

av
V known home.

a
Janica Kostelic O Čakovec
5 5
Varaždin

SL
Sa
va Koprivnica
Križevci DIFFERENT SCRIPTS
Croatian and Serbian languages are very similar
Samobor Sesvete Bjelovar Y but the people of Croatia, a predominantly
ZAGREB Roman Catholic country, write in Roman script,
H U N
Ko Virovitica
G A R Subotica as do Bosnians. Serbians are mainly Eastern
Poreč lp
Opatija Rijeka a CROATIA Orthodox and write using both Roman and
Kanjiža
Sisak Slatina Beli Manastir Senta Russian Cyrillic scripts.
6 Rovinj a Karlovac Bačka 6
r Petrinja Kutina Dr
av
st Sombor Topola
a

Ada
Tisza

I Crikvenica Ogulin Glina

S
Pula av P apuk Vojvodina
Krk Nova a Osijek Kikinda

r
Senj Slavonska Požega Vrbas Bečej

ne
Bosanska Dubica Gradiška
Cres Borovo

ar
Bosanski Novi Bosanska Gradiška Đakovo Srbobran

Kv
R

Vukovar Temerin
Cazin Ko Slavonski Brod
Vinkovci Bačka Palanka Zrenjanin
as
n a Prijedor zar
rb
U a
O

Bihać V Derventa Bosanski Šamac Futog Novi Sad Mužlja

Ve l e
Lošinj Gospić Banja Luka REPUBLIKA Županja
Pag Modriča Magazine Magazine
7 7
M

Sremska Ruma Indija Vršac

bi

A
SRPSKA Gradačac Brčko with Roman with Cyrillic

t
San
Un Ključ aDoboj Mitrovica Stara Pazova
ac BRČKO script script
Batajnica
A

d
B OSNIA & DISTRICT Šabac Pančevo Bela Crkva
Zadar Bijeljina Zemun N

r
Maglaj Tuzla Sa BELGRADE
va
Jajce na (BEOGRAD)
s

Loznica

D
i

i
Zavidovići
I A
Bo

Dan
Dugi Knin Travnik Zvornik Smederevo ub
Troglav Požarevac e(
Otok Zenica
D

a
n
6276ft

a
Mladenovac
un

Dr
(1913m) i
a)

t
na

Smederevska Palanka
a

l
Mo r a v a
Ve l i k a

8 HER ZEGOVINA Valjevo 8

Livno Aranđelovac

i
Šibenik Visoko Srebrenica
r

Sinj FEDERACIJA BOSNA

m
SARAJEVO

c
SERBIA
i

Trogir I HERCEGOVINA Gornji Milanovac Kragujevac Negotin

Split c Rogatica
a

Konjic Užice Požega Čačak Jagodina Bor

 t
A Ćuprija
Bra č Goražde

S
Foča

i
Makarska Priboj Kraljevo Paraćin Zaječar

Ne
l

Drin

e
Vis

re

a
Hvar Mostar p tv
a

a
9 Prijepolje Aleksinac 9

Iba r
Metković
s Pljevlja Kruševac Knjaževac
Korčula Ploče

K opa
Sjenica Niš

oni
Novi Pazar Prokuplje

M
a
Bijelo Polje

k
ou l
Mljet

Juž
nt ka n
MONTENEGRO Pirot
Berane Mitrovicë/
ai
Dubrovnik Trebinje Podujevë/Podujevo

na M
Nikšić Mitrovica Leskovac
ns

o ra
North Vushtrri/Vučitrn Vlasotince
DUBROVNIK Pejë/Peć

va
The medieval walled city of Kotor Albanian Fushë Kosovë/ PRISTINA 10
Cetinje Kosovo Polje Surdulica
Dubrovnik, at the very southern (PRISHTINË)
tip of Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, PODGORICA Alps Gjeravicë/Đeravica Vranje
8720ft (2658m) KOSOVO
is one of the architectural gems Bajram Curri (disputed) Bujanovac

BU
of Europe. In 1991, Serb troops Lake Scutari Gjakovë/Đakovica Rahovec
Ferizaj/ Gjilan/Gnjilane
shelled the city, causing immense Uroševac Preševo
L
Bar i i Drini
um t

L
damage. The city was restored after Prizren
the end of the war. Other historic Shkodër
G
Kukës
cities damaged during the fighting, Tetovo Kumanovo
A

notably Sarajevo and Mostar, in Lezhë

11
SKOPJE 11
Bosnia and Herzegovina, have Kočani
Laç Peshkopi a
c

also been restored. Gostivar

RI

l ni
Krujë Burrel Br e g a
Veles Štip
A

Debar
Kičevo

Bla
Durrës TIRANA Radoviš

ck
(TIRANË)

Dr
MACEDONIA

in
Kavajë
ubinit Struga Kavadarci
Lu mi i Shk Prilep Strumica
Var

Elbasan Ohrid eka

R

GREAT LAKES Lushnjë

dar

12 Lake Gevgelija 12
Macedonia contains Ohrid
Crna

Kuçovë Bitola
two huge lakes—Ohrid and Fier

Lu
m Lake
Prespa. The latter has clear Berat i i Pogradec
D evollit Prespa
water, fed by underground

Strait of
streams, and is a popular Vlorë ALBANIA

L
tourist spot. Both lakes Korçë C E

um
i
Lu

Otra
have substantial fish stocks, mi i E E 0 km 50 100
R

i V jo O s u
especially of trout and eel, Tepelenë së m i t

nto
s
which are used to make 0 miles 50 100
G

13 local dishes. 13
Gjirokastër
Sarandë The shell of an impressive
temple still stands at
Apollonia, Albania.
Konispol
Lake Prespa Corfu
(Kérkyra)
LIFE IN ALBANIA
Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe. Most
14 people are ethnic Albanian, with a sizeable Greek minority 14
in the south of the country. Loyalty to one’s family or clan Eel
is more important than national identity, and married sons
often live with their parents and look after them in old age. An Albanian
family

APOLLONIA
About 8 miles (13 km) outside
the city of Fier, Albania, lie the
ruins of an ancient city called
15 15
Apollonia. Founded in
588 BCE by Greeks from
Corinth, it is one of 30 cities
named after the Greek god
Apollo. Austrian archaeologists
began excavating the site
during World War I, and French
archaeologists continued the
digging in the 1930s. However,
much of the city still remains 16
buried in the surrounding hills.
Southeast Europe

D E F G H I
 B C D E F H I

1
Bulgaria and Greece
Europe

F or more than four centuries Bulgaria and Greece were ruled by the
Ottoman Turks. Bulgaria gained independence in 1908, while southern Greece
became independent in 1832 and was joined by northern Greece in 1913. After
World War II, Bulgaria became a communist state. Both states are now democracies
2 2
and members of the European Union (EU). Bulgaria remains relatively poor.
Greece’s economy is struggling, despite the billions of euros lent by the EU since
2010. That’s when it was discovered that seemingly wealthy Greece had a huge
national deficit (meaning it had spent a lot more than it had collected in taxes).
Although they border each other, Bulgaria and Greece are
quite different; the Greek mainland is mountainous
3 ARCHITECTURE 3
with only one-third of the land suitable for First held in Athens Bulgaria contains many fine
cultivation. By contrast, Bulgaria is more fertile old churches, monasteries, and
in 1896, the modern mosques, despite the damage done to the
with a strong agricultural tradition. Tourism is an country during World War II. Rila Monastery (above)
important source of income to both countries, Olympic Games was founded by a hermit monk who took to the mountains
in search of solitude in 927 CE. After a fire in 1833, Rila was
with visitors flocking to the Black Sea resorts in were staged there rebuilt and the magnificent church now boasts three great
Bulgaria, to the Greek mainland domes, a museum, and 1,200 frescoes.
4 to see the ancient ruins, and to again in 2004. 4

the Greek islands in search

of sandy beaches. Silistra
Bregovo e
nub Tutrakan
Da )
unav Alfatar
BULGARIAN AGRICULTURE Vidin (D Glavinista
Danube ROMANIA Dulovo
Wheat, corn, and other Ruse Zavet Tervel
cereals grow in the fertile Danube Dimovo Lom (Dunav) Karapelit Durankulak
5 river valley in the north of the Belogradchik Miziya Gulyantsi
a Razgrad 5
country. Tobacco (right) grows in n i n Dobrich
Boychinovtsi D u
n a v s k a R a v Gara Khitrino Kavarna
the Maritsa river valley in the Vinishte Borovan Polsko Suvorovo
Pleven Zlatni Pyasŭtsi
southeast, while grapes for Montana Trŭmbesh Dralfa
Pavlikeni
Var
the wine industry flourish on the Vratsa Telish
Berkovitsa
nensk
slopes of the Balkan Mountains. Lukovit Dolna Oryakhovitsa Shumen Varna i Z aliv
Lovech
The festival of Kukerov Den, with Roman Sevlievo Veliko Veselinovo
Dolni Chiflik
B a Iskŭr
traditional processions, celebrates Dragoman Mikre Tŭrnovo iya
lk
the start of the agricultural year. Slivnitsa Troyan mch Lyulyakovo Black
L uda Ka
an Gabrovo
M

BIA
6
o
Trŭn SOFIA Novi Iskŭr Klisura u n t a i n s Sliven Karnobat Aytos Banya 6
Sea

R
CITY LIFE (SOFIYA) Kazanlŭk

SE
Bulgarians make up Pernik Burgas Burgaski Za
Yazovir Yambol
liv
about 77 percent of Izvor B U L G A R I A
Iskŭr Stara Zagora Sredets Primorsko
the total population Brezovo
Dupnitsa Kostenets Sredets
of the country. Most of Kyustendil o v Bolyarovo Tsarevo
dzh a

the rest are Turkish, g Musala Plovdiv Topolovgrad

Mari Kondolovo
Oso tains 9596ft Pazardzhik tsa
Tun

Macedonian, or Roma. un Malko

Mo (2925m) Velingrad Dimitrovgrad Rezovo
Most people live in Kharmanli Tŭrnovo
Blagoevgrad Simitli Yakoruda
7 apartment blocks in the Khaskovo
Svilengrad Y
R

main towns and cities. Chepelare

Kresna E
h

They are more likely o Dospat Kŭrdzhali

K

Strumyani Ardino Ardas

to use public do
Orestiáda LANGUAGE
transportation as not all Sandanski pe A rda Momchilgrad The 24 characters in the
households have a car. ON IA Petrich Mo
untai Didymóteicho Greek alphabet date from
CED Né ns the 8th century BCE, when the
TUR

Sidirókastro stos first texts were written in

MA Dráma Xánthi Komotiní Souflí
Sérres
classical Greek. Since then
Sápes
S

Lake Polýkastro Kilkís try Alistráti the language has evolved and
8 Trams provide an efficient way for people 8
Prespa mó
nas Néa Ávdira Féres is now spoken by 13 million
to get around Bulgaria’s capital, Sofia. Aridaía Lachanás Kavála
Giannitsá Zíchni people around the world.
Flórina Thásos Thraci an Alexandroúpoli
Salonica (Thessaloníki)
Amýntaio Alexándreia Kalamariá Thásos Alykí Sea
 A
Kastoría Véroia

l
Ch Samothráki

iá
A Neápoli Kastaneá Epanomí Ierissós
a l k i d i kArnaía
í Samothráki

km
NI Kozáni Kateríni Karyés

ona
s
GREEK ISLANDS
BA Grevená Velvéntos Thermaic Néa Moudanía
9 AL Kónitsa 9
Ólympos Litóchoro Sárti Akrotírio Pínes
More than 2,000 9570ft (2917m)
islands lie off Kalpáki Kraniá Gulf Akrotírio Drépano
Gónnoi

P
the mainland of Sidári Métsovo Stómio Loutrá Akrotírio Mýrina Límnos

n
Greece. The Corfu Týrnavos
Pi Palioúri
Agiá

A e

i (
(Kérkyra) ne
Cyclades and Corfu (Kérkyra) iós Kalampáka Ágios
Dodecanese in the Ioánnina Lárisa
Igoumenítsa Tríkala

g
Efstrátios

du P í n
Aegean Sea are often

e
rocky and arid, while Lefkímmi Kleisoúra Vólos Kyrá Panagía

ou
Kalloní

s Md o s
Párga Kardítsa

n
es)
the Ionian Islands, such Alónnisos

)
Ántissa
10 as Zákynthos (below), are Argalastí 10
Paxoí Skíathos

rád

tai
Lesbos

a n
Árta Rentína Mytilíni

po r a d es
more fertile. Tourists often Antípaxoi Soúrpi

n
Domokós Skópelos r (Lésvos)

ns
s S Spo
travel from one island to Préveza
Karpenísi Agriovótano r t h e ie
e Plomári
another by ferry

S
Lefkáda Lamía
N o V ór
(
or hovercraft. Amfilochía Mólos Strofyliá Skýros Skýros
Lefkáda Katoúna Livanátes

e a
Kými Psará
Vasilikí G R E E C E GREEK WEDDING
Malesína
Lidoríki Euboea Antípsara Chíos About 98 per cent of Greeks

nia
Kefalonia Neochóri Thérmo Chalkída Alivéri
Náfpaktos (Évvoia) Chíos follow the Greek Orthodox

n
11 (Kefalloná) 11
Alíartos religion, and weddings follow
Lixoúri Pátra
Aígio G Kálamos

I
Póros u lf the rites of the Orthodox

s
Argostóli Káto Achaïa
of Corinth Vília
Mándra Marathónas Church. At the ceremony it

I o (I ó n i a N i
Xylókastro Corinth ATHENS Kárystos is traditional for the best man
Lechainá Canal Ándros
Corinth (ATHÍNA) to place wreaths of orange

siá
Gastoúni (Kórinthos)
Piraeus

lan)
(Peiraías) Keratéa Ándros Sámos Sámos blossom, linked by a silk
Lámpeia

Pel

ds
Kerí Neméa Aígina ribbon, on the heads of

(Pel
Lávrio Tínos Ikaría
Árgos

o
Tzia Thérma the bride and the

p
Zákynthos Pýrgos Palaiá Epídavros Ioulís Tínos
Alf
Náfplio Agathónisi groom (above).
Póros

n
ei Sýros Mýkonos
12 12

ós
Zacháro Pátmos Arkoí

o p ónni
Trípoli Ermióni Ermoúpoli
Kýthnos Kýthnos

o so
Leipsoi

n e s)
d e s

se
Kyparissía Ýdra y c l a (Kyklád
es) Agía
C
Dod
Leonídio Sérifos Páros Náxos Léros Marína
ec

Messíni Spárti Paroikiá Náxos

Io
Kálymnos

M
an

Kalámata Amorgós
e

ir
Geráki Sífnos Kástro Kos

ni
Pýlos

tó
Kos
se

o Pláka Amorgós
Koróni P Chóra
(D

Gýtheio

an
el Íos
Mílos

os
Akrotírio Floúda o d e
Areópoli Daimoniá
ag k

S
os Folégandros án Nísyros
13 13

K ólp
CORINTH CANAL Neápoli Tílos
Geroliménas
ea Astypálaia i s a )
Thíra Rhodes

ós
The Corinth Canal

ik
Santorini Anáfi Sýrna (Ródos)
Karavás

on
was built to provide Chálki

k
La
a shortcut for ships Kýthira Líndos
travelling between the Kýthira
Rhodes
(Ródos)
Aegean and Ionian
Sea
Seas. Dug through Saría Kattavía
(Kr of Cre
Potamós itik te
solid limestone, the ó Péla
steep-sided canal was Antikýthira gos)

M
14 begun in 1882 by the e Kárpathos 14
French and completed d Chaniá Crete (Kríti) Kárpathos ATHENS
in 1893 by the Greeks. it Kíssamos Pánormos Kásos
Lefká Irákleio The capital city of
Ór
i Neápoli Siteía Greece is dominated by the
er
Parthenon, a temple built in
D

Zarós ik Ágios Nikólaos

r a Kántanos
tí 447–438 BCE on a rocky hill known as
Tympáki the Acropolis. Modern-day Athens is
n e Chóra Sfakíon Spíli
0 km 50 100
an Mýrtos Ierápetra a sprawling city where the large number
Gávdos of cars cause serious air pollution.
15 15
0 miles 50 100 Sea
EARTHQUAKES
The idyllic landscape of the Greek
Islands, such as Santorini (left), can
be rocked by earthquakes. This is
because the islands and mainland
of Greece, as well as Bulgaria, sit
16 on a plate boundary. There is now 16
a Greek Seismic Code that outlines
Bulgaria and Greece

regulations on all new buildings.

A B C D E F G H I

67
 Europe

B C D E F G H

Ukraine, Moldova, & Romania

T hroughout much of the last century, Ukraine and Moldova B E L
formed part of the Soviet Union (USSR), while Romania was ruled t
Pripe P A R
ripet M U S
for 20 years by the communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. In 1989, a r s hes

Styr
Ceausescu was overthrown, while Ukraine and Moldova became Kovel’ Sarny

D
independent in 1991. Today, the three countries are still struggling

Bug
2 Ovruch

A N
Olevs’k
to fully transform themselves into modern democracies, although Volodymyr-Volyns’kyy S
Kivertsi

lu
Romania joined the EU in 2007. Outdated technology, dependency Korosten’

ch
Luts’k
Rivne

L
on gas and oil from their powerful neighbor Russia, and Sokal’
Dubno
Malyn

O
Novohrad-
economic and environmental problems have slowed their P Zhovkva Chervonohrad Volyns’kyy Radomyshl’

progress. It is also a region of ethnic tensions, highlighted Shepetivka Zhytomyr

Yavoriv
L’viv Kremenets’ Polonne
3 in 2014 when Russia annexed Ukraine’s Crimean peninsula, Horodok Zolochiv Izyaslav

where a large part of the population consists of Russians Sambir

Khodoriv
Zbarazh Berdychiv
Berezhany Starokostyantyniv
left behind after the USSR break-up. Boryslav
Ternopil’ Kozyatyn
Stryy
U K R
IA
CITY LIFE Kalush Khmel’nyts’kyy

AK
Romania has many cities and towns OV Dolyna Chortkiv Vinnytsya
with a mix of old and new buildings. Uzhhorod Ivano-Frankivs’k Zhmerynka
Lypovets’
SL

Sibiu (left) was founded in the 12th Nadvirna Kam’’yanets’- Pod

century and, at one time, had 19 Mukacheve Podil’s’kyy il’s Haysyn
4 guilds—each representing a different Berehove Kolomyya ’ka
craft—within its city walls. Much Khust C Chernivtsi Mohyliv-Podil’s’kyy Vy Tul’chyn
Vynohradiv
a Hora Hoverla so
remains from this colorful history, Negrești-Oaș
Dn
ies ch
especially in the painted buildings Satu Mare 6762ft (2061m) te r yn

rp
Y

of the old town.

Darabani
Soroca
a
Baia Mare

at
R

Carei Dorohoi

T
Rădăuţi Balta
A

Sir
ș

r a
hi
Bălţi
Some

Marghita Borșa
Botoșani

et
G

an

n s
Șimleu Silvaniei Suceava Rîbniţa Kotovs’k
N

Zalău Năsăud
MOLDOVA

n i
U

M
5
Oradea Aleșd Dej Bistriţa
Fălticeni
Pașcani Ungheni
H

Călărași

ou

s t r
FOLK CUSTOMS Salonta Beiuș Cluj-Napoca Topliţa Bicaz Iași Dubăsari

nt
Despite years of communist rule, folk Roman
T r a n s y l v a n i a

i a
customs thrived in the rural areas of Curtici CHIȘINĂU
Romania and Ukraine. In Ukraine, Arad M unţ ii Turda Târgu Mureș ain
Piatra-Neamţ
singers perform dumas, historical Apuseni Bacău Hîncești Tighina
Mureș Cristuru Tiraspol
s
epics that tell of slavery under Lipova Alba Iulia Mediaș Secuiesc Miercurea-Ciuc
Vaslui
Deva
the Turks. One of the traditional
instruments is a bandura (left),
Jimbolia
Timișoara Lugoj R O M A N I A
Hunedoara Vârful Bârlad
Târgu Ocna Basarabeasca

Prut
a stringed instrument that i Făgăraș Ciadîr-Lunga
Oţelu Roșu Hațeg
ș

sounds like a harpsichord. Ti

m
T r aSibiu Moldoveanu Sfântu Gheorghe
Cahul
Bocșa
8346ft (2544m)
sylva n Brașov Focșani Tecuci Artsyz
Petroșani
Reșița ni an Alps Bolhrad
Câmpulung
SE

Oraviţa Râmnicu
Târgu Jiu Sinaia Sărat Galaţi Ozero Yalpuh
Kiliya
RB

Râmnicu Brăila Reni

Motru Câmpina
Orșova Vâlcea Buzău Măcin Izmayil
IA

Târgoviște Mizil
DRACULA’S CASTLE Drobeta-Turnu Strehaia Pitești Tulcea
Situated in Transylvania, Bran Castle is a favorite tourist Ploiești Babadag
Severin Titu Urziceni
7 destination. This is where author Bram Stoker’s fictional Filiași Wallachia Ial Ţăndărei Hârșova
Buftea omi Lacul Razim
blood-drinking Count Dracula lived. Craiova Slatina ţa
The story is probably based on a Lacul Sinoie
Băilești Caracal BUCHAREST Fetești
15th-century Romanian prince, Calafat (BUCUREȘTI)
Vlad Dracula, who reigned for Roșiori de Vede Alexandria Medgidia
Ji u

Danube
Călărași Constanţa
less than 10 years but caused Corabia
Ol

(Dun Olteniţa
ărea Techirghiol
t

more than 50,000 deaths. ) Zimnicea Giurgiu

Eforie-Sud
B U L A Mangalia
G A R I
8
The word
Transylvania
means “land EASTER BREAD
In Romania, Easter is
beyond the celebrated with a meal
of roast lamb served
9
forests.” with a bread called cozonac.
This is made by pounding
nuts, raisins, and even
cocoa, into the dough.

68 A B C D E F G H
 Ukraine, Moldova, & Romania

I J K L M N O P

INDUSTRY IN THE UKRAINE

Ukraine is the world’s tenth largest Liquid iron ore
steel producer, and also has a big 1
vehicle and space industry. Most of
the heavy industry, however, is situated
in the east, an area badly affected
by Ukrainian-Russian tensions, and
Desna

exports have been severely damaged

Horodnya since the fallout with Russia.
Shostka
Shchors
Chernihiv Krolevets’ Hlukhiv
2
Dni

0 km 50 100
Kyyivs’ke
Vodoskhovyshche
Konotop
RU
Bakhmach
S S 0 miles 50 100
epe

Oster Nizhyn
Sumy IA
a

Nosivka Romny N F
Desn

KIEV EDER
r

AT
l

(KYYIV) Brovary
Pse

Pryluky Lebedyn
Boyarka IO
Lo

Yahotyn Pyryatyn
Okhtyrka Zolochiv N
Vasyl’kiv HOLIDAYS BY THE SEA
Hrebinka Derhachi 3
w

Fastiv Kanivs’ke In the days of the Russian

Myrhorod Lyubotyn Kharkiv empire, aristocracy and artists
la

Vodoskhovyshche

l
Lubny

ko
Os
Bila Tserkva flocked to the Black Sea resorts of
n

Merefa the Crimea, especially Yalta; the

A I N E Poltava Kup’’yans’k
d

famous authors Leo Tolstoy and

Hlobyne Don Anton Chekhov holidayed here.
ets
Horodyshche Cherkasy Kremenchuts’ke Starobil’s’k
During the Soviet era, it was the
Izyum
Shpola Chyhyryn Vodoskhovyshche Rubizhne nation’s top holiday destination.
Kremenchuk Kreminna After 1991, it began attracting
Tal’ne Syeverodonets’k
Oleksandrivka Dniprodzerzhyns’ke Slov’’yans’k Lysychans’k foreign visitors, but tourism
Uman’ Oleksandriya Vodoskhovyshche
4
Mala Vyska Znam’’yanka Kramators’k Zolote has declined since Russia
Novomoskovs’k Pavlohrad Kostyantynivka Luhans’k annexed Crimea in 2014.
Kirovohrad Dniprodzerzhyns’k
Ulyanivka Zhovti Vody
Dnipropetrovs’k Horlivka Stakhanov
P’’yatykhatky Krasnodon
Vil’shanka Synel’nykove Yenakiyeve
Dolyns’ka Krasnyy Luch
Pervomays’k Pokrovs’ke Makiyivka Torez
Kryvyy Rih
Kryve Ozero Arbuzynka Donets’k Amvrosiyivka
Inhulets’ Zaporizhzhya
Piv

Novyy Buh Nikopol’ Dokuchayevs’k

Orikhiv Volnovakha
de

y Voznesens’k
Ordzhonikidze 5
nn

Marhanets’
Bu
y

h Kam’’yanka-Dniprovs’ka Dniprorudne Polohy

Kakhovs’ka Tokmak Mariupol’ Novoazovs’k
B l a Mykolayiv Vodoskhovyshche
Molochans’k
c k D niep e
r
Taga
nrog
S e (Dnipro) Kakhovka d Melitopol’ lf o
f
Zhovtneve
a n Gu
L o w l a
Ochakiv Kherson Prymors’k Berdyans’k
Tsyurupyns’k Yakymivka
Odesa Hola
Prystan’ Chaplynka Novotroyits’ke
Illichivs’k Kalanchak Heniches’k 6
Armyans’k Sea of
toka Krasnoperekops’k
’ka Za Azov PEOPLE OF ROMANIA
inits
B l a c k Kark
Rozdol’ne Dzhankoy Romanians speak Romanian—a language closely related
to French, Italian, and Spanish. The country also has
Krasnohvardiys’ke
Chornomors’ke Zatoka Kerch sizeable Hungarian and Roma minorities, which have
S e a Nyzhn’ohirs’kyy Syvash
Crimea Children of both been discriminated against
Yevpatoriya Lenine the Maramures in recent years. Most Hungarian
Saky (Kryms’kyy Pivostriv) region of speakers live in the region of
Simferopol’ Feodosiya Romania known as Transylvania. 7
ory Kerch Transylvania.
Bakhchysaray 'k iH Strait
y ms
Alushta
Kr
(the Ukrainian territory of Crimea
was annexed by Russia in 2014)
Sevastopol’ Yalta
Alupka

RICH SOILS OF MOLDOVA

Moldova consists of partially wooded
plains intercut with rivers and streams.
8
About 75 percent of the land is rich
in chernozem (black) soil, which is
very fertile. Wine and sunflower
production are important here.
Fruit and vegetables, such
as pumpkins (left), also
grow well.

I J K L M N P 69
 B C D E F I

1
Baltic States & Belarus
SINGING REVOLUTION
Europe

The three baltic states, Estonia, Latvia, and Estonia is known for its
Lithuania, all share a stretch of coast on the Baltic Sea classical music tradition—
lined with sandy beaches. Belarus lies between Poland, most notably its choirs.
This love of music was
Ukraine, and the Russian Federation. Following most powerful when people
2 2
independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, all these raised their voices during the
Singing Revolution in 1988
countries faced problems such as price increases, food (right), part of their move
shortages, and pollution. However, the Baltic States toward independence.

have reformed into hi-tech societies and economies

and have been EU members since 2004. Belarus has
kept close links with Russia and has been the slowest c
3 lti 3
to reform. This mainly rural country has stayed isolated a Kärdla
Hiiumaa Paldiski The Estonian flag waved
B Sea Vormsi TALLINN Gu
from the rest of Europe and, with few natural at a pre-independence
Emmaste
lf o
Haapsalu Maardu rally in 1988
Keila Loksa
f F
resources, remains one of its poorest nations. Saaremaa i
V äina m e r i Raasiku nl
Risti an
Orissaare Aegviidu Kunda d
TALLINN OLD TOWN Kuressaare Lihula
With its colorful buildings, Rapla Nar va
Virtsu

äin
Sääre Tapa Rakvere Bay
turreted walls, and gabled

rV
u Pärnu-Jaagupi Paide
4 roofs, Tallinn is one of the Su Kohtla-Järve Sillamäe 4
Audru Rakke
best-preserved capital cities Pä r n u
Mazirbe Kolkasrags Pärnu Sindi Narva
in Europe. All the winding, Kihnu
cobbled streets lead Kolka ht a ESTONIA a
Ventspils Ruhnu Uulu rv Narva
uL Na
to the Town Hall Roja rn Viljandi Palamuse Reservoir

Pä
Square (left). Pāvilosta Ugāle Gulf of Kilingi-Nōmme Em
Mōisaküla ajō Puurmani
Usmas Ezers Talsi gi Kallaste
Mērsrags Ainaži
Liepāja Kuldīga Salacgrīva Staicele Tartu Lake
Engures Ezers Rōngu Peipus
ta Riga Aloja

n
Durbe

Ve
Grobiņa Kandava Engure Rūjiena Tōrva Vōnnu
5 Burtnieku 5
eme Tukums Ezers Valka Otepää
Kurz
Rucava Saldus Jūrmala
Saulkrasti Valmiera Valga Pōlva Räpina
Brocēni Suur
Salantai Cēsis G a uja
Munamägi Vōru Lake
ON

RIGA
Kretinga Skuodas Smiltene 1043ft
I

Pskov
Mažeikiai (318m)
Klaipėda Plungė Jelgava Ape
AT

Telšiai
L A T V I A
Priekulė Gargždai Papilė Iecava Jaunpiebalga
R

Alūksne
Joniškis Gaizina Kalns
Bauska
Pionerskiy Nida Žem 1020ft (311m) Gulbene
6 Zelenogradsk
aič
Aizkraukle Madona
From the early 6
DE

Šilutė
ių Balvi
Primorsk Šilalė A u Šiauliai Viļaka
Courland Pakruojis Pļaviņas

Ne
Lagoon Kelmė kš
t Biržai Rugāji
days of public
FE

Mamonovo

ma
Viesīte Jēkabpils Lubāns

n
Tauragė Radviliškis

um
Kaliningrad Skaudvilė Pasvalys Varakļāni
N

as
Gvardeysk Neman Nereta
broadband
Kārsava
A

Bagrationovsk Raseiniai Panevėžys Līvāni

Dvi n a

KALININGRAD Naujamiestis usage, Estonia

(to Russian Federation) Jurbarkas Rokiškis Rēzekne Ludza
SI

Dotnuva Subačius
Chernyakhovsk Obeliai Malta has been one
Western

Zheleznodorozhnyy Spogi
7 Gusev LITHUANIA 7
RUS

Anykščiai Zarasai of Europe’s

Jonava Daugavpils Dagda
Vilkaviškis Kaunas Ukmergė Utena Krāslava
Marijampolé Visaginas most connected
AMBER Kaišiadorys
PO
Two-thirds of the L Bihosava Yukhavichy
Kalvarija Prienai Giedraičiai Vidzy countries.
world’s amber, Vyerkhnyadzvinsk D

A
rys
a
Neris

the fossilized resin of Alytus Trakai

N
pine trees, is washed up
VILNIUS
Veisiejai Rūdiškės Pastavy Navapolatsk/Novopolotsk
D
from the sea bed along the Merkinė Yezyaryshcha
8 Druskininkai Vyetryna 8
Baltic coast. Amber is used to Hlybokaye
Vil

Varėna Myadzyel Polatsk/Polotsk

iya

make jewelery, among other things. Šalčinikai

Hrandzichy Harany
Hrodna/ Ashmyany Obal’
Parechcha Sarochyna
Grodno Voranava Smarhon’ Shumilina Haradok
 Vilyeyka Byahoml’ Bacheykava Surazh

Ne
Skidal’ Vasilishki
Lida

m
an Maladzyechna Lyepyel’
Shchuchyn Valozhyn
Masty Krasnaye Plyeshchanitsy Chashniki Vitsyebsk/Vitebsk
Orlya Lyozna
Vawkavysk 9
ND B E L A R U S Bahushewsk
A

in
W
Zel’va Navahrudak Barysaw/Borisov

M z
OL vy ska MINSK Krupki
P Novy Dvor Hrada sh ya Talachyn
ya sh
a Zhodzina
Slonim ska Stowbtsy
Ruzhany Orsha Dnieper
Bu aru Kruhlaye

Byar
g Pruzhany el Baranavichy/Baranovichi
By Chervyen’ Shklow Sava

ezina
Brest Zhabinka Ivatsevichy Rudzyensk Byalynichy
Lyakhavichy Nyasvizh
Horki

FEDERAT
Mar’’ina Horka Pukhavichy

N
Kobryn Abrova Kapyl’ Shyshchytsy Tal’ka Mahilyow/Mogilev
Haradzyets 10
Damachava Hantsavichy Yalizava
Syemyezhava

RUSSIA ION
Drahichyn Slutsk Dashkawka Harbavichy
Makrany Asipovichy
  Lyusina Chachevichy
Salihorsk Chavusy

Ya
Ivanava Khodasy

sy
Staryya

el’
TEXTILES Starobin Babruysk/Bobruysk
Darohi

da
Bastyn’ Cherykaw Krychaw
Lithuania has a strong Pinsk Abidavichy
Brozha MINSK
textile industry, with Luninyets
Slawharad The capital of

ich
Pr Shchadryn Rahachow Klimavichy
clothes, bed linen,

Pts
ipe Mikashevichy Belarus, Minsk, was
curtains, and towels made for export. Estonia t M
Zhytkavichy Aktsyabrski
Zhlobin Kastsyukovichy destroyed during
11 and Latvia are also famous for their linen
arsh
es Myerkulavichy 11
Svyetlahorsk/Svetlogorsk World War II and
products, many beautifully hand-crafted. Kaptsevichy then rebuilt in a
Buda-Kashalyova Baron’ki
U Pyetrykaw Ptsich starkly modern
Tonyezh Shyichy
K Uvaravichy style. Minsk is the
Pripe
Simanichy t Kalinkavichy country’s economic
R Lyel’chytsy
Rechytsa Kastsyukowka center: Cars, trucks and
FARMING A Milashavichy Mazyr tractors, electrical household
Yel’sk Dobrush
The fertile soils I Homyel’/Gomel’ goods, and equipment are
and flat landscapes N Dabryn’ all produced here. Farm
make this region good Narowlya Khoyniki Tsyerakhowka produce (above) is also
12 E 12
for farming. The Baltic Loyew sold in the markets.
States, particulary Latvia Byval’ki r)
r ep

e
(left), have large dairy farms. n

/
D

iep
ro
Belarus is a major producer of flax,

Dn
yap
which is used to make linen and

(Dn
other products. Potatoes (used to
make vodka), sugar beet, and other
root crops are also grown here.
13 13

GYMNASTICS
0 km 50 100 The former Soviet Union worked
its young athletes and gymnasts
extremely hard in order to win
0 miles 50 100
Olympic medals and thus national
glory. Many of the most famous
gymnasts of the era came from
LITHUANIAN COSTUME Belarus, notably Olga Korbut and
14 Svetlana Boginskaya (right), who 14
In some Lithuanian villages people wear
traditional folk costumes for festive occasions. won three gold, one silver, and
Women’s clothing is generally colorful one bronze Olympic medals.
(left) and might include a white linen shirt,
a skirt, and an apron. The decoration and
style of the costume shows which region
of Lithuania the wearer comes from.

Ferns thriving by a
15 lake in a Latvian forest 15

FORESTS AND LAKES

All four countries are low-lying with
many moors, bogs, unspoiled lakes,
and fir and pine forests. Forestry
is an important industry,
especially in Estonia
and Latvia, providing
16 wood pulp for paper 16
making, and timber for
furniture and houses.
Baltic States & Belarus

A B C D E F G H I

71
 B C D E F G H I

ST PETERSBURG
Once Russia’s capital, St Petersburg
was built in the 18th century by Tsar 1
Peter the Great as a “Window on the
West.”Today, it is a popular tourist
European Russia destination, full of grand palaces and
extravagant architecture (left). The city
Europe

Separated from asian russia (see pp.78–79) by the Ural spreads over some 40 islands, linked
Mountains, European Russia takes up about one-third of the by a network of canals and rivers.
European landmass. The climate and landscape range from cold
2
desert and frozen tundra in the north to the warm coast of the 2
Black Sea in the southwest. Forests and grassy steppes cover vast
areas, and Europe’s two largest lakes, the Ladoga and the Onega,
lie here. Life for most Russians changed considerably after the
collapse of communism in 1991, since when the country has been
through enormous economic and political changes. More than
110 million people—three-quarters of the total Russian population—
3 3
live in European Russia, most of them in cities. The N
OR
huge capital, Moscow, is famous for its onion- W
0 km 150 300
domed churches and the medieval Kremlin,

AY
residence of the Russian president. 0 miles 150 300

D
The Church of the Savior on
Zapolyarnyy

N
Nikel’ Spilled Blood marks the spot N ovaya
Polyarnyy where Tsar Alexander II was

A
Z e mlya
K

Murmashi murdered in 1881.

(K

Severomorsk
a

L
4
ar

Murmansk sk
ra

N
oy Se
Monchegorsk Olenegorsk
Barents Prol a eM a
iv K arsk iy e V o r o t or
Apatity Sea Ostrov Ostrov e )

F I
Kandalaksha Kolguyev Vaygach
Pechorskoye
Zelenoborskiy
Po More
Sleeping Beauty is Kola Peninsula m o r s k i y P r o li v
performed here (Kol’skiy Poluostrov) ra
Ozero u nd
5 by dancers from Topozero aT 5
the Kirov Ballet. W u nd ra ay
a ya T Bo l’she z e m e l ’ s k
Kem’
(B hite
Sea l’ sk Nar’yan-Mar Severnyy
elo e Promyshlennyy
ye M ore) em
Belomorsk oz
al Vorkuta
M

Nadvoitsy
ora

Segezha Severodvinsk a
Timan

Archangel (Arkhangel’sk)
P ech

Us
)

Onega Usinsk
Novodvinsk Inta
skiy

Sortavala
ry

BALLET Suoyarvi Medvezh’yegorsk

ez

6 G
en
Kr

Russia is famous for its ulf o Vyborg Pechora

Kondopoga
Pi

f Fi
ya

ballet companies, such

Go

ne

nla Lake Savinskiy

ga
zh

as the Bolshoi Ballet of A

nd
Lagoda Olonets Petrozavodsk
Moscow and the Kirov NI Lake
No

O Petrodvorets Plesetsk
rt
ye

T
Ballet of St Petersburg. Saint Petersburg Onega
he

Ukhta Nizhniy Odes

ES
rn
Most of the ballets Gatchina (Sankt-Peterburg) a
D

Nyandoma
performed are Kolpino Volkhov Yarega
vin

Oneg
a

classics, such Luga Kirishi Konosha Mikun’

Pskov Tikhvin Yemva EDUCATION

A
as Swan Lake

I
Pec

Sol’tsy Velikiy Novgorod Belozersk Vel’sk Children go

7 or Sleeping Beauty.
Kotlas to school here
hora

Developed in Ostrov Porkhov Babayevo

Koryazhma Syktyvkar from the age

LATV
Europe in the Uglovka Cherepovets ona
Sukh of 6 through to
19th century, Opochka Luza
(Ural’ski

Borovichi 15, or 17. After

ballet became Valday Sokol
Vologda a decline due to
a popular form of Velikiye Luki lack of money after
entertainment in R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N the fall of communism, these days
the 20th century. Zapadnaya Dvina Torzhok Rybinsk
Ka m

Yaroslavl’ Russia’s free state education is

a

Tver’ good and Russia’s literacy rate

Solikamsk

US
8 Rzhev Kostroma is high, at 98 percent. Lately more 8
Smolensk Kineshma Kirov Kirovo-Chepetsk private schools have opened, too.

AR
Zelenograd Zuyevka Berezniki

L
Ivanovo Uren’
V ya

MOSCOW (MOSKVA) Elektrostal’ Glazov

BE
tk

Krasnokamsk Chusovoy
nt ai ns

Pochinok Podol’sk Vladimir Yaransk a Nolinsk

 Roslavl’ Kaluga Serpukhov Dzerzhinsk Nizhniy Perm’
Yoshkar-Ola
Klintsy Aleksin Kolomna Murom Novgorod Izhevsk Kungur
Tula Ryazan’
Shchëkino Cheboksary Novocheboksarsk Chaykovskiy
9 Bryansk Novomoskovsk 9

Mou
Kanash Kazan’ Neftekamsk
Tovarkovskiy Sasovo
Orël Naberezhnyye Chelny

l
Zheleznogorsk Yefremov Nizhnekamsk
Industrial smog Yelets Saransk Kuybyshevskoye Birsk
casts a haze
Michurinsk
Kursk Ul’yanovsk Vodokhranilishche Al’met’yevsk
over Moscow. Lipetsk Tambov
Gryazi Dimitrovgrad Ufa
Staryy Oskol

Ura
Penza Tol’yatti Oktyabr’skiy
Belgorod Voronezh Kuznetsk
Gubkin Samara Beloretsk
Syzran’ Buguruslan

UK
10 Shebekino Liski 10
Balashov Sterlitamak

R
Vol’sk Chapayevsk Buzuluk
Rossosh’ Borisoglebsk Salavat

A
Balakovo Kumertau
Krasnoarmeysk Sibay
Saratov RURAL LIFE

IN
Kantemirovka
Baymak

E
Mikhaylovka Orenburg Rural life became extremely
Ural

Do
Krasnyy Kut

n
ets Don Saraktash tough after the collapse of large,
Kamyshin state-run farms in the 1990s, and
Millerovo Ilovlya Sol’-Iletsk many people lived in poverty. Since
Kamensk-Shakhtinskiy Orsk then, private-owned, small-scale
11 Novoshakhtinsk TAN Novotroitsk farms have become more common 11
Taganrog Volzhskiy A KHS and productive. Grains—mainly
Novocherkassk AZ wheat and barley—and sunflower
POLLUTION Sea of Volgograd K
Azov Rostov-na-Donu oil are the top agricultural exports.
The communists Volgodonsk
Starominskaya Akhtubinsk THE TATARS
invested heavily in

Vol
Russia’s largest ethnic minority, the Tatars (below),

ga
industry, but their Zimovniki
Tikhoretsk Sal’sk are an Islamic people descended from the Mongols.
outdated methods
Novorossiysk Their largest population lives in the Tatarstan
of production are still Kropotkin Elista ian
sp ion Republic, midway between Moscow and the Urals.
affecting the environment. Ca ress
12 Rivers such as the Volga Krasnodar ep 12
are badly polluted, and
Stavropol’ D
Tuapse
Svetlograd Astrakhan’
many cities are covered Maykop
in a permanent and Cherkessk
poisonous smog. Chest Sochi Nevinnomyssk ea
infections and other Kuma nS Icons, common
Pyatigorsk a

Bl
diseases related to air Kislovodsk p i in the Russian

s
Prokhladnyy Orthodox

ac
pollution are common. El’brus

Ca

k
18,510ft Church, are
(5642m) Nal’chik religious images
13
Groznyy 13

Se
Vladikavkaz Khasavyurt painted on

a
G wooden panels.
EO C Makhachkala
R a Buynaksk
G Kaspiysk
IA u c
a su Derbent
s

14 14
AZ
ERB.

The title tsar, or czar,

once used for Russian rulers,
means “emperor” and comes from
15
the ancient Roman title “Caesar.” 15

MOSCOW METRO THE RUSSIAN CHURCH

Not many underground railways can
claim to be tourist attractions, but
Moscow’s metro can. Built in the 1930s,
many of its stations are decorated with
beautiful chandeliers, mosaics, paintings,
16 and sculptures. One of the busiest, most
efficient metros in the world, it is used
The main religion in Russia is the
Russian Orthodox Church. Under
communism, all religion was banned,
and churches and monasteries were
left to decay. Today, many of these
historic buildings have been restored, 16
and many Russians attend church
European Russia

by more than 7 million people daily. services regularly.

A B C D E F G H I

73
 Asia

ASIA
The vast continent of Asia is dominated by two giant nations—China
and India, each with more than a billion people and a rich and colorful
history. Both are being transformed by rapid economic growth, and so
are many other Asian countries, listed below in order of size. Yet in some
regions of central Asia life has barely changed in a thousand years.

China Iran Afghanistan Iraq Philippines Nepal

3,705,407 sq miles 636,368 sq miles 251,826 sq miles 169,234 sq miles 115,830 sq miles 56,827 sq miles
9,596,960 sq km 1,648,195 sq km 652,230 sq km 438,317 sq km 300,000 sq km 147,181 sq km
1,373,541,000 82,801,600 33,332,000 38,146,000 102,624,000 29,034,000
Beijing Tehran Kabul Baghdad Manila Kathmandu
Mandarin, Wu, Cantonese, Farsi, Azeri, Luri, Gilaki, Pashto, Tajik, Dari, Farsi, Arabic, Kurdish, Turkic Filipino, English, Tagalog, Nepali, Maithili, Bhojpuri
Hsiang, Min, Hakka, Kan Mazandarani, Kurdish, Turkmen, Uzbek, Turkmen languages, Armenian, Assyrian Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon,
Arabic, Balochi many other local languages

India Mongolia Yemen Japan Laos Bangladesh

1,269,212 sq miles 603,905 sq miles 203,848 sq miles 145,913 sq miles 91,428 sq miles 55,598 sq miles
3,287,263 sq km 1,564,116 sq km 527,968 sq km 377,915 sq km 236,800 sq km 143,998 sq km
1,266,884,000 3,031,000 27,393,000 126,702,000 7,019,000 156,187,000
New Delhi Ulaanbaatar Sanaak Tokyo Vientiane Dhaka
Hindi, English, Urdu, Khalkha Mongolian, Arabic Japanese, Korean, Chinese Lao, Mon-Khmer, Yao, Bengali, Urdu, Chakma,
Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Kazakh, Chinese, Russian Vietnamese, Chinese, French Marma (Magh), Garo, Khasi,
Bihari, Gujarati, Kannada. Santhali, Tripura, Mru

Kazakhstan Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

1,052,084 sq miles 307,372 sq miles 198,116 sq miles 127,880 sq miles 77,201 sq miles 55,251 sq miles
2,724,900sq km 796,095 sq km 513,120 sq km 331,210 sq km 199,951 sq km 143,100 sq km
18,360,000 201,956,000 68,201,000 95,261,000 5,728,000 8,331,000
Astana Islamabad Bangkok Hanoi Bishkek Dushanbe
Kazakh, Russian, Ukrainian, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Thai, Chinese, Malay, Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai, Kyrgyz, Russian, Uzbek, Tajik, Uzbek, Russian
German, Uzbek, Tatar, Uyghur Urdu, Balochi, Brahui Khmer, Mon, Karen, Miao Khmer, Muong, Nung, Miao, Tatar, Ukrainian
Yao, Jarai

Saudi Arabia Turkey Turkmenistan Malaysia Syria North Korea

829,995 sq miles 302,533 sq miles 188,455 sq miles 127,354 sq miles 71,498 sq miles 46,540 sq miles
2,149,690 sq km 783,562 sq km 488,100 sq km 329,847 sq km 185,180 sq km 120,538 sq km
28,160,000 80,275,000 5,291,000 30,950,000 17,185,000 25,115,000
Riyadh Ankara Ashgabat Kuala Lumpur Damascus Pyongyang
Arabic Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, Turkmen, Uzbek, Russian, Bahasa Malaysia, Malay, Arabic, French, Kurdish, Korean
Circassian, Armenian, Greek, Kazakh, Tatar Chinese, Tamil, English Armenian, Circassian, Turkic
Georgian, Ladino languages, Assyrian, Aramaic
(Judaeo-Spanish)

Myanmar
Indonesia (Burma) Uzbekistan Oman Cambodia South Korea

735,354 sq miles 261,227 sq miles 172,741 sq miles 119,498 sq miles 69,898 sq miles 38,502 sq miles
1,904,569 sq km 676,578 sq km 447,400 sq km 309,500 sq km 181,035 sq km 99,720 sq km
258,316,000 56,890,000 29,474,000 3,355,000 15,957,000 50,924,000
Jakarta Nay Pyi Taw Tashkent Muscat Phnom Penh Seoul
Javanese, Sundanese, Burmese, Shan, Karen, Uzbek, Russian, Tajik, Arabic, Balochi, Farsi, Hindi, Khmer, French, Chinese, Korean
Madurese, Bahasa Indonesia, Rakhine (Arakanese), Chin, Kazakh Punjabi Vietnamese, Cham
Dutch Yangbye, Kachin, Mon

74
 Asia

Jordan Sri Lanka

34,495 sq miles 25,332 sq miles

89,342 sq km 65,610 sq km
8,185,000 22,235,000
Amman Colombo
Arabic Sinhala, Tamil,
Sinhala-Tamil, English

Azerbaijan Bhutan Israel Qatar

33,436 sq miles 14,824 sq miles 8,019 sq miles 4,473 sq miles

86,600 sq km 38,394 sq km 20,770 sq km 11,586 sq km
9,873,000 750,100 8,175,000 2,258,000
Baku Thimphu Jerusalem Doha
Azerbaijani, Russian Dzongkha, Nepali, Hebrew, Arabic, Yiddish, Arabic
Assamese German, Russian, Polish,
Romanian, Persian

United Arab
Emirates Taiwan Kuwait Lebanon Bahrain Seychelles

32,278 sq miles 13,892 sq miles 6,880 sq miles 4,015 sq miles 286 sq miles 176 sq miles
83,600 sq km 35,980 sq km 17,818 sq km 10,400 sq km 741 sq km 455 sq km
5,927,000 23,465,000 2,833,000 6,238,000 1,379,000 93,200
Abu Dhabi Taipei Kuwait City Beirut Manama Victoria
Arabic, Farsi, Indian and Amoy Chinese, Mandarin Arabic, English Arabic, French, Armenian, Arabic French Creole, English,
Pakistani languages, English Chinese, Hakka Chinese Assyrian French

Georgia Armenia East Timor Brunei Singapore Maldives

26,911 sq miles 11,484 sq miles 5,743 sq miles 2,226 sq miles 269 sq miles 115 sq miles
69,700 sq km 29,743 sq km 14,874 sq km 5,765 sq km 697 sq km 298 sq km
4,928,000 3,051,000 1,261,000 436,600 5,782,000 393,000
T’bilisi Yerevan Dili Bandar Seri Begawan Singapore Malé
Georgian, Russian, Azeri, Armenian, Azeri, Russian Tetum (Portuguese/ Malay, English, Chinese Mandarin, Malay, Tamil, Dhivehi (Maldivian),
Armenian, Mingrelian, Ossetian, Austronesian), Bahasa English Sinhala, Tamil, Arabic
Abkhazian Indonesia, Portuguese

75
 Asia

B C D E F G H

Turkey and the Caucasus

Turkey lies in both asia and Europe—separated ISTANBUL
The different faces of Turkey
by the Bosphorus—and was once part of the powerful can be seen in its former
capital, Istanbul, which lies on
Ottoman Empire. Although the population is 99 percent both sides of the Bosphorus
Muslim, modern Turkey is a country with no official waterway. Churches, mosques,
and ancient buildings in both
2 religion. Western Turkey is relatively industrialized, with European and Islamic styles sit
a tourist industry along the Mediterranean coast that side by side with modern shops
and offices. Bridges link the two
brings in considerable income. Many farmers and parts of the city. In 1923, Ankara
herders in the center and became the new capital.

east, however, struggle

IA
to make a living in the AR
G
3 arid environment. L
BU

Edirne
To the northeast ı)
İnebolu Sinop
Kırklareli
r us oğaz
Cide
Gerze B l a c k
lie the Caucasus o B
ph bul Bartın
K üre Dağları Bafra
E

countries of Georgia, Zonguldak

C

E e Çayi
(İs s
n
Bo

gen Kastamonu
ta
E Er Samsun
Azerbaijan, and G
R Çorlu
Istanbul Devrek
Karabük
Kargı Ca Ünye
Tekirdağ ni
Armenia. Once Sea of Marmara İzmit Adapazarı kD
Çerkeş ağl Ordu
part of the USSR, (Marmara Denizi)
Gerede Merzifon
arı
4 Yalova İznik Gölü Bolu a k
they are now Bandırma
Çankırı ıl I
rm
Kız
independent. Çanakkale Bilecik Çorum
ı

Bursa Tokat
ay

Dardanelles Alaca
vÇ

Kalecik
(Çanakkale ANKARA Zara
Sima

Boğazı) Balıkesir Bozüyük Eskişehir Yıldızeli

Sorgun
Edremit
Kırıkkale Sivas
Ayvalık Kütahya Polatlı

5
Akhisar
Simav
Gediz
T Hirfanli
Baraji U Boğazlıyan
R Şarkışla K
Kulu
Manisa Ge Uşak
diz N e hr Afyon Bünyan
i

Menemen İncesu
Cihanbeyli Lake Tuz Gürün
Izmir Nevşehir
(Tuz Gölü) Kayseri
Alaşehir Akşehir
Aksaray
Ödemiş A n a
TURKISH FOOD Aydın Nazilli Dinar t o l i a Göksun
Turkey is self-sufficient in food ri Denizli Beyşehir
e y
deres Neh
G ü n
Söke
and grows specialized crops men Gölü Konya Niğde
6 üyük Burdur İsparta
G R

such as eggplants, peppers, figs, B

Tavas Burdur
and dates. A typical Turkish meal Milas Gölü Ereğli Kahramanmaraş
Muğla
might consist of spiced lamb, often s
grilled on a skewer with onion Bodrum Ta in
u r u s M o u n t aı ) Gaziantep
Karaman
E E

and tomato to make a shish kebab. Ceyhan

Marmaris
This would be served with rice Antalya lar
(Toros Dağ
Dalaman Tarsus Osmaniye
or cracked wheat. Manavgat Adana
C

Fethiye Mersin Kilis

Alanya Mut İskenderun
Antalya (İçel)
E

Kaş Kırıkhan
7 Finike
Körfezi
Silifke Antakya
Med
iterra Anamur
nean Sea
TURKISH REPUBLIC OF
NORTHERN CYPRUS
(recognized only by Turkey)

EPHESUS
Tourism is one of Turkey’s major
8 industries. As well as beach resorts,
the country has many ancient sites.
One of these is the old Greek city of
Ephesus, which lies 35 miles (56 km)
south of modern-day Izmir on the
Aegean coast. The city was famous for its
Temple of Artemis, which was considered
one of the seven wonders of the world.
9 Visitors to Ephesus
admiring the remains
of the Library of Celsus
CYPRUS
FATHER OF THE TURKS
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938),
founder of the modern Turkish
state, became its first president
in 1923. He introduced many
reforms, including more equality
for women and better education
for all. He also declared that Islam was
no longer to be the official religion.

76 A B C D E F H
 Turkey and the Caucasus

I J K L M N O P

0 km 100 200 OIL FROM AZERBAIJAN

Many years ago, caravans of camels
0 miles 100 200
carried vessels loaded with oil from 1
Baku to nearby countries. By the end of
the 19th century, the city was known
as the “black gold” capital of the world.
Today, Azerbaijan produces and exports
oil as well as natural gas.

RU
C a
SSI
AN 2
Gagra Ap
’kh u c FE
Enguri
Gudauta aze
t’i Mestia a DE
RA
Sokhumi Kazbek
s
Ochamchire
16,558ft (5047m)
South u TIO
Kutaisi Ossetia s N
Samtredia Gori
Poti
GEORGIA TBILISI Zaqatala
re
Xac maz
3
L e s s e Tsalka

G
Kobuleti Rustavi a
r C t e r Quba
S e a Batumi Achara Akhaltsikhe a u
c a Şäki
Cau
casus
Siyäzän
Mount Ararat
Hopa s u Ku
Pazar
Artvin s ra
Gäncä
Mingäçevir Sumqayıt in Turkey is
Trabzon Rize
Of la
rı Gyumri Vanadzor Yevlax Şamaxı BAKU
(BAKI) said to be the
ri

ğ
AZERBAIJAN
eh

Da
resting place
N Art’ik Sevan
Giresun z h Kars Qazimämmäd
deni
u
or
Doğu Kara Ç ARMENIA Nagorno- 4
İspir Sarıkamış
YEREVAN Sevana İmişli Äli-Bayramı
of Noah’s ark

K ur
Gümüşhane Karabakh
Lich

a
Aras
Horasan
after the flood

a n
Pasinler Artashat Xankändi
Mount Ararat

Se pia
Aşkale Ağri (Büyükaêrı Daêı)
Refahiye as Biläsuvar
AZ Ar
ates Erzincan Erzurum 16,854ft (5137m)
ER Goris described in

as
phr ri) Tercan Doğubayazıt BA C
Eu at Neh IJA
(Fi
r Kemah Naxc ıvan
Länkäran the Bible.
N

Patnos
E Keban
Y
Bingöl
Erciş Muradiye
A
N Caucasus Mountains
5
Baraji I R block cold air from
Lake Van
Hekimhan Elâzığ Muş Tatvan (Van Gölü) Van the north.

Malatya o s l a r
T o r
Bitlis Gevaş CAUCASUS
Silvan
ğ u The towering Caucasus Mountains
D o Diyarbakır
Siirt protect Armenia, Georgia, and
Batman Azerbaijan from the cold northerly
Adıyaman K winds. As a result, farmers can take
Silverek Şırnak ur advantage of this mild climate to
6
Atatürk
Mardin di grow citrus fruit, tobacco, and tea.
Baraji Viranşehir sta Walnuts and hazelnuts are valuable
I R n export crops.
Şanlıurfa Nusaybin A
Ceylanpınar Q Vines and fruit
grow in the valleys.

I A PEOPLE OF TURKEY
S Y R The Turks, who make up about 70 percent of the population
CARPET MARKET 7
of 80 million, are a diverse group with a shared sense of
Turkey is world-famous for its national identity. The largest minority in Turkey—about
knotted-pile carpets, known as 15 million people—are the Kurds (below), who speak their
Turkish carpets, kilims, woven by skilled craftworkers. own language but have no homeland. They live in eastern
made in centers Each region of Turkey produces Turkey, as well as in neighboring Iraq and Iran.
such as Malatya carpets with different designs
and Kayseri and colors. Every worker
incorporates into the designs
symbols that tell the maker’s
own family history or origins.
8

I J K L M N O P 77
 Asia

B C D E F G H

Russia and Kazakhstan

The russian federation is the biggest country in the world, almost 0 km 400 800
twice as big as either the US or China. It extends halfway around the
0 miles 400 800
world, crosses two continents, and spans 11 time zones. The vast region
of Siberia alone is larger than Canada. Kazakhstan lies to its south Franz Josef
Land
2 and is a large but sparsely populated country. From 1917 to 1991, North Cape
both countries were part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Nordkapp)

(USSR), the world’s first communist state. When the USSR A R

D Barents C T
collapsed, Russia, Kazakhstan, and the 13 other Gu L AN I C
member republics gained independence. Today, lf
F I N Murmansk S e a

of
Russia and Kazakhstan are both ruled by Kandalaksha

Fi
. Kola

nl
T
LA ya
eml

an
EST. Peninsula
elected presidents. Both countries have

d
Saint Petersburg aZ

W he a
3
a y

S
a lot of fertile land, huge mineral deposits, Lake e
No
v ea )
(Sankt-Peterburg)
a S ore

it
Lagoda Petrozavodsk a r oye M
and many other natural resources. Pskov Severodvinsk Ostrov K
ar
s k Ostrov Belyy
S

Lake Onega
RU

Kolguyev (K
However, Russia still has a very low Velikiy Novgorod Arkhangel’sk Dikson
LA

a
life expectancy rate compared to

l
Severn a y a
Smolensk Cherepovets
BE

su
a
Nar’yan-Mar

or

y a Gu Penin
D vi n a

ch
Vel’sk
other industrialized countries. MOSCOW Tver’

Pe
Vologda

al
(MOSKVA)

ba
Vorkuta

Yam
Bryansk Yaroslavl’ Kotlas Ukhta
4 Talnakh
s
E

Tula
i n b’
Kineshma
U K RAIN

Salekhard
Vladimir Syktyvkar

ka
Belgorod Ryazan’ a O bs Noril’sk
Nizhniy Novgorod t O
Nadym Igarka
Voronezh Tambov Kirov
Lake Baikal is up to

n
Glazov Solikamsk

Taz
u
Penza Kazan’ Nyagan’
6,365 ft (1,940 m) Izhevsk Perm’ West

sey
Rostov-na-Donu Ul’yanovsk Serov

M
Black Sea

Yeni
Saratov Khanty-Mansiysk
5 deep and contains Krasnodar Tol’yatti Naberezhnyye Yekaterinburg Siberian
Sochi Volgograd Samara Chelny l
more than 20 percent Surgut Nizhnevartovsk
a
Sterlitamak Ufa
Volga

Stavropol’ Tyumen’
Ural’sk Plain
r

Ura
Tobol’sk
of the world’s l
Ca

El’brus
U

Orenburg Chelyabinsk
18,510ft (5642m)
Nal’chik Astrakhan’ Magnitogorsk ob
ol
Ishim
R U SSI AN
freshwater supply.
im
uca

Irt
GEOR

Ish

ysh
T

Vladikavkaz Atyrau Orsk Kostanay

Ob
Aktobe Petropavlovsk

’
Groznyy Rudnyy
Makhachkala (Aktyubinsk) Omsk Tomsk Strelka
su

Alga
GI A

6 Fort-Shevchenko Emba
Kokshetau
Novosibirsk Krasnoyarsk
s

Kazakh man KAZAKH CULTURE Atbasar Shchuchinsk

Aktau
Se

Chelkar
Ku

The majority of people in lu

hunting with N ASTANA te p p en d a Kemerovo
KAZAKHSTAN
S

Kazakhstan are Kazakh J A Zhanaozen

a trained golden
an

Muslims. They were once B AI Ustyurt Pavlodar Barnaul

eagle
ER Aral’sk Temirtau
spi

a nomadic people who

Novokuznetsk Abakan
S yr

traveled around on AZ Plateau Aral Novokazalinsk

Saran’ Karagandy
AN

Sea a r
D
Ca

horseback, herding ya Semey yy

Zhezkazgan K a z a k h adn
ST

their sheep. Zhosaly Ridder Zap

NI

ZB

Although about Kyzylorda Uplands Shar Kyzyl

Zyryanovsk
ME

7 half of the Kazakhs Ust’-Kamenogorsk Gora Belukha

EK
RK

live in rural areas, Kyzyl Kum Balkhash Ayaguz A l t 14,783ft (4506m)

ai M
Ozero oun
TU

retaining a strong Turkistan Kentau Lake tain

Zaysan
IS

loyalty to their clans Karatau Balkhash s

and families, the city Arys’ Taldykorgan
Shu
TA

of Almaty and the new, Shymkent A

modern capital of Astana K i Taraz
rgh
Tekeli IN
H
N

are growing quickly, due i z R a nge Almaty C

to wealth generated KYR (Alma-Ata)
Coal miners in Siberia GYZ
by oil and gas. ST
8 AN

NATURAL WEALTH
Siberia contains around a quarter of the
world’s natural gas reserves and has vast
deposits of oil, as well as abundant minerals
such as coal and precious metals including
9 gold. However, many of these resources are
inaccessible or in remote places, and the extreme
winters make it difficult to extract them.

78 A B C D E F G H
 Russia and Kazakhstan

I J K L M N O P

TAIGA FOREST Nenets man

Russia’s forests cover more than guiding a sledge
two-fifths of the country’s territory. and reindeer 1
The taiga forest type extends
across the Urals to cover much
of Siberia. This type of forest is
formed by small, widely spaced Berin
g Str
trees, with large areas of poorly ait
drained marsh grasses. Chukchi
Sea
iy
psk
v ata et 2
vy eb Anadyrskiy
Ek Khr Zaliv
Anadyr’
A N
Ostrov Pevek

O C E
East Siberian

An
ad
Komsomolets

’ye
yr’
New Siberian Ostrov Sea

agor
Severnaya Ostrov Oktyabr’skoy Islands Novaya Sibir'
Zemlya Revolyutsii Ambarchik

Koryakskoye N
Ostrov Ostrov Kotel’nyy Ostrov Bol’shoy Cherskiy
Bol’shevik Lyakhovskiy Ala
z NATIVE PEOPLES
e Bering During the winter months, temperatures
3
ey

Lapt e v
a

r’y
in Siberia regularly drop to below –45°F
sula In
e n i n Ozero

go
Se a
Sea (–43°C). The native people who live here,
Kolyma

P
Na
dig

m yr such as the Nenets people of the Yamal

irka

Taymyr
ay Ust’-Olenëk oye Peninsula region, have adapted well
Kazach’ye Ostrov Karaginskiy
Tiksi Ossora to their environment and survive by
T

t'
zmen nos
msk

ya Ni herding reindeer, hunting, and fishing.

Ya n a

rska
-Sibi
Kh

Zaliv
Koly

ro eb
Seve
Verk

Ust’-Kamchatsk
r
A n a ba

ta e Shelikhova
K he Ady t Ch Vulkan
ch ers Klyucheyskaya Sopka 4
Kotuy

Olenëk

Susuman
hoy

a kogo Atka
r

15,381ft (4688m) RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Plato Atlasovo Russian is the official language
an

Putorana Olenëk Magadan Mil’kovo

ki Kamchatka of the Russian Federation,
L en

y K Peninsula but many of the 152 other

h r ebet
a

Petropavlovsk- nationalities inside the

Central Siberian Ald
an
Okhotsk Kamchatskiy federation speak their
y Pervy own language as
lyu Yakutsk
dzhur

Uplands Vi Sea of Okhotsk

y Kuril'skiy Proliv well. The Russian
N izh
nyaya Tunguska
Nyurba
I A Ostrov
language uses the
E R (Okhotskoye
et Dzhug

Cyrillic alphabet, 5
S I B
ga

Paramushir
More) which was devised
Am

Suntar
n

Mirnyy
da

) by Greek missionaries.
( S I B I R ’
Al

Chunya Olëkminsk Shantarskiye

Ostrova
K hreb

FE DER A TI O N
e Ostrova)

Ostrov Sakhalin
Olë

ril’skiy s l a n d s
kma

n a Neryungri
Le Bodaybo Ostrov
Angara Ust’-Ilimsk Urup OLD CUSTOMS
ur

il I

The communists tried to

Am

Tynda Komsomol’sk- Ostrov Iturup

Kur
Khr

Ust’-Kut impose a Russian national 6

Vitim

Kansk na-Amure Kuril’sk

t

Skovorodino
(Ku

culture on the native peoples

be

ebet

Am of Siberia, but many of their

Bratsk
re

Lake Baikal ur Svobodnyy Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk customs survived in remote

Kh

Ea Tulun (Ozero ouse

Khabarovsk Per
Sikhote-

areas. Today, traditional

l ka

st La Strait (administered by
y

er Baykal)
vy

Khor costume, music, and

hi

n Usol’ye-Sibirskoye o S Blagoveshchensk
Birobidzhan
Saya
n Sa o n Chita C Russian Federation, dance are all flourishing
ya Angarsk bl H
Bikin claimed by Japan)
Ya Sea of throughout Siberia.
Ussur

Olovyannaya
IN
Alin’

Irkutsk Ulan-Ude Krasnokamensk A Japan

ns

Kyakhta Zabaykal’sk (East Sea) 7

Ussuriysk JAPAN
MONG
OLIA Vladivostok Nakhodka
Russian dancer
in traditional dress

Trans-Siberian
Railway train
Siberian tiger
8

TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY SIBERIAN WILDLIFE

The longest railway in the world Siberia is home to a huge
runs 5,772 miles (9,289 km) from range of wildlife, including
Moscow’s Yaroslavl Station in the the rare Siberian tiger
west, across Siberia to the Pacific (the biggest tiger in the
port of Vladivostok in the east. The world), wolves, reindeer,
railway was started in 1891 and and black and brown bears.
took 14 years to finish. Trains take The Baikal seal—found 9
eight days to complete the journey only in Lake Baikal—is the
and cross eight time zones. world’s only freshwater seal.

I J K L M N O P 79
 B C D G H I

SYRIAN MARKET
Damascus is one of the oldest 1
inhabited cities in the world.
Asia
The Near East At its center is a massive souk
The map on
(bazaar), full of stalls and
Israel, jordan, syria, and lebanon are the countries small shops selling everything
Cyprus’s flag is
collectively known as the Near East. This is a land that is from carpets, textiles, and
jewelery to household goods copper-colored
dominated by desert but also has fertile coastal plains. Lack and fresh produce.
of water is a constant problem here, although Israel has because Cyprus
2 introduced computerized irrigation systems to extend the 2
means “island
land suitable for agriculture. The creation of the Jewish state
of Israel in 1948, in what was previously Arab-dominated
of copper.”
Palestine, has led to almost continuous conflict in the region.
Lately, the devastating civil war in Syria has added more
tension in the whole Near and Middle East region. DAILY LIFE
3 Even during war or conflicts, 3
people try to continue to live
as normally as possible,
LEBANON REBUILT Tig
although it might be difficult to ri s
Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, get food or go to school. These
was once the commercial and Al Mālikīyah
Palestinian boys enjoy a game
banking center of the Arab world, of football in the street.
but was devastated by the civil war
that ravaged the country from 1975
to the early 1990s. Today, Beirut has Al Qāmishlī
4 regained some of its former glory. 0 km 50 100 4
Q

But Lebanon remains unstable, and

is still dominated by its two powerful 0 miles 50 100
A

neighbors—Syria and Israel.

Y
Ra’s al ‘Ayn
R K E R
Al Ḩasakah I
T U
z

At Tall al Abyaḑ al ī Al Jazīrah

CYPRUS Jarābulus Euph Jab ‘Az
r a l
Cyprus became independent from ate b d 5
A
s
‘
h

Britain in 1960. However, conflict Ash Shadādah

Nah

between Greeks and Turks caused A‘zāz Manbij

Balík r

Turkey to invade the island in 1974. ‘Afrīn Al Bāb

Since then, Cyprus has been split
between a Turkish Cypriot north Lake Assad Ar Raqqah
Aleppo (Ḩalab) (Buḩayrat al Asad)
and a Greek Cypriot south. Most
Cypriots make a living from farming Sabkhat As Sabkhah
Eu
ph Aş Şuwār
grapes, citrus fruit, and olives, Ḩārim al Jabbūl rat
Madīnat At Tibnī es
but tourism makes up a big ath Thawrah 6
part of the economy. Idlib Al M
ī Dayr anāșif
is hr az Zawr Buşayrah
Arīhā Abū aḑ Ḑuhūr Jabal B
Ma‘arrat Al Mayādīn Subaykhān
Woman making a lace-item an Nu‘mān
to sell to tourists Al ‘Ashārah Abū Ḩardān

S ā ḩ i
Latakia S Y R I A
(Al Lādhiqīyah) lī
l a
Agialoúsa
s

As Sukhnah
(Yenierenköy) Jablah Ḩamāh Abū Kamāl
Jibā yah

7 7
TURKISH REPUBLIC OF Bāniyās
Kerÿneia NORTHERN CYPRUS Salamīyah
Lápithos Maz_yāf
(Girne) (recognized only by Turkey)
(Lapta) Kythréa Ţarţūs Ar Rāmī
NICOSIA (Değirmenlik) Ḩimș (Homs) Tudmur (Palmyra)
Mórfou Ammóchostos Tall Kalakh
ra
(Güzelyurt) Dekéleia (Gazimağusa) Q
(Famagusta)
Pólis Qoubaïyât Al Qușayr
Sovereign
Sea nean
T r o ó d o s Lárnaka
Base Area
iter El Mina
A
Sovereign (to UK) Al Bāridah
8 CYPRUS 8
d
an

Tripoli R
e

Páfos Base Area

J b

(to UK) Limassol Batroûn

Lib el

I
anon

Akrotírion
(Lemesós)
Me

LEBANON Baalbek Sab‘ Ābār Jabal aţ¸Ţanf

Leb

2533ft (772m)
 Joûnié

ti-
Rayak Aţ Ţanf
BEIRUT Zahlé

An
(BEYROUTH)
Dūmā ANCIENT CITY OF PETRA
9 Damoûr 9

ani
Qaţanā Temples and tombs were
DAMASCUS

L ít
LAND OF REFUGEES Saïda cut out of the rock to form

el
Mount (DIMASHQ) S y r i a n
The frequent wars between Israel and its hr Hermon the spectacular city of Petra,
Arab neighbors, and conflicts in the Gaza Na 9232ft (2814m) in modern-day Jordan.
Soûr
Strip and West Bank, led to a huge number Bent Petra was built by the
Jbaïl Al Qunayţirah
of Palestinian refugees fleeing Israel to En Nâqoûra Nabataeans, an Arab tribe

Heig
n
seek shelter in neighboring countries. In of the 4th century BCE.

Golahts
Nahariya Tsefat
addition, from 2011, the civil war in Syria Lake As Suwaydā’ Muqāţ The remains of the city
Mifraz
added almost 5 million new refugees ending Hefa Tiberias are situated in a valley
Tiberias
10 up in Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Iraq. (Tveria) Dar‘ā Jabal ad Durúz surrounded by cliffs with 10
While some refugees are permanently
Haifa Irbid 5899ft (1798m) only one narrow entrance.
(Hefa) Nazareth Ar Ramthā
settled, the majority live in huge, poorly Petra is Jordan’s most

Jorda n
equipped camps with only basic facilities D e s e r t famous historic site.
Al Mafraq
and little chance of work or education. Hadera Jenīn Aş Şafāwī
Nablus
A
Netanya BI
As Salţ Az Zarqā’ A
WEST Wāḩat al Azraq
Tel Aviv-Yafo Petah Tikva AR
Wādī as Sīr AMMAN (‘AMMĀN) I
11 Holon UD 11
BANK Jericho A
Rehovot Ma’dabā Al ‘Umarī S
Ashdod Bethlehem JERUSALEM
Dead
Ashkelon
Hebron Sea JORDAN
GAZA STRIP
(under Palestinian Al Mazra‘ah
administration)
Gaza
Khān Yūnis ‘Arad Al Karak

12
Rafah Be’er Sheva Al ‘Aynā Ar 12
¸d
Aţ Ţafīlah Bāyir aş
Al Ḩisā Şa
ISR A E L

ah
w

w
Sappir

ān
Negev Ash Shawbak

hūz
Mitspe Ramon

EG
Al Jafr

rā
Qā‘ al Jafr

Wādī al 'Arab
Refugees living in Petra

Sha
crowded conditions Be’ēr Menuha

YP
Ash
13 near Amman, Jordan Ma‘ān 13
Gharandal IA

T
B
Ra’s an Naqb RA The Dome of
A the Rock
I

Al Quwayrah
D
U

THE KINGDOM OF JORDAN Elat Western

Much of Jordan is hot, dry desert, with little land Al ‘Aqabah
Wall
SA

available for agriculture. Water is scarce and control Al Mudawwarah

14 14
of the River Jordan, which forms a border with Israel,
is an important issue in peace talks. The desert is
home to nomadic tribes of Bedouin, who live in large Jordanian desert
tents woven from camel hair. Modern Bedouin use police officer patrolling

Gulf of Aqaba
cars and trucks for transport. Jordan has few natural the borders; most are
resources other than phosphates, which it exports for from Bedouin families.
use as fertilizer, and some limited oil reserves.
JERUSALEM
The old city of Jerusalem is
15 15
sacred to three of the world’s
major religions: Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam, each
with their own holy sites and
separate districts. Both Israelis
and Palestinians claim
Jerusalem as their capital. As
a result, the city is a frequent
source of conflict. The Dome of
16 the Rock, sacred to Muslims, 16
and the Western Wall, sacred to
Jews, stand next to each other.
The Near East

A B E F G H I

81
 B C D E F G H I

1
Asia
The Middle East
The middle east is home to the world’s oldest civilizations, DESERT WARS
Most international
which grew up in the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of boundaries in the
present-day Iraq more than 6,000 years ago. The world’s first Middle East were drawn
by the former European
towns and cities were built here. Since then, many powerful empires colonial powers, and have
2 have dominated the region, all leaving a wealth of buildings and often caused conflict. Iraq 2
and Iran fought a bitter
monuments behind them. Today, the Middle East is at the center eight-year war along their
of the Islamic world. The population of every country is Arab common border from 1980. Since then,
further conflicts between Iraq and international
and speaks Arabic, except Iran, where half the population are forces, as well as against the so-called “Islamic
State” terrorist organization, have caused much
Farsi-speaking Persians. suffering here.

OIL PRODUCTION THE IRANIANS

3 The Middle East is the world’s major About half the total population of Iran 3
oil producer—Saudi Arabia alone are Persians, who live in the center and
produces more than 12 percent of north of the country. Large numbers
the world’s supply. Oil has of Azeris live in the northwest, while
brought great wealth to the Kurds live in the west and Baluchis
region, in particular to Saudi in the southeast. The official language
Arabia and the Gulf States. of Iran is Farsi, but many other
languages are also spoken.

4 4

AR
M
EN AZERBAIJAN
IA The Persian
language is written
Mākū AZ. in Arabic script TURK
Ko ME
Khvoy pp NI
ST
TURKEY Tabrīz Ardabīl Caspian eh AN
5 Daryācheh-ye Bojnūrd Dā ROLE OF WOMEN 5
Orūmīyeh Mīāneh
Sea gh Family life is important
Zākhō R Rasht Gorgān throughout the Muslim
Marāgheh es Sārī Mashhad Sarakhs world. The role of women
Mayamey

A
ht
Zanjān eh Āmol o rz varies from country to
Mosul Arbīl -ye Alb Sabzevār country—traditionally,

RI
Saqqez Qazvīn Kuhhā-ye Shāhrūd
(Al Mawşil) Qolleh-ye Damāvand 18,606ft (5671m) women stay at home
Altin Köprü As Sulaymānīyah

SY
and look after the family,
Kirkūk Sanandaj TEHRAN Semnān but some now work. In
Qorveh Hamadān public, many cover their
6 I R A Q Qom -e Kavīr head with a hijab, or 6
‘Annah
sht
Bākhtarān Da whole body with a burqa.
Buḩayrat ath Tharthār Kāshān
Eslāmābād Arāk A
Al Baghdādī Ba‘qūbah Bīrjand
F

Ar Ruţbah
Ar Ramādī BAGHDAD
G

I R Ná’īn A N
g
H

Buḩayrat ar Razāzah
(

Tig
A

r Al Kūt Dezfūl Eşfahān Ardakān

a K

AN is
Ţurayf
Karbalā’ Shahr-e Nehbandān
D Al Ḩillah Kuwayt Yazd
NI

M
r o uhh

R Kord
S

An Najaf
s ā

Dasht
Mehrīz -e

E
7 Judayyidat Hāmir up Al ‘Amārah -y ou L 7
e

JO
ūt

hra
Z n
TA

‘Ar‘ar As Samāwah tes Iranian Zarand

N

Ahvāz ā g r t a i Īzad Khvāst Anār

An Nāşirīyah Hawr al Ḩammēr os
) n Kermān Noşratābād
s Şafāshahr (Deh Bīd)
Basra Māhān
Sakākah (Al Başrah) Ābādān Plateau Zāhedān P
Al Jawf Kāzerūn A

aba P T
Ar Rawḑatayn KUWAIT Shirāz Sīrjan Bāft Mīrjāveh
Rafḩah Fahraj
K

d Al Jahrā’ (AL KUWAYT) Bam

f Aq
Je
Tabūk ū
Nişab
IS

af Moḩammadābād Rīgān

be
l
N KUWAIT
in

Bandar-e Būshehr
āţ

Gulf o E G Y
8 8

as
TA

An
lB

h
Pe

a
r
N

ī R ū d -e
Bandar-e
Taymā’ Ma n d

Sh
ād
si

W Hāmūn-e
Gu

Ḩā’il Al Warī’ah
a

Bandar-e Kangān Bandar-e ‘Abbās

ifā
n Jaz Mūrīān
lf

Al ’Ulā Gāvbandī Khamīr

Qeshm
 Al Wajh Bandar-e Lengeh
Buraydah Az Zilfī A Ad Dammān orm
uz (to Oman)
Wā A ‘Unayzah f H

d
dī al Ḩ ah MANAMA BAHRAIN t o Sharjah (Ash Shāriqah)
am¸d
r Rim Al Majma‘ah (AL MANĀMAH) S tr ai st
9 ar M akran Coa 9

D
ādī QATAR Dubai
a W Shaqrā’ DOHA (Dubayy) Gulf of Oman

ah
Al Hufūf (AD DAWḨAH)
Medina b Şuḩār Tropic o
f Cancer
Yanbu‘al Baḩr

nā
(Al Madīnah) RIYADH ABU DHABI MUSCAT

’
Al Ḩ
Tropic of C
ancer
i (AR RIYĀḐ) (ABŪ Z̧ABY) (MASQAŢ)

aja
a ra
n UNITED ARAB l G h Ar Rustāq
a r bī Şūr

Ḩarrat
EMIRATES

Re
Z̧alim
P Ramlat

ayq

d
10 10

Rahaţ
Āl Wahībah
e n Arabian

uw
Ţ
Al Ghābah
i n s
Mecca (Makkah) Laylā u l a

al
Jedda Turabah Sea

Jab
(Jiddah) Jazīrat
Aţ Ţā’if

hah
Maşīrah
S AU DI A R A B I A

B īs
Al Līth

ī
Khalīj

ād

Se
Qal ‘at Bīshah As Sulayyil

W
Al Bāḩah ā lī Maşīrah

a
Duqm
11
Kh 11
Tathlīth al r)
R u b ‘ Quarte O M A N
Ar pt y
Khamīs (Em
Abhā Mushayt Şawqirah
Sanāw
Najrān Thamarit Juzur al
Şabyā Wuday‘ah Ḩalānīyāt
Jīzān Şalālah
Şa‘dah
Ra
12 ml 12
at ra h Damqawt
Da
hm
Y E M E N Al M a h
Say’ūn Tarīm
SANA lat n wt Sayḩūt
(ŞAN‘Ā’) R a m t a y A WEALTH OF FISH
b ‘ a a m a aut)
Hodeida as Sa ḑr m The Arabian Sea, south
(Al Hudaydah)
Ḩa a d h r a Ash Shiḩr of Yemen and Oman, is rich
(H
Zabīd Al Mukallā in fish, providing a valuable
13 source of both income and food 13
ISLAM Ta‘izz de n for local people. The fishermen use
The Islamic religion began of A traditional sailboats equipped with outboard motors

Ba
Shuqrah u l f Socotra
in the 7th century in the holy cities G for greater speed, landing large catches of sardines,
(Suqutrā)

be
l
of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. Aden (‘Adan) (to Yemen) tuna, anchovies, cuttlefish, cod, and other fish.
Minarets, the tall thin towers of mosques,
M
an
dominate the skyline of every town and city deb
in the region. From these, devout
Muslims are summoned to pray 0 km 150 300
five times a day. Muslims are
also required to make a Hajj, 0 miles 150 300 14
or pilgrimage, to Mecca (above)
at least once in their lifetime.

The Qur’an, the book of

sacred writings of Islam
WATER
Much of the Middle East is
15
covered with a hot desert. Water 15
is scarce although there are some
Saudi Arabia is the oases where animals can be
watered and crops irrigated. On
only country in the world the coastline, desalination plants,
such as this one in Oman,
to be named after its royal remove salt from seawater to MIDDLE EASTERN FOOD
make it suitable for domestic A typical Middle Eastern meal consists of pita bread,
family—the house consumption and agriculture. bulgur wheat, lentils, spiced meat—usually lamb or
goat—fruit, and hummus made from chickpeas. Most
16 of Al Saud. Muslims do not drink alcohol, preferring water, mint 16
tea, or coffee from Yemen, producer of some of the
The Middle East

world’s finest coffee beans.

A B C D E F G H I

83
 Asia

B C D E F G H

Central Asia Ustyu r t Aral

KA
ZA
The five central asian nations rise up from hot deserts P lateau H Sea K
in the west and south to cold, high mountain ranges in the east. d ST
The area has oil, gas, and mineral reserves, as well as other n
Mo’ynoq
a A
natural resources, but water is often scarce and agriculture l

N
is limited. The four northern nations were w
2
o Chimboy
once part of the Soviet Union and are Sarygamyș
Taxtako’pir
now independent nations. Afghanistan is Nukus

L
Köli Kyzyl Ku
a landlocked country and three-quarters Köneürgenc‚
Takhiatosh
m
Gubadag
of its land is inaccessible terrain. It was Uchquduq

n
Ga
Gurbansoltan Eje
Urganch

pla
invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979, Dașoguz

a
To’rtko’l UZBEKISTAN

ngy
prompting a continuous series of civil

Uc‚
Xiva

r Pl
tag
3 Zarafshon

r
wars. The 2001 invasion by American Türkmenbașy Üngüz

an

atosy
Gazojak Lebap
and other Western forces overthrew

Gum

u
Türkmenbașy Angyrsyndaky
Aylagy

Am
the fundamentalist Islamic regime Balkanabat

y
Garagum

uD
and led to democratic presidential Hazar Derweze

arya
Bereket Gazli
elections, but Afghanistan is still TURKMENISTAN G’ijduvon
unstable. Wrecked by more than Serdar Buxoro
Kopet Ga Kogon
4
30 years of warfare, it is one of da
g G
Seýdi

the poorest and most deprived C a s p i a n Magtymguly r ag

Galkynyș
e r Baharly Türkmenabat
sh u
nations on Earth. i m
Sea Abadan Geok-Tepe
ASHGABAT
Saýat
Gora Chapan
(AŞGABAT)
9478ft (2889m) K e l i f Amyderýa
Mary Gara
gu m

5
One of the world’s largest Kaka
Tejen
Murgab
Bayramaly
Uzboyy
C a n al
Atamyrat

gold mines is at Muruntau

Murgap
in the Kyzyl Kum desert Sarahs Garabil
Andkhvoy

in Uzbekistan. Belentligi

Maīmanah
FESTIVALS IN AFGHANISTAN Bālā Murghāb
6 Torkestan

Da
Despite the horrors of recent years, the Afghans still Serhetabat
ā - y Morghā

ry
celebrate important Islamic festivals, notably Eid ul-Fitr, Towraghoudī e b
which marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan.
Sels
People visit friends and family and eat a festive meal eleh-
together. The art of storytelling still flourishes in ye Safī
d Kūh
Afghanistan, as does the attan, the national dance. Harīrūd
Ghōrīān Herāt
An Afghan man carries bread with
which to break the Ramadan fast.

7 Children in Kabul,
AFGHAN
Afghanistan, made Shīndand
LIFE EXPECTANCY
homeless by war
As a result of war, drought, and poverty,
people in Afghanistan can expect to live an
d
average of only 51 years, one of the lowest life Rū
expectancy rates in the world. Infant mortality
h

Farāh
rā

Dilārām
Fa

is extremely high. Health services have almost

ā sh
completely collapsed and few trained doctors
-e Kh Gereshk
and nurses are available to help the sick. Dasht
8 Many children have been orphaned or Lashkar Gāh
made homeless, and few have been Hāmūn-e Kandahār
Chakhānsūr
able to go to school. Şāberī Zaranj ow
M ārg
Dasht-e Kūchnay
Darwāshā
Da Dīshū
ryā
tān
ges
-ye H el m and
Rē

9 Chāgai Hills

PAKISTAN
84 A B C D E F G H
 Central Asia

I J K L M N O P

Aral Sea today ARAL SEA ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER

The inland Aral Sea, between Uzbekistan 1
and Kazakhstan, was once a vast, thriving
freshwater lake full of fish. Over the years,
the rivers flowing into it were diverted
or drained to provide irrigation for
crops. The sea has now shrunk to
less than one-tenth of its original
size, reducing the numbers of fish, A man in front of
and leaving former fishing villages and his home, called
rusting ships stranded inland. a yurt, in western
Pamir, Tajikistan 2
Stages of shrinking
since the 1960s shown
KAZAKHST A N
The in green shades
fishing BISHKEK Tokmak
village of
Ki Kara-Balta Tyup Dzhergalan
rg
Mo’ynoq is Talas hiz Kemin
Ozero Issyk- Karakol MOUNTAIN LIFE
Range The two small eastern republics of
now nearly 62 miles
Gora Manas
Leninpol’
ge
Balykchy
Kul’ Kyzyl-Suu
n Jengish Chokusu/ Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are both
(100 km) away
14,705ft
Ra
n
KYRGYZSTAN
Kadzhi-Say
a very mountainous and are subject
from the Aral Sea. (4482m)
tka
l
h Tömür Feng
24,406ft to earthquakes and landslides.
TASHKENT Chirchiq Cha
Khr
ebet M
oldo-Too S
Karakol
Kara-Say (7439m) Only about six per cent of Tajikistan
can be used for growing crops,
3

(TOSHKENT) Tash-Kumyr Naryn

n Ta

u
Aydark
Angren whereas Kyrgyzstan is more fertile.
Yangiyo’l Namangan Koksha a l -
Nurota
o’l K
o’li Dzhalal-Abad
e
Langar
Olmaliq
Qo’qon Andijon i Chatyr-Tash

Navoiy
Oqtosh Jizzax
Guliston Bekobod
Khujand Farg’ona
Osh T Këk-Art
LOCAL WEALTH
Kattaqo’rg’on Sulyukta
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and
Samarqand Ŭroteppa Khaydarkan Sary-Tash 4
Kyrgyzstan all grow considerable
Urgut Zeravshan Daroot-Korgon crops of cotton—Uzbekistan is the
Koson khob world’s sixth largest producer—
nge Qarokŭl
r Ra Sur
C

Kitob as well as fruit and vegetables.

Qarshi s sa Qullai Ismoili Somoní
24,590ft (7495m) S The three countries are also
i DUSHANBE ar
H

Denov
G TAJIKISTAN ik
ol
rich in mineral deposits, such
Norak Ghŭdara as gold, mercury, sulphur, and
I N

Qal’aikhum
Boysun Danghara P Murghob uranium, and have reserves
Ra

n of coal, oil, and natural gas.

g

rt a
Qŭrghonteppa Kŭlob Ba a
ng

5
Moskva Dzhelandy m
A
e

Jarqo’rg’on
Termiz Khorugh
Āqchah Dŭstí Farkhor
m
ir i Qizilrabot
Harvesting cotton
Balkh
Feyz_ābād r in Uzbekistan
Pa

Kunduz Ishkoshim s
Khulm
Tāloqān Baroghil Pass
Shibirghān
Mazār-e Khānābād 12,392ft (3777m)
Sharīf
K u s h THE TAJIKS
d u
Baghlān
The majority of people of Tajikistan are Iranian
Pul-e Khumrī
Moun n in origin and speak Tajik, which is related to 6
tain i Farsi. The minority Uzbeks are made up mainly
s
ahm
rd
a H Barīkowt_ of descendents of Turkic-speaking (related to
ye K Chārīkār
Turkish) nomads. This division has led to ethnic
ā- Maḩmūd-e Rāqī
ary tension between the two groups. Civil war
D
-e Bābā KABUL (KĀBOL) Asadābād between the government and Islamic rebels
Kūh Mehtar Lām in the east of the country during the 1990s
Maīdān Shahr led to an exodus of Uzbeks and Russians,
Jalālābād who had moved into the country when it
ISTAN Khyber Pass
3543ft (1080m)
was part of the Soviet Union.
7
Gardēz
Ghaznī
N
Khōst A Tajik horsemen
T in Pamir, Tajikistan
b

S
dā
an

h
rg
I

eA Zarghūn
K

-y
ryā Shahr
PA

Da
Qalāt
Tilla-Kari, a 17th-century
Islamic religious school in 8
Samarqand, Uzbekistan

Spīn Būldak
THE SILK ROAD
The Silk Road is the ancient trading route that brought
silks and other fine goods from China through central
Asia and the Middle East to Europe. Many cities were built
0 km 100 200 along its route, including Buxoro (Bukhara, Uzbekistan),
an important place of pilgrimage for Muslims, and
Samarqand, which contains some of the finest Islamic 9
0 miles 100 200
architecture in the world. Many of these cities are
now UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites.

I J K L M N O P 85
 Asia
(claimed
by India)
B C D E F
n d u K u s h

Indian Subcontinent
K2 28,251ft
H i

Ka
(8611m)

ra
Indus or

k
am
Ra
ng
Khyber Pass Mingāora e
3543ft
(1080m) Mardān
S

N
eparated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas, the Indian subcontinent Peshāwar Wāh ISLAMABAD

A
T Rāwalpindi
is home to more than one-fifth of the world’s population—almost I S

H
N Potwa Jhelum
1.7 billion people. They have a long and complex history, A r Pl a t e a u
Jammu
form many different ethnic groups, speak a wide F GH Sargodha Gujrāt
Gujrānwāla
A g P Lahore

e
an

s
variety of languages, and worship many different Amritsar

Indu
Chaman ar R u
Toba K ā k

R a nge
2
gods. While some people in these countries are Faisalābād n j Ludhiāna
Quetta Dera Ghāzi Khān Multān Okāra a b
wealthy, many others live in poverty. Tensions Chā Chandīgarh
gai Hills ej Bathinda
between and within countries in this region

mān
Sibi utl
Kālat Haryāna

S
IR
have sometimes erupted in warfare. The Indian P A K IJacobābād STAN

lai
Bahāwalpur Karnāl

Su
subcontinent is often affected by natural disasters,

AN
Baluchistān Rahīmyār Delhi
Shikārpur
notably cyclones in the Bay of Bengal, and Lārkāna Sukkur Khān
r t NEW DELHI
se
ng e
earthquakes and floods in Pakistan. However, n Ra Bīkāner
De
3
Central Makrā Khairpur

R a n ge r

s
K ī r tha

Indu
r Alwar
India, the most heavily populated nation Turbat h a Jaisalmer Jaipur
and once prone to famine, is now more than Gwādar
Nawābshāh T Jodhpur
Pasni Hyderābād Mīrpur Khās
self-sufficient in food. All but Nepal and Bhutan Beāwar
Karāchi Pāli
were once ruled by the British, whose legacy can be seen Sind R ā j a s t h ā n
in the common language of English, in some architecture, Sujāwal
Udaipur Kota

M o e Ind
th
the vast railway system, and in sport—most notably cricket.

uth u
4 Rann of K a c h c h h
of Pālanpur

s
Tropic of
Cancer s Gujarāt
Gulf of
Gāndhīdhām
Ahmadābād Ratlām
ge
MONSOON
Kachchh Godhra a Ra n
From May/June to September, Vindhy
warm, moist southerly winds Jāmnagar
Rājkot Indore
sweep up from the Indian Ocean
and the Bay of Bengal across the Porbandar Bhāvnagar
Vadodara I N
S ātpura Range
subcontinent. Once these winds
meet dry land, moisture falls as Bhusāwal
5 Gulf of Sūrat
monsoon rainfall. Although this Khambhāt
0 km 150 300 Damān Manmād
irrigates the land and replenishes
the water supply, it can also Nāshik Aurangābād
cause severe flooding. 0 miles 150 300 G
Kalyān M odāva
āshtra D e
a h ā r ri
Mumbai
(Bombay) Pune Nānded

W e s
Bārāmati
6 Arabian Solāpur
Sea
t e r
Gulbarga
SRI LANKA Kolhāpur Rāichūr
In 1983, civil war erupted in Sri Lanka
between the Buddhist majority Sinhalese,
n Karnātaka
Belgaum
who dominate the government, and the
Panaji
Gadag
G h
Hindu minority Tamils, who wanted to
establish their own independent state in Hubli
the north of the island. The civil war, which
Dāvangere
a t

7 ended in 2009 when the government defeated

the Tamil Tigers, has cost many lives and
Shimoga
s

disrupted the island’s economy. Yet Sri Lanka

Udupi
still has one of the highest literacy rates in
the world and high levels of health care. Mangalore Bangalore
Kāsaragod Mysore
Ke

Kannur (Cannanore)
ral

Erode
8
Kozhikode (Calicut)
a

l
FAMILY LIFE IN PAKISTAN Coimbatore mi
Pakistanis have strong ties to their extended families, and often many Ta
generations live and work together in family-run businesses. Smaller Ernākulam
family units, however, are becoming more common in urban areas.
Although some women hold prominent positions in public and Kochi (Cochin)
commercial life, such as Benazir Bhutto who was prime minister twice
before she was assassinated in December 2007, most women do not Kollam (Quilon)
work outside the home. Thiruvananthapuram
(Trivandrum)
9
School child, Nāgercoil
Sri Lanka

86 A B C F G H
 Indian Subcontinent

(A"line of
control"
was agreed J K L M N O P
between
India and
Pakistan
in 1972) THE HIMALAYAS
AKSAI CHIN The highest chain of mountains
Bhutanese 1
(administered by China, in the world, the Himalayas have
claimed by India) eight peaks that are more than people
26,247 ft (8,000 m) high. Everest, the
J a mmu world’s highest mountain at 29,029 ft
and (8,848 m), is on the border of Nepal
DEMCHOK/ and Tibet. Mountaineers come from
Kashmír DÊMQOG far and wide to scale these massive peaks.
i
(administered
by China, claimed
by India)

m
na

ARUNACHAL
Yamu

PRADESH

nd a (claimed by China)
BHUTAN
Utta r a k h a s
l a
Hidden
Meerut NEPAL C a y away in the
Annapurna H I N A Dibrugarh Himalayas,
Gang

Bareilly Salyān 26,545ft (8091m)

Kula Kangri
24,783ft (7554m)
Mount Everest
the people
˙ of Bhutan are
es

Uttar Pokharā 29,029ft (8848m) THIMPHU tr a 3

Bhaktapur pu devoutly Buddhist
BHUTAN ma

RM R
P r a d e s h KATHMANDU Lalitpur Brah Jorhāt and have little contact
Āgra

(BU NMA
Darjiling Bongaigaon
am

A)
Lucknow Faizābād Birātnagar Shiliguri Ass
with the outside world.
Kohīma A minority of the population are
Gwalior Kānpur Gorakhpur Guwāhāti Nepalese Hindus who came to the country in

A
Chhapra Dinajpur Rangpur M e g h ā l a y a Imphāl the first half of the last century. Most Bhutanese

MY
Allahābād Bihār live in the fertile river valleys of the center and
Jhānsi Patna Ga Jamalpur Sylhet Silchar south of the country. Traditional dress—the kira
ng
Shivpuri
Ma Vārānasi Gaya BANGLADESH for women and the gho for men—is widely worn.
es

dhy
a Pra J h ā r k h a n dRajshahi Tropic
of Cance
r 4
Sāgar desh Pabna DHAKA
Murwāra Dhanbād Āsānsol Jessore Comilla
Chota
Bhopāl Jabalpur N ā g p u r
Rānchi West Bengal Khulna
Chittagong
The name Bhutan means
Jamshedpur
Kolkata
Barisal
“Land of the Thunder
D I AC h h a t t ī s g a r
Bilāspur Rāurkela Kharagpur
Korba
es
(Calcutta)
Mouths
of th
eG
a ng
Dragon” in Dzongkha, the
Nāgpur th
Sambalpur Bāleshwar
Gondia Raipur Od Ma
hān Cuttack
adi
Bay of Benga
l
country’s official language. 5
(O ish
Chandrapur ris a Bhubaneshwar
c a n sa) Puri
c Jagdalpur
RELIGION
Two of the world’s great
Brahmapur
Nizāmābād religions—Hinduism and
Karīmnagar Buddhism—began in India
ts more than 2,500 years ago. Most
ngana ha Vizianagaram
Tela G od Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are
G

Warangal āv Visākhapatnam
ari Muslim, most Indians and Nepalese
Hyderābād e r n Rājahmundry are Hindu, and most Sri Lankans
and Bhutanese are Buddhist.
hna
t

Kris
as

Vijayawāda Hindus bathe

E

Kurnool
de a

in the Ganges
sh

Chīrāla
P r an d h r

River, which is
Ongole considered sacred.
A

Tādpatri Kāvali
Nellore North
Cuddapah Andaman
Middle
Chennai Andaman
(Madras) Port
Blair Andaman
Vellore Kānchīpuram
South Islands
Andaman (to India)
Salem Pondicherry
Little Andaman
Nādu BOLLYWOOD 8
Tiruchchirāppalli More films are produced in Mumbai (Bombay),
TEA IN SRI LANKA
k Strait India—more than 1,000 a year—than in the
Pal Sri Lanka is the world’s largest Car Nicobar
Madurai exporter of tea. The plantations whole of the US, turning “Bollywood,” as it is
An

Jaffna are located mainly in the center Nicobar Islands known, into a major cultural center. Famous for
(to India) their musical routines and glamorous stars,
SRI LANKA of the island and employ
da ea

Mannar Bollywood films generally had historical and

women to pick the delicate,
S

Tuticorin Katchall
m

Trincomalee green shoots of the bushes. social themes. Today, these have expanded
Island
n to include more contemporary stories as
a

Gulf of Little Nicobar

Puttalam Great the films have found a fan base in the
Mannar Batticaloa 9
Indira Point Nicobar large Indian diaspora across the world.
Negombo
Kandy
COLOMBO
INDIAN OCEAN
Kalutara SRI JAYEWARDENAPURA K M N O P 87
KOTTE
Galle Matara
 Asia

B C D E F G H

Western China and Mongolia

C hina is a land of great geographical diversity and DESERT LANDS
The cold, rocky Gobi Desert
amazing landscapes. More than 90 percent of the population (right) stretches for more than
are Han Chinese—descendents of people who settled here 380,000 sq miles (1,000,000 sq km)
through Mongolia and northeast
more than 5,000 years ago. This region includes western China, China. Many dinosaur bones and
2 Mongolia, and Tibet. Mongolia gained its independence from eggs have been found here, making
it one of the richest dinosaur
China in 1911 and is now an independent democracy. Tibet fossil regions in the world.
Hövsgöl
Nuur
is currently governed by China. Compared with eastern China, Uvs
Nuur
this region is sparsely populated and characterized by vast A l Ulaangom
deserts, remote mountains, and extreme temperatures. t a Ölgiy Hyargas Halban
Mörön

A N Nuur
T i Har Us
HS
Altay Nuur
M Har Nuur Ha
3 THE MONGOLIANS K Hovd ng Tsetserleg
ZA
Most of the people living Ulungur o ayn
Nuru
in Mongolia are Khalkh A Hu u u
Mongols. About 70 percent K n M O N
of Mongols now live in urban Karamay t
areas, but some still lead a i Altay Bayanhongor
traditional lives as nomadic or Gurbantünggüt n s

B
oh
herders. They live in large felt oro Kuytun Shamo
tents, called yurts. Smoke from Sha Aj Bogd Uul
n Shihezi Fukang Jimsar
12,474ft (3802m)
the central iron stove escapes Yining
4 through a chimney in the roof. Ürümqi Qitai
S h a n
Atas Bogd
e n
Turpan 8842ft G
ZS TA N T i Jengish Chokusu/Tömür Feng
24,419ft (7443m)
Turpan Hami
(2695m)

RG Y Pendi
KY Korla
Bosten Hu
Ku Xingxingxia
ruk
tag
e Tarim Basin
TA J

Kashi im H
Tar GA N S U
Yengisar
I

XINJIANG
KI

5 TA Laojunmiao
Shache
S

N Qilian
In traditional AFGH.
Yecheng
Pishan
T akla Makan Ruoqiang
Shan
Da
ng
Sh
an
Mongolian khoomi Desert tun
(claimed
Moyu he
Al Na
by India)
PA

Ka Ra A

Hotan Qira Q ns
singing, men are K2
C H ai I ha
N Qinghai
ra ng
KI

28,251ft
da Hu
ra
ko

Kunlun
(8611m)

n
e
ST

m Shan m
able to sing several N AKSAI Golmud
Pen
di
n B u d a i S h a n Dulan
6
notes at once. CHIN
Burha
IND

I AKSAI CHIN

A’n S
(administered by
Q I N G H A I
nd

Plateau of Tibet

yê ha
China, claimed
us

m
n qên
by India)
IA

Rutog ( Q i n g z a n g G a o yu a n ) Tong
tian He Ba
DEMCHOK/DÊMQOG yan
CHINESE WRITING Har S
The Chinese alphabet is not
(administered by China,
claimed by India) TIBET han
Yushu
made up of letters. Instead, Gar Xincun
Tanggula Me
H

k on
separate symbols stand for Zanda Gozhê Sha g
individual words or parts of Siling Co Amdo n
i
7 Tangra
words. There are more than Yumco
Br Gyaring Qamdo
50,000 characters in the Chinese ah Co Nam Co Nagqu
Salw
m
language. The same symbols ma Ngangzê
pu Damxung Jinsh
Co
ee n

are used everywhere in China,

nqêntanglha Shan
tra
N y a i Maizhokunggar
a Jiang
and no matter what Chinese
language or dialect people speak, N
a
He

Lhazê Xigazê
they can all read the same script. E Lhasa
ng

P
A l Gonggar
du

L
a y
Gyangzê
a sARUNĀCHAL
an

PRADESH
8 Mount Everest (claimed by China)
Sh

29,029ft (8848m)
INDIA
M (BU

BHUTAN
an
YA RM
NM A)
AR

Chinese symbols, MONASTERIES IN MONGOLIA

whose strokes Under communism, Mongolians were forbidden
have to be to practice their traditional Buddhist faith, which
written in a was viewed as superstitious and unscientific. Since
9
certain order the democratic government was set up in 1990,
some monasteries have reopened. Many people,
however, no longer follow any religion.

88 A B G H
 Western China and Mongolia

I J K L M N O P

0 km 200 400
RU
Mohe 0 miles 200 400 1

SS r (He
Tahe

Am

.F
u

E D on
. Fuyuan

He)

il
nge
n
Jagdaqi
N Ergun g

un (Ergu
J i a n g)
O
TI

ing)
gan Ra
Yichun
RA
DE Bei’an Hegang
RUSSIAN FE

A rg

gan L
Manzhouli Yakeshi Nancha 2

hin
Hulun Buir HEILONGJIANG Jiamusi

Hing
Sühbaatar Hulun
(Hailar)

at K
Nur
Qiqihar Tonghe Jixi Lake
S el
enga

a
Khanka

(Da
ol

Darhan O n o n G Choybalsan

Gre

uri
Shangzhi
Harbin Mudanjiang
Erdenet ULAN BATOR Menengiyn

ch
Bulgan (ULAANBAATAR)
Tal Songyuan

an
Öndörhaan Hulingol Yanji
M Changchun Jilin Sea of
A
len
Dzuunmod 3
Baruun-Urt
K eru JILIN Japan
u L I

Tongliao Siping (East Sea)

G O L I A Xi Ujimqin Qi Liaoyuan
FESTIVAL OF NAADAM
)
O

Each July, people all over Mongolia

G Baishan
iq

Xilinhot

RE H
Saynshand
G

celebrate the sports festival of Naadam.

N iz IN e

O RT
A
h

N H Three sports—wrestling (above), archery,

AO
i

Erenhot O and horse riding—are the focus of the

O
Z
Liao
t

LI N
b

o l festivities. The skills needed to take part in

r

M o Chifeng K
Dalandzadgad G s g these activities are those that would have helped
e

on
4
Govĩ Alta e R BEI
(Ulanhad) people survive the traditional nomadic lifestyle.
yn Nur
uu
D E M HE
o N N e i Ulan Qab (Jining)
b i ha
n
I N (
S

Hohhot
ng

Dalain Hob PEOPLE OF TIBET

La

llow R i v er Baotou Most Tibetans live in the

(Huan g H e) valleys of the Tibetan plateau,
Ye
han

XI

high in the Himalayas and

AN

Wuhai
iS

(Haibowan) Mu Us surrounded by the world’s 5

SH

tallest mountains. Tibetans

ra

b
a

Ya Shadi
hin

Tengge r have their own language

Yinchuan
fC

Shamo and culture. Recently,

lo

many Han Chinese have

al

W settled in this region.

Great
A NINGXIA
Tongxin
Xining
Lanzhou
Pingliang 6
GANSU
Henan N XI
Luqu
Tianshui AA Tibetan village
SH children
Zhugqu GREAT WALL OF CHINA
About 2,200 years ago, approximately
N Wenxian 300,000 slaves began to build China’s
H UA enormous Great Wall. Originally built
SIC to protect China’s northern borders, it
is the longest human-made structure Buddhist prayer flags 7
ever built and stretches from central
Asia to the Yellow Sea, a distance of
3,980 miles (6,400 km).

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
As well as modern medicine, many
Chinese still use alternative remedies. 8
Traditional medicine is based on
the belief that health is achieved by
balancing a person’s mind and body—
their yin and yang. Any imbalance
is treated with medicines made from
dried plant materials (left). Some BUDDHIST TIBET
animals, including Asiatic bears, are Many Tibetans are devout Buddhists. Their religious leader,
now endangered due to the demand the Dalai Lama, used to live in Lhasa. In 1951, however,
for parts used in traditional medicine. Tibet became part of China and the government restricted the
people’s religious freedom and lifestyle. This has resulted in 9
tension between the Tibetans and the Chinese government.
The Dalai Lama now lives in exile in India.

I J K L M N O P 89
 Asia

B C D E F G H

Eastern China and Korea

C hina has a large population of almost 1.4 billion, with NEW YEAR CELEBRATIONS
Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is the
two-thirds living in eastern China. For thousands of years, country’s most important festival. It is usually held in January
powerful emperors ruled China. During this period, Chinese or February. Good-luck messages decorate buildings and there
are feasts, fireworks, fairs, and processions.
civilization was very advanced, but much of the population People wear red clothes for good luck and
2 lived in poverty. In 1949, after a communist revolution, give gifts of coins to symbolize wealth.

the People’s Republic of China was established. Food,

education, and health care became available to Chinese New
Year parade
more people, but there was also a loss of freedom.
Today, Chinese people have more freedom, but
the government still has tight control over their
3
lives. The Korean peninsula is divided politically
into north and south, and political tensions
continue to exist between the two governments.
Since 1949, Taiwan has been in dispute with
China over who governs the mountainous
island of Taiwan.

IA
GX
4

NIN
HONG KONG
Tongchuan
Bay
For 100 years, Hong Kong was a British an QI Xianyang
Ha
colony. Then, in 1997, it was returned to r S N Baoji
China. These small islands are some of ha GANSU

GH
the most densely populated parts n Xi’an

AI
of the world. Most people live and Hanzhong SHAANXI
work in high-rise buildings. It has Hongyuan
5 a prosperous economy at the heart Ya
of global finance and the people lon Guangyuan
there have one of the world’s
gJ
TIB

S I C H UA N Mianyang
ian

highest life expectancies. Wanyuan

g

Luhuo
Nanchong
ET

Skyline of Hong Kong with Sichuan Wanzhou

a Chinese junk in the foreground Litang Chengdu Pendi
H C NeijiangH I
Jinsha Jiang Jian

Ya’an
Lichuan
Leshan
en

6 Chongqing
gd

SMALL FAMILIES Zigong CHONGQING

ua

China’s population grows by millions each )

n

ng

year. In 1979, to try to control the rising Xichang

g

Jia

Tongzi
Sha

population, the government brought in Zhongdian

ng

policies to stop parents from having ha Zunyi

Huaihua
g tze (C

more than one child. As a result, many

n

Chinese children do not have brothers

Zhoatong GUIZHOU
Guiyang
an

and sisters, but this might change as a Panzhihua Y

two-child policy was introduced in 2016.
Anshun Kaili
M Y A N M A )R

7 Dali
Guanling Duyun
S al w e e n

Baoshan
Kunming
(BURMA

Xingxi Dushan
Y U N NA N
Yuxi
Wuliang

Bose
Liuzhou
Kaiyuan
Tropic of
Ca ncer Wenshan G UA N G X I
Gejiu
Me

PADDY FIELDS
kon

8
Nanning
Sh

Rice forms the basis

g

of most Chinese meals. Jinghong

VIETNA
an

It grows in paddy fields in

the southeast of the country.
M Qinzhou
During the growing season,
LAOS Beihai
fields are flooded so farmers can
grow more rice more quickly. In
the drier regions, wheat is grown 0 km 150 300 kin
and used to make noodles, buns, and on
9 dumplings. Rice or wheat is combined fT
0 miles 150 300
o

Danzhou
lf

with local vegetables, meats, and spices

Gu

to create regional dishes. Dongfang

HAINAN
90 A B C D E F G
 Eastern China and Korea

I J K L M N O P

NORTH KOREA
North Korea is an independent communist country, but
since the break up of the Soviet Union it has lost many 1
of its trading partners and is now very poor. However, the
country has a good education system and a high literacy rate.
Schooling is free and compulsory for all children for 10 years. SOUTH KOREA
South Korea is a democratic nation with a thriving
electronics and machinery industry. A quarter of the
A Najin population lives in or near the capital city, Seoul.
L I The Internet developed quickly in South Korea and
G O

JIL
M O N Ch’ŏngjin Sea of today almost 90 percent of the population use it, with
E R
I N N
the highest Internet connection speed in the world.

IN
Shenyang Japan 2
Fuxin Fushun (East Sea)
Chaoyang L I AO N I N G Kanggye Hyesan
Anshan Kimch’aek
Chengde Jinzhou Haicheng NORTH KOREA
Zhangjiakou Fengcheng
Sinûiju
Huailai Dandong Hamhŭng
Qinhuangdao East
BEIJING Chŏngju
Datong Wônsan Korea
Tangshan P’YONGYANG Bay
Shouzhou
Langfang Tianjin Bo Hai Dalian Sariwŏn 3
Renqiu TIANJIN SHI Haeju Chuncheon
Korea
Shijiazhuang H E B E I SEOUL SOUTH
Yantai Bay
Cangzhou
Botou Incheon KOREA
Taiyuan Binzhou
Yuci
Dezhou SEJONG CITY
Daegu
(Huang H r

Zibo
Yellow Rive

SHANXI
e)

Weifang
(North and South Korea
have been divided Daejeon
Yan’an Jinan by a ceasefire
Jeonju
Ulsan
Handan SHANDONG
agreement since 1953)
Busan
Anyang Qingdao Gwangju Jinju 4
Changzhi
Xinxiang Jining Rizhao Yeosu
Mokpo
The majority of the
it
Zaozhuang Yellow
ra
Sanmenxia Kaifeng Jeju Strait
Luoyang Zhengzhou
Lianyungang S e a re
a St Chinese population lives
Xuzhou Ko
Pingdingshan
Suzhou
JIANGSU Jeju-do in just 15 percent of the
H E NA N Bengbu
Nanyang Huainan
Yangzhou
total land area. 5
Xiangfang Nanjing
Three Xinyang Hefei Suzhou
ze
Wuxi Shanghai
Gorges
HUBEI ANHUI gt
Wuhu
Reservoir an SHANGHI SHI
Y

Yichang Wuhan Anqing Jiaxing MODERN SHANGHAI

N A
a

China’s largest city is Shanghai. More

Hangzhou
na Se

Huangshi than 23 million people live in this

Jingzhou Ningbo wealthy east-coast port. International
Jiujiang Jinhua trade has transformed Shanghai’s 6
Yueyang Jingdezhen Quzhou skyline, which is now crowded with
Chi

Changde
ZHEJIANG high-rise buildings and modern
Changsha Nanchang Wenzhou shopping malls. The center of town
Shangrao still has some old western-style
st

Loudi Xiangtan Linchuan buildings that have survived from

Ea

the days before the revolution.

H U NA N JIANGXI FUJIAN Fu’an
Nanfeng
Hongjiang Nanping
Hengyang (China and Taiwan
claim all of each
Yongzhou Sanming other's territory) 7
Quanzhou Ganzhou Fuzhou
Yong’an Jilong
Chenzhou
Longyan Quanzhou
t

Guilin
rai

Shaoguan TAIPEI
na
St

Hexian Zhangzhou Taizhong

n

Lipu Xiamen
Chi
wa

G UA N G D O N G Chaozhou Jiayi
Hualien
ai

Guangzhou Shantou T Tropic of Cancer

Sea
uth

Zhaoqing
Dongguan
Tainan TAIWAN 8
Jiangmen Gaoxiong
So

Yulin Hong Kong BEAUTY OF TAIWAN

Macao Bicycle factory Taiwan’s mountainous
countryside is famous for its
Maoming CHINESE INDUSTRY natural beauty, scenic lakes,
Suixi
After the revolutionary leader and many ornate Buddhist
Zhanjiang Mao Zedong died in 1976, China’s temples. This peaceful
Xuwen economy opened up. Industry and environment contrasts
manufacturing was encouraged sharply with Taiwan’s
Haikou and today China plays a big part in capital city, Taipei, which 9
the global economy. Many people are is one of the fastest
Hainan moving into cities for better-paid jobs. growing cities in Asia.
Dao
I J K L M N O P 91
 B C D E F G H I

EARTHQUAKES
The islands of Japan are situated in an area where
four of Earth’s tectonic plates meet. This causes 1
frequent earthquakes. Japanese school children
Japan
Asia

are taught how to keep safe during an earthquake

J apan is situated in the north Pacific by sheltering in a doorway or under a table.

Ocean off the coast of the Asian continent.

It is made up of four main islands and
more than 3,000 smaller ones. The Japanese
2 people have a distinctive culture based on 2

traditions built up over thousands of years.

They have their own language and script.
School children all learn to read and write OVERCROWDING
Most of the country’s 127 million people live in cities
both in the traditional script and using in the flatter, coastal areas. Tokyo and Osaka are very
letters. Social rules in Japan are strict, and crowded, and homes here are usually very small and
are designed to make the most of the limited space.
3 respect and politeness are considered very 3
s

important. Most people bow when greeting La Péro

use Strai
t
nd

one another, for example. Japan is a very Ostrov

Wakkanai
sla

modern country, however, with one of the Kunashir

I

Rebun-tō Sea of
world’s most technologically advanced Nakagawa Ostrov Shikotan
il

Rishiri-tō O kho t s k
r

societies. Its economy is based on the Monbetsu (Kuril Islands

Shari
Ku

0 km 100 200 administered by

4 development and production of cutting-edge Nayoro Abashiri Russian Federation, 4
claimed by Japan)
electronics and vehicles, and most families Shibetsu Shirataki Bekkai
0 miles 100 200 Nemuro
Kitami
have the latest consumer goods. Asahi-dake
Asahikawa
7513ft (2290m) Akkeshi
Takikawa Ho k ka id ō
RELIGIONS OF JAPAN Kushiro
Shintoku
Many Japanese people follow a mix of the Shinto and Ishikari-w
an
Buddhist religions, attending wedding blessings in Shinto Otaru Obihiro
5 shrines and funerals in Buddhist temples. Buddhism Ebetsu 5
Horoshiri-dake
originated in India and arrived in Japan in the 6th century, Sapporo 6732ft (2052m)
whereas the Shinto faith is native to Japan. Respect for nature Japanese Chitose Hiroo
is especially important in the Shinto religion. Many natural Temple Iwanai
Tomakomai
locations such as Mount Fuji are considered sacred.
Noboribetsu
Uc
Mount Fuji, a Setana h i u Muroran
ra-w
dormant volcano an
Okushiri-tō
6 Traditional 6
Esashi Hakodate and modern
Mutsu
dresses
Fukushima Mutsu
-wan
Tsugaru-kaikyō
Aomori Towada
Goshogawara Hachinohe
Kuroishi Kuji
Hirosaki FASHION IN JAPAN
7 Fudi 7
Iwate On ordinary days, Japanese people
Ōdate Miyako usually wear western-style clothes.
Noshiro Most children have a school uniform.
Gojōme On festival days, such as Children’s
Morioka
Day, many people prefer to wear
Akita Hanamaki the traditional kimono. Women’s
kimonos are often made of colorful
Honjō Yokote Kesennuma silk, decorated with beautiful designs.
Yuzawa Shizugawa
8 8
Sakata Shinjō Ishinomaki
Tsuruoka Furukawa
Sen
Atsumi d ai-wan
Sendai
 Sōma
Fukushima Haramachi
MODERN TECHNOLOGY Niigata Niitsu Aizu
9 Japan’s economy is based on high-tech Kōriyama 9
research, development, and production. The Sado
Inawashiro-ko Sukagawa
country has built up a reputation for
providing the latest technology in Nagaoka JAPAN Iwaki
vehicles and electronic goods such as Shinano-gawa Kashiwazaki
k u Otawara Hitachi
televisions, computers, and stereo Jōetsu ya
systems. Their products are usually of Itoigawa - s anm Utsunomiya
a high quality but are still affordable.
i
Toyama Miku n Mito
-wan Nagano Maebashi Oyama
Prototype of a
10 Mazda car, produced
Takaoka Toyama Kasumiga-ura 10
Takasaki
in Hiroshima Kanazawa Matsumoto Kawagoe Narita
Chōshi
n
a Hon sh ū TOKYO Chiba
p ) Komatsu Hida-
Kaga Ina
Kawasaki
Ja ea
sanmyaku Kōfu Yokohama
o f S Fukui Mount Fuji Bōsō-hantō
otō 12,388ft (3776m) Fujisawa
-sh a Nakatsugawa
ki st Tsuruga Iida Fuji Sag
a m i - n a da
O Dōgo Se Ea W a k a s a - wa n Gifu Izu-
11 ( Ōgaki Shizuoka Ō-shima 11
Dōzen Maizuru S u hantō
Toyota
Tottori Biwa-ko Nagoya rug
Wadayama a - w a n Nii-jima
Ōtsu Okazaki
Yonago Hamamatsu Miyake-jima
MARTIAL ARTS Kyōto Kōzu-shima
hi

I
Kendo is a popular martial art in Japan. It was c Matsue Ise
Izumo san Tsu -wan
Mikura-jima BASEBALL
developed (in its modern form) about 200 years o ku- Himeji Kōbe Ōsaka Baseball, known as yakyu, is
Ise

zu-
ago, and teaches the art of Japanese samurai ūg

s
fast becoming Japan’s most
swordsmanship. Children train using Gōtsu C h Okayama Awaji- Sakai
bamboo swords (above). Hamada Harima- shima Owase ho popular sport, As well as two
tō
12 Kurashiki professional leagues, the game 12
nada Wakayama
Masuda Fukuyama Hachijō-jima is played at universities and
Tokushima Gobō Shingū schools. It was introduced to

Ki
t Hiroshima Kure Tanabe Japan in the late 1800s.

i-
ai Nagato su
tr Iwakuni Niihama

S
Tsushima idō

a
Yamaguchi Mugi
Matsuyama A HEALTHY DIET

re
Shimonoseki Hōfu Rice is the major crop grown on the

da

Ko
Ube a Kōchi Shikoku
Kitakyūshū small amount of flat land in Japan. Along

T
Iyo- n with rice, fish is an important part of most
13 Kō-saki Uwajima a-
os
13
Iki wan meals, and Japan has one of the world’s
Fukuoka Ōita Nakamura largest fishing fleets. This healthy diet may
IC be part of the reason why Japanese people
Karatsu Kurume Sukumo F have one of the world’s longest life

Bu
Sasebo Saiki ng I
Ōmuta o-s C AN expectancy rates.

E
Kumamoto
uidō
P A E
Gotō-rettō Nobeoka C

t
Nagasaki Kyūshū O Sushi, a dish of

C
raw fish and rice

S
Yatsushiro Hitoyoshi

h
14 Amakusa- BULLET TRAIN 14

a s ea
in Miyazaki
a nada Akune One of the fastest ways to travel around Japan is on
Satsuma- their high-speed train system, known as the bullet
Koshikijima- Sendai trains, or Shinkansen. This network connects Tokyo
rettō Miyakonojō with most of the country’s other major cities, such
Kagoshima

S
0 km 100 Kyūshū hi as Sapporo and Nagasaki. The trains reach speeds
Ōsumi- Kanoya bu of more than 186 mph (300 kph). Japan ran the
0 miles 100 shi
shotō

n
-wa world’s first high-speed train in 1964.
a n
a - w
15 s h i m 15
Satsunan-shotō Kag o Tanega-
tō shima
ds Naze i- sho
ō
nt

u
an ) um

s
Amami- Yaku-shima

i-g
tō

o
Ō
ō-shima

-sh
u
sei I s l
Amam

n
ky
Na
Okinawa

(
otō

Ryu
sh
16 Naha w a - 16
a
Okin
Japan

A B C D E F G H I

93
 B C D E F G I

1
Asia
Mainland SE Asia
The peninsula of Southeast Asia lies directly to the ORPHANS IN CAMBODIA
A high number of Cambodian
south of India and China, between the Pacific and Indian children live in orphanages,
Oceans. It is made up of Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, some because they have lost their
parents, others due to poverty.
Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Over thousands of years, the
2 2
influence of people from nearby India, China, and Arabian
GROWING RICE
countries has helped to give this region a diverse mix of Rice is the most
cultures and religions. Much of the land here is mountainous, important crop in Southeast
Asia. It grows well in wet
with half the region covered in forest. Most people live lowland areas, such as the Mekong
River delta in Vietnam, where the plants
in coastal or lowland regions, where they can grow crops can be grown in paddy fields. Most rice
such as rice, raise cattle, and is planted and harvested by women.
3 3
catch fish. In recent years,

He
Hkakabo Cambodian

n
the electronics industry Razi orphanage
19,308ft
has also become an (5885m)

important part of RURAL LIVING

southeast Asian Most people in Southeast Asia live in

Cg d u a n S h a n
rural areas rather than cities, and farming is

IA
Range
economies, the most common occupation. The steep,
Maingkwan
4 4

D
especially mountainous regions are often unsuitable

i H ka
n

H I N A
in

mon

w
for growing crops or raising cattle, however,

ma

nd
in Thailand. N and many farming communities are based

Ku

IN
Chi
in the fertile river valleys and deltas. There
Mogaung Myitkyina
are more than 200 villages on and around
this lake (right) in Myanmar.

Irrawaddy
Banmauk 0 km 100 200
Tamu Bhamo
5 Katha 0 miles 100 200 5

Tropic of Cancer MYANMAR Tropic of Cancer Padaung women,

who are part of
Lashio
I N A the Karen tribe,
Falam (BURMA) HBl Ha Giang wear distinctive
Cao Băng

BANG
C a ck
Shwebo Riv
er H Lao Cai gold neck rings.
oa
Monywa Lai Châu
ng

Pyn-Oo-Lwin
6 6

Chin H
Lang Son
Li

Sagaing
ê

Thai Nguyên

LADESH
Mandalay
n

Na

Amarapura Kyaukse Phôngsali

ill
Viêt Tri Băc Giang
So

Kengtung
mO

s
Pakokku Sha Điên Biên
n

Myingyan n Muang Sing Câm Pha

Pl HA NÔI
Chauk Meiktila at
Louangnamtha Muang Namo
ea Hoa Binh Ha Long
Taunggyi u Ha Đông
Viangphoukha Sop Hao Hai Phong
Yenangyaung L
Sittwe Xam Nua Nam Đinh

Ar
Minbu Houayxay Thai Binh

a
Taungdwingyi

P a wn
en
Pyechin Magway Salwe ong Louangphabang
7 NAY PYI TAW M ek 7

ka
Chiang Rai Thanh Hoa
Fang

n
Loikaw Muong Xiang Ngeun
Thayetmyo Aunglan Phônsaven
A
Ramree Island Xaignabouli Tuong Đuong G ul f o f
Phayao An

Yo
Pyay Taungoo Chiang Mai
Cheduba Island Nan Ang Nam na T o nk i n KAREN TRIBE
V

Ngum m Vinh

Si
Paungde

ma
Pakxan
g

it There are 600,000 tribespeople

tto
Thandwe Ban Hin Heup N e
in

Phyu Lampang am O M living in the northeastern hills of

ung
I

Myanaung Phrae Thailand. The Karen are the largest

Nyaunglebin
ou
Bay of Letpadan n VIENTIANE hill tribe. They originated from
Yom

Nong Khai
nt

Na

8 Pyuntaza (VIANGCHAN) Đông Hoi 8

a

Hinthada Myanmar, but moved into Thailand

E

Mae Nam P

Sirikit Thakhèk
a

Bengal Loei
in

Bago Reservoir Korat to escape political unrest.

s

Kyaikto
n
e Nam

Yangon Udon Thani Sakon Nakhon

e
Ma
S

Kayan Thaton
M a e N am
T

Pathein (Rangoon) Hpa-an Tak Phitsanulok Plateau Đông Ha

 Myaungmya Kanbe Mottama Mawlamyine Lom Sak Khanthabouli Muang
Khon Kaen Huê

N
Kyaiklat Kalasin Phalan Đă Nâng
M Labutta Bogale Mudon
Kyaikkami Salavan Hôi An
ou
ths THAILAND Roi Et
of Tam Ky
9 the Ir r a w a d d y Muang 9

A
Nakhon Sawan Ubon Ratchathani Khôngxédôn
Ye Nakhon Quang Ngai

R a n g e
Ratchasima Buriram Pakxé
Great Coco Champasak Attapu
Island Lop Buri Surin
Srinagarind

M
Reservoir huŏr P
hnum Dângrêk
Sara Buri C
Ayutthaya Sâmraông Muang Không g Plây Cu
Little Coco ôn

S
Quy Nhon

K
Dawei BANGKOK t œ̆n
Virôchey

le
Island g
Nakhon Pathom (KRUNG THEP) T ôn

Sĕn
Krâlănh Angkor Wat
Tônle Sr
10 FLOATING Ratchaburi Samut Prakan Stœ̆ng Trĕng êpôk 10
MARKET Mali Chon Buri Bătdâmbâng Tônlé Sap Kâmpóng Trâbêk
Kyun Phetchaburi
The capital of Tuy Hoa
Ao Krung Pattaya Reăng Kesei CAMBODIA

Mye
Thailand, Bangkok, Kâmpóng Thum
Kadan Moŭng Roessei Poŭthı̆săt
is a busy, crowded Kyun Myeik
Thep Rayong
Krâchéh Nha Trang
city with more than Chanthaburi
Ban Hua Hin Kâmpóng Chhnăng

n g R a nge
Chuor Phnum Đa Lat
9 million inhabitants. Daung Ko Chang Kâmpóng Cham
Kyun Tanintharyi Krâvanh Ôdôngk
The city was built on an Cam Ranh

ktau
Suŏng Di Linh

u
island in the river, and has PHNOM PENH M Phan Rang-
Letsôk-aw

ila
many canals. Boats, known as Gulf of

eko
Kyun (PHNUM PENH) Thap Cham

B
11 Svay Riĕng 11

ng
sampans, (above) act as floating markets from Biên Hoa

ik Archipel
which traders sell fresh fruit and vegetables. Lanbi Thailand Phan Thiêt
Kyun Isthmus Châu Đôc
Sihanoukville Long Hô Chi Minh

ago
Chumphon (Kâmpóng Saôm) Kâmpôt Xuyên Vung Tau
A new type of gibbon, of Kra Rach Gia My Tho
g
Zadetkyi Lang Suan Vinh Căn Tho Tra Vinh
Ranong
on
named after Star Wars’ Kyun Ko Phangan Rach Gia
ek
Soc Trăng
Ko Samui
M
Ko Phra Bac Liêu e ANGKOR
12 Surat Thani Ca Mau 12
Luke Skywalker, Thong th The impressive temple complex of
Sichon of
hs Angkor in Cambodia attracts visitors
was discovered in the M out
Côn Đao Son interested in its history and architecture.
Phang-Nga Nakhon Si Thammarat This combination of temples and palaces
mountains between Ko Pak Phanang was built in 1113 ce by the Khmer king
Phuket Thung Song Suryavarman II. The buildings, such as Angkor
Myanmar and China Phuket Phatthalung
South China Wat, below, are made of stone and brick and are

A
Ko Lanta Trang Thale Luang decorated with relief sculptures showing mythical

n
in 2017. da scenes of Hindu gods and great royal processions. The
Songkhla Sea complex was uncovered in 1861 by French naturalist
13 Se m a
n 13
a Hat Yai Pattani Henri Mouhot, following stories
THAI BEACHES Ko Ta
Ru Tao of a “lost city” in the jungle.
Tourism is a major industry for Thailand. Popular Yala Narathiwat
destinations include the country’s lively capital, Bangkok, Pulau
and the beautiful island beach resorts (below). Phuket, Langkawi
Thailand’s largest island, is often referred to as the “Pearl Angkor Wat
of the South.” M
ALAY SIA
14 MONASTIC LIFE 14
The main religion in mainland Southeast Asia
is Buddhism. Nearly all Thai villages have their
own temple, or wat, which is the center of
village life. Most young men spend some
time in a monastery, where they have few
possessions and spend much of their
time in meditation.

15

16
Mainland Southeast Asia

H I
 Asia

B C D E F G H

Maritime SE Asia
T o the south of the Asian mainland lies maritime
Southeast Asia. It includes Malaysia, Indonesia, East Timor,
Singapore, and the Philippines. Part of Malaysia is connected
to the mainland, but the rest of the region is made up of more
2
than 20,000 islands that stretch across the Pacific and Indian
Oceans. Lying near the Equator, the climate is mostly hot, wet, and
humid. Most of the larger islands are mountainous and covered in
dense forest, and many people live in villages near rivers or on the
coast. Like the rest of Southeast Asia, the population is made up of GREAT APES
The orangutans are great apes that live only
people from many different cultural backgrounds speaking hundreds in Borneo and the northern corner of Sumatra.
3 of different languages. The most common religion is Islam, except They spend most of their time in the trees, even
building tree-top nests in which to sleep. Sadly, the
in the Philippines, where most people are Roman Catholic. orangutan is endangered because of deforestation.

PEOPLE OF MALAYSIA
THE SULTAN OF BRUNEI
Ethnic Malaysians make up 50 percent of the Sultan
population and are known as bumiputera, meaning Brunei is ruled by a sultan
of Brunei who lives in the world’s
“sons of the soil.” Most Malaysians are Muslim.
Ethnic Chinese form 23 percent of the population. largest palace. The sultan
South China
is one of the wealthiest abac
THAI men in the world. Bal
4 An d a ma n LA N
D Gunung Kinabalu
Sea Sea 13,455ft (4101m)
George Kota Bharu
Str

Banda Aceh Butterworth Kota Kinabalu

Town
ait

Sigli Pulau Kuala Terengganu BANDAR SERI

h
Taiping BEGAWAN
of

Langsa Pinang

ba
Dungun
M

Meulaboh Ipoh BRUNEI

Sa
ac Kuala
al

Cukai
Pulau Medan ca Lipis
Kuantan
Kepulauan Miri
Natuna
Simeulue Tebingtinggi

ab an
Klang KUALA LUMPUR Bintulu

amnjar
o
5
Pematangsiantar
PUTRAJAYA M A L A Y S I A B n

a
T aya
Kepulauan Danau Seremban Muar ga
iK
Keluang erasan Sibu B atang Ra
Melaka at S
n
Banyak Toba jan Su
S e l Kuching
Sibolga g
Batu Pahat Johor Bahru Sarawa k
Pulau Nias
SINGAPORE Sri Aman n
Ubadiah Mosque, Malaysia Panyabungan ga Sung
Pe

Pekanbaru un r
IN

Singkawang ai
un
Peg ll e
Equator Sidas
s
Kepulauan
Mu

M
Kapua
gu

SINGAPORE ngai
DI

ah
Solok Pontianak a ka
Rengat Lingga Su m
As the financial and industrial center of Padang B o r n e o
nu

Sel

Southeast Asia, Singapore is one of the

AN

6 Pulau B a tan Kualatungkal

wealthiest countries in this region. It has Siberut gH Balikpapan
ng

ari Jambi
at

a thriving high-tech industry and a high n

Kalimanta

i B a ri to
Bangka
K e p nta w

an

Ka

standard of living. There are strictly enforced Pangkalpinang

Me

im
O

laws forbidding littering and other small Sungaipenuh Sum a tra

r
ul

S unga
at Sampit Amuntai
CE

au

crimes. The death penalty is imposed for

B

n (Sumatera) Palembang a
a

drug smuggling. The government also controls

a

Kandangan
I N D Banjarmasin O
i

ri
A

the press and restricts the Internet. Lahat

Pulau
N

Bengkulu
s

n Belitung
a

Skyscrapers
7 in Singapore’s Kotabumi Pulau
Laut
financial district
Bandar Lampung Cirebon Jav
a Se
Serang
JAKARTA Tegal Pekalongan a
Semarang Pulau
S e l a t S u n d a Bogor Kudus Madura
Sukabumi Surabaya
Bandung Ja va (Jaw a) Probolinggo
Tasikmalaya
Jember Bali
8
Cilacap Mataram
Magelang Malang
Yogyakarta Kediri Denpasar
Surakarta Madiun Pulau
Lombok

KITE FLYING
After the harvest, the people
of Malaysia celebrate with
the Wau-flying (kite-flying)
9 Festival, where skilled people
demonstrate the traditional
Malaysian sport.

96 A B C D E F G H
 Maritime Southeast Asia

I J K L M N O P

Babuyan Island STORMS AND VOLCANOES

B ab The islands of the Philippines are
uyan C on a fault line and form part of the
han n e l 1
“Pacific Ring of Fire”—an area prone
Laoag
Cordillera

to volcanic activity and earthquakes.

Tuguegarao When Mount Pinatubo, on the island
of Luzon, erupted in 1991, it destroyed
Ilagan more than 40,000 homes.
Baguio
Luzon
Dagupan
Angeles
Mt. Pinatubo
Cabanatuan
In Malay,
PHILIPPINES 2
4872ft (1485m)
MANILA Lucena orangutan
Naga
Batangas
Min Mindoro Legazpi City
means
do
ro Sibuyan
Sea Calbayog
“man of the
jungle.”
Str

Roxas City Samar

ait

Panay
Cadiz Tacloban
Island
ge

3
ssa

Iloilo Leyte
Pa

Palawan Bacolod Cebu

n

City Mount Pinatubo erupting in 1991

wa

THE PHILIPPINES
Puerto
la

a Butuan The people of the Philippines

l Se
Pa

Princesa Negros
B oho are called Filipinos and are
Cagayan de Oro mostly of Malay descent.
Sulu Sea Iligan Bislig It is estimated that around
Strait Mindanao 25 percent of the population
Moro Davao lives in poverty. As income is
Zamboanga Digos higher in the cities, many
4
Basilan Gulf av people move there in the hope
D

Lebak ao G
go

u lf of escaping poverty. However,

Sandakan General
la

i pe Santos
lack of adequate housing means
ch that many poorer families have
Ar to live in crowded slums.
Tawau S ulu Kepulauan
Talaud
ngir
an Sa

Children living and working in

Celebes Sea Pulau Morotai “Smokey Mountain,” Manila
5
ulau
Kep

Machine
Manado Bitung replanting rice
a

Tolitoli Pulau seedlings

t
Se

ai Halmahera
Ternate Equator
a

Pulau Waigeo
Str

Gorontalo Pulau
cc

u
ol
Gulf of ie Biak
r

Samarinda Halmahera p
Tomini M a m Sorong Manokwari Pulau
Palu Kepulauan M Sea Selat D Jazirah Yapen
RICE RESEARCH 6

Poso Banggai ol Ce
T
nd elu k
Rice is the primary
Su

Doberai
ar

uc Jayapura
n

Pulau food source for half

ng

era
Q u n u n ga
ass

Ce l e be s w asih M the world’s population.

ai

m Sea c a Misooluk Berau

es

am
Kepulauan
era
(Sulawesi) ber Near Manila, in the
a rl

s Tel
ak

Wahai Maniwori
PA PU A NE W GU INE A

amo
gu

Danau Sula C Philippines, scientists

Pegunungan
M

Wotu (M
Pe

Towuti Waflia Pulau Obome

Ma are now experimenting
N E S I A oke
Tel u k

Seram Puncak Java with ways of creating

Parepare
Tifu a 16,503ft (5030m) Papua
Kendari Pulau Ambon l rice plants that produce
Kolaka Buru Amamapare ( I r ian J aya) greater yields. New
Bo

Singkang ne Pulau
u

varieties are also being 7

k

Watampone Buton
Kepulauan New developed to grow faster,
u

Makassar a
Kepulauan
allowing farmers to
)

Kai
Bulukumba Banda Se Aru Guinea harvest and replant
l

Flores several times during

ig u
ea

Kepulauan Sung a i D one growing season.

Sea ds S
lan or
Pulau Tanimbar
ra
L e s s e r S u n d a I sr a ) A l Wetar Pulau
a uan Yamdena fu Alotip
(Nusa Tengg K e p ula Ara
Flores DILI Tutuala
8
Endeh EAST TIMOR
t Sumba
Sela Savu Sea Timor
a
Pulau Kupang Nikiniki
r Se OIL RICHES
imo
Sumba Oil was first discovered in Brunei
T in 1929. Since then, oil has also
been drilled offshore. Brunei’s most
0 km 200 400 important natural resource has
made the country very wealthy. Its 9
people enjoy free health care and
0 miles 200 400
education, and pay no taxes.

I J K L M N O P 97
 Asia

B C D E F G H

Indian Ocean
T he third largest ocean in the world, the Indian
Ocean is bounded by Africa, Asia, Australasia, and THE MALDIVES
the Southern Ocean. The ocean contains some 5,000 The Maldives is a Black
low-lying archipelago of
islands. Madagascar and Sri Lanka are large, but 1,190 small, coral islands,
Sea
2
most of the islands are small and ringed by coral of which 200 are inhabited.
The main industries are
reefs. The people of the Maldives have very mixed fishing—still carried out Mediterranean
origins, incorporating Indian, Sinhalese, Arab, and by traditional pole-and-line Sea
methods to conserve stocks—and
African heritage, while two-thirds of those living on tourism. Holiday resorts are on separate A r a b i an
Mauritius are Indian immigrants and their descendents. islands to those inhabited by the locals,
so as not to disturb the Maldive peoples’
Peninsula
Altogether, about one-fifth of the world’s population traditional Muslim lifestyles.

Red
3 live on this ocean’s warm shores. Those along the
northern coasts are often threatened by monsoon rain

Sea
and tropical storms, which can cause severe flooding.
f
lf o
Gu n
CORAL ISLANDS E t hi opi an Ade
Coral is a living organism formed Hi ghl and s Horn of
in warm water by tiny sea creatures Africa
known as polyps. These creatures build Andrew
4 limestone skeletons around themselves,
which accumulate over thousands of
AFRICA Tablemount

in
years. As sea levels change, this coral

as
can be exposed as low-lying islands

iB
or submerged as reefs. al
m
So

5
COMOROS

THE SEYCHELLES MAYOTTE

(to France)
The Seychelles consists

Chan bique
of around 155 islands—some

MAD
nel
are coral islands while others are

m
mountainous and made of granite.

AGAS
Moza
Most Seychellois people are Creoles—
people of mixed African, Asian, and

CAR
6
European ancestry. There are also small Market on the largest

Davi
Ridg
Chinese and Indian communities. Seychelles island, Mahé

e Mozam
Natal

e
Basin
ENVIRONMENT
Beautiful shells are

b
for sale on this beach Africana

ique
in South Africa. If the Seamount
trader only collects
Pla
7
empty shells, no harm is Agulhas
done, but in many parts of Agulhas Plateau tea
Basin u
the world, dealers hunt live
shellfish, sea turtles, and rare Prince Edward Islands
species of starfish and sea (to South Africa)
urchins. Nations such as the
Maldives take great care to
protect their environment.

LIMITED TOURISM
The tropical climate, sandy beaches, beautiful coral reefs,
and abundant marine life make both the Seychelles and
the Maldives ideal tourist destinations. These same
features also make them extremely attractive to scuba
divers. However, the fragile environment of both island
9 nations means that they have deliberately tried to make
them exclusive, attracting only limited numbers of
wealthy visitors, instead of pursuing mass tourism.

98 A B C D E F G H
 Indian Ocean

I J K L M N O P

SALT FROM THE SEA

Salt is essential for life and has been
traded here for centuries. People around 1
the Indian Ocean make salt by flooding
large, flat areas with sea water. As the
water evaporates in the sun, salt crystals
are left behind. These are then collected,
b i drained, and cleaned.
Aral G o
Sea Shan
Caspian en Collecting salt
Sea Ti in the Maldives

H A S I A 2
i
Iranian m Yellow
a Sea
Plateau l a y a s
Pe G u

sia
r

lf n G ulf of Oman In
d
y
ra e
us

Ganges Fa
Fa

g
Ri r
e Mu

PACIFIC
n
d

3
Arabian Bay of
ne ur

Sea Bengal
OCEAN
Zo ract

Socotra Arabian Andaman Islands

F

(to Yemen)
Lakshadweep
en

(to India)
An

B a s i n Islands Gulf of
Ow

SRI LANKA
Chag L a c c a d i v e P l a t e a u

da

(to India)
Thailand
South China
ma

Ca Nicobar Islands
rls
n

(to India)
Ri ain

be a Sea
Se

MALDIVES
e

rg
dg
Ch

MALE' 4
Ri

Ce y l on MANGROVES
dg

nch
e

A lot of the coast in the tropical part

M i d - I n d i a

Ke enta

P l a in
R i d g e

Borneo
Su

of the Indian Ocean is fringed with

os Tre

pu w
M

ma

E a s t I n d i e s
lau ai I n v e s t i g a t o r

mangrove forests. These amazing

gos-

tra
an

trees live in brackish water and

VICTORIA
Cha

Jav Celebes have long roots that trap sediment

SEYCHELLES Mid - I n d ia n Cocos a Se and protect the coast from erosion.
BRITISH a
Ja Java Without these trees, settlements
y e a s t

INDIAN OCEAN B a s in Basin va and land along the coast are in

TERRITORY Tre
(to UK) nch danger of being damaged by 5
CHRISTMAS high tides and strong storms.
Mascarene
Basin INDIAN COCOS
ISLANDS
ISLAND
(to Australia) North
Ridge

n (to Australia)
e

Zo Australian
n

N i n e t

re
in e

ctu ne Basin
Pla aren

o Fra Zo The moutia

R i

Arg ur
e Exmouth
sc

t Wharton
ac
Ma

MAURITIUS
ria
Fr
Plateau
dance of the
d g

RÉUNION e Basin
Eg Cuvier
(to France)
e OCEAN a n Plateau Seychelles was 6
Madagascar dg m
e

R
i ia AUSTRALASIA
Basin
brought to the
Ri Ind
e

an
dg

i oken Ridge Perth

& OCEANIA
st

nd Br
islands by
Ea

I Basin
t
es
African slaves
Di Naturaliste
hw am
an
Plateau
Amsterdam Island tin
ut

in the 1700s.
Cr oz e t a Fr
St Paul Island acture
So

Zone
S o u t 7
Basin FRENCH SOUTHERN &
h e
a
ANTARCTIC LANDS s t
Crozet Crozet Islands (to France)
Plateau
Kergu
ele
I n INTERNATIONAL SEAWAYS
Kerguelen nP d i The Indian Ocean contains some of the busiest and
la a n R i d g e
te most important shipping routes in the world. Smaller
HEARD & MCDONALD ISLANDS au
Ob' (to Australia) South Indian Basin ships sail to and from the Mediterranean Sea and the ports
Tablemount Lena Tablemount of Europe and America through the Red Sea and Suez Canal,
Banzare while larger freighters and oil tankers from the Persian Gulf sail
Seamounts 8
n around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
Plai
erby
End S O U T H E R N O C E A N

ANTARCTICA

Norwegian
freighter

I J K L M N O P 99
 Australasia & Oceania

AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Unknown to the outside world before the 17th century, Australia is a still a sparsely
inhabited land where most people live in cities. At its heart is a great arid desert, in stark
contrast to the islands of Oceania where all life revolves around the glittering ocean.
The 3,000 named islands are grouped into nations, listed below in order of land area.

Australia Micronesia

2,988,902 sq miles The thickly wooded 271 sq miles

7,741,220 sq km
22,993,000
Canberra
English, Italian, Cantonese,
Greek, Arabic, Vietnamese,
Aboriginal languages
Rock Islands of Palau 702 sq km
near the Philippines
are ancient reefs raised 104,700
above sea level, fringed Palikir
by coral sand beaches Trukese, Pohnpeian,
and blue lagoons. Kosraean, Yapese, English

New
Zealand Palau

103,363 sq miles 177 sq miles

267,710 sq km 459 sq km
4,474,000 21,300
Wellington Melekeok
English, Maori Palauan, English, Japanese,
Angaur, Tobi, Sonsorolese

Papua Solomon
New Guinea Islands Fiji Vanuatu Kiribati

178,704 sq miles 11,157 sq miles 7,056 sq miles 4,706 sq miles 313 sq miles
462,840 sq km 28,896 sq km 18,274 sq km 12,189 sq km 811 sq km
6,791,000 635,000 915,300 277,600 106,900
Port Moresby Honiara Suva Port-Vila Bairiki (Tarawa atoll)
Pidgin English, Papuan, English, Pidgin English, Fijian, English, Hindi, Urdu, Bislama (Melanesian English, Kiribati
English, Motu, 800 (est) native Melanesian Pidgin, c. 120 Tamil, Telugu Pidgin), English, French, other
languages other languages indigenous languages

Samoa Tonga

1,093 sq miles 288 sq miles

2,831 sq km 747 sq km
198,900 106,500
Apia Nuku’Alofa
Samoan, English English, Tongan

Marshall
Islands

70 sq miles
181 sq km
73,300
Majuro
Sydney’s iconic Opera Marshallese, English,
House and Harbor Japanese, German
Bridge symbolize this
Australian city’s role as a
center of global culture.

100
 The ancestors of today’s
Pacific Islanders reached
their islands by crossing
the ocean in giant canoes.
Many islanders still rely
on the sea for a living.

Tuvalu Nauru

10 sq miles 8 sq miles The colorfully named

26 sq km 21 sq km Champagne Pool is one
of many hot springs in
11,000 9,600 Rotorua, New Zealand—
Fongafale (Funafuti Atol) None one of the most
Tuvaluan, Kiribati, English Nauruan, Kiribati, Chinese, volcanically active
Tuvaluan, English countries in the world.

101
 Australasia & Oceania

B C D E F

SW Pacific NORTHERN
MARIANA
ISLAND
HOLIDAYS
White sandy
beaches and

The islands of the southwest Pacific are ISLANDS

(to US)
Saipan
warm water
makes this region
ideal for tourists.
home to people of many different cultures Tinian
Rota
and languages. The islands are divided into .
HAGATÑA
three general groups based on their location GUAM
Enewetak
2 and the similarities between their peoples. (to US)
M Atoll
Bikini
Atoll
Rongelap
Atoll
The Polynesian islands to the i MARSHALL ISLANDS
east include Tonga, Samoa, c Ujelang Atoll R
at

Ra
the Cook Islands, and Tahiti. r

ak
Yap Kwajalein

li
o Atoll

C
Melanesia includes Fiji, M I C R O N E S I A

ha
Namu Atoll
h

in
C
the Solomon Islands, Babeldaob
Chuuk
n Ailinglaplap a i n
PALIKIR
and Vanuatu. The MELEKEOK Islands Pohnpei
Atoll
e Jaluit Atoll
3 C a r o
smallest group, l i n
Micronesia, includes P ALAU e I s
l a Kosrae
Ebon
Atoll

s
n d
the Marshall, Kiribati, s

i
and Caroline Islands.
The first Europeans

a
came to the southwest Pacific
4
in the 1600s, several thousand years Equator

after Melanesians, Micronesians, Banaba

and Polynesians first arrived. Admiralty NAURU
INDONESIA

St.Matthias Group
Islands

LAND OF MANY LANGUAGES

Bismarck Archip
elag
o
M
Historically, the mountainous landscape of Bis ma r ck Se a New Ireland
e
Papua New Guinea made contact between the villages
difficult. As a result of many years of isolation, Cen
tral Madang
PAPU A NEW GUINEA l
5 Ra Bougainville
some villages developed their
own individual languages.
ng Mount Wilhelm
14,793ft (4509m) New Island a
e

Nationwide, about New Guinea Lae Sol Britain

Choiseul
Ow

800 different om
Solomon Sea o n Santa Isabel SOLOMON
en

languages evolved.

n
Is
St

New Georgia
an

Gulf of y l a Malaita
l

Ra Islands
e

Papua n
PORT MORESBY
ng
e HONIARA d ISLANDS
D'Entrecasteaux s
Men in Papua New Islands Guadalcanal
Santa Cruz
6 Guinea wearing Louisiade San Cristobal Islands
traditional make-up Archipelago
Rennell

A MIX OF RELIGIONS C o r a l S e a Banks

Christianity is the dominant religion on most Islands
Beads, shells, southwest Pacific islands. However Islam and
and feathers Hinduism are also practiced. Many people also CORAL SEA VANUATUMaéwo
form part of retain beliefs from traditional religions that existed ISLANDS Espiritu Santo Pentecost
the decoration. before the islands were colonized by people from Ambrym
(to Australia) Malekula
7 Europe and Asia. Epi
PORT-VILA
Efate
NEW Erromango
C A L ED O NI A Tanna
(to France) Aneityum
Ouvéa
Ile

New
s

o y Lifou
L

Caledonia a u Maré
8
té
NOUMÉA
Tropic of Capricorn

9 Vanuatu tribespeople
dancing at a religious
ceremony

102 A B C D E F G H
 Southwest Pacific

I J K L M N O P

FOOD CROPS THE KINGDOM OF TONGA

Most Pacific Islanders live in small villages near Tonga is the only Pacific nation never
the sea. Inland areas are often mountainous, fully brought under foreign rule. Instead, 1
making farming difficult. Instead, people grow it is run in the traditional way by its The Royal Palace
foods such as sweet potatoes, bananas, and own king. All land is owned by in Tonga
coconuts in lowland areas. As well as providing the royal family and is allotted
milk, the coconut meat is used to produce copra, to households for their
a substance for making soap and cosmetics. use. Now, some young,
westernized Tongans
Copra worker in Fiji have started calling
scooping coconut kernels for more democracy.
2

Maloelap Atoll

Majuro Atoll

KINGMAN Cook Islands

PALMYRA ATOLL family 3
Mili Atoll REEF (to US)
(to US)

Teraina
Makin Tabuaeran
International

Tarawa
Dateline

BAIRIKI BAKER & HOWLAND Kiritimati

T u

ISLANDS (Christmas Island)

JARVIS ISLAND
Abemama (to US) (to US) L Equator
4
n

i
g

Nonouti
Beru
n
a

u
P A C I F I C
r

e
Nikunau FAMILY LIFE
Tamana Many Pacific people live in
Kanton Enderbury
Arorae

I
extended family groups. Recently,
O C E A N
Birnie Island Island
KIRIBATI
s
McKean Island however, some islanders have
Manra Malden Island
migrated to countries such

l
Orona
Nikumaroro
KIRIBATI KIRIBATI as New Zealand and the

a
Nanumea Atoll United States in order to 5

n
Niutao
Phoenix Islands Starbuck look for work.
Island
Nanumaga d s
Nui Atoll P
Nukufetau FONGAFALE
Funafuti Atafu Atoll TOKELAU o
Atoll Nukunonu
(to New Zealand) Penrhyn l Millennium
Nuku Hiva

TUVALU
Nukulaelae Atoll Fakaofo Atoll Rakahanga
y Vostok Island Island
Marquesas Hiva Oa

Niulakita Manihiki n Islands Fatu Hiva

e

6
WALLIS & Northern Cook
FUTUNA AMERICAN Flint Island
I sl a n d s
e

SAMOA
SAMOA
s

Rotuma (to France)

(to US)
MATA'UTU
s

Île Uvea Savai‘i

APIA
PAGO PAGO
COOK ISLANDS
(to New Zealand)
i

Île Futuna ‘Upolu Ta'ū

Tutuila Tikehau Takaroa
a

F IJI Cikobia Niuatoputapu

Fakarava
a

Tu Makemo
Vanua Levu am
otu 7
rc Islan
T ONGA
A

Nadi hi Raiatea PAPEETE ds

NIUE pe
Lau

Palmerston Tahiti Amanu

Viti SUVA Vava‘u ld
Levu (to New Zealand) el Tatakoto
Grou

Group a S
Ha‘apai ALOFI Manuae oc
Kadavu Group iété Ahunui
p

Tofua Southern Cook Takutea

International Dateline

I sl a n ds
NUKU‘ ALOFA
Tongatapu AVARUA
FRENCH POLYNESIA
(to France) Marutea
'Eua Rarotonga Vanavana
To
n Mangaia Rurutu Tureia 8
G r gatapu Île
oup s Tubuai
Au Tropic of Capricorn
s tr Raevavae Fangataufa
al
es
Islanders netfishing in
OUTRIGGER CANOES
an outrigger off the coast 0 km 300 600
Transportation between many islands
of Ifalik, Micronesia
has traditionally been by outrigger
canoes. Floats attached to the side 0 miles 300 600
provide extra stability, particularly Marotiri 9
useful for the fishermen who stand in
the boats to cast their nets.

I J K L M N O P 103
 Australasia & Oceania

B C D E F H

Australia Melville Island

Bathurst Island
Van
Diemen
Gulf
A huge, generally flat country, Australia Darwin
has relatively few inhabitants. This is mainly because Cape Joseph
most of the land is hot, semi-arid desert—known FLYING DOCTOR
Bonaparte
Londonderry Bonaparte
Gulf Pine Creek
as the outback—unsuitable for towns or farms. In For anyone living in the
remote Australian outback,
Bigge Island
2 places where there is some vegetation, or the land the nearest doctor can be
Archipelago Vi
ctor
ia Riv
Wyndham
has been irrigated, sheep and cattle are grazed. many hours away. When Heywood

er
emergency help is needed, King Islands
Wheat is grown in the fertile south. The first people the Royal Flying Doctor S Kununurra
Top Springs

ou
to live here were the Aboriginals, who arrived from Services can get to the
Kimberley Roadhouse

nd
scene to treat a patient
Asia at least 50,000 years ago. Today, most Australians or fly them to hospital. Plateau
are descendants of European immigrants, with Broome
Fit
Fitzroy
Crossing Halls Creek T a n a m i
a more recent addition of Asians. zro
y Ri
AN
3 ver

h
Desert

ac
C E

Be
N O
ile
yM
I N D I A Eigh
t
Port Hedland Gr
eat N O
Barrow Island Dampier San
Exmo Marble Bar Percival dy D
uth Fortes Lakes esert
cue
Onslow Riv
T E R
G

er
ulf

Exmouth
4 Hamersley
Ra
Ashbu
rto ng
e W E S T E R N Lake Mackay
ar
n
Ri
ver Newman Macdon
B

Tropic of Capricorn lee Lake

Ran
ge Disappointment

G i b s o n
AD e s e r U
t
S Lake
Amadeus
T
Bernier Island Gascoyn e R i v er
Uluru
Dorre Island Carnarvon (Ayers Rock)
Shark Bay 2844ft (867m)
ver Lake Carnegie
5 Dirk Hartog Denham Ri Robinson
Ra Musgr
n

ng Lake Wells ave

iso

Island e
Meekatharra Range
rch

s
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINALS
Mu

The original inhabitants of Australia had an intimate A U S T R A L I A

understanding of their environment. This connection to Kalbarri Mount Magnet
the land, and its plants and animals, affects every aspect of Great Victoria
their culture. When Europeans started arriving in the late Lake Carey
18th century, only the Aboriginals in remote areas escaped Geraldton Lake Barlee Desert
contact with the diseases they brought. Today, Aboriginals
6 rarely live off the land, but work in factories or farms. Lake Moore
Lake Rebecca
Moora
Kalgoorlie Reid
Zanthus
MINING Southern Cross Coolgardie larbo r Plain
Australia has one of the world’s Gingin Nul
Merredin Lake Cowan Eucla
most important mining industries, Perth Northam
with resources including gold (left), Fremantle Brookton Norseman
coal, natural gas, iron ore, copper, Balladonia
Mandurah Narrogin
and opals. However, damage to stralian Big
t Au
Wagin
7 the environment, and Aboriginal Bunbury
Collie Katanning ea ht
Gr
Esperance
claims over land used for mining,
still need to be faced. Busselton
Manjimup
Augusta

Albany

0 km 200 400
OUTDOOR SPORTS
8
0 miles 200 400
A warm climate, with
easy access to beaches
and wilderness areas, has
made outdoor activities an
AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL important part of modern
A popular sport here is Australian Rules Australian life. Water sports
Football. One of the rules is that players can such as swimming, sailing,
kick or punch the ball but they must not throw and surfing are especially
it. Many Australians either play the game popular. Because of the
themselves or support their favorite team. danger of exposure to
9 As the name implies, the game originated in strong sunlight, people
Australia, but it now has leagues in other are told to cover up and
countries, such as Great Britain and the US. always use sunscreen.

104 A B C D E F G H
 Australia

I J K L M N O P
es Strait
Torr
Arafura Sea
Croker Island
Badu Island
Prince of Wales Island
Moa Island
Cape York
UNIQUE WILDLIFE
Animal parks and refuges allow Voting in
Wessel Islands “townies” and tourists to get close to
government
t
South Goulburn Str a i 1
E n d e a vou r

G
Island Australia’s unique wildlife. They can
see marsupials such as koalas
elections in

r
and wallabies (left), as well as
Gulf of Cape crocodiles, snakes, and the
Australia is

e
York world’s only egg-laying
Ar n he m mammals—the platypus

a
Carpentaria
La nd
Groote Eylandt
Peninsula Princess
Charlotte
and the echidna.
compulsory.

t
Katherine Bay
Citizens who
Gr
Sir Edward 2
Pellew Group
fail to vote
eat

B
M
itc
he Cooktown
Wellesley ll
Daly Waters Ri
can be fined.

a r
Islands Mornington ve Divid
Ba r Port Douglas
rk Island
lb
G

ly er
i

tR Cairns
Ta iv e Atherton

r
C
r
b Innisfail
ing Range

Normanton

or
i
Burketown
le

Gr Tully
la

eg 3

a
Hinchinbrook

e
or
nd

l
y Island
F lin

Tennant e

S
Ra

Townsville a
de

Creek
ng
rs

R
e
Ri

Bowen
ve

Charters
R T H E R N e
Se

Cloncurry Towers Whitsunday

e
lw

Mount Isa Group

Bloomsbury
f
yn

Hughenden
Grea

R
an Mackay
R I T O R Y ge
ges Winton 4
Ran
t

nell
D

Q U E E N S LAN D vi Marlborough
i

di Clermont
Alice Springs Longreach Barcaldine ng Yeppoon
Emerald
R A L I A Ra Rockhampton Tropic of TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
k
ee

ng Curtis Island Capricorn

Cr

Springsure
e Tourism is important to Australia’s economy,
Gladstone
per

Blackall Biloela and there is plenty to attract visitors. Popular

Fraser
Coo

destinations include the tropical waters around

Simpson Island
the Great Barrier Reef (above), the modern
Windorah Bundaberg
Augathella cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and the 5
Desert Gayndah Maryborough impressive sight of Uluru (Ayers Rock),
Charleville Mitchell Murgon Gympie a mountainous rock sacred to the Aboriginals.
Roma
Miles
Caloundra
S O U T H g
e

n Dalby
a
Lake R Cunnamulla St. George
Moonie Brisbane
ey
Coober VINEYARDS
Eyre Toowoomba Ipswich
Pedy -49ft (-15m) Lake Gr Bollon Australia boasts an
go River

North Goondiwindi Warwick Surfers Paradise

nge

Blanche
Murwillumbah impressive range
Lake Eyre Stanthorpe
South Marree of high-quality
Lake Lismore
Warre

Moree wine-growing 6
Ra

A U S T R A L I A Callabonna B ar w o n R i v e
r
regions,
ges

Walgett Grafton
Tarcoola Bourke specializing in
ge
Ran

Lake Lake Narrabri

g
an

Frome different grapes.

in

Lake Torrens R Armidale Coffs

r
rie
ers

Everard Gunnedah Harbour Wines are

B ar
id

Wilcannia Cobar
Penong exported to more
Flind

Nyngan Tamworth Port

iv

Lake Port Broken Hill

Ceduna
Gairdner N E W S O U T H D Macquarie than 90 countries.
at
Augusta
er

Dubbo Taree
Riv

Whyalla Ivanhoe re Muswellbrook

Darling

Elliston Eyre Port Pirie Peterborough

hlan
River Parkes G Newcastle
Crystal Brook Lac Orange 7
Peninsula f
ul Gosford
G M u rray River
Mildura W A L E S Bathurst Parramatta LIFE IN THE CITIES
M u rrumb
Sydney
r

Most Australians live in the coastal towns and cities of

ce

Elizabeth Gawler idgee

Riv Cootamundra
Sp e n

Port Lincoln southeastern Australia, where the climate is cooler. Although

Adelaide Hay er Wollongong
Investigator St rait Tailem Wagga Wagga Goulburn Canberra is the capital, Sydney is the largest and oldest city,
Bend Ouyen Deniliquin Mount Kosciuszko CANBERRA and is beautifully situated around Sydney Harbor. One of the
AUSTRALIAN world’s most famous landmarks is the Sydney Opera House
Kangaroo Keith Albury 7310ft
s

Shepparton (2228m) CAPITAL TERRITORY (below), which has five separate halls for concerts, operas, and
lp

Island Horsham Bendigo Wodonga Cooma plays. The design echoes the sails of a ship.
A

Wangaratta i a n
a

Naracoorte l Bega
V IC T O RIA
Se

tra 8
Mount Sunbury A u s
an

Gambier Ballarat Melbourne

Portland
m

Moe Sale
Warrnambool Geelong Traralgon
as

South East Point T

King Island B a s s S t r a i t Flinders
Island
Hunter Island Banks
S t r a Cape Barren Island
Marrawah Burnie it 9

Devonport Launceston

TASMANIA
I J Maria Island M N O P 105
Hobart
 B C D E F G H I

AUCKLAND
With its safe harbor and nearby scenic 1
New Zealand islands, Auckland is known as the
“city of sails.” It boasts more pleasure
boats per person than anywhere
Made up of two main islands and several smaller else in the world. The water
ones, New Zealand is one of the most isolated countries that separates the bigger
islands is home to dolphins,
in the world. Located in the southern Pacific, the country families of blue penguins,
has a mild climate, with warm summers and cool, wet and the occasional whale.
2 2
winters. Both main islands have mountains, short, swift-flowing
rivers, forests, and fertile farmland. Until the Europeans arrived,
most of the landscape was covered in dense forest, known Three Kings
Islands
as native bush. Today, although forests remain, much has North Cape
Cape Reinga

N
been cleared for farming. Most New Zealanders live on

in
Great Exhibition

ety
North Island, which is warmer and less mountainous. Although Te Kao Bay

M
Australasia & Oceania

3 3

ile
New Zealanders are of mainly British descent, the Maoris –

Be
a people of Polynesian origin – were the first to arrive about

ach
1,000 years ago. Today, non-Maori Polynesians and Asians Kaitaia Kerikeri
Paihia
are adding to the ethnic mix. The country has a liberal, clean, Okaihau
a n g a
green image and a high standard of living. Hoki Kaikohe
arbour Hikurangi
H

a
iro
Whangarei

Wa
4 MAORI CULTURE 4
Maoris make up almost 14 per cent of the Greenstone Little
population, with most living on North Island. (jade) carving, Barrier
Ruawai Island Great
Before the coming of the Pakeha (white an example Barrier
man), Maori history was passed on orally of Maori art Wellsford Co Island
lvi
to succeeding generations. This included ur lle
Kaipara Harbo Warkworth
Cha
n n el
many legends and waiata (songs). Their
Hauraki In 1893,

T
carvings in wood (left) and stone (right) Helensville Gulf

a
were another way they recorded and Coromandel
remembered events. In recent years, Takapuna New Zealand was
5 Whitianga 5
interest in Maori culture has increased, 0 km 50 100

sm
Auckland Manurewa the first country
and school children are now taught the Papakura
Maori language. Thames Mayor
0 miles 50 100
an Waiuku Pukekohe Island
Paeroa
to give women
Huntly Katikati the vote.
Morrinsville Tauranga B ay of East Cape
Hamilton P l en t y
ge

Matamata
Cambridge
an

6 Whakatane 6
R

Lake Ruatoria
Sea

Rotorua
ra

Otorohanga Opotiki
a

Kawerau
Tokoroa Rotorua um
Te Kuiti uk
Ra
Murupara
North Taranaki Taupo
Lake
Bight Ohura Taupo Gisborne
Lake Po
Waitara Taumarunui
North Waikaremoana ve
rt y
Cape Turangi Bay 7
New Plymouth
AN

Egmont Island Mahia

Mount Ruapehu
Wairoa Peninsula
Mount Taranaki
E

(Mount Egmont) Stratford 9177ft (2797m) Hawke

8261ft (2518m) Waiouru Bay
Raetihi Napier
Hawera
OC

Hastings
South Taranaki Taihape
Bight Patea Havelock North
C

ei
I

Wanganui ik
it

Waipawa
ng
Ra

8 Marton Waipukurau 8
IF

Feilding Dannevirke
C

Cape Farewell Palmerston North Woodville A

Golden D'Urville
Bay Levin Pahiatua Cape Turnagain P
Island
 Paraparaumu Otaki
Tasman

t
Bay Masterton

ai
Motueka Porirua
Karamea Picton

Str
9 Nelson Lower Hutt 9
Bight Richmond ge

ook
Mount Owen Ran WELLINGTON

C
Seddonville 6152ft nd
chmo u Blenheim
(1875m) Ri aira
Westport W Seddon Cape Palliser
Cape Cape Campbell
Foulwind NEW
Reefton ZEALAND Clarence
Springs ce
en
10 Runanga Junction ar 10
Cl Kaikoura
Greymouth Lake
Brunner Hanmer
Springs
FILM INDUSTRY Hokitika Hurunui
New Zealand has a well-established film Ross Otira Arthur’s Pass
industry. Today, thanks to the acclaimed 3018ft (920m) Waipara
films based on J.R.R. Tolkien’s trilogy The Abut Head
Lord of the Rings (above) and The Hobbit, s Pegasus
Whataroa Rangiora AN AGRICULTURAL NATION
the country has become increasingly popular Rak
aia
Oxford Bay Agriculture is of prime importance, and
11 with international studios for location work. l p Kaiapoi accounts for more than half of national 11
The country offers an unusually wide range Fox Glacier Darfield Christchurch export earnings. Orchards produce a vast
AS o u t h Flightless
of scenery as well as technical experts. Aoraki (Mt Cook) Lyttelton
n 12,283ft ns Kiwi bird range of fruit from apples (above) to kiwi
y Plai
r (3744m) Mayfield bur Lake Banks fruit (below). Cereals and other crops,
ter

n
Haast e Mount Ellesmere Peninsula such as sunflowers, add color and variety
Ashburton

Ca
h Cook Island Hinds Canterbury to the landscape. Traditional
t Lake Fairlie Geraldine sheep and cattle farming has
Pukaki Bight UNIQUE WILDLIFE
u expanded to include deer,
Temuka New Zealand has many unique and endangered
o goats, and even ostriches.
Lake animal species, especially birds. There were no mammal
Milford Timaru
12 Lake predators before humans introduced them, so many 12
Sou
SWanaka
nd
Hawea animal species have few means of defense, and some

W
Wanaka ai Studholme
Milford tak
i birds such as the kiwi cannot fly. Conservation schemes
George S Lake Waimate
ound Sound Wakatipu are now in place to protect endangered species.
Caswell Sound Queenstown
Lake Cromwell
Te Anau Oamaru
Alexandra GREEN ENERGY Lady Knox geyser,

ts

i n g s to n e M ts
Hampden

nd
Most of the country’s North Island

ri

Liv

a
electricity comes from

Taie
Te Anau

Eyre
13 13

C lutha
hydroelectric power.

dl
Resolution Lake Lumsden

r
It is generated by
Island Manapouri Dunedin

Ma
Mosgiel river water gushing

W
West

tau
Otago through turbines

ra

Fio
Cape

aiau
Lake Gore Milton Peninsula inside dams at power
Winton stations. New Zealand VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Hauroko
Riverton Mataura Balclutha also has geothermal A fault line runs through
B ay
ewae energy, using heat New Zealand, where two major
Ta W a Invercargill
Fov from inside Earth. tectonic plates meet. It has
ea Tokanui caused devastating earthquakes,
14 u To 14
eto
Codfish Island but has also helped to create

xS
e s B ay

t
ra Ruapuke breathtaking scenery. This
Halfmoon Bay it Island includes South Island’s Southern
ADVENTURE SPORTS PARADISE Alps, and many smaller volcanic
Stewart Island New Zealand offers a huge range of adventure mountains, hot springs, and
Muttonbird sports and outdoor activities, from white-water geysers on North Island.
Islands South West rafting (below) to bungee jumping. The latter
Cape originated in Queenstown on South Island.
The town is billed as the country’s top
15 adventure tourism destination 15
because its surrounding lakes,
mountains, and rivers,
and its mostly dry
climate, are ideal for
outdoor pursuits.

16 16
New Zealand

A B C D E F G H I

107
 Australasia & Oceania

B C D E G H

Pacific Ocean
HAWAII
This chain of eight volcanic islands
and 124 islets forms the 50th state
of the United States, and was
admitted to the union in 1959. The
T he largest ocean on earth, the Pacific covers dramatic landscape and palm-
fringed beaches make Hawaii a
one-third of Earth’s surface. The island nations of popular destination for tourists.
Today, native Hawaiians are a
Japan, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, and many minority in their own land.
others are completely surrounded by this enormous
2 ocean, which stretches from the Arctic in the north
to the Southern Ocean in the south. The Pacific is also ASIA
Hawaiian conch shells, once
the world’s deepest ocean – its greatest known depth blown to sound a warning
is in the Mariana Trench, off Guam, which plunges an
ap )
f J Sea
steeply for 36,198 ft (11,033 m). Within the Pacific, o
a t
S e Eas

Tre pan
there are many smaller seas that lie near land. These (

h
nc
Ja
Yellow Japan
3
include the Tasman Sea, the South China Sea, and Marine iguana on Sea
black volcanic rocks,

Izu T r e n c h
the Bering Sea. There are more than 30,000 islands

a
Se
Galápagos Islands

a
in the Pacific. Most are too small or barren to

S h i ks i n
ch
in
Ch

Ba
en
st
be inhabited, but others are home to people

Tr
Ea

oku
yu
uk
of many different cultures and religions. The Taiwan Ry

native island peoples fall into three main Philippine

NORTHERN
Sea
groups—Polynesians, Melanesians, and

Bas ine
MARIANA

sin in a

Tr riana
ISLANDS
Micronesians. Although the word pacific

in
pp

ench
4

Ba h Ch
(to US)

Phili
means “peaceful,” strong currents, tropical

a
GUAM

M
ut
(to US)
Philippines

So
Challenger
storms, and tsunamis can all make this Deep
35,827ft (10,920m
ocean far from peaceful. South PALAU
C a r oline Is la nd s
China
GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS Sea Celebes MICRON
TSUNAMI When British naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
went to the Galápagos Islands, he found many Sea
Earthquakes beneath the Borneo M
5 sea may cause giant waves unusual animals. He also noticed differences between
Celebes
e l
called tsunamis. These animals of the same species living elsewhere. This
can travel great distances led him to believe that, over time, animals adapt, or E a s t I n d i e s
evolve, to suit their habitats. J a v a Sea New
across the ocean, building Banda Guinea
into a huge wall of water Java Sea
as they approach the coast. Ar
Black smoker af Torres S
They can leave immense Timor ur trai
damage in their wake. chimney T im or
Coral

t G r Re
S ea

Se
INDIAN Sea

e at ef
6
O C EA N

Ba
rri
er
SURFING
The Hawaiian sport of surfing ranks as the oldest sport
in the USA. It was first practiced by the nobility as a form
AUSTRALASIA
of religious ceremony until the 1820s when missionaries,
who thought it immoral, tried to ban it. Today, surfing is
& OCEANIA
one of the most popular watersports and can be seen
7 all over the world, from Australia to the UK.
Great
Au s t r a l i an Bi g h
t
rait
South ss St
Ba
Large
red tube Australian Tasmania
worms
Basin

8 DEEP-SEA VENTS
Underwater exploration has
revealed some amazing places
deep in the Pacific. Large vents,
formed by solidified minerals, act
The Pacific is
as chimneys for super-hot steam
and gas that stream up from the larger than
sea bed. These vents are known
as black smokers. Scientists have Earth’s entire
9
found a host of new creatures
living in this hostile environment. land surface.

108 A B C D E F G H
 Pacific Ocean

I J K L M N O P

ARCTIC OCEAN
it
tr a

S
ing
B er
Bering
Aleutian Sea
Sea of ds
Okhotsk Basin an Gulf of
Isl

R
n ch
Aleutia ren
Alaska

o
ch

ril ds a n T

c
t i
Kulan
n

Aleu
re

k
Is i l T

y
ur ic Cascadia
K
a cif ug
h

M
Basin
tP o EASTER ISLAND
es k Tr
hinoo

o
Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, in the Pacific
Emperor Sea m o u

w n C
th a s i NORTH
u
lies more than 2,000 miles (3,218 km)
or no Fracture Zone
Mendoci

n
N B from the nearest populated land. It is
AMERICA
t a
best known for the gigantic stone figures,
known as Moai, which were carved from

i n
volcanic rock and erected facing the sea. 3
Zone
s
ure It is thought that the people who built
Fract
nts

MIDWAY ray the statues were of Peruvian descent.

ISLANDS Mur
Gu

Ha (to US)
e Gulf of
e Zon
lf o

wa ctur
iia kai Fra Mexico
fC

n R
id Molo
alif

WAKE ISLAND ge
(to US)
HAWAII
orni

Mi JOHNSTON ATOLL
(US State)
d-P Zone Cari
ins
a

(to US)
acific Mi bbean Sea
Mounta ac ture ddl
io n Fr eA
Clar m eri
ca
MARSHALL
M ISLANDS
ic Central
P A C I F I C CLIPPERTON
Tr
en
ch
m)
ro KINGMAN REEF e Zone Guatemala
(to US) Fr actur ISLAND
n P a c i f i c PALMYRA rton (to France) Basin ge
e li ppe
id

ESIA ATOLL JARVIS ISLAND C

sR

Basin (to US)

s

co

(to US)
Melanesian
ia

Co

Basin
O C E A N ac ture
Zone Galápagos Islands
SOUTH
EL NIÑO 5
Peru-Chile

NAURU BAKER &

s Fr
(to Ecuador) Every few years, winds off the
a HOWLAND ISLANDS ago Gallego South American coast weaken,
n láp AMERICA
(to US) Ga Rise causing an unusually warm ocean
e TOKELAU K I R I B A T I Marquesas ne
TUVALU P o c t u re Zo Bauer
current, known as El Niño. This kills
(to NZ) Islands F ra off plankton that provide food for
esa s
s

SOLOMON l rqu Basin fish such as anchovies. Scientists

y Ma
i

Tre

ISLANDS WALLIS & FUTUNA n use heat-sensitive cameras to map

AMERICAN Galápagos
a

(to France)
SAMOA e Rise one ocean temperatures and keep track
nc

North Fiji s Tiki

re Z
e

SAMOA of El Niño. The warmest waters are

(to US)
ac tu
nch

i
h

VANUATU Basin Tahiti Basin ña Fr

a Menda shown in orange/red (above). 6
R i s

ge

COOK ral
ga T r e

FIJI
Aust Zone
id

ISLANDS FRENCH
R

NEW CALEDONIA NIUE POLYNESIA c t u r e

Fra
ca

TONGA (to NZ)

s

(to NZ)
Ton

(to France)
az

(to France)
South Peru
N

Fiji Basin
New

Île Îles Gambier

Basin Horizon Deep
e
i c

s PITCAIRN, Sala y Gomez

Ozbourn Seamount Au Isla San Ambrosio
Caled

HENDERSON, (to Chile)

NORFOLK stra Isla San Félix (to Chile)
ISLAND Kermadec les DUCIE & OENO Easter Island
d
c i f

(to Chile)
Islands
Lor

(to Chile)
(to Australia) Southwest ISLANDS
onia

(to NZ) SOUTH PACIFIC FISH

(to UK)
n

Fish stocks in the south Pacific are an important

d

Pacific
si

Islas Juan Fernández

Lo
H

7
Ba

food source for the island countries and a

ow

Chall
P a

Ba

(to Chile)
North Island
Ri n
ui

Basin enge
si

major source of employment. Migratory tuna

e

r Fr
A

ne
sv

se
NEW re Zo act are the most important fish. However, it is
e

tu
z Frac
il

u
C h re Z
il

Agassi important that the industry is effectively

le

ZEALAND
Tasman South on
h

il
R

managed to avoid the constant threat of

t

Island Chat ham Ri se e

id

Sea e overfishing and the collapse of fish stocks.

e
g

a s

Bounty Chatham Islands

R
is
sin

Tasman (to NZ)

Trough
e

Plateau Mornington
E
Ba

Campbell
Abyssal
an

Plateau Elta 8
nin
sm

Ta Fra
ctur
Plain
e Zo
ne
So u t hea st
ge
Paci ic Rid P a c i f i c B a si n
fic-Antarct lain
ndsen P
Amu
SOUTHERN OCEAN
Tuna fishing needs
to be carefully
monitored.

I J K L M
 Antarctica

B C D E F G H

Antarctica
DAY TRIPPERS
Tourists visit Antarctica in summer.
There are no resorts, so visitors 1
generally stay on small cruise ships.
When they come ashore, people

The frozen continent of antarctica is covered by a vast have to wear insulated clothing
and goggles to protect their
eyes from glare off the ice.
icecap, many thousands of years old, and is surrounded by the freezing
seas of the Southern Ocean. It is the only continent with no permanent
inhabitants—the only people who come here are scientists or tourists.
2 Although the land is rich in oil and minerals, mining is prohibited 2

under the laws of the Antarctic Treaty. This treaty, agreed by

53 countries, made Antarctica
OZONE HOLE
a “continent for science” High in the atmosphere, ozone (a gas) forms
to be used for peaceful a natural shield that protects us from the
Sun’s ultraviolet rays. Scientists at both poles
purposes only. have found holes in the ozone layer, caused
by chemicals known as CFCs, once used in
3 Orcadas South aerosols, fridges, and plastic packaging. SOU 3
(Argentina) TH
Orkney ER
Signy Islands Sanae (South Africa)
N
(UK)
Georg von Neumayer Novolazarevskaya
OC
e

(Russian Federation)
South (Germany) Lützow EA
ag

Shetland Dronning M
ss

Holmbukta
Islands 0 km 500
L a n d aud
N
a
e P

Esperanza Syowa Molodezhnaya

(Argentina) (Japan) (Russian Federation)
0 miles 500
Drak

Capitán Arturo Prat Halley Enderby

4 (Chile) A (UK)
Land 4
nt
ar Coats
cti
Gra nd

Palmer c P Land
en Weddell Mawson
La

(US)
in
ha

Belgrano II (Australia)
su Sea
m

Palm la (Argentina)
er Cape
Rothera San Martín Darnley
Berkner
(UK) (Argentina) Ronne
La

Island Mackenzie
nd

RESEARCH Ice Shelf Bay

The only people KRILL
Prydz Bay
who stay in Antactica Princess Tiny, shrimp-like
5 5
are scientists. They
come to study the
Bellingshausen
ANTARCTICA Elizabeth Davis
Land (Australia)
creatures, krill
are the primary
climate, weather, food source for a
and geology. By Sea Vinson Massif Amundsen-Scott
East great number of
Tr

taking ice samples, 16,066ft (4897m) (US) Antarctic animals.

Ellsworth South
West Antarctica
an

for example, they can PETER I Mirny These include

Land an Pole
(Russ. Fed.) whales, seals,
s

learn about changes ISLAND

in the world’s climate (to Norway) ta Shackleton penguins, squid,
Antarctica rc Vostok
over the years. ti South
Ice Shelf and fish.
M c Geomagnetic (Russian Federation)
6 ar
ie M Pole 6
By Mount Kirkpatrick o
rd
Lan 14,856 ft (4528m)
un

d
Amundsen Mount Markham
ta

Mount Sidley 14,275ft (4351m)

in

13,717ft (4181m)
Sea Ross Ice Casey
s

Roosevelt
Wilkes Land (Australia)
Mount Siple Scott Base Cape
O 10,171ft Island Shelf (NZ) Poinsett
S

U
Vi

(3100m)
McMurdo Base
O TH
cto

(US)
C Ross Sea Mount Erebus Terre Emperor penguins
EA ERN
7 7
ria

Scientist checking 12,448ft

(3794m) Adélie huddling for warmth
an ice core N
Land

Dumont d’Urville

Antarctica
(France)
FLOATING ICE George V
Icebergs are giant chunks of Cape
Adare Land
floating ice that break away,
or calve, from ice sheets or is actually Leningradskaya
(Russian Federation)

8
glaciers. Most of their mass
lies hidden below sea level. a desert. Ant
arc tic
Cir
cl e

8
Balleny
Islands

PENGUINS
9 Penguins walk awkwardly on land, but can 9
swim swiftly to catch fish. Waterproof feathers
and a thick layer of fat help keep them warm.

110 A B C D E F G H
 Arctic Ocean

B C D E F G H

Arctic Ocean 1

T he smallest of the world’s oceans, the Arctic is almost entirely

surrounded by the northern edges of North America, Europe, and Asia.
For most of the year, its waters are covered by a thick sheet of ice,
although warmer currents from the Pacific and Atlantic melt the
2 ice along the continental coasts for a short time in summer. Despite 2

the harsh conditions, the region is home to a range of

t
wildlife, such as reindeer, musk ox, foxes, and wolves.

trai
Arctic Circle LONG DAYS

gS
Some people, including the Inuit Seasons at the poles are extreme.

rin
Polar summers are short but there
of Canada and the Sami of

Be
can be sunshine for 24 hours a “day”
northern Scandinavia, Chukchi as the Sun never dips below the
horizon (above). This is because
Sea
3 have also adapted to this Earth rotates at an angle to the Sun. 3
tough environment. Ostrov
Vrangelya
East
Siberian
Sea

Beaufort
lf
Gu

FE
R
4 4
Novosibirskiye
Sea

U
en

D
ds

un Ostrova

SS
ER
Am
Banks

IA ON
AT
Island
Laptev

N
ALASKAN OIL Victoria

I
Reserves of oil and gas in the Island Sea
Beaufort Sea, off the coast of
Alaska, have attracted interest.
Melville
Island
A R C T I C
5 However, the introduction of 5
ships and oil platforms brings CANADA
problems. In a bid to protect
the area, several environmental Queen Severnaya
organizations are actively Zemlya
working to prevent drilling for Elizabeth North
Pole
more oil in this area.
Islands
L a ncaster

6
Elle
smere Island O C E A N
Na r e s North Lincoln Franz Kara
So u n

Stra
it Geomagnetic Sea Josef Land
Pole Sea
d

Knud Rasmuss Kap Morris Jesup

Land en
Walruses breed Baffin
Wandel
off the Arctic Bay
Sea
coasts.
II
VI

SVALBARD
Lan erik

7 7
Spitsbergen (to Norway)
NORTHERN LIGHTS
d
d
Fre

LONGYEARBYEN In midwinter, the north

ng

polar skies are sometimes

Ko

0 km 250 500 lit up by dramatic curtains

Greenland
GREENLAND of red and green light. Known
0 miles 250 500 (to Denmark) Sea Bjørnøya as the northern lights, these
(to Norway) Barents special effects are caused by
NUUK disturbances in the upper
Sea
Ar

cC
ct

Norwegian atmosphere. The same happens

g Christian
i

irc
8 le Kon d near Antarctica, where the effect 8
IX Lan Sea is called the southern lights.
JAN MAYEN
ARCTIC SURVIVORS (to Norway)
Polar bears live along the Arctic coasts of Canada,
Greenland, and Russia. They hunt seals and fish rk Strait
at points where the sea ice melts. With so much nma
De
Arctic ice having melted away in recent years,
the polar bear’s habitat is slowly disappearing.
An insulating layer of fat, called blubber, helps ICELAND
the bears survive the cold. Their white fur also REYKJAVÍK
9 provides essential camouflage on the ice. 9

A B C D E F G H 111
 Gazetteer
Gazetteer
HOW TO USE THE GAZETTEER
This gazetteer is a selection of
the names in Children’s Illustrated
World Atlas, and helps you
find places on the maps. For
example, to find the city of Lisbon
in Portugal, look up its name in
the gazetteer. The entry reads:
Lisbon Capital Portugal 58 E6
The first number, 58, tells you that
Lisbon appears on the map on
page 58. The second number, E6,
shows that it is in square E6. Turn
to page 58. Trace down from the
letter E along the top of the grid
(or up from the letter E on the
bottom of the grid), and then
across from the number 6 on
the side of the grid. You will find
Lisbon in the area where the
letter and number meet.
A Aizu Town Japan 93 G9
Aachen Town Germany 56 B7
Aalborg Town Denmark 49 B11
Aalen Town Germany 57 E9
Aalst Town Belgium 53 D11
Aalter Town Belgium 53 C10
Äänekoski Town Finland 48 G8
Aarhus Town Denmark 49 C12
Aba Town Nigeria 41 L8
Aba Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 42 I8
Ābādān Town Iran 82 E7
Abakan Town Russian Federation 78 H7
Abbeville Town France 54 E5
Abéché Town Chad 42 F6
Abengourou Town Côte d’Ivoire 41 I8
Aberdeen Town South Dakota, US 12 G4
Aberdeen Town Maryland, US 9 H8
Aberdeen Town Scotland, UK 50 F5
Aberystwyth Town Wales, UK 51 E10
Abhā Town Saudi Arabia 83 C11
Abidjan Town Côte d’Ivoire 40 H8
Abilene Town Texas, US 17 K5
Åbo see Turku
Abomey Town Benin 41 J7
Abrantes Town Portugal 58 F6
Abu Dhabi Capital United Arab Emirates
83 F9
Abu Hamed Town Sudan 38 E6
Abuja Capital Nigeria 41 L7
Abū Kamāl Town Syria 80 I7
Abū Z aby see Abu Dhabi
Acapulco Town Mexico 19 J9
Acarigua Town Venezuela 26 D5
Accra Capital Ghana 41 I8
Aconcagua, Cerro Mountain
Argentina 30 D7
A Coruña Town Spain 58 E2
Adamawa Highlands Mountain range
Cameroon 42 D8
‘Adan see Aden
Adana Town Turkey 76 G6
Adapazari Town Turkey 76 E4
Ad Dahnā’ Desert Saudi Arabia 83 E9
Ad Dakhla Town Western Sahara 36 C7
Ad Dammān Town Saudi Arabia 83 E9
Ad Dawḩah see Doha
Addis Ababa Capital Ethiopia 39 F9
Adelaide Town South Australia,
Australia 105 J7
112
Aden Town Yemen 83 D13
Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean 83 E13
Adirondack Mountains New York,
US 8 H4
Ādīs Ābeba see Addis Ababa
Adiyaman Town Turkey 76 H6
Adrar Town Algeria 36 G6
Aegean Sea Greece 67 F9
Afghanistan Country 84 H7
Afmadow Town Somalia 39 G11
Afyon Town Turkey 76 E5
Agadez Town Niger 41 L4
Agadir Town Morocco 36 E5
Agen Town France 55 D10
Agialoúsa Town Cyprus 80 B7
Āgra Town India 87 I3
Ağri Town Turkey 77 K4
Agrigento Town Sicily, Italy 61 E13
Agropoli Town Italy 61 F10
Aguachica Town Colombia 26 C5
Agua Prieta Town Mexico 18 F3
Aguascalientes Town Mexico 19 I7
Aguaytía Town Peru 27 B10
Aguilas Town Spain 59 J8
Aguililla Town Mexico 19 I8
Ahaggar Mountain range Algeria 37 I7
Ahlen Town Germany 56 C7
Ahmadābād Town India 86 G4
Ahuachapán Town El Salvador 20 E5
Ahvāz Town Iran 82 E7
Aiken Town South Carolina, US 11 J4
Ailigandí Town Panama 21 N7
‘Aïn Ben Tili Town Mauritania 40 G2
Aiquile Town Bolivia 27 E12
Aïr, Massif de l’ Mountain range Niger 41 L4
Aix-en-Provence Town France 55 G11
Ajaccio Town France 55 I13
Ajo Town Arizona, US 16 E5
Akchâr Desert Mauritania 40 E3
Akhalts’ikhe Town Georgia 77 K3
Akhisar Town Turkey 76 C5
Akhtubinsk Town Russian Federation 73 D11
Akita Town Japan 92 F8
Akjoujt Town Mauritania 40 E3
Akkeshi Town Japan 92 H5
Akron Town Ohio, US 13 M6
Akrotírion Town Cyprus 80 A8
Aksai Chin Administrative region China 88 D6
Aksaray Town Turkey 76 F5
Aksehir Town Turkey 76 E5
Aktau Town Kazakhstan 78 D6
Aktobe Town Kazakhstan 78 E6
Aktsyabrski Town Belarus 71 F11
Akula Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 F9
Akune Town Japan 93 B14
Alabama State US 10 G5
Alabama River Alabama, US 10 G6
Al ‘Amārah Town Iraq 82 D7
Alamo Town Nevada, US 14 H7
Alamogordo Town New Mexico, US 16 H5
Åland Island group Finland 49 F9
Alanya Town Turkey 76 E7
Al ‘Aqabah Town Jordan 81 D14
Alasehir Town Turkey 76 D5
Alaska Province Canada 4 E5
Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, US 4 E6
Alaska Range Mountain Range Alaska,
US 4 E5
Albacete Town Spain 59 J6
Alba Iulia Town Romania 68 E6
Albania Country 65 F12
Albany River Ontario, Canada 6 F5
Albany Town Western Australia, Australia
104 E7
Albany Town Georgia, US 10 H6
Albany Town New York, US 9 I5
Al Bāridah Town Syria 80 F8
Al Basrah Town Iraq 82 D7
Alberta Province Canada 4 H7
Albert, Lake Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 I9
Albuquerque Town New Mexico, US 16 H4
Alcañiz Town Spain 59 K5
Alcoy Town Spain 59 K7
Alderney Island Channel Islands, UK 51 G13
Aleksin Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Alençon Town France 54 D7
Alenquer Town Brazil 29 I2
Aleppo Town Syria 80 E6montserrat
Alessandria Town Italy 60 C5
Aleutian Islands Island Group Alaska,
US 4 B5
Alexander Archipelago Island British
Colombia, Canada 4 E7
Alexandria Town Louisiana, US 10 E6
Alexandria Town Egypt 38 D4
Alexandria Town Romania 68 F7
Alexandroúpoli Town Greece 66 G8
Alga Town Kazakhstan 78 E6
Algarve Region Spain 58 E8
Algeciras Town Spain 58 G9
Alger see Algiers
Algeria Country 36 H5
Al Ghābah Town Oman 83 G10
Al Ghurdaqah see Hurghada
Algiers Capital Algeria 36 H3
Algona Town Iowa, US 12 H5
Al H asakah Town Syria 80 H5
Al Ḩillah Town Iraq 82 D7
Al Hudaydah see Hodeida
Al Hufūf Town Saudi Arabia 83 E9
Alíartos Town Greece 67 E11
Alicante Town Spain 59 L7
Alice Springs Town Northern Territory,
Australia 105 I4
Aliquippa Town Pennsylvania, US 8 E7
Al Ismā’īlīya Town Egypt 38 E4
Al Jafr Town Jordan 81 E13
Al Jaghbūb Town Libya 37 N5
Al Jahrā’ Town Kuwait 82 D8
Al Jawf Town Saudi Arabia 82 B8
Al Jazīrah Physical region Syria/Iraq 80 I5
Al Karak Town Jordan 81 E12
Al Khārijah Town Egypt 38 D5
Al Khums Town Libya 37 K4
Alkmaar Town Netherlands 52 E7
Al Kufrah Town Libya 37 N7
Al Kūt Town Iraq 82 D7
Al Kuwayt see Kuwait
Allahābād Town India 87 I4
Allegheny Plateau Pennsylvania/New York,
US 8 F6
Allentown Town Pennsylvania, US 9 H7
Al Līth Town Saudi Arabia 83 B11
Alma-Ata see Almaty
Al Madīnah see Medina
Al Mafraq Town Jordan 81 E10
Al Majma‘ah Town Saudi Arabia 83 D9
Al Mālikīyah Town Syria 80 I4
Al Manāmah see Manama
Almansa Town Spain 59 K7
Al Marj Town Libya 37 M4
Almaty Town Kazakhstan 78 G8
Al Mawsil see Mosul
Al Mayādīn Town Syria 80 H6
Almelo Town Netherlands 52 G8
Almere Town Netherlands 52 F8
Almería Town Spain 59 J8
Al’met’yevsk Town Russian Federation 73 F9
Al Minyā Town Egypt 38 D4
Almirante Town Panama 21 K8
Al Mukallā Town Yemen 83 E13
Alofi Capital Niue 103 K7
Alotip Town Indonesia 97 N8
Alpena Town Michigan, US 13 L4
Alpine Town Texas, US 17 I7
Alps Mountain range Central Europe 57 D12
Al Qāmishlī Town Syria 80 I4
Al Qunaytirah Town Syria 81 D9
Altai Mountains Mountain range Mongolia/
Russian Federation 88 F4
Altamaha River Georgia, US 11 I5
Altamira Town Brazil 29 J2
Altamura Town Italy 61 H10
Altar, Desierto de Desert Mexico 18 D2
Altay Town China 88 F3
Altay Town Mongolia 88 H3
Altin Köprü Town Iraq 82 C6
Altiplano Physical region Bolivia 27 E13
Altoona Town Pennsylvania, US 9 F7
Altun Ha Ancient site Belize 20 F2
Altun Shan Mountain range China 88 G5
Al ‘Umarī Town Jordan 81 F11
Al ‘Uwaynāt Town Libya 37 J6
Alupka Town Ukraine 69 K7
Alva Town Okahoma, US 17 L3
Al Wajh Town Saudi Arabia 83 A9
Alwar Town India 86 H3
Al Wari’ah Town Saudi Arabia 82 D8
Alytus Town Lithuania 70 D8
Amamapare Town Indonesia 97 N7
Amantea Town Italy 61 G12
Amarapura Town Myanmar 94 B6
Amarillo Town Texas, US 17 J4
Amazon River Brazil 29 J2
Amazon Basin Brazil 28 G3
Ambanja Town Madagascar 45 M4
Ambarchik Town Russian Federation 78 L3
Ambato Town Ecuador 26 A8
Amboasary Town Madagascar 45 L7
Ambon Town Indonesia 97 K7
American Samoa Dependent territory US,
Pacific Ocean 103 K6
Amersfoort Town Netherlands 52 F8
Amfilochía Town Greece 67 C10
Amherst Town Nova Scotia, Canada 7 K7
Amiens Town France 54 E6
Amman Capital Jordan 81 E11
‘Ammān see Amman
Ammóchostos Town Cyprus 80 B8
Āmol Town Iran 82 F5
Amos Town Québec, Canada 6 H6
Amritsar Town India 86 H2
Amstelveen Town Netherlands 52 F8
Amsterdam Capital Netherlands 52 E8
Am Timan Town Chad 42 F6
Amundsen Gulf Canada 4 H4
Amundsen-Scott Research station
Antarctica 110 E6
Amundsen Sea Southern Ocean 110 B7
Amuntai Town Indonesia 96 H7
Amur River China 89 L2
Amyderýa River Uzbekistan 84 G4
Anadyr’ Town Russian Federation 78 M2
Anamur Town Turkey 76 F7
Anápolis Town Brazil 29 K5
Anatolia Plateau Turkey 76 E6
Anchorage Town Alaska, Canada 4 E5
Ancona Town Italy 60 F7
Andalucía Region Spain 58 H8
Andaman Islands Island group India 87 M8
Andaman Sea Indian Ocean 87 M8
Anderson Town Indiana, US 13 K6
Andes Mountain range South America
26–27, 30–31
Andijon Town Uzbekistan 85 K4
Andkhvoy Town Afghanistan 84 H5
Andorra Country 55 D12
Andorra la Vella Capital Andorra 55 D12
Andreanof Islands Island Group Alaska,
US 4 A4
Andrews Town Texas, US 17 J5
Andria Town Italy 61 H10
Andros Island The Bahamas 22 F2
Andros Town Town The Bahamas 22 F2
Angarsk Town Russian Federation 79 I7
Angeles Town Philippines 97 I2
Angel Falls Waterfall Venezuela 26 F6
Ångermanälven River Sweden 48 E7
Angers Town France 54 C7
Angkor Wat Ancient site Cambodia 95 F10
Anglesey Island Wales, UK 51 E9
Angola Country 44 E3
Angola Basin Undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 33 M6
Angoulême Town France 55 D9
Angren Town Uzbekistan 85 J3
Anguilla Dependent territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 23 N5
Anhui Administrative region China 91 J5
Ankara Capital Turkey 76 F4
Annaba Town Algeria 37 I3
An Nafūd Desert Saudi Arabia 82 B8
‘Annah Town Iraq 82 C6
An Najaf Town Iraq 82 C7
Annamite Mountains Mountain range
Laos 94 F8
Annapolis Town Maryland, US 8 G8
Ann Arbor Town Michigan, US 13 L5

An Nāsirīyah Town Iraq 82 D7
Annecy Town France 55 G9
Anniston Town Alabama, US 10 H4
Anqing Town China 91 J6
Anshan Town China 91 L2
Anshun Town China 90 G7
Antakya Town Turkey 76 H7
Antalya Town Turkey 76 E6
Antananarivo Capital Madagascar 45 M5
Antarctica 110
Antarctic Peninsula Antarctica 110 B4
Antibes Town France 55 H11
Anticosti, Île d’ Island Québec, Canada 7 K5
Antigua Island Antigua & Barbuda 23 N6
Antigua & Barbuda Country 23 N5
Anti-Lebanon Mountain range Syria 81 E9
Antofagasta Town Chile 30 D5
Antony Town France 54 E7
Antsiranana Town Madagascar 45 M3
Antwerp Town Belgium 53 E10
Antwerpen see Antwerp
Anyang Town China 91 J4
Anzio Town Italy 61 E9
Aomori Town Japan 92 F7
Aoraki Mountain New Zealand 107 C11
Aosta Town Italy 60 B4
Aozou Town Chad 42 E3
Apatity Town Russian Federation 72 D5
Apeldoorn Town Netherlands 52 F8
Apennines Mountain range Italy 60 C8
Āpia Capital Samoa I03 K7
Apoera Town Suriname 26 G6
Appalachian Mountains US 8 H4
Appingedam Town Netherlands 52 G6
Appleton Town Wisconsin, US 13 J4
Apuseni, Munpii Mountain range
Romania 68 E5
Āqchah Town Afghanistan 85 I5
Aquidauana Town Brazil 29 I6
Arabian Peninsula Saudi Arabia 82 B8
Arabian Sea Indian Ocean 83 H10
Aracaju Town Brazil 29 N4
Aracuai Town Brazil 29 L6
‘Arad Town Israel 81 D12
Arad Town Romania 68 D6
Arafura Sea Australia 105 I1
Araguaia, Rio River Brazil 29 J5
Araguaína Town Brazil 29 K3
Araguari Town Brazil 29 K6
Arāk Town Iran 82 E6
Arakan Yoma Mountain range
Myanmar 94 B7
Aral Sea Uzbekistan/Kazakhstan 84 G1
Aral’sk Town Kazakhstan 78 E7
Aranda de Duero Town Spain 59 I4
‘Ar‘ar Town Saudi Arabia 82 C7
Ararat, Mount Turkey 77 L4
Arbīl Town Iraq 82 D6
Archangel Town Russian Federation 72 E6
Arco Town Italy 60 D5
Arctic Ocean 111 M5
Ardabīl Town Iran 82 E5
Ardakān Town Iran 82 F7
Ardennes Physical region Belgium 53 F13
Arequipa Town Peru 27 D12
Arezzo Town Italy 60 E7
Argalastí Town Greece 67 E10
Argenteuil Town France 54 E6
Argentina Country 31 E9
Argentine Basin Undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 33 J8
Argo Town Sudan 38 D6
Arica Town Chile 30 C3
Arizona State US 16 E4
Arkansas State US 10 E3
Arkansas City Town Kansas, US 12 G8
Arkhangel’sk see Archangel
Arklow Town Ireland 51 D9
Arles Town France 55 F11
Arlington Town Texas, US 17 M5
Arlington Town Virginia, US 11 K2
Arlon Town Belgium 53 F13
Armenia Country 77 L4
Armenia Town Colombia 26 B6
Armstrong Town Ontario, Canada 6 E5
Arnaía Town Greece 67 E9
Arnhem Town Netherlands 53 F9
Arnhem Land Region Australia 105 I2
Ar Ramādī Town Iraq 82 C6
Arran, Isle of Island Scotland, UK 50 E7
Ar Raqqah Town Syria 80 G6
Arras Town France 54 F5
Ar Rawḑatayn Town Kuwait 82 D8
Arriaga Town Mexico 19 M9
Ar Riyād see Riyadh
Ar Rub‘ al Khālī Desert Saudi Arabia 83 E11
Ar Rustāq Town Oman 83 G9
Ar Rut´bah Town Iraq 82 B6
Artashat Town Armenia 77 L4
Artemisa Town Cuba 22 D3
Artvin Town Turkey 77 J3
Arua Town Uganda 39 E10
Aruba Dependent territory Netherlands,
Atlantic Ocean 23 J8
Arusha Town Tanzania 39 F12
Arvidsjaur Town Sweden 48 E6
Arys’ Town Kazakhstan 78 F7
Asadābād Town Afghanistan 85 K7
Asahikawa Town Japan 92 G5
Asamankese Town Ghana 41 I8
Āsānsol Town India 87 K4
Ascension Island Dependent territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 33 K5
Ascoli Piceno Town Italy 60 F8
Aseb Town Eritrea 38 G8
Ashdod Town Israel 81 C11
Asheville Town North Carolina, US 11 I4
Ashgabat Capital Turkmenistan 84 F5
Ashkelon Town Israel 81 C11
Ashmyany Town Belarus 70 E8
Ash Shadādah Town Syria 80 H5
Ash Shiḩr Town Yemen 83 E13
Asipovichy Town Belarus 71 F10
Asmara Capital Eritrea 38 F7
As Sabkhah Town Syria 80 G6
Assad, Lake Syria 80 F6
As S afāwī Town Jordan 81 F10
As Salv Town Jordan 81 D11
Assam Region India 87 L3
Assamakka Town Niger 41 K4
As Samāwah Town Iraq 82 D7
Assen Town Netherlands 52 G6
Assu Town Brazil 29 M3
As Sukhnah Town Syria 80 G7
As Sulaymānīyah Town Iran 82 D6
As Sulayyil Town Saudi Arabia 83 D11
As Suwār Town Syria 80 H6
As Suwaydā’ Town Syria 81 E10
Astana Capital Kazakhstan 78 F6
Asti Town Italy 60 C5
Astrakhan’ Town Russian Federation 73 D12
Asunción Capital Paraguay 30 G4
Aswān Town Egypt 38 E5
Asyūt Town Egypt 38 E5
Atacama Desert Chile 30 D6
Atbara Town Sudan 38 E7
Atbasar Town Kazakhstan 78 F6
Ath Town Belgium 53 D11
Athabasca, Lake Saskatchewan, Canada 5 I7
Athens Capital Greece 67 E11
Athens Town Georgia, US 11 I4
Athína see Athens
Athlone Town Ireland 51 C9
Ati Town Chad 42 E6
Atka Town Russian Federation 78 L4
Atka Town Alaska, US 4 B5
Atlanta Town Georgia, US 10 H4
Atlantic City Town New Jersey, US 9 I8
Atlantic Ocean 32–33
Atlas Mountains Mountain range
Morocco/Algeria 36 F4
Atsumi Town Japan 92 F8
At Tafīlah Town Jordan 81 E12
At Tā’if Town Saudi Arabia 83 B10
At Tall al Abyad¸ Town Syria 80 F5
At Tanf Town Syria 81 G9
Attawapiskat Town Ontario, Canada 6 G5
Atyrau Town Kazakhstan 78 E6
Auch Town France 55 D11
Auckland Town New Zealand 106 F5
Augsburg Town Germany 57 E10
Augusta Town Georgia, US 11 I5
Augusta Town Maine, US 9 K3
Aurangābād Town India 86 H5
An Nāşirīyah – Barisal
Aurillac Town France 55 E10
Aurora Town Colorado, US 15 L6
Aurora Town Illinois, US 13 J6
Austin Town Texas, US 17 L7
Australes, Îles Island chain
French Polynesia 103 N8
Australia Country 105 L5
Australian Capital Territory Territory
Australia 105 L8
Austria Country 57 G11
Ausuituq see Grise Fiord
Auxerre Town France 54 F7
Avarua Capital Cook Islands 103 M8
Aveiro Town Portugal 58 E5
Avellino Town Italy 61 F10
Avezzano Town Italy 61 F9
Aviemore Town Scotland, UK 50 E5
Avignon Town France 55 F11
Ávila Town Spain 58 H5
Avilés Town Spain 58 G2
Avon Town New York, US 8 F5
Āwash Town Ethiopia 39 G9
Awbārī Town Libya 37 K6
Axel Heiberg Island Nunavut, Canada 5 I2
Ayacucho Town Peru 27 C11
Ayaguz Town Kazakhstan 78 G7
Ayaviri Town Peru 27 D11
Aydin Town Turkey 76 C6
Ayers Rock see Uluru
Ayorou Town Niger 41 J5
Ayutthaya Town Thailand 95 D10
Ayvalik Town Turkey 76 C5
Azaouâd Desert Mali 41 I4
A‘zāz Town Syria 80 E5
Azerbaijan Country 77 M4
Azores Island group Portugal 32 H5
Azov, Sea of Black Sea 69 L6
Azuaga Town Spain 58 G7
Azul Town Argentina 31 G9
Az Zaqazīg Town Egypt 38 E4
Az Zarqā’ Town Jordan 81 E11
Az Zāwiyah Town Libya 37 K4
B Bandar Seri Begawan Capital Brunei 96 H5
Baalbek Town Lebanon 80 E8
Baardheere Town Somalia 39 G11
Baarn Town Netherlands 52 E8
Babayevo Town Russian Federation 72 C7
Babruysk Town Belarus 71 F10 see also
Bobruysk
Babuyan Channel Strait Philippines 97 J1
Bacabal Town Brazil 29 L3
Bacău Town Romania 68 G6
Bačka Palanka Town Serbia 64 G7
Bac Liêu Town Vietnam 95 G12
Bacolod City Town Philippines 97 J3
Badajoz Town Spain 58 F6
Baden-Baden Town Germany 57 C9
Bad Hersfeld Town Germany 56 D7
Badlands Region North Dakota, US 12 E3
Bafatá Town Guinea-Bissau 40 E6
Baffin Bay Nunavut, Canada 5 K3
Baffin Island Nunavut, Canada 5 K4
Bafoussam Town Cameroon 42 C8
Bafra Town Turkey 76 G3
Bagé Town Brazil 29 J9
Baghdad Capital Iraq 82 D6
Baghlān Town Afghanistan 85 J6
Bago Town Myanmar 94 B8
Bagrationovsk Town Kaliningrad 70 B7
Baguio Town Philippines 97 I2
Bahamas, The Country 22 G3
Baharly Town Turkmenistan 84 F4
Bahāwalpur Town Pakistan 86 G3
Bahía Blanca Town Argentina 31 F9
Bahir Dar Town Ethiopia 38 F8
Bahrain Country 83 F9
Bahushewsk Town Belarus 71 G9
Baia Mare Town Romania 68 E5
Baikal, Lake Russian Federation 79 J6
Bailén Town Spain 59 I7
Ba Illi Town Chad 42 E6
Bairiki Capital Kiribati 103 I4
Baishan Town China 89 M4
Baja Town Hungary 63 E12
Baja California Peninsula Mexico 18 D4
Bajram Curri Town Albania 65 F10
Baker Town Oregon, US 14 H3
Baker & Howland Islands Dependent territory
US, Pacific Ocean 103 J4
Baker Lake Town Nunavut, Canada 5 J6
Bakersfield Town California, US 14 G7
Bākhtarān Town Iran 82 D6
Baki see Baku
Baku Capital Azerbaijan 77 N3
Balakovo Town Russian Federation 73 E10
Balashov Town Russian Federation 73 D10
Balaton Lake Hungary 63 D12
Balclutha Town New Zealand 107 C13
Baleares, Islas see Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands Island group Spain 59 M5
Bāleshwar Town India 87 K5
Bali Island Indonesia 96 H8
Balikesir Town Turkey 76 C4
Balikpapan Town Indonesia 96 H6
Balkanabat Town Turkmenistan 84 D4
Balkan Mountains Mountain range
Bulgaria 66 D6
Balkh Town Afghanistan 85 I6
Balkhash Town Kazakhstan 78 G7
Balkhash, Lake Kazakhstan 78 G7
Ballarat Town Victoria, Australia 105 K8
Balsas Town Brazil 29 L3
Balsas, Río River Mexico 19 J8
Bălpi Town Moldova 68 H5
Baltic Sea Northern Europe 49 D12
Baltimore Town Maryland, US 9 G8
Balykchy Town Kyrgyzstan 85 M3
Bam Town Iran 82 G8
Bamako Capital Mali 40 G6
Bambari Town Central African Republic 42 F8
Bamberg Town Germany 56 E8
Bamenda Town Cameroon 42 C8
Banda Aceh Town Indonesia 96 C4
Bandarbeyla Town Somalia 39 I9
Bandar-e ‘Abbās Town Iran 82 G8
Bandar-e Būshehr Town Iran 82 E8
Bandar-e Khamīr Town Iran 82 G8
Bandar Lampung Town Indonesia 96 E7
Banda Sea Indonesia 97 K7
Bandirma Town Turkey 76 C4
Bandundu Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 E11
Bandung Town Indonesia 96 F8
Bangalore Town India 86 H7
Banghāzī see Benghazi
Bangkok Capital Thailand 95 D10
Bangladesh Country 87 K4
Bangor Town Maine, US 9 L3
Bangor Town Wales, UK 51 E9
Bangui Capital Central African Republic 42 E8
Ban Hua Hin Town Thailand 95 D10
Bāniyās Town Syria 80 D7
Banja Luka Town Bosnia & Herzegovina
64 D7
Banjarmasin Town Indonesia 96 H7
Banjul Capital Gambia 40 E5
Banks Peninsula New Zealand 107 E11
Banská Bystrica Town Slovakia 63 E10
Bantry Town Ireland 51 B11
Baoji Town China 90 H5
Baoshan Town China 90 E7
Baotou Town China 89 J5
Ba‘qūbah Town Iraq 82 D6
Bar Town Montenegro 65 E11
Bārāmati Town India 86 H6
Baranavichy Town Belarus 71 D10 see also
Baranovichi
Baranovichi Town Belarus 71 D10 see also
Baranavichy
Barbados Country 23 P7
Barbuda Island Antigua & Barbuda 23 N5
Barcelona Town Venezuela 26 E5
Barcelona Town Spain 59 M4
Bareilly Town India 87 I3
Barents Sea Arctic Ocean 111 N8
Bar Harbor Town Maine, US 9 L3
Bari Town Italy 61 H10
Barillas Town Guatemala 20 D3
Barinas Town Venezuela 26 D5
Barisal Town Bangladesh 87 L4
113
 Barisan, Pegunungan – Brecon Beacons
Barisan, Pegunungan Mountain range
Indonesia 96 D7
Barkly Tableland Plateau Northern Territory,
Australia 105 J3
Bârlad Town Romania 68 G6
Barlee Range Mountain range Western
Australia, Australia 104 E4
Barletta Town Italy 61 H10
Barnaul Town Russian Federation 78 H6
Barnstaple Town England, UK 51 E11
Baron’ki Town Belarus 71 H11
Barquisimeto Town Venezuela 26 D5
Barrancabermeja Town Colombia 26 C5
Barranquilla Town Colombia 26 B4
Barreiras Town Brazil 29 L4
Barreiro Town Portugal 58 E7
Barrow-in-Furness Town England, UK 50 F8
Barstow Town California, US 14 H8
Bartlesville Town Okahoma, US 17 M3
Bartoszyce Town Poland 62 F5
Barysaw Town Belarus 71 F9 see also Borisov
Basarabeasca Town Moldova 68 H6
Basel Town Switzerland 57 C11
Basque Country, The Region Spain 59 I3
Basra see Al Başrah
Bassano del Grappa Town Italy 60 E5
Basse-Terre Island Guadeloupe 23 N6
Basse-Terre Capital Guadeloupe 23 N6
Basseterre Capital Saint Kitts & Nevis 23 N6
Bassikounou Town Mauritania 40 H5
Bass Strait Australia 105 K9
Bata Town Equatorial Guinea 43 C9
Batangas Town Philippines 97 I2
Bătdâmbâng Town Cambodia 95 E10
Bath Town England, UK 51 F11
Bath Town Maine, US 8 K4
Bathinda Town India 86 H2
Bathurst Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 L7
Batman Town Turkey 77 J6
Batna Town Algeria 37 I3
Baton Rouge Town Louisiana, US 10 E6
Batticaloa Town Sri Lanka 87 J9
Batumi Town Georgia 77 J3
Batu Pahat Town Malaysia 96 E5
Bauchi Town Nigeria 41 L6
Bauska Town Latvia 70 E6
Bavaria Region Germany 57 E10
Bayamo Town Cuba 22 G4
Bayan Har Shan Mountain range China 88 H7
Bay City Town Michigan, US 13 L5
Baydhabo Town Somalia 39 H10
Bayeux Town France 54 D6
Bāyir Town Jordan 81 F12
Baykal, Ozero see Lake Baikal
Bayreuth Town Germany 56 E8
Baytown Town Texas, US 17 N7
Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean 111 L4
Beaumont Town Texas, US 17 N6
Beauvais Town France 54 E6
Beāwar Town India 86 H3
Béchar Town Algeria 36 G5
Bedford Town England, UK 51 H10
Bedford Town Pennsylvania, US 8 F8
Be’er Sheva Town Israel 81 D12
Bei’an Town China 89 M2
Beihai Town China 90 H9
Beijing Capital China 91 J3
Beilen Town Netherlands 52 G7
Beira Town Mozambique 45 J5
Beirut Capital Lebanon 81 D9
Beja Town Portugal 58 F7
Békéscsaba Town Hungary 63 G12
Bekobod Town Uzbekistan 85 J4
Belarus Country 71 E9
Bełchatów Town Poland 62 E7
Belcher Islands Island group Canada 6 G3
Beledweyne Town Somalia 39 H10
Belém Town Brazil 29 K2
Belén Town Nicaragua 20 H6
Belfast Town Northern Ireland, UK 50 D7
Belfield Town North Dakota, US 12 E3
Belfort Town France 54 H8
Belgaum Town India 86 G6
Belgium Country 53 D11
Belgorod Town Russian Federation 73 B10
Belgrade Capital Serbia 64 G7
114
Belgrano II Research station Antarctica 110 D4
Belize Country 20 F2
Belize City Town Belize 20 F2
Belle Isle, Strait of Québec, Canada 7 M5
Bellevue Town Washington, US 14 G2
Bellingham Town Washington, US 14 G1
Bello Town Colombia 26 C6
Bellville Town South Africa 44 F9
Belmopan Capital Belize 20 F2
Belogradchik Town Bulgaria 66 D5
Belo Horizonte Town Brazil 29 L6
Belomorsk Town Russian Federation 72 D6
Beloretsk Town Russian Federation 73 G10
Bemaraha Mountain range Madagascar 45 L5
Benavente Town Spain 58 G4
Bend Town Oregon, US 14 G3
Bendigo Town Victoria, Australia 105 K8
Benevento Town Italy 61 F10
Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean 87 L5
Bengbu Town China 91 J5
Benghazi Town Libya 37 M4
Bengkulu Town Indonesia 96 E7
Benguela Town Angola 44 D3
Benidorm Town Spain 59 K7
Beni-Mellal Town Morocco 36 F4
Benin Country 41 J7
Benin, Bight of Coastal feature Nigeria 41 J8
Benin City Town Nigeria 41 K8
Beni Suef Town Egypt 38 D4
Ben Nevis Mountain Scotland, UK 50 E5
Benson Town Arizona, US 16 F6
Bent Jbaïl Town Lebanon 81 D10
Benton Town Arkansas, US 10 E4
Benue River Nigeria 41 L7
Benue River Nigeria 41 L7
Beograd see Belgrade
Berat Town Albania 65 F12
Berbera Town Somalia 39 H9
Berbérati Town Cameroon 42 D8
Berdyans’k Town Ukraine 69 L6
Berdychiv Town Ukraine 68 H3
Berezhany Town Ukraine 68 F3
Berezniki Town Russian Federation 72 G8
Bergamo Town Italy 60 D5
Bergen Town Norway 49 A9
Bergen Town Germany 56 F4
Bergerac Town France 55 D10
Bering Sea Russian Federation 79 N3
Bering Strait Russian Federation/US 79 M2
Berkeley Town California, US 14 F6
Berlin Capital Germany 56 G6
Berlin Town New Hampshire, US 9 J3
Bermuda Dependent territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 32 H3
Bern Capital Switzerland 57 C11
Berner Alps Mountain range Switzerland
57 C12
Bertoua Town Cameroon 42 D8
Besancon Town France 54 G8
Betafo Town Madagascar 45 M5
Bethlehem Town Israel 81 D11
Béticos, Sistemas Mountain range Spain 59 I8
Bétou Town Congo 43 E9
Beveren Town Belgium 53 D10
Beyrouth see Beirut
Béziers Town France 55 E11
Bhaktapur Town Nepal 87 J3
Bhāvnagar Town India 86 G5
Bhopāl Town India 86 H4
Bhubaneshwar Town India 87 K5
Bhusāwal Town India 86 H5
Bhutan Country 87 L3
Biała Podlaska Town Poland 62 H7
Białystok Town Poland 62 H6
Biarritz Town France 55 B11
Bicaz Town Romania 68 G5
Biel Town Switzerland 57 C11
Bielefeld Town Germany 56 D6
Bielsko-Biała Town Poland 63 E9
Biên Hoa Town Vietnam 95 G11
Bié, Planalto do Plateau Angola 44 F3
Bighorn Mountains Wyoming, US 15 K3
Bighorn River Montana, US 15 K3
Bignona Town Senegal 40 E5
Big Sioux River South Dakota, US 12 G4
Bihać Town Bosnia & Herzegovina 64 C7
Bijelo Polje Town Montenegro 65 F9
Bīkāner Town India 86 G3
Bikin Town Russian Federation 78 M7
Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands 102 H2
Bilāspur Town India 87 J5
Biläsuvar Town Azerbaijan 77 N4
Bila Tserkva Town Ukraine 69 I3
Bilauktaung Range Mountain range
Thailand 95 D11
Bilbao Town Spain 59 I3
Billings Town Montana, US 15 J3
Bilma, Grand Erg de Desert Niger 41 M4
Biloxi Town Mississippi, US 10 F6
Binghamton Town New York, US 8 G6
Bingöl Town Turkey 77 J5
Bintulu Town Malaysia 96 G5
Binzhou Town China 91 K4
Birāk Town Libya 37 K6
Birao Town Central African Republic 42 G7
Birātnagar Town Nepal 87 K3
Bīrjand Town Iran 82 H6
Birkenfeld Town Germany 57 C9
Birkenhead Town England, UK 51 F9
Birmingham Town England, UK 50 G10
Birmingham Town Alabama, US 10 G5
Birnin Konni Town Niger 41 K5
Birobidzhan Town Russian Federation 79 L7
Birsk Town Russian Federation 73 G9
Biržai Town Lithuania 70 E6
Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean 33 L2
Bishkek Capital Kyrgyzstan 85 L2
Biskra Town Algeria 37 I4
Bislig Town Philippines 97 K4
Bismarck Town North Dakota, US 12 F3
Bismarck Archipelago Island chain Papua
New Guinea 102 E5
Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean 102 E5
Bissau Capital Guinea-Bissau 40 E6
Bistripa Town Romania 68 F5
Bitlis Town Turkey 77 K5
Bitola Town Macedonia 65 G12
Bitonto Town Italy 61 H10
Bitterroot Range Mountain range Idaho,
US 15 I2
Bitung Town Indonesia 97 K6
Bizerte Town Tunisia 37 J3
Bjørnøya Norway 111 N8
Black Forest Region Germany 57 C10
Black Hills Mountain range South Dakota, US
12 E4
Blackpool Town England, UK 50 F8
Black Range Mountain range New Mexico, US
16 G5
Black Rock Desert Nevada, US 14 G5
Black Sea Asia/Europe 69 I6
Black Sea Lowland Ukraine 69 J6
Black Volta River Ghana 41 I6
Blagoevgrad Town Bulgaria 66 E7
Blagoveshchensk Town Russian Federation
79 L7
Blanca, Bahía Bay Argentina 31 F10
Blanca, Costa Coastal region Spain 59 K7
Blanes Town Spain 59 M4
Blantyre Town Malawi 45 J4
Blida Town Algeria 36 H3
Bloemfontein Capital South Africa 44 H7
Bloomfield Town New Mexico, US 16 G3
Bloomington Town Indiana, US 12 H4
Bloomington Town Minnesota, US 13 K7
Bloomsbury Town Queensland,
Australia 105 M4
Bluefields Town Nicaragua 21 J6
Blue Nile River Sudan 38 E8
Blumenau Town Brazil 29 K8
Bo Town Sierra Leone 40 F7
Boa Vista Town Brazil 28 H1
Bobo-Dioulasso Town Burkina Faso 40 H6
Bobruysk Town Belarus 71 F10
see also Babruysk
Bocay Town Nicaragua 20 H4
Bocholt Town Germany 56 C6
Bochum Town Germany 56 C7
Bodaybo Town Russian Federation 78 J6
Boden Town Sweden 48 F6
Bodrum Town Turkey 76 C6
Bogale Town Myanmar 95 B9
Bogor Town Indonesia 96 F8
Bogotá Capital Colombia 26 C6
Bo Hai Gulf China 91 K3
Bohemia Region Czechia 63 B9
Bohemian Forest Region Germany 57 F10
Bohol Sea Philippines 97 J4
Boise Town Idaho, US 14 H4
Boise City Town Okahoma, US 17 J3
Bojnūrd Town Iran 82 G5
Boké Town Guinea 40 E6
Bolesławiec Town Poland 62 C7
Bolgatanga Town Ghana 41 I6
Bolivia Country 27 E11
Bologna Town Italy 60 E6
Bolton Town England, UK 51 F9
Bolu Town Turkey 76 E4
Bolzano Town Italy 60 E4
Boma Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 D11
Bombay see Mumbai
Bonaire Dependent territory Netherlands,
Atlantic Ocean 23 K8
Bonaparte Archipelago Island group Australia
104 F2
Bondoukou Town Côte d’Ivoire 41 I7
Bone, Teluk Bay Indonesia 97 I7
Bongaigaon Town India 87 L3
Bongo, Massif des Mountain range Central
African Republic 42 G7
Bonifacio Town Corsica, France 55 I13
Bonifacio, Strait of Mediterranean Sea 61 B9
Bonn Town Germany 56 C8
Boppard Town Germany 56 C8
Borås Town Sweden 49 D11
Bordeaux Town France 55 D10
Bordj Omar Driss Town Algeria 37 I6
Børgefjellet Mountain range Norway 48 D6
Borgholm Town Sweden 49 E11
Borisoglebsk Town Russian Federation
73 D10
Borisov Town Belarus 71 F9 see also Barysaw
Borneo Island Indonesia 96 G6
Bornholm Island Denmark 49 D13
Borovan Town Bulgaria 66 E5
Borovichi Town Russian Federation 72 C7
Boryslav Town Ukraine 68 E3
Bose Town China 90 H8
Bosnia & Herzegovina Country 64 D8
Bosporus River Turkey 76 D3
Bossembélé Town Central African Republic
42 E8
Bossier City Town Louisiana, US 10 D5
Boston Town Massachusetts, US 9 K5
Bothnia, Gulf of Finland 48 F7
Botosani Town Romania 68 G5
Botou Town China 91 J3
Botswana Country 44 G6
Bouar Town Central African Republic 42 E8
Bou Craa Town Western Sahara 36 D6
Bougouni Town Mali 40 G6
Boujdour Town Western Sahara 36 C6
Boulder Town Colorado, US 15 K5
Boulogne-sur-Mer Town France 54 E5
Boundiali Town Côte d’Ivoire 40 H7
Bourges Town France 54 E8
Bourke Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 L6
Bournemouth Town England, UK 51 G12
Bouvet Island Dependent territory Norway,
Atlantic Ocean 33 L8
Boysun Town Uzbekistan 85 I5
Bozeman Town Montana, US 15 J3
Brades Capital Montserrat 23 N6
Bradford Town England, UK 50 G8
Brahmapur Town India 87 K5
Brahmaputra River Asia 87 L3
Brăila Town Romania 68 G7
Brampton Town Ontario, Canada 6 G8
Brandenburg Town Germany 56 F6
Brasília Capital Brazil 29 K5
Bras ov Town Romania 68 F6
Bratislava Capital Slovakia 63 D10
Bratsk Town Russian Federation 79 I6
Braunschweig Town Germany 56 E6
Brava, Costa Coastal region Spain 59 N4
Brawley Town California, US 14 H8
Brazil Country 28 G4
Brazzaville Capital Congo 43 D11
Brecon Beacons Hills Wales, UK 51 F10

Breda Town Netherlands 53 E9
Bregovo Town Bulgaria 66 D5
Brčko District Administrative region
Bosnia & Herzegovina 64 E7
Bremen Town Germany 56 D5
Bremerhaven Town Germany 56 D5
Brenner Pass Italy/Austria 60 E4
Brescia Town Italy 60 D5
Brest Town Belarus 71 B10
Brest Town France 54 A6
Brezovo Town Bulgaria 66 F6
Bria Town Central African Republic 42 F8
Briancon Town France 55 G10
Bridgeport Town Connecticut, US 9 I6
Bridgetown Capital Barbados 23 P7
Bridlington Town England, UK 50 H8
Brig Town Switzerland 57 C12
Brighton Town England, UK 51 H11
Brindisi Town Italy 61 I10
Brisbane Town Queensland, Australia
105 M6
Bristol Town England, UK 51 F11
Bristol Channel Wales/England, UK 51 E11
British Columbia Province Canada 4 G7
British Indian Ocean Territory Dependent
territory UK, Indian Ocean 99 J5
British Virgin Islands Dependent territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 23 M5
Brittany Region France 54 B6
Brive-la-Gaillarde Town France 55 D10
Brno Town Czechia 63 D9
Broken Arrow Town Okahoma, US 17 M3
Brookhaven Town Mississippi, US 10 F6
Brooks Range Mountain Range Alaska,
US 4 F4
Broome Town Western Australia, Australia
104 F3
Brownfield Town Texas, US 17 J5
Brownwood Town Texas, US 17 L6
Brownsville Town Texas, US 17 M9
Bruges Town Belgium 53 C10
Brugge see Bruges
Brunei Country 96 H5
Brussel see Brussels
Brussels Capital Belgium 53 D11
Bruxelles see Brussels
Bryan Town Texas, US 17 M6
Bryansk Town Russian Federation 73 B9
Bucaramanga Town Colombia 26 C5
Bucharest Capital Romania 68 F7
București see Bucharest
Budapest Capital Hungary 63 E11
Buenaventura Town Colombia 26 B6
Buena Vista Town Bolivia 27 E12
Buenos Aires Capital Argentina 30 G8
Buffalo Town New York, US 8 F5
Buffalo Town South Dakota, US 12 E3
Bug River Poland 62 G6
Buguruslan Town Russian Federation 73 F10
Buhayrat al Asad see Lake Assad
Bujanovac Town Serbia 65 G10
Bujumbura Capital Burundi 39 D12
Bukavu Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 H10
Bukoba Town Tanzania 39 E11
Bulawayo Town Zimbabwe 44 H5
Bulgaria Country 66 F6
Bumba Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 G9
Bungo-suidō Strait Japan 93 D13
Bünyan Town Turkey 76 G5
Buraydah Town Saudi Arabia 83 C9
Burdur Town Turkey 76 D6
Burgas Town Bulgaria 66 H6
Burgos Town Spain 59 I3
Burgundy Region France 54 F8
Buriram Town Thailand 95 E9
Burketown Town Queensland,
Australia 105 J3
Burkina Faso Country 41 I6
Burlington Town New York, US 9 I4
Burma see Myanmar
Burns Town Oregon, US 14 G4
Burnsville Town Minnesota, US 12 H4
Bursa Town Turkey 76 D4
Burundi Country 39 D12
Busan Town South Korea 91 M4
Buta Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 G9
Butterworth Town Malaysia 96 D4
Butuan Town Philippines 97 K4
Buxoro Town Uzbekistan 84 H4
Buynaksk Town Russian Federation 73 D14
Büyükağri Daği see Ararat, Mount
Buzău Town Romania 68 G7
Buzuluk Town Russian Federation 73 F10
Byahoml’ Town Belarus 71 F9
Byalynichy Town Belarus 71 G10
Bydgoszcz Town Poland 62 E6
Byelaruskaya Hrada Ridge Belarus 71 D9
Bytom Town Poland 62 E8
Bytča Town Slovakia 63 E9
C Canterbury Town England, UK 51 I11
Cabanatuan Town Philippines 97 J2
Cabimas Town Venezuela 26 D5
Cabinda Town Angola 44 D1
Cabinda Province Angola 44 D1
Caborca Town Mexico 18 E3
Cabot Strait Canada 7 L6
Cáceres Town Spain 58 G6
Cachimbo Town Brazil 29 I4
Cachimbo, Serra do Mountain range
Brazil 29 I4
Cadiz Town Philippines 97 J3
Cádiz Town Spain 58 G9
Cadiz, Gulf of Spain 58 F8
Caen Town France 54 D6
Cagayan de Oro Town Philippines 97 K4
Cagliari Town Sardinia, Italy 61 B11
Caguas Town Puerto Rico 23 L5
Caicos Passage Strait The Bahamas 23 I3
Cairns Town Queensland, Australia 105 L3
Cairo Capital Egypt 38 E4
Cajamarca Town Peru 27 B9
Čakovec Town Croatia 64 D5
Calabar Town Nigeria 41 L8
Calafat Town Romania 68 E7
Calais Town France 54 E5
Calais Town Maine, US 9 L2
Calama Town Chile 30 D4
Călărași Town Romania 68 G7
Calatayud Town Spain 59 J4
Calbayog Town Philippines 97 J3
Calcutta see Kolkata
Calgary Town Alberta, Canada 4 H8
Cali Town Colombia 26 B6
Calicut Town India 86 H8 see also Kozhikode
California State US 14 H7
California, Gulf of Mexico 18 E4
Callao Town Peru 27 B11
Caltanissetta Town Sicily, Italy 61 E13
Caluula Town Somalia 38 I8
Camacupa Town Angola 44 E3
Camagüey Town Cuba 22 F4
Camaná Town Peru 27 C12
Ca Mau Town Vietnam 95 F12
Cambodia Country 95 F10
Cambrai Town France 54 F5
Cambrian Mountains Wales, UK 51 F10
Cambridge Town England, UK 51 H10
Cambridge Town Maryland, US 8 H9
Cambridge Town Ohio, US 13 M6
Cambridge Bay Town Nunavut, Canada 5 I5
Camden Town Maine, US 9 K4
Cameroon Country 42 C8
Camopi Town French Guiana 26 I7
Campeche Town Mexico 19 N7
Campeche, Bay of Mexico 19 M7
Câm Pha Town Vietnam 94 G6
Câmpina Town Romania 68 F7
Campina Grande Town Brazil 29 N4
Campinas Town Brazil 29 K7
Campobasso Town Italy 61 F9
Campo Grande Town Brazil 29 I6
Campos dos Goytacazes Town Brazil 29 L7
Câmpulung Town Romania 68 E6
Cam Ranh Town Vietnam 95 H11
Canakkale Town Turkey 76 C4
Canakkale Boğazi see Dardanelles
Canada Country 4 G8
Breda – Chapayevsk
Canary Islands Island group Spain,
Atlantic Ocean 33 K3
Canaveral, Cape Coastal feature Florida,
US 11 J7
Canavieiras Town Brazil 29 M5
Canberra Capital Australia 105 L8
Cancún Town Mexico 19 P6
Cangzhou Town China 91 J3
Caniapiscau, Réservoir de Reservoir Québec,
Canada 7 I4
Cankiri Town Turkey 76 F4
Cannanore Town India 86 H8 see also Kannur
Cannes Town France 55 H12
Canoas Town Brazil 29 J8
Canon City Town Colorado, US 15 K6
Cantábrica, Cordillera Mountain range
Spain 58 G3
Cân Tho´ Town Vietnam 95 G12
Canton Town Ohio, US 13 M6
Canyon Town Texas, US 17 J4
Cape Basin Undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 33 M7
Cape Breton Island Nova Scotia, Canada 7 L7
Cape Charles Town Virginia, US 11 L2
Cape Coast Town Ghana 41 I8
Cape Horn Coastal feature Chile 31 E15
Cape Town Capital South Africa 44 F9
Cape Verde Country 33 K4
Cape Verde Basin Undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 33 J4
Cape York Peninsula Queensland,
Australia 105 K2
Cap-Haïtien Town Haiti 23 I5
Capitán Arturo Prat Research station
Antarctica 110 B4
Caprivi Strip Physical region Namibia 44 G4
Caracaraí Town Brazil 28 H1
Caracas Capital Venezuela 26 E4
Caravelas Town Brazil 29 M6
Carbonia Town Sardinia, Italy 61 B11
Cárdenas Town Cuba 22 E3
Cardiff Town Wales, UK 51 F11
Carei Town Romania 68 E5
Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean 32 H4
Carlisle Town England, UK 50 F7
Carlisle Town Pennsylvania, US 8 G7
Carlow Town Ireland 51 D9
Carlsbad Town New Mexico, US 17 I5
Carmarthen Town Wales, UK 51 E10
Carmelita Town Guatemala 20 E2
Carmen Town Mexico 19 N7
Carnarvon Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 D5
Carolina Town Brazil 29 K3
Caroline Islands Island group Micronesia
102 F3
Carpathian Mountains Mountain range
Poland/Slovakia/Romania 68 F5
Carpentaria, Gulf of Australia 105 J2
Carpi Town Italy 60 D6
Carrara Town Italy 60 D6
Carson City Town Nevada, US 14 G6
Cartagena Town Colombia 26 B5
Cartagena Town Spain 59 K8
Carthage Ancient site Tunisia 37 J3
Cartwright Town Newfoundland & Labrador,
Canada 7 L4
Carúpano Town Venezuela 26 F4
Caruthersville Town Missouri, US 13 J8
Cary Town North Carolina, US 11 K3
Casablanca Town Morocco 36 E4
Cascade Range Mountain Range Oregon/
Washington, US 14 F4
Caserta Town Italy 61 F10
Casey Research station Antarctica 110 G7
Casper Town Wyoming, US 15 K4
Caspian Depression Lowland Russian
Federation 73 D12
Caspian Sea Asia 73 D13
Casteggio Town Italy 60 C5
Castellon de la Plana Town Spain 59 K5
Castelvetrano Town Sicily, Italy 61 D13
Castlebar Town Ireland 50 B8
Castricum Town Netherlands 52 E7
Castries Capital St. Lucia 23 O7
Castrovillari Town Italy 61 G11
Catacamas Town Honduras 20 H4
Catalonia Region Spain 59 L4
Cataluña see Catalonia
Catania Town Sicily, Italy 61 G13
Catanzaro Town Italy 61 H12
Catskill Mountains New York, US 8 H5
Caucasia Town Colombia 26 B5
Caucasus Mountain range Asia/Europe 77 J2
Caviana de Fora, Ilha Island Brazil 29 K2
Cayenne Capital French Guiana 26 I6
Cayes Town Haiti 22 H5
Cayman Islands Dependent territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 22 E5
Cebu Town Philippines 97 J3
Cecina Town Italy 60 D7
Cedar City Town Utah, US 15 I6
Cedar Falls Town Iowa, US 12 H5
Cedar Rapids Town Iowa, US 13 I5
Cefalù Town Sicily, Italy 61 E12
Celebes Island Indonesia 97 J7
Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean 97 I5
Celje Town Slovenia 57 H12
Celldömölk Town Hungary 63 D11
Celle Town Germany 56 E6
Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean 51 C11
Cenderawasih, Teluk Bay Indonesia 97 M6
Central African Republic Country 42 G8
Central, Cordillera Mountain range
Colombia 26 B7
Central, Cordillera Mountain range
Dominican Republic 23 J5
Central, Cordillera Mountain range
Panama 21 K8
Central Pacific Basin Undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 109 J5
Central, Planalto Physical region Brazil 29 K5
Central Range Mountain range Papua New
Guinea 102 E5
Central Siberian Uplands Plateau Russian
Federation 79 I5
Central, Sistema Mountain range Spain 58 H5
Central Valley California, US 14 G5
Ceram Sea Pacific Ocean 97 K7
Cerignola Town Italy 61 G10
Cerro de Pasco Town Peru 27 B10
Cesena Town Italy 60 E6
České Budějovice Town Czechia 63 B9
Český Krumlov Town Czechia 63 B10
Ceuta Town Spain 58 H9
Cévennes Mountain range France 55 F11
Ceyhan Town Turkey 76 G6
Ceylanpinar Town Turkey 77 J6
Chachapoyas Town Peru 27 B9
Chad Country 42 E5
Chad, Lake Chad 42 D5
Chāgai Hills Mountain range Pakistan 86 E2
Chaillu, Massif du Mountain range
Gabon 43 C10
Chakhānsūr Town Afghanistan 84 G8
Chalatenango Town El Salvador 20 F4
Chalkidikí Peninsula Greece 67 E9
Challans Town France 54 C8
Challenger Deep Undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 108 H4
Châlons-en-Champagne Town France 54 G6
Chalon-sur-Saône Town France 54 G8
Chaman Town Pakistan 86 F2
Chambéry Town France 55 G10
Champagne Region France 54 F7
Champaign Town Illinois, US 13 J6
Champlain, Lake New York, US 9 I4
Champotón Town Mexico 19 N7
Chañaral Town Chile 30 C5
Chandīgarh Town India 86 H2
Chandrapur Town India 87 I5
Changchun Town China 89 M3
Changde Town China 91 I6
Chang Jiang see Yangtze
Changsha Town China 91 I6
Changzhi Town China 91 I4
Channel Islands Island group UK 51 G13
Channel Tunnel UK/France 51 I11
Chantada Town Spain 58 F3
Chanthaburi Town Thailand 95 E10
Chaoyang Town China 91 K2
Chaozhou Town China 91 J8
Chapayevsk Town Russian Federation 73 E10
115
 Chārīkār – Dalain Hob
Chārīkār Town Afghanistan 85 J6
Charity Town Guyana 26 G5
Charleroi Town Belgium 53 E12
Charlesbourg Town Québec, Canada 7 I7
Charleston Town West Virginia, US 11 I2
Charleston Town South Carolina, US 11 J5
Charleville-Mézières Town France 54 G6
Charlotte Town North Carolina, US 11 J4
Charlotte Amalie Capital Virgin Islands
23 M5
Charlottetown Town Prince Edward Island,
Canada 7 L6
Charters Towers Town Queensland,
Australia 105 L3
Châteaubriant Town France 54 D7
Châteauroux Town France 54 E8
Châtellerault Town France 54 D8
Chatham Islands Island group
New Zealand 109 J8
Chattahoochee River Alabama/Georgia,
US 10 H5
Chattanooga Town Tennessee, US 10 H4
Chatyr-Tash Town Kyrgyzstan 85 M4
Châu Đôc Town Cambodia 95 F11
Chauk Town Myanmar 94 B7
Chaykovskiy Town Russian Federation 73 F9
Cheb Town Czechia 62 A8
Cheboksary Town Russian Federation 73 E9
Chech, Erg Desert Algeria 36 F7
Chefchaouen Town Morocco 36 F4
Chelkar Town Kazakhstan 78 E6
Chełm Town Poland 62 H7
Chelsea Town Vermont, US 9 J4
Cheltenham Town England, UK 51 G10
Chelyabinsk Town Russian Federation 78 F5
Chemnitz Town Germany 56 F7
Chengde Town China 91 J2
Chengdu Town China 90 G6
Chennai Town India 87 I7
Chenzhou Town China 91 I7
Chepelare Town Bulgaria 66 F7
Cherepovets Town Russian Federation 72 D7
Cherkasy Town Ukraine 69 J4
Cherkessk Town Russian Federation 73 C11
Chernihiv Town Ukraine 69 I2
Chernivtsi Town Ukraine 68 G4
Chernyakhovsk Town Kaliningrad 70 C7
Cherry Hill Town New Jersey, US 8 H8
Cherskiy Town Russian Federation 78 L3
Cherskogo, Khrebet Mountain range
Russian Federation 79 K4
Cherykaw Town Belarus 71 G11
Chesapeake Bay Coastal feature US 8 G9
Chester Town England, UK 51 F9
Chetumal Town Mexico 19 O7
Cheviot Hills Scotland, UK 50 F7
Cheyenne Town Wyoming, US 15 L5
Chhapra Town India 87 J3
Chiang Mai Town Thailand 94 D8
Chiang Rai Town Thailand 94 D7
Chiba Town Japan 93 G10
Chibougamau Town Québec, Canada 6 H6
Chicago Town Illinois, US 13 J6
Chichén-Itzá Ancient site Mexico 19 O6
Chickasha Town Oklahoma, US 17 L4
Chiclayo Town Peru 27 A9
Chicoutimi Town Québec, Canada 7 I6
Chieti Town Italy 60 F8
Chifeng Town China 89 L4
Chihuahua Town Mexico 18 G4
Childress Town Texas, US 17 K4
Chile Country 30 D6
Chillán Town Chile 31 C9
Chilpancingo Town Mexico 19 K8
Chimán Town Panama 21 N8
Chimbote Town Peru 27 B10
Chimoio Town Mozambique 45 I5
China Country 88 H6/91 J6
Chinandega Town Nicaragua 20 G5
Chingola Town Zambia 44 H3
Chin Hills Mountain range Myanmar 94 A6
Chioggia Town Italy 60 E5
Chíos Town Greece 67 G11
Chipata Town Zambia 45 I3
Chiquián Town Peru 27 B10
Chīrāla Town India 87 I7
Chirchiq Town Uzbekistan 85 J3
116
Chirripó Grande, Cerro Mountain
Costa Rica 21 J8
Chisinău Capital Moldova 68 H6
Chita Town Russian Federation 79 J7
Chitato Town Angola 44 F2
Chitose Town Japan 92 F5
Chittagong Town Bangladesh 87 L4
Chitungwiza Town Zimbabwe 45 I5
Chlef Town Algeria 36 H3
Choele Choel Town Argentina 31 E10
Ch’ok’ē Mountain range Ethiopia 38 F8
Cholet Town France 54 D8
Choluteca Town Honduras 20 G5
Chomutov Town Czechia 62 B8
Chon Buri Town Thailand 95 D10
Ch’ŏngjin Town North Korea 91 M2
Chŏngju Town North Korea 91 L3
Chongqing Town China 90 H6
Chŏnju Town South Korea 91 M4
Chóra Sfakíon Town Greece 67 E14
Chornomors’ke Town Ukraine 69 J7
Chorzów Town Poland 62 E8
Chōshi Town Japan 93 H10
Choûm Town Mauritania 40 F3
Choybalsan Town Mongolia 89 K3
Christchurch Town New Zealand 107 E11
Christmas Island Dependent territory Australia,
Indian Ocean 99 L5
Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean 111 M3
Chula Vista Town California, US 14 G9
Chulucanas Town Peru 27 B9
Chuncheon Town South Korea 91 M3
Churchill Town Manitoba, Canada 5 J7
Chusovoy Town Russian Federation 72 G8
Chuy Town Uruguay 30 H8
Ciechanów Town Poland 62 F6
Ciego de Ávila Town Cuba 22 F4
Cienfuegos Town Cuba 22 E3
Cilacap Town Indonesia 96 F8
Cincinnati Town Ohio, US 13 L7
Cirebon Town Indonesia 96 F7
Cirò Marina Town Italy 61 H12
Citrus Heights Town California, US 14 G6
Ciudad Bolívar Town Venezuela 26 F5
Ciudad Camargo Town Mexico 18 H4
Ciudad del Este Town Paraguay 30 H5
Ciudad Guayana Town Venezuela 26 F5
Ciudad Guzmán Town Mexico 19 I8
Ciudad Hidalgo Town Mexico 19 N9
Ciudad Juárez Town Mexico 18 G2
Ciudad Lerdo Town Mexico 19 I5
Ciudad Madero Town Mexico 19 K6
Ciudad Mante Town Mexico 19 K6
Ciudad Obregón Town Mexico 18 F5
Ciudad Ojeda Town Colombia 26 C5
Ciudad Real Town Spain 59 I6
Ciudad-Rodrigo Town Spain 58 G5
Ciudad Valles Town Mexico 19 K6
Ciudad Victoria Town Mexico 19 K6
Civitanova Marche Town Italy 60 F7
Civitavecchia Town Italy 60 D8
Clarence Town Town The Bahamas 22 H3
Clarksburg Town West Virginia, US 11 J1
Clarksville Town Tennessee, US 10 G3
Clearwater Town Florida, US 11 I7
Clermont-Ferrand Town France 55 E9
Cleveland Town Ohio, US 13 M6
Clinton Town Mississippi, US 10 F5
Clipperton Island Dependent territory France,
Pacific Ocean 109 M4
Cloppenburg Town Germany 56 C6
Clovis Town New Mexico, US 17 I4
Cluj-Napoca Town Romania 68 E5
Clyde River Scotland, UK 50 F6
Coari Town Brazil 28 H3
Coast Mountains Alaska/
British Colombia 4 F7
Coast Ranges Mountain Range California/
Oregon, US 14 F3
Coatzacoalcos Town Mexico 19 M8
Cobán Town Guatemala 20 E3
Cobija Town Bolivia 27 D10
Coburg Town Germany 56 E8
Cochabamba Town Bolivia 27 E12
Cochin Town India 86 H8 see also Kochi
Cochrane Town Chile 31 C12
Cochrane Town Ontario, Canada 6 G6
Cockburn Town Capital Turks & Caicos
Islands 23 I4
Coconino Plateau Arizona, US 16 E3
Cocos Islands Dependent territory Australia,
Indian Ocean 99 K5
Cod, Cape Coastal feature Massachusetts,
US 9 K5
Cognac Town France 55 D9
Coihaique Town Chile 31 C12
Coimbatore Town Sri Lanka 86 H8
Coimbra Town Portugal 58 E5
Colby Town Kansas, US 12 E7
Colchester Town England, UK 51 I10
Colima Town Mexico 19 I8
College Station Town Texas, US 17 M6
Colmar Town France 54 H7
Cologne Town Germany 56 C7
Colombia Country 26 C7
Colombo Capital Sri Lanka 87 I9
Colón Town Panama 21 M7
Colorado State US 15 K6
Colorado City Town Texas, US 17 K5
Colorado Plateau Arizona, US 16 F3
Colorado, Río River Argentina 31 E9
Colorado River Mexico/US 15 J6
Colorado Springs Town Colorado, US 15 L6
Columbia Town Tennessee, US 10 H3
Columbia Town South Carolina, US 11 J4
Columbia Town Maryland, US 8 G8
Columbia Town Missouri, US 13 I7
Columbia Plateau Idaho/Oregon, US 14 H4
Columbia River Oregon/Washington,
US 14 G3
Columbus Town Ohio, US 13 L7
Columbus Town Nebraska, US 12 G6
Columbus Town Georgia, US 10 H5
Comacchio Town Italy 60 E6
Comayagua Town Honduras 20 G4
Comilla Town Bangladesh 87 L4
Comitán Town Mexico 19 N9
Como Town Italy 60 C4
Comodoro Rivadavia Town
Argentina 31 E12
Como, Lake Italy 60 D4
Comoros Country 45 L3
Conakry Capital Guinea 40 E7
Concarneau Town France 54 B7
Concepción Town Chile 31 C9
Concepción Town Paraguay 30 G5
Conchos, Río River Mexico 18 H4
Concord Town New Hampshire, US 9 J5
Concordia Town Argentina 30 G7
Congo Country 43 E9
Congo River Democratic Republic of
the Congo/Congo 43 G9
Congo Basin Drainage basin Central Africa
43 F10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Country
43 G10
Connaught Cultural region Ireland 50 B8
Connecticut State US 9 J6
Connecticut River US 9 J5
Consolación del Sur Town Cuba 22 D3
Constanpa Town Romania 68 H7
Constantine Town Algeria 37 I3
Coober Pedy Town South Australia,
Australia 105 I6
Cookeville Town Tennessee, US 10 H3
Cook Islands Dependent territory New
Zealand, Pacific Ocean 103 M7
Cook, Mount see Aoraki
Cook Strait New Zealand 107 F9
Cooktown Town Queensland, Australia 105 L2
Cooma Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 L8
Coon Rapids Town Minnesota, US 12 H4
Coos Bay Town Oregon, US 14 F4
Copán Ancient site Honduras 20 F4
Copenhagen Capital Denmark 49 C12
Copiapó Town Chile 30 C6
Coquimbo Town Chile 30 C7
Coral Sea Pacific Ocean 102 F6
Coral Sea Islands Dependent territory
Australia, Coral Sea 102 F7
Corcovado, Golfo Gulf Chile 31 C11
Cordele Town Georgia, US 11 I5
Córdoba Town Spain 58 H7
Córdoba Town Argentina 30 E7
Córdoba Town Mexico 19 L8
Corfu Island Greece 67 B9
Corfu Town Greece 67 B9
Corinth Town Mississippi, US 10 G4
Corinth Town Greece 67 D11
Corinth Canal Greece 67 E11
Cork Town Ireland 51 B10
Corlu Town Turkey 76 C3
Corner Brook Town Québec, Canada 7 L5
Coro Town Venezuela 26 D4
Coromandel Town New Zealand 106 G5
Corozal Town Belize 20 F1
Corpus Christi Town Texas, US 17 M8
Corrientes Town Argentina 30 G6
Corse see Corsica
Corsica Island France 55 I13
Cortés Town Costa Rica 21 J8
Cortina d’Ampezzo Town Italy 60 F4
Corum Town Turkey 76 G4
Corvallis Town Oregon, US 14 F3
Cosenza Town Italy 61 G12
Costa Rica Country 21 J7
Côte d’Ivoire Country 40 G7
Cotonou Town Benin 41 J8
Cotswold Hills England, UK 51 G10
Cottbus Town Germany 56 G7
Council Bluffs Town Iowa, US 12 G6
Couvin Town Belgium 53 E13
Coventry Town England, UK 51 G10
Craiova Town Romania 68 E7
Crawley Town England, UK 51 H11
Cremona Town Italy 60 D5
Crescent City Town California, US 14 F4
Crestview Town Florida, US 10 G6
Crete Island Greece 67 F14
Crete, Sea of Greece 67 F13
Créteil Town France 54 E6
Crewe Town England, UK 51 F9
Crimea Peninsula Ukraine 69 K7
Cristuru Secuiesc Town Romania 68 F6
Croatia Country 64 C6
Crookston Town Minnesota, US 12 G2
Crotone Town Italy 61 H12
Croydon Town England, UK 51 H11
Crozet Islands Island group
Indian Ocean 99 I7
Cuauhtémoc Town Mexico 18 G4
Cuautla Town Mexico 19 K8
Cuba Country 22 F4
Cúcuta Town Colombia 26 C5
Cuddapah Town India 87 I7
Cuenca Town Ecuador 26 A8
Cuernavaca Town Mexico 19 K8
Cuiabá Town Brazil 29 I5
Cuito River Angola 44 F4
Cukai Town Malaysia 96 E5
Culiacán Town Mexico 18 G6
Cullera Town Spain 59 K6
Cumaná Town Venezuela 26 E5
Cumberland Town Maryland, US 8 F8
Cumberland Plateau Tennessee, US 10 H3
Cuneo Town Italy 60 B6
Curacao Dependent territory Netherlands,
Atlantic Ocean 23 K8
Curicó Town Chile 30 C8
Curitiba Town Brazil 29 K7
Cusco Town Peru 27 D11
Cuttack Town India 87 K5
Cuxhaven Town Germany 56 D5
Cyclades Island group Greece 67 F12
Cyprus Country 80 A8
Cyrenaica Cultural region Libya 37 M4
Czechia Country 63 C9
Czech Republic see Czechia
Częstochowa Town Poland 62 E8
Człuchów Town Poland 62 D5
D
Dabeiba Town Colombia 26 B5
Daegu Town South Korea 91 M4
Daejeon Town South Korea 91 M4
Dagupan Town Philippines 97 I2
Dakar Capital Senegal 40 D5
Dalain Hob Town China 89 I5

Dalandzadgad Town Mongolia 89 I4
Đa Lat Town Vietnam 95 H11
Dalby Town Queensland, Australia 105 M5
Dali Town China 90 F7
Dalian Town China 91 K3
Dallas Town Texas, US 17 M5
Dalmatia Cultural Region Croatia 64 C8
Damascus Capital Syria 81 E9
Damietta Town Egypt 38 E4
Dampier Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 E4
Dampier, Selat Strait Indonesia 97 L6
Damqawt Town Yemen 83 F12
Danakil Desert Ethiopia 38 G8
Đă Năng Town Vietnam 95 H9
Dandong Town China 91 L3
Danube River Germany 57 D10
Danville Town Virginia, US 11 J3
Danzhou Town Hainan, China 90 H9
Danzig, Gulf of Poland 62 E4
Dar’ā Town Syria 81 E10
Dardanelles Strait Turkey 76 B4
Dar es Salaam Capital Tanzania 39 G13
Darfur Cultural region Sudan 38 C8
Darhan Town Mongolia 89 I3
Darien, Gulf of Panama 21 O7
Darjiling Town India 87 K3
Darling River New South Wales,
Australia 105 K7
Darlington Town England, UK 50 F8
Darmstadt Town Germany 56 D8
Darnah Town Libya 37 M4
Dartmoor Physical region England, UK 51 E11
Dartmouth Town Nova Scotia, Canada 7 L7
Darwin Town Northern Territory,
Australia 104 H1
Dasoguz Town Turkmenistan 84 F3
Datong Town China 91 I3
Daugavpils Town Latvia 70 F7
Dāvangere Town India 86 H7
Davao Town Philippines 97 K4
Davao Gulf Philippines 97 K4
Davenport Town Iowa, US 13 I6
David Town Panama 21 K8
Davis Research station Antarctica 110 G5
Dawei Town Myanmar 95 C10
Dayr az Zawr Town Syria 80 H6
Dayton Town Ohio, US 13 L7
Daytona Beach Town Florida, US 11 J7
Dead Sea Jordan 81 D11
Deán Funes Town Argentina 30 E7
Death Valley California, US 14 H7
Debar Town Macedonia 65 F11
Dębica Town Poland 63 G9
Debrecen Town Hungary 63 G11
Decatur Town Illinois, US 13 J7
Deccan Plateau India 87 I5
Dĕčín Town Czechia 62 B8
Deggendorf Town Germany 57 F9
Deh Bīd see Şafāshahr
Dekéleia Town Cyprus 80 B8
Delaware State US 8 H8
Delft Town Netherlands 53 D9
Delhi Town India 86 H3
Delicias Town Mexico 18 H4
Delmenhorst Town Germany 56 D5
Del Rio Town Texas, US 17 K7
Deltona Town Florida, US 11 J7
Dembia Town Central African Republic 42 G8
Demopolis Town Alabama, US 10 G5
Denali (Mount Mckinley) Mountain Alaska,
US 4 E5
Denekamp Town Netherlands 52 G8
Den Helder Town Netherlands 52 E7
Denizli Town Turkey 76 D6
Denmark Country 49 B12
Denov Town Uzbekistan 85 I5
Denpasar Town Indonesia 96 H8
Denton Town Texas, US 17 M5
Denver Town Colorado, US 15 L5
Dera Ghāzi Khān Town Pakistan 86 G2
Derbent Town Russian Federation 73 D14
Derby Town England, UK 51 G9
De Ridder Town Louisiana, US 10 E6
Derweza Town Turkmenistan 84 F4
Desē Town Ethiopia 38 G8
Des Moines Town Iowa, US 12 H6
Dessau Town Germany 56 F7
Detroit Town Michigan, US 13 L5
Deva Town Romania 68 E6
Deventer Town Netherlands 52 F8
Devon Island Nunavut, Canada 5 J3
Dezfūl Town Iran 82 E7
Dezhou Town China 91 J4
Dhaka Capital Bangladesh 87 L4
Dhanbād Town India 87 K4
Diamantina, Chapada Mountain range
Brazil 29 L4
Dibrugarh Town India 87 M3
Điên Biên Town Vietnam 94 E6
Dieppe Town France 54 E5
Digos Town Philippines 97 K4
Dijon Town France 54 G8
Dikhil Town Djibouti 38 G8
Dikson Town Russian Federation 78 H4
Dilārām Town Afghanistan 84 G8
Dili Capital East Timor 97 K8
Di Linh Town Vietnam 95 H11
Dilolo Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 G13
Dimashq see Damascus
Dimitrovgrad Town Russian Federation
73 E10
Dimitrovgrad Town Bulgaria 66 G7
Dinajpur Town Bangladesh 87 K4
Dinar Town Turkey 76 D6
Dinaric Alps Mountain range Bosnia &
Herzegovina/Montenegro 64 C8
Dinguiraye Town Guinea 40 F6
Diourbel Town Senegal 40 E5
Dirē Dawa Town Ethiopia 39 G9
Dīshū Town Afghanistan 84 G9
Divinópolis Town Brazil 29 L6
Divo Town Côte d’Ivoire 40 H8
Diyarbakir Town Turkey 77 J6
Djanet Town Algeria 37 J7
Djelfa Town Algeria 36 H4
Djibouti Country 38 G8
Djibouti City Capital Djibouti 38 G8
Dnieper River Ukraine 69 J6
Dnieper Lowland Ukraine 69 J3
Dniester River Ukraine 68 H4
Dniprodzerzhyns’k Town Ukraine 69 K4
Dnipropetrovs’k Town Ukraine 69 K4
Doba Town Chad 42 E7
Doboj Town Bosnia & Herzegovina 64 E7
Dobrich Town Bulgaria 66 H5
Dodecanese Island group Greece 67 G12
Dodekánisa see Dodecanese
Dodge City Town Kansas, US 12 F7
Dodoma Capital Tanzania 39 F13
Doğubayazit Town Turkey 77 L4
Doha Capital Qatar 83 F9
Dokkum Town Netherlands 52 F6
Dôle Town France 54 G8
Dolisie Town Congo 43 D11
Dolni Chiflik Town Bulgaria 66 H6
Dolomites Mountain range Italy 60 E4
Dolores Town Uruguay 30 G8
Dolores Town Guatemala 20 E3
Dolores Town Argentina 31 G9
Dolores Hidalgo Town Mexico 19 J7
Dominica Country 23 O6
Dominican Republic Country 23 J4
Don River Russian Federation 73 D11
Doncaster Town England, UK 51 G9
Donegal Town Ireland 50 C7
Donets River Ukraine 69 L4
Donets’k Town Ukraine 69 M5
Dongguan Town China 91 J8
Đông Ho´i Town Vietnam 94 G8
Donostia Town Spain 59 J2
see also San Sebastian
Doolow Town Ethiopia 39 G10
Dordogne River France 55 D10
Dordrecht Town Netherlands 53 E9
Dortmund Town Germany 56 C7
Dos Hermanas Town Spain 58 G8
Douala Town Cameroon 42 C8
Douglas Capital Isle of Man 50 E8
Douglas Town Arizona, US 16 F6
Dover Town Delaware, US 8 H8
Dover Town England, UK 51 I11
Dovrefjell Plateau Norway 48 C8
Dalandzadgad – Erfurt
Dra, Hamada du Plateau Algeria 36 E5
Drahichyn Town Belarus 71 C10
Drakensberg Mountain range
South Africa 44 H8
Drake Passage Southern Ocean 110 A4
Dralfa Town Bulgaria 66 G5
Dráma Town Greece 66 E8
Drammen Norway 49 B10
Drava River Croatia 64 E6
Dresden Town Germany 56 G7
Drina River Bosnia & Herzegovina 65 E9
Drobeta-Turnu Severin Town
Romania 68 D7
Drogheda Town Ireland 50 D8
Drummondville Town Québec, Canada 7 I7
Dryden Town Ontario, Canada 6 D5
Dubai Town United Arab Emirates 83 G9
Dubăsari Town Moldova 68 H5
Dubayy see Dubai
Dublin Capital Ireland 51 D9
Du Bois Town Pennsylvania, US 8 F7
Dubrovnik Town Croatia 65 D10
Dubuque Town Iowa, US 13 I5
Dudelange Town Luxembourg 53 F14
Duisburg Town Germany 56 C7
Duk Faiwil Town Southern Sudan 39 E9
Dulan Town China 88 H6
Dulovo Town Bulgaria 66 H5
Duluth Town Minnesota, US 13 I3
Dūmā Town Syria 81 E9
Dumont d’Urville Research station
Antarctica 110 F7
Dumyāt see Damietta
Dunaújváros Town Hungary 63 E11
Dunav River Bulgaria 66 G5
Dunav see Danube
Dunavska Ravnina Plain Bulgaria 66 E5
Dundee Town South Africa 45 I7
Dundee Town Scotland, UK 50 F6
Dunedin Town New Zealand 107 C13
Dunfermline Town Scotland, UK 50 E6
Dunkerque Town France 54 F4
Dunkirk Town New York, US 8 E6
Dún Laoghaire Town Ireland 51 D9
Duqm Town Oman 83 H11
Durango Town Mexico 18 H6
Durango Town Colorado, US 15 K7
Durban Town South Africa 45 I8
Durham Town England, UK 50 G7
Durham Town North Carolina, US 11 K3
Durrës Town Albania 65 E11
Dushan Town China 90 H7
Dushanbe Capital Tajikistan 85 J5
Düsseldorf Town Germany 56 C7
Dutch Harbor Town Alaska, US 4 B5
Duyun Town China 90 H7
Dzerzhinsk Town Russian Federation 73 D9
Dzhalal-Abad Town Kyrgyzstan 85 L4
Dzhelandy Town Tajikistan 85 K5
Dzhergalan Town Kyrgyzstan 85 N3
Dzuunmod Town Mongolia 89 J3
E Emba Town Kazakhstan 78 E6
East Antarctica Region Antarctica 110 F5
Eastbourne Town England, UK 51 H12
East Cape Coastal feature New Zealand 106 I6
East China Sea Pacific Ocean 91 L6
Easter Island Chile, Pacific Ocean 109 M7
Eastern Ghats Mountain range India 87 J6
Eastern Sayans Mountain range
Russian Federation 79 I7
East Kilbride Town Scotland, UK 50 E6
East Korea Bay North Korea/South Korea
91 M3
Eastleigh Town England, UK 51 G11
East London Town South Africa 44 H8
East Pacific Rise Undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 109 L7
East Sea Pacific Ocean 93 D10 see also
Japan, Sea of
East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean 111 N3
East Timor Country 97 K8
Eau Claire Town Wisconsin, US 13 I4
Eberswalde-Finow Town Germany 56 G5
Ebetsu Town Japan 92 F5
Ebolowa Town Cameroon 43 C9
Ebro River Spain 59 J4
Ecuador Country 26 A8
Ed Damer Town Sudan 38 E7
Ed Debba Town Sudan 38 D7
Ede Town Nigeria 41 K7
Ede Town Netherlands 52 F8
Edéa Town Cameroon 42 C8
Edinburgh Town Scotland, UK 50 F6
Edirne Town Turkey 76 C3
Edmonton Town Alberta, Canada 4 H8
Edmundston Town New Brunswick,
Canada 7 J6
Edna Town Texas, US 17 M7
Edolo Town Italy 60 D4
Edremit Town Turkey 76 C4
Edward, Lake Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 I10
Edwards Plateau Texas, US 17 K7
Eemshaven Town Netherlands 52 G6
Effingham Town Illinois, US 13 J7
Eger Town Hungary 63 F11
Egypt Country 38 D5
Eidfjord Town Norway 49 B9
Eindhoven Town Netherlands 53 F10
Eivissa see Ibiza
Elat Town Israel 81 D14
Elâziğ Town Turkey 76 H5
Elbasan Town Albania 65 F12
Elbe River Germany/Czechia 56 E5
Elbląg Town Poland 62 E5
El’brus Mountain Russian Federation 73 C13
El Cajon Town California, US 14 H8
El Callao Town Venezuela 26 F5
Elche Town Spain 59 K7
Elda Town Spain 59 K7
El Dorado Town Venezuela 26 F6
Eldoret Town Kenya 39 F11
Elektrostal’ Town Russian Federation 72 C8
El Fasher Town Sudan 38 C8
El Geneina Town Sudan 38 C8
Elgin Town Illinois, US 13 J5
El Goléa Town Algeria 36 H5
Elista Town Russian Federation 73 C11
El-Jadida Town Morocco 36 E4
Ełk Town Poland 62 G5
Ellesmere Island Nunavut, Canada 5 J2
Ellsworth Land Region Antarctica 110 C6
El Mahbas Town Western Sahara 36 E6
El Mina Town Lebanon 80 D8
Elmira Town New York, US 8 G6
El Mreyyé Desert Mauritania 40 G3
Elmshorn Town Germany 56 D5
El Muglad Town Sudan 38 D8
El Obeid Town Sudan 38 D8
El Oued Town Algeria 37 I4
Eloy Town Arizona, US 16 E5
El Paso Town Texas, US 16 H6
El Porvenir Town Panama 21 M7
El Progreso Town Honduras 20 G3
El Salvador Country 20 E5
El Sáuz Town Mexico 18 G4
El Tigre Town Venezuela 26 E5
Emden Town Germany 56 C5
Emerald Town Queensland, Australia 105 L4
Emmen Town Netherlands 52 G7
Empalme Town Mexico 18 F4
Empty Quarter see Ar Rub’ al Khālī
Encarnación Town Paraguay 30 H6
Encs Town Hungary 63 G10
Endeh Town Indonesia 97 J8
England National Region UK 51 G9
English Channel UK/France 51 H12
Enid Town Oklahoma, US 17 L3
En Nâqoûra Town Lebanon 81 D10
Enschede Town Netherlands 52 G8
Ensenada Town Mexico 18 C3
Entebbe Town Uganda 39 E11
Enugu Town Nigeria 41 L7
Eolie, Isole Island Italy 61 F12
Épinal Town France 54 H7
Equatorial Guinea Country 43 C9
Erdenet Town Mongolia 89 I3
Ereğli Town Turkey 76 F6
Erenhot Town China 89 K4
Erfurt Town Germany 56 E7
117
 Ergun – Gloucester
Ergun Town China 89 L2
Erie Town Pennsylvania, US 8 E6
Erie, Lake Canada/US, 13 M5
Eritrea Country 38 F7
Erlangen Town Germany 57 E9
Ernākulam Town India 86 H8
Erode Town Pakistan 86 H8
Er-Rachidia Town Morocco 36 F5
Erzincan Town Turkey 76 H4
Erzurum Town Turkey 77 J4
Esbjerg Denmark 49 B12
Escondido Town California, US 14 H8
Escuinapa Town Mexico 18 H6
Escuintla Town Mexico 19 N9
Escuintla Town Guatemala 20 D4
Esfahān Town Iran 82 F7
Eskisehir Town Turkey 76 E4
Eslāmābād Town Iran 82 D6
Esmeraldas Town Ecuador 26 A7
Esperance Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 G7
Esperanza Research station Antarctica
110 B4
Esperanza Town Mexico 18 F4
Espiritu Santo Island Vanuatu 102 H7
Espoo Town Finland 49 G9
Essaouira Town Morocco 36 E4
Essen Town Belgium 53 E10
Essen Town Germany 56 C7
Estância Town Brazil 29 M4
Estonia Country 70 G4
Ethiopia Country 39 G9
Ethiopian Highlands Upland Ethiopia 39 F9
Etna, Mount Volcano Italy 61 F13
Eucla Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 H6
Euclid Town Ohio, US 13 M5
Eugene Town Oregon, US 14 F3
Euphrates River Turkey/Syria/Iraq 76 H4
Eureka Town Montana, US 15 I2
Evanston Town Wyoming, US 15 J5
Evanston Town Illinois, US 13 J5
Evansville Town Indiana, US 13 K8
Everest, Mount Mountain Nepal/
China 87 K3
Everett Town Washington, US 14 G2
Everglades, The Wetlands Florida, US 11 J8
Évora Town Portugal 58 F7
Exeter Town England, UK 51 E12
Extremadura Region Portugal 58 G6
Eyre North, Lake South Australia,
Australia 105 J6
Eyre Peninsula South Australia,
Australia 105 I7
Eyre South, Lake South Australia,
Australia 105 J6
F Fort-de-France Capital Martinique 23 O7
Fabens Town New Mexico, US 16 H6
Fada Town Chad 42 F5
Fada-Ngourma Town Burkina Faso 41 J6
Faenza Town Italy 60 E6
Fahraj Town Iran 82 H8
Fairbanks Town Alaska, US 4 E5
Fairfield Town California, US 14 F6
Faisalābād Town Pakistan 86 G2
Faizābād Town India 87 J3
Falkland Islands Dependent territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 33 I8
Falun Town Sweden 49 D9
Famagusta see Ammóchostos
Fano Town Italy 60 F7
Farewell, Cape Coastal feature
New Zealand 106 D8
Fargo Town North Dakota, US 12 G3
Farg’ona Town Uzbekistan 85 K4
Farkhor Town Tajikistan 85 J5
Faroe Islands Dependent territory Denmark,
Atlantic Ocean 33 K1
Fastiv Town Ukraine 69 I3
Faya Town Chad 42 E4
Fayetteville Town North Carolina, US 11 K4
Fdérik Town Mauritania 40 F3
Fear, Cape Coastal feature North Carolina, US
11 K4
118
Federacija Bosna I Hercegovina
Administrative region Bosnia & Herzegovina
64 D8
Feijó Town Brazil 28 F4
Feilding Town New Zealand 106 G8
Feira de Santana Town Brazil 29 M5
Felipe Carrillo Puerto Town Mexico 19 O7
Felixstowe Town England, UK 51 I10
Fengcheng Town China 91 L3
Ferrara Town Italy 60 E6
Ferreñafe Town Peru 27 A9
Ferizaj Town Kosovo 65 G10 see also Uroševac
Ferrol Town Spain 58 F2
Fès Town Morocco 36 F4
Fezzan Cultural region Libya 37 L6
Fianarantsoa Town Madagascar 45 M6
Figuig Town Algeria 36 G4
Fiji Country 103 I7
Filiasi Town Romania 68 E7
Filipstad Town Sweden 49 D10
Findlay Town Ohio, US 13 L6
Finland Country 48 G7
Finland, Gulf of Finland/Estonia 49 G10
Finnmarksvidda Physical region
Norway 48 F4
Fiordland Physical region New Zealand
107 A13
Firenze see Florence
Flagstaff Town Arizona, US 16 E4
Flensburg Town Germany 56 D4
Flinders Ranges Mountain range
Australia 105 J6
Flint Town Michigan, US 13 L5
Florence Town Italy 60 D7
Florencia Town Colombia 26 B7
Flores Town Guatemala 20 E2
Flores Sea Indonesia 97 I8
Floriano Town Brazil 29 L3
Florianópolis Town Brazil 29 K8
Florida State US 11 J8
Florida Keys Island group Florida, US 11 J9
Florida, Straits of US/The Bahamas 11 K9
Florissant Town Missouri, US 13 I7
Focșani Town Romania 68 G6
Foggia Town Italy 61 G9
Foligno Town Italy 60 E8
Folkestone Town England, UK 51 I11
Fongafale Capital Tuvalu 103 J5
Fonseca, Gulf of El Salvador 20 F5
Fontainebleau Town France 54 F7
Fonyód Town Hungary 63 D12
Forlì Town Italy 60 E6
Formosa Town Argentina 30 G5
Formosa, Serra Mountain range Brazil 29 I4
Fort Albany Town Ontario, Canada 6 G5
Fortaleza Town Bolivia 27 E10
Fortaleza Town Brazil 29 M3
Fort Collins Town Colorado, US 15 L5
Fort Frances Town Ontario, Canada 6 D6
Fort Lauderdale Town Florida, US 11 J8
Fort Myers Town Florida, US 11 J8
Fort Nelson Town British Columbia,
Canada 4 G7
Fort Severn Town Ontario, Canada 6 F3
Fort-Shevchenko Town Kazakhstan 78 D6
Fort Smith Town Arkansas, US 10 D3
Fort Smith Town Arkansas, US 10 D3
Fort Stockton Town Texas, US 17 J6
Fort Vermilion Town Alberta, Canada 4 H7
Fort Wayne Town Indiana, US 13 K6
Fort William Town Scotland,UK 50 E5
Fort Worth Town Texas, US 17 L5
Foumban Town Cameroon 42 C8
Foveaux Strait New Zealand 107 B14
France Country 54 E8
Francistown Town Botswana 44 H5
Frankfurt am Main Town Germany 56 D8
Frankfurt an der Oder Town Germany 56 G6
Fransisco Escárcega Town Mexico 19 N7
Fraser Island Island Australia 105 N5
Fredericton Town New Brunswick,
Canada 7 J7
Fredrikstad Norway 49 C10
Freeport Town Texas, US 17 N7
Freeport Town The Bahamas 22 F1
Freetown Capital Sierra Leone 40 E7
Freiburg im Breisgau Town Germany 57 C10
Fremantle Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 E7
French Guiana Dependent territory 26 H6
French Polynesia Dependent territory France,
Pacific Ocean 103 N8
Fresnillo Town Mexico 19 I6
Fresno Town California, US 14 G7
Frías Town Argentina 30 E6
Friedrichshafen Town Germany 57 D11
Frisian Islands, East Island group
Germany 56 C5
Frisian Islands, North Island group
Germany 56 C4
Frontera Town Mexico 19 N7
Frýdek-Místek Town Czechia 63 E9
Fu’an Town China 91 K7
Fudi Town Japan 92 G7
Fuerte Olimpo Town Paraguay 30 G4
Fuji Town Japan 93 F11
Fujian Administrative region China 91 K7
Fuji, Mount Mountain Japan 93 F11
Fujisawa Town Japan 93 G11
Fukui Town Japan 93 E11
Fukuoka Town Japan 93 B13
Fukushima Town Japan 93 G9
Fukushima Town Japan 92 F6
Fukuyama Town Japan 93 D12
Fulda Town Germany 56 D8
Fundy, Bay of Canada 7 K7
Fürth Town Germany 57 E9
Furukawa Town Japan 92 G8
Fushun Town China 91 L2
Fuyuan Town China 89 N1
Fuxin Town China 91 K2
Fuzhou Town China 91 K7
G George Town Capital Cayman Islands 22 D5
Gaalkacyo Town Somalia 39 H9
Gabès Town Tunisia 37 J4
Gabon Country 43 C10
Gaborone Capital Botswana 44 G6
Gabrovo Town Bulgaria 66 F6
Gadag Town Sri Lanka 86 H7
Gafsa Town Tunisia 37 J4
Gagnoa Town Côte d’Ivoire 40 H8
Gagra Town Georgia 77 J2
Gaillac Town France 55 E11
Gainesville Town Texas, US 17 M5
Gainesville Town Florida, US 11 I7
Galanta Town Slovakia 63 E10
Galápagos Islands Island group Ecuador,
Pacific Ocean 109 M5
Galapi Town Romania 68 G6
Galesburg Town Illinois, US 13 I6
Galicia Region Spain 58 F3
Galle Town India 87 I9
Gallup Town New Mexico, US 16 G4
Galtat-Zemmour Town Western Sahara
36 D6
Galveston Town Texas, US 17 N7
Galway Town Ireland 51 B9
Gambell Town Alaska, US 4 D3
Gambia Country 40 E5
Gambia River Senegal 40 F5
Gäncä Town Azerbaijan 77 M3
Gandajika Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 G12
Gander Town Newfoundland & Labrador,
Canada 7 M5
Gāndhīdhām Town India 86 F4
Ganges River Asia 87 K4
Ganges, Mouths of the Coastal feature India/
Bangladesh 87 L5
Gansu Administrative region China 88 H5
Ganzhou Town China 91 J7
Gao Town Mali 41 J5
Gaoxiong Town Taiwan 91 K8
Garagum Desert Turkmenistan 84 F4
Garagum Canal Turkmenistan 84 H5
Garland Town Texas, US 17 M5
Garonne River France 55 D10
Garoua Town Cameroon 42 D7
Garsen Town Kenya 39 G12
Gar Xincun Town China 88 D7
Gary Town Indiana, US 13 K6
Garzón Town Colombia 26 B7
Gaspé Town Québec, Canada 7 K6
Gaspé, Péninsule de Peninsula Newfoundland
& Labrador, Canada 7 K6
Gatchina Town Russian Federation 72 C7
Gatineau Town Québec, Canada 6 H7
Gāvbandī Town Iran 82 F8
Gavere Town Belgium 53 D11
Gävle Town Sweden 49 E9
Gaya Town India 87 J4
Gaza Town Israel 81 C12
Gaza Strip Disputed region Near East 81 C11
Gaziantep Town Turkey 76 H6
Gazimağusa see Ammóchostos
Gazli Town Uzbekistan 84 H4
Gdańsk Town Poland 62 E5
Gdynia Town Poland 62 E4
Gedaref Town Sudan 38 F8
Gediz Town Turkey 76 D5
Geelong Town Victoria, Australia 105 K8
Gejiu Town China 90 F8
Gela Town Sicily, Italy 61 E13
Gembloux Town Belgium 53 E11
Gemena Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 F9
General Alvear Town Argentina 30 D8
General Eugenio A.Garay Town
Paraguay 30 F4
General Santos Town Philippines 97 K4
Geneva Town Switzerland 57 B12
Geneva, Lake Switzerland 57 B12
Genève see Geveva
Genk Town Belgium 53 F11
Genoa Town Italy 60 C6
Genoa, Gulf of Italy 60 C6
Genova see Genoa
Gent see Ghent
George Town Town The Bahamas 22 G3
George Town Town Malaysia 96 D4
Georgetown Capital Guyana 26 G6
Georgetown Town South Carolina,
US 11 K5
Georgia Country 77 K3
Georgia State US 11 I5
Georg von Neumayer Research station
Antarctica 110 D3
Gera Town Germany 56 F7
Gerede Town Turkey 76 F4
Germany Country 56 D7
Gerona see Girona
Gerpinnes Town Belgium 53 E12
Gerze Town Turkey 76 G3
Getafe Town Spain 59 I5
Gevas Town Turkey 77 K5
Gevgelija Town Macedonia 65 H12
Ghana Country 41 I7
Ghardaïa Town Algeria 36 H4
Ghaznī Town Afghanistan 85 J7
Ghent Town Belgium 53 D10
Ghŭdara Town Tajikistan 85 K5
Gibraltar Dependent territory UK 58 H9
Gibraltar, Strait of Spain/Morocco 58 G9
Gibson Desert Western Australia,
Australia 104 G5
Giessen Town Germany 56 D8
Gifu Town Japan 93 E11
Gijon Town Spain 58 H2
Gillette Town Wyoming, US 15 K4
Giresun Town Turkey 76 H4
Girona Town Spain 59 M4
Gisborne Town New Zealand 106 I7
Gissar Range Mountain range Tajikistan 85 I5
Giulianova Town Italy 60 F8
Giurgiu Town Romania 68 F8
Giza Town Egypt 38 D4
Glace Bay Town Nova Scotia, Canada 7 L6
Glåma River Norway 49 C9
Glasgow Town Scotland, UK 51 E6
Glazov Town Russian Federation 72 F8
Glendale Town Arizona, US 16 E5
Glens Falls Town New York, US 9 I5
Gliwice Town Poland 62 E8
Globe Town Arizona, US 16 F5
Głogów Town Poland 62 D7
Gloucester Town England, UK 51 F10

Gniezno Town Poland 62 D6
Gobi Desert Mongolia 89 I4
Godāvari River India 86 H5
Godhra Town India 86 G4
Godoy Cruz Town Argentina 30 D8
Goes Town Netherlands 53 D10
Goiânia Town Brazil 29 K6
Göksun Town Turkey 76 H6
Golan Heights Mountain range Syria 81 D10
Goldsboro Town North Carolina, US 11 K3
Goleniów Town Poland 62 C5
Golmud Town China 88 G6
Goma Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 H10
Gombi Town Nigeria 41 M6
Gomel’ Town Belarus 71 G12 see also Homyel’
Gómez Palacio Town Mexico 18 H5
Gonaïves Town Haiti 23 I5
Gonder Town Ethiopia 38 F8
Gondia Town India 87 I5
Good Hope, Cape of Coastal feature
South Africa 44 F9
Goor Town Netherlands 52 G8
Göppingen Town Germany 57 D9
Gorakhpur Town Pakistan 87 J3
Goraāde Town Bosnia & Herzegovina 65 E9
Gorē Town Ethiopia 39 F9
Gorgān Town Iran 82 F5
Gori Town Georgia 77 L3
Görlitz Town Germany 56 G7
Gorontalo Town Indonesia 97 J6
Gorzów Wielkopolski Town Poland 62 C6
Gosford Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 M7
Goshogawara Town Japan 92 F7
Göteborg see Gothenburg
Gotel Mountains Nigeria 41 M7
Gotha Town Germany 56 E7
Gothenburg Town Sweden 49 C11
Gotland Island Sweden 49 E11
Gōtsu Town Japan 93 C12
Göttingen Town Germany 56 D7
Gouda Town Netherlands 53 E9
Governador Valadares Town Brazil 29 L6
Gradaús, Serra dos Mountain range
Brazil 29 J4
Grafton Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 N6
Grafton Town North Dakota, US 12 G2
Grampian Mountains Scotland, UK 50 E5
Granada Town Spain 59 I8
Granada Town Nicaragua 20 H6
Gran Chaco Plain Paraguay 30 G4
Grand Bahama Island The Bahamas 22 F1
Grand Canyon Arizona, US 16 E3
Grand Cayman Island West Indies 22 E5
Grande, Bahía Bay Argentina 31 E13
Grand Erg Occidental Desert Algeria 36 G5
Grand Erg Oriental Desert Algeria 37 I5
Grande, Rio River Mexico/US 16 G5
Grand Forks Town North Dakota, US 12 G2
Grand Rapids Town Minnesota, US 12 H3
Grand Rapids Town Michigan, US 13 K5
Grand-Santi Town French Guiana 26 H6
Grants Pass Town Oregon, US 14 F4
Grayling Town Alaska, US 4 D4
Graz Town Austria 57 H11
Great Australian Bight Sea feature
Australia 104 G7
Great Barrier Island New Zealand 106 G4
Great Barrier Reef Coral reef Australia 105 L3
Great Basin Nevada, US 14 H6
Great Bear Lake Northwest Territories,
Canada 4 H5
Great Dividing Range Mountain range
Queensland/New South Wales,
Australia 105 L4
Greater Antilles Island group
Caribbean Sea 22 G5
Greater Caucasus Mountain range
Asia/Europe 77 M3
Great Falls Town Montana, US 15 J2
Great Hungarian Plain Hungary 63 F12
Great Inagua Island The Bahamas 23 I4
Great Karoo Plateau South Africa 44 F8
Great Khingan Range Mountain range
China 89 L3
Great Rift Valley Africa 39 F12
Great Sand Sea Desert Egypt 38 C4
Great Sandy Desert Western Australia,
Australia 104 G4
Great Slave Lake Northwest Territories,
Canada 4 H6
Great Victoria Desert Western Australia/
South Australia, Australia 104 G6
Great Wall of China Ancient monument
China 89 J5
Great Yarmouth Town England, UK 51 I9
Greece Country 67 D11
Greeley Town Colorado, US 15 L5
Green Bay Town Wisconsin, US 13 J4
Greenfield Town Massachusetts, US 9 J5
Greeneville Town Tennessee, US 11 I3
Greenland Dependent territory Denmark,
Atlantic Ocean 111 C8
Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean 111 M7
Green Mountains Vermont, US 9 I5
Greenock Town Scotland, UK 50 E6
Greensboro Town North Carolina, US 11 J3
Greenville Town Mississippi, US 10 F5
Greenville Town South Carolina, US 11 I4
Greifswald Town Germany 56 F4
Grenada Country 23 O8
Grenadines, The Island group St Vincent &
The Grenadines 23 O8
Grenoble Town France 55 G10
Gresham Town Oregon, US 14 F3
Grevenmacher Town Luxembourg 53 G13
Greymouth Town New Zealand 107 D10
Grey Range Mountain range New South
Wales/Queensland, Australia 105 K6
Griffin Town Georgia, US 10 H5
Grimsby Town England, UK 51 H9
Grise Fiord Town Nunavut, Canada 5 J3
Grodno Town Belarus 70 C8 see also Hrodna
Grójec Town Poland 62 F7
Groningen Town Netherlands 52 G6
Grootfontein Town Namibia 44 F5
Grosseto Town Italy 60 D8
Groznyy Town Russian Federation 73 D14
Gubkin Town Russian Federation 73 C10
Grudziądz Town Poland 62 E5
Gryazi Town Russian Federation 73 C10
Guadalajara Town Spain 59 I5
Guadalajara Town Mexico 19 I7
Guadalcanal Island Solomon Islands 102 G6
Guadalupe Town Mexico 19 I6
Guadeloupe Dependent territory France,
Atlantic Ocean 23 O6
Guaimaca Town Honduras 20 G4
Gualeguaychú Town Argentina 30 G8
Guam Dependent territory US, Pacific Ocean
102 D2
Guamúchil Town Mexico 18 G5
Guanabacoa Town Cuba 22 D3
Guanajuato Town Mexico 19 J7
Guanare Town Venezuela 26 D5
Guangdong Administrative region China 91 J8
Guangxi Administrative region China 90 H8
Guangyuan Town China 90 H5
Guangzhou Town China 91 I8
Guantánamo Town Cuba 22 H4
Guantánamo Bay Territory US, Cuba 22 H5
Guasave Town Mexico 18 G5
Guatemala Country 20 D3
Guatemala City Capital Guatemala 20 D4
Guayaquil Town Ecuador 26 A8
Guaymas Town Mexico 18 E4
Guéret Town France 55 E9
Guernsey British Crown Dependency Channel
Islands 51 F13
Guerrero Negro Town Mexico 18 D4
Guiana Highlands Mountain range Colombia/
Venezuela/Brazil26 F7
Guider Town Cameroon 42 D7
Guildford Town England, UK 51 G11
Guilin Town China 91 I7
Guinea Country 40 F6
Guinea-Bissau Country 40 E6
Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 33 M5
Guiyang Town China 90 H7
Guizhou Administrative region China 90 G7
Gujrānwāla Town Pakistan 86 H2
Gujrāt Town Pakistan 86 H2
Gniezno – Hollabrunn
Gulbarga Town India 86 H6
Gulbene Town Latvia 70 G6
Gulf, The Middle East 82 E6
see also Persian Gulf
Guliston Town Uzbekistan 85 J4
Gulu Town Uganda 39 E10
Gümüshane Town Turkey 76 H4
Güney Doğu Toroslar Mountain range
Turkey 76 H6
Gusau Town Nigeria 41 K6
Güstrow Town Germany 56 F5
Gütersloh Town Germany 56 D6
Guwāhāti Town India 87 L3
Guyana Country 26 G6
Gwādar Town Pakistan 86 D3
Gwalior Town India 87 I3
Gwangju Town South Korea 91 M4
Gyomaendrőd Town Hungary 63 G11
Gyöngyös Town Hungary 63 F11
Győr Town Hungary 63 D11
Gyumri Town Armenia 77 K
H territory Australia, Indian Ocean 99 I8
Haarlem Town Netherlands 52 E8
Haast Town New Zealand 107 B11
Hachinohe Town Japan 92 G7
Hadera Town Israel 81 D10
Ha Đông Town Vietnam 94 G7
Haeju Town North Korea 91 L3
Hagåtña Capital Guam 102 E2
Hagerstown Town Maryland, US 8 F8
Ha Giang Town Vietnam 94 G6
Hague, The Capital Netherlands 52 D8
Haicheng Town China 91 L2
Haifa Town Israel 81 D10
Haikou Town China 91 I9
Ḩā’il Town Saudi Arabia 82 C8
Hainan Administrative region China 90 H9
Hainan Dao Island China 91 I9
Hai Phong Town Vietnam 94 G7
Haiti Country 23 I5
Hajdúhadház Town Hungary 63 G11
Hakodate Town Japan 92 F6
Ḩalab see Aleppo
Halifax Town Nova Scotia, Canada 7 L7
Halle Town Germany 56 F7
Halle Town Belgium 53 D11
Halle-Neustadt Town Germany 56 F7
Halley Research station Antarctica 110 D4
Halmstad Town Sweden 49 C11
Ha Long Town Vietnam 94 G7
Hamadān Town Iran 82 E6
Ḩamāh Town Syria 80 E7
Hamamatsu Town Japan 93 F11
Hamar Town Norway 49 C9
Hamburg Town Germany 56 E5
Hamburg Town New York, US 9 F5
Hamersley Range Mountain range Western
Australia, Australia 104 F4
Hamhŭng Town North Korea 91 M3
Hami Town China 88 G4
Hamilton Town Scotland, UK 50 E6
Hamilton Town New Zealand 106 G6
Hamilton Town Ontario, Canada 6 G8
Hamm Town Germany 56 C7
Hanamaki Town Japan 92 G8
Handan Town China 91 J4
Ha Negev see Negev
Hangzhou Town China 91 K6
Hanover Town Germany 56 D6
Hannover see Hanover
Ha Nôi Capital Vietnam 94 F7
Hantsavichy Town Belarus 71 D10
Hanzhong Town China 90 H5
Haradok Town Belarus 70 H8
Harare Capital Zimbabwe 45 I4
Harbel Town Liberia 40 F8
Harbin Town China 89 M3
Hardangervidda Plateau Norway 49 B9
Hardenberg Town Netherlands 52 G7
Hārer Town Ethiopia 39 G9
Hargeysa Town Somalia 39 H9
Ḩārim Town Syria 80 D6
Harlingen Town Texas, US 17 M9
Harlow Town England, UK 51 H10
Harper Town Liberia 40 G8
Harrisburg Town Pennsylvania, US 9 G7
Harrogate Town England, UK 50 G6
Hârsova Town Romania 68 G7
Hartford Town Connecticut, US 9 J6
Hartlepool Town England, UK 50 G7
Hasselt Town Belgium 53 E11
Hastings Town New Zealand 106 H8
Hastings Town England, UK 50 H11
Hapeg Town Romania 68 E6
Hatteras, Cape Coastal feature North Carolina,
US 11 L3
Hat Yai Town Thailand 95 D13
Haugesund Town Norway 49 A10
Havana Capital Cuba 22 D3
Havant Town England, UK 51 G11
Havelock Town North Carolina, US 11 L4
Hawaiian Ridge Undersea feature Pacific
Ocean 109 J4
Hawera Town New Zealand 106 F8
Haysyn Town Ukraine 68 H4
Hazar Town Turkmenistan 84 D4
Heard & McDonald Islands Dependent
Hearst Town Ontario, Canada 6 F6
Hebei Administrative region China 91 J3
Hebron Town Israel 81 D11
Heerlen Town Netherlands 53 F11
Hefa see Haifa
Hefei Town China 91 J5
Hegang Town China 89 M2
Heidelberg Town Germany 57 D9
Heidenheim an der Brenz Town
Germany 57 E10
Heilbronn Town Germany 57 D9
Heilong Jiang see Amur
Heilongjiang Administrative region
China 89 M2
Heimdal Sweden 48 D7
Hekimhan Town Turkey 76 H5
Helena Town Montana, US 15 I3
Helmond Town Netherlands 53 F10
Helsingborg Town Sweden 49 C12
Helsinki Capital Finland 49 G9
Henan Administrative region China 91 I5
Henan Town Qinghai, China 89 I6
Hengduan Shan Mountain range China 90 E7
Hengelo Town Netherlands 52 G8
Hengyang Town China 91 I7
Henzada Town Myanmar 94 B8
Herāt Town Afghanistan 84 G7
Herford Town Germany 56 D6
Hermosillo Town Mexico 18 E4
Hexian Town China 91 I8
Hidalgo del Parral Town Mexico 18 H5
Hida-sanmyaku Mountain range Japan 93 E10
High Point Town North Carolina, US 11 J3
Hikurangi Town New Zealand 106 F4
Hildesheim Town Germany 56 D6
Hillsboro Town New Hampshire, US 9 J5
Hilversum Town Netherlands 52 E8
Himalayas Mountain range Asia 87 I2
Himeji Town Japan 93 D12
Ḩims Town Syria 80 E8
Hîncesti Town Moldova 68 H5
Hindu Kush Mountain range Afghanistan/
Pakistan 85 J6
Hinthada Town Myanmar 94 B8
Hirosaki Town Japan 92 F7
Hiroshima Town Japan 93 C12
Hitachi Town Japan 93 G9
Hitoyoshi Town Japan 93 C14
Hjørring Town Denmark 49 B11
Hlobyne Town Ukraine 69 J4
Hlybokaye Town Belarus 70 F8
Hobart Town Tasmania, Australia 105 K10
Hobro Town Denmark 49 B11
Hô Chi Minh Town Vietnam 95 G11
Hodeida Town Yemen 83 C12
Hódmezővásárhely Town Hungary 63 F12
Hodonín Town Czechia 63 D10
Hof Town Germany 56 F8
Hōfu Town Japan 93 C13
Hohhot Town China 89 K5
Hokkaidō Island Japan 92 G5
Holguín Town Cuba 22 G4
Hollabrunn Town Austria 57 H10
119
 Holmsund – Juneau
Holmsund Town Sweden 48 F7
Holon Town Israel 81 D11
Holstebro Town Denmark 49 B12
Holyhead Town Wales, UK 51 E9
Homyel’ Town Belarus 71 G12
see also Gomel’
Honduras Country 20 G4
Hongjiang Town China 91 I7
Hong Kong Town China 91 J8
Hongyuan Town China 90 G5
Honiara Capital Solomon Islands 102 G6
Honshū Island Japan 93 F10
Hoorn Town Netherlands 52 E7
Hopa Town Turkey 77 J3
Hopedale Town Newfoundland & Labrador,
Canada 7 K3
Hopkinsville Town Kentucky, US 10 G3
Horlivka Town Ukraine 69 M4
Hormuz, Strait of Iran/Oman 83 G9
Hornos, Cabo de see Cape Horn
Horten Town Norway 49 C10
Hosingen Town Luxembourg 53 F13
Houlton Town Maine, US 9 L2
Houston Town Texas, US 17 N7
Hove Town England, UK 51 H11
Hoyerswerda Town Germany 56 G7
Hradec Králové Town Czechia 62 C8
Hrodna Town Belarus 70 C8 see also Grodno
Huacho Town Peru 27 B10
Huaihua Town China 90 H7
Huailai Town China 91 J3
Huainan Town China 91 J5
Hualien Town Taiwan 91 L8
Huambo Town Angola 44 E3
Huancayo Town Peru 27 C11
Huang He see Yellow River
Huangshi Town China 91 J6
Huánuco Town Peru 27 B10
Huaraz Town Peru 27 B10
Huarmey Town Peru 27 B10
Hubei Administrative region China 91 I6
Hubli Town Pakistan 86 H7
Huddersfield Town England, UK 51 G9
Hudson Bay Canada 6 F3
Hudson River US 9 I6
Hudson Strait Canada 7 I1
Huê Town Vietnam 95 G9
Huehuetenango Town Guatemala 20 D4
Huelva Town Spain 58 G8
Huesca Town Spain 59 K4
Huíla Plateau Angola 44 E4
Hulingol Town China 89 L3
Hull Town Québec, Canada 6 H7
Hulun Buir Town China 89 L2
Humpolec Town Czechia 63 C9
Hunan Administrative region China 91 I7
Hunedoara Town Romania 68 E6
Hungary Country 63 D11
Huntington Town Ohio, US 13 L7
Huntington Town West Virginia, US 11 I2
Huntington Beach Town California,
US 14 G8
Huntly Town New Zealand 106 G6
Huntsville Town Alabama, US 10 H4
Huron, Lake Canada/US, 13 L4
Husum Town Germany 56 D4
Huy Town Belgium 53 F12
Hyderābād Town India 87 I6
Hyderābād Town Pakistan 86 F3
Hyères Town France 55 G12
Hyesan Town North Korea 91 M2
I Iquique Town Chile 30 D4
Iași Town Romania 68 G5
Ibadan Town Nigeria 41 K7
Ibagué Town Colombia 26 B6
Ibarra Town Ecuador 26 B7
Ibérico, Sistema Mountain range Spain 59 I4
Ibiza Town Spain 59 L6
Ibiza Island Balearic Islands, Spain 59 M6
Ica Town Peru 27 C11
Icá, Rio River Brazil 28 F2
İcel see Mersin
Iceland Country 111 D9
120
Idaho State US 15 I4
Idaho Falls Town Idaho, US 15 I4
Idîni Town Mauritania 40 E4
Idlib Town Syria 80 D6
Ieper Town Belgium 53 C11
Igarka Town Russian Federation 78 H4
Igloolik Town Nunavut, Canada 5 K4
Iguacu, Rio River Brazil 29 J8
Iguacu, Saltos do Waterfall Brazil 29 J8
Iguala Town Mexico 19 K8
Iguîdi, ’Erg Desert Algeria 36 F6
Ihosy Town Madagascar 45 L6
IJssel River Netherlands 52 G8
IJsselmeer Bay Netherlands 52 E7
Ikela Town Democratic Republic of the
Congo 43 G10
Ilagan Town Philippines 97 J2
Iława Town Poland 62 F5
Ilebo Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 F11
Iligan Town Philippines 97 J4
Illapel Town Chile 30 C7
Illichivs’k Town Ukraine 69 I6
Illinois State US 13 J7
Illinois River Indiana/Illinois, US 13 J6
Iloilo Town Philippines 97 J3
Ilorin Town Nigeria 41 K7
Ilovlya Town Russian Federation 73 D11
İmisli Town Azerbaijan 77 N4
Imola Town Italy 60 E6
Imperatriz Town Brazil 29 K3
Imphāl Town India 87 M4
Inarijärvi Lakes Finland 48 G4
Incheon Town South Korea 91 M3
Independence Town Missouri, US 12 H7
India Country 87 I5
Indiana Town Pennsylvania, US 9 F7
Indiana State US 13 K6
Indianapolis Town Indiana, US 13 K7
Indian Ocean 98–99
Indianola Town Iowa, US 12 H6
Indija Town Serbia 64 F7
Indonesia Country 96 E7
Indore Town India 86 H4
Indus River Asia 86 F3
Indus, Mouths of the Coastal feature
Pakistan 86 F4
İnebolu Town Turkey 76 F3
Ingolstadt Town Germany 57 E9
Inhambane Town Mozambique 45 J6
Inhulets’ Town Ukraine 69 J5
Inner Hebrides Island group Scotland,
UK 50 C6
Inner Mongolia Administrative region
China 89 K5
Innsbruck Town Austria 57 E11
Inowrocław Town Poland 62 E6
I-n-Salah Town Algeria 36 H6
Inta Town Russian Federation 72 G6
Inukjuak Town Québec, Canada 6 H3
Invercargill Town New Zealand 107 B14
Inverness Town Scotland,UK 50 E5
Ioánnina Town Greece 67 C9
Iola Town Kansas, US 12 H7
Ionian Islands Island group Greece 67 B11
Ionian Sea Mediterranean Sea 61 I12
Iónioi Nísoi see Ionian Islands
Iowa State US 12 H5
Iowa City Town Iowa, US 13 I6
Ipoh Town Malaysia 96 D5
Ipswich Town Queensland, Australia 105 M6
Ipswich Town England, UK 51 I10
Iqaluit Town Nunavut, Canada 5 L5
Iquitos Town Peru 26 C8
Irákleio Town Greece 67 F14
Iran Country 82 F7
Iranian Plateau Iran 82 F7
Irapuato Town Mexico 19 J7
Iraq Country 82 C6
Irbid Town Jordan 81 D10
Ireland Country 51 B9
Irian Jaya see Papua
Iringa Town Tanzania 39 F13
Iriona Town Honduras 20 H3
Irish Sea Ireland/UK 51 D9
Irkutsk Town Russian Federation 79 I7
Irrawaddy River Myanmar 94 C5
Irrawaddy, Mouths of the Coastal feature
Myanmar 95 B9
Irun Town Spain 59 J3
Iruña see Pamplona
Ise Town Japan 93 F12
Isernia Town Italy 61 F9
Ishim Town Russian Federation 78 G6
Ishinomaki Town Japan 92 G8
Ishkoshim Town Tajikistan 85 K6
Isiro Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 H9
İskenderun Town Turkey 76 H7
Islāmābād Capital Pakistan 86 H1
Isle of Man British Crown Dependency 51 E8
Ismoili Somoní, Qullai Mountain Tajikistan
85 K4
Isnā Town Egypt 38 E5
İsparta Town Turkey 76 E6
Israel Country 81 D12
Istanbul Town Turkey 76 D3
İstanbul Boğazi see Bosporus
Itabuna Town Brazil 29 M5
Itaituba Town Brazil 29 I3
Italy Country 60 D6
Ithaca Town New York, US 8 G5
Itoigawa Town Japan 93 F10
Ivanhoe Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 K7
Ivano-Frankivs’k Town Ukraine 68 F4
Ivanovo Town Russian Federation 72 D8
Ivatsevichy Town Belarus 71 D10
Ivory Coast see Côte d’Ivoire
Ivujivik Town Québec, Canada 6 H1
Iwaki Town Japan 93 G9
Iwakuni Town Japan 93 C12
Iwanai Town Japan 92 F5
Ixtapa Town Mexico 19 J9
Ixtepec Town Mexico 19 M9
Izhevsk Town Russian Federation 73 F9
Izmayil Town Ukraine 68 H7
Izmir Town Turkey 76 C5
İzmit Town Turkey 76 D4
Izumo Town Japan 93 C11
Izu-shotō Island group Japan 93 G12
Izvor Town Bulgaria 66 D6
Izyaslav Town Ukraine 68 G3
J Jinja Town Uganda 39 E11
Jabalpur Town India 87 I4
Jaca Town Spain 59 K3
Jackman Town Maine, US 9 K2
Jacmel Town Haiti 23 I5
Jackson Town Missouri, US 13 J8
Jackson Town Mississippi, US 10 F5
Jacksonville Town Florida, US 11 J6
Jacksonville Town Texas, US 17 N5
Jacobābād Town Sri Lanka 86 F3
Jaén Town Spain 59 I8
Jaffna Town Sri Lanka 87 I8
Jagdalpur Town India 87 J6
Jagodina Town Serbia 64 G8
Jaipur Town India 86 H3
Jajce Town Bosnia & Herzegovina 64 D8
Jakarta Capital Indonesia 96 F7
Jalālābād Town Afghanistan 85 J7
Jalpa Town Mexico 19 I7
Jālū Town Libya 37 M5
Jamaica Country 22 F6
Jamaica Channel Caribbean Sea 22 H5
Jamalpur Town Pakistan 87 L4
Jambi Town Indonesia 96 E6
James Bay Canada 6 G4
Jamestown Town New York, US 8 E6
Jammu Town India 86 H2
Jammu and Kashmīr Region India 87 I1
Jāmnagar Town India 86 F4
Jamshedpur Town India 87 K4
Janaúba Town Brazil 29 L5
Janesville Town Wisconsin, US 13 J5
Jan Mayen Dependent territory Norway,
Norwegian Sea 111 E8
Japan Country 93 G9
Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean 93 D10
see also East Sea
Japiim Town Brazil 28 E4
Jarqo’rg’on Town Uzbekistan 85 I5
Jarvis Island Dependent territory US,
Pacific Ocean 103 M4
Jastrzębie-Zdrój Town Poland 63 E9
Jataí Town Brazil 29 J6
Java Island Indonesia 96 F8
Java Sea Indonesia 96 G7
Jawa see Java
Jayapura Town Indonesia 97 O6
Jebba Town Nigeria 41 K7
Jedda Town Saudi Arabia 83 B10
Jefferson City Town Missouri, US 13 I7
Jeju Strait South Korea 91 M4
Jēkabpils Town Latvia 70 F6
Jelenia Góra Town Poland 62 C8
Jelgava Town Latvia 70 E6
Jemappes Town Belgium 53 D12
Jember Town Indonesia 96 H8
Jena Town Germany 56 E7
Jenīn Town Israel 81 D10
Jerada Town Morocco 36 G4
Jérémie Town Haiti 22 H5
Jericho Town Israel 81 D11
Jersey Briish Crown Dependency Channel
Islands 51 G13
Jerusalem Capital Israel 81 D11
Jessore Town Bangladesh 87 L4
Jhānsi Town India 87 I4
Jhelum Town Pakistan 86 H2
Jiamusi Town China 89 M2
Jiangmen Town China 91 I8
Jiangsu Administrative region China 91 K5
Jiangxi Administrative region China 91 J7
Jiaxing Town China 91 K6
Jiayi Town Taiwan 91 L8
Jiddah see Jedda
Jihlava Town Czechia 63 C9
Jilin Town China 89 M3
Jilin Administrative region China 89 M3
Jilong Town Taiwan 91 L7
Jīma Town Ethiopia 39 F9
Jimbolia Town Romania 68 D6
Jinan Town China 91 J4
Jingdezhen Town China 91 J6
Jinghong Town China 90 F8
Jingzhou Town China 91 I6
Jinhua Town China 91 K6
Jining Town China 89 K4
Jinju Town South Korea 91 M4
Jinzhou Town China 91 K2
Jiujiang Town China 91 J6
Jixi Town China 89 N2
Jizzax Town Uzbekistan 85 I4
João Pessoa Town Brazil 29 N3
Jodhpur Town India 86 G3
Joensuu Town Finland 48 H8
Jōetsu Town Japan 93 F9
Johannesburg Town South Africa 44 H7
Johor Bahru Town Malaysia 96 E5
Johnston Atoll Dependent territory US, Pacific
Ocean 109 J4
John o’Groats Town Scotland, UK 50 F3
Joinville Town Brazil 29 K8
Joliet Town Illinois, US 13 J6
Jonesboro Town Arkansas, US 10 F3
Jönköping Town Sweden 49 D11
Jonquière Town Québec, Canada 7 I6
Jordan Country 81 E11
Jordan River Jordan 81 D10
Jorhāt Town India 87 M3
Jos Town Nigeria 41 L6
Joseph Bonaparte Gulf Australia 104 H2
Jos Plateau Upland Nigeria 41 L7
Jotunheimen Mountain range Norway 48 B8
Joûnié Town Lebanon 81 D9
Joure Town Netherlands 52 F6
Juazeiro Town Brazil 29 M4
Juazeiro do Norte Town Brazil 29 M4
Juba Capital Southern Sudan 39 E10
Juchitán Town Mexico 19 M9
Judenburg Town Austria 57 G11
Juiz de Fora Town Brazil 29 L7
Juliaca Town Peru 27 D11
Junction City Town Kansas, US 12 G7
Juneau Town Alaska, US 4 F7

Junín Town Argentina 30 F8
Jura Mountain range Switzerland 57 C11
Jūrmala Town Latvia 70 E5
Juruá, Rio River Brazil 28 G3
Jutiapa Town Guatemala 20 E4
Juticalpa Town Honduras 20 H4
Jutland Peninsula Denmark 49 B12
Jwaneng Town Botswana 44 G6
Jylland see Jutland
Jyväskylä Town Finland 48 G8
K Karakoram Range Mountain range Pakistan/
K2 Mountain Pakistan/China 86 H1
Kabale Town Uganda 39 D11
Kabinda Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 G11
Kabul Capital Afghanistan 85 J7
Kabwe Town Zambia 44 H4
Kachchh, Rann of Salt marsh India 86 G4
Kadoma Town Zimbabwe 44 H4
Kaduna Town Nigeria 41 L6
Kadzhi-Say Town Kyrgyzstan 85 M3
Kaga Town Japan 93 E10
Kagoshima Town Japan 93 C14
Kahramanmaraş Town Turkey 76 H6
Kaifeng Town China 91 J4
Kaikoura Town New Zealand 107 F10
Kaili Town China 90 H7
Kairouan Town Tunisia 37 J3
Kaiserslautern Town Germany 57 C9
Kaiyuan Town China 90 F8
Kajaani Town Finland 48 H7
Kalahari Desert Namibia 44 F6
Kalamariá Town Greece 66 E8
Kalámata Town Greece 67 D12
Kalamazoo Town Michigan, US 13 K5
Kalasin Town Thailand 95 F9
Kālat Town Pakistan 86 F2
Kalbarri Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 D5
Kalemie Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 I11
Kalgoorlie Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 F6
Kalima Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 H10
Kalimantan Region Indonesia 96 G6
Kaliningrad Administrative region Russian
Federation 70 B7
Kaliningrad Town Kaliningrad 70 B6
Kalisz Town Poland 62 E7
Kalmar Town Sweden 49 E12
Kaluga Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Kalyān Town India 86 G5
Kamarang Town Guyana 26 F6
Kamchatka Peninsula Russian Federation
79 M4
Kamensk-Shakhtinskiy Town Russian
Federation 73 C11
Kamina Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 G12
Kamloops Town British Colombia,
Canada 4 G8
Kampala Capital Uganda 39 E11
Kâmpóng Cham Town Cambodia 95 G11
Kâmpóng Thum Town Cambodia 95 F10
Kam’’yanets’-Podil’s’kyy Town Ukraine
68 G4
Kamyshin Town Russian Federation 73 D11
Kananga Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 F11
Kanash Town Russian Federation 73 E9
Kanazawa Town Japan 93 E10
Kānchīpuram Town India 87 I7
Kandahār Town Afghanistan 84 H8
Kandalaksha Town Russian Federation 72 D5
Kandi Town Benin 41 J6
Kandy Town Sri Lanka 87 I9
Kanggye Town North Korea 91 M2
Kanjiža Town Serbia 64 G6
Kankan Town Guinea 40 G6
Kannur Town India 86 H8 see also Cannanore
Kano Town Nigeria 41 L6
Kanoya Town Japan 93 C14
Kānpur Town India 87 I3
Kansas State US 12 F7
Kansas City Town Kansas, US 12 H7
Kansas River Kansas, US 12 G7
Kansk Town Russian Federation 79 I6
Kaolack Town Senegal 40 E5
Kaoma Town Zambia 44 G4
Kaposvár Town Hungary 63 E12
Kara-Balta Town Kyrgyzstan 85 L3
Karabük Town Turkey 76 F3
Karāchi Town Pakistan 86 F4
Karagandy Town Kazakhstan 78 G7
Karakol Town Kyrgyzstan 85 M3
India 86 H1
Karaman Town Turkey 76 F6
Karamay Town China 88 F4
Kara Sea Arctic Ocean 111 O6
Karatau Town Kazakhstan 78 F7
Karatsu Town Japan 93 B13
Karbalā’ Town Iraq 82 C7
Kardítsa Town Greece 67 D10
Kärdla Town Estonia 70 F3
Kargi Town Turkey 76 G3
Karibib Town Namibia 44 E6
Karigasniemi Town Finland 48 G4
Karimata, Selat Strait Indonesia 96 F7
Karīmnagar Town India 87 I6
Karin Town Somalia 38 H8
Karlovac Town Croatia 64 C6
Karlovy Vary Town Czechia 62 B8
Karlskrona Town Sweden 49 D12
Karlsruhe Town Germany 57 C9
Karlstad Town Sweden 49 D10
Karnāl Town India 86 H3
Karnobat Town Bulgaria 66 H6
Kars Town Turkey 77 K4
Kárystos Town Greece 67 F11
Kas Town Turkey 76 D7
Kasai River Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 E11
Kāsaragod Town India 86 H7
Kāshān Town Iran 82 E6
Kashi Town China 88 D5
Kashiwazaki Town Japan 93 F9
Kasongo Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 H11
Kasongo-Lunda Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 E11
Kaspiysk Town Russian Federation 73 D14
Kassala Town Sudan 38 F7
Kassel Town Germany 56 D7
Kasserine Town Tunisia 37 J4
Kastamonu Town Turkey 76 F3
Kasulu Town Tanzania 39 D12
Katahdin, Mount Maine, US 9 L2
Katha Town Myanmar 94 C5
Katherine Town Northern Territory,
Australia 105 I2
Kathmandu Capital Nepal 87 J3
Katikati Town New Zealand 106 G6
Katiola Town Côte d’Ivoire 40 H7
Katowice Town Poland 62 E8
Katsina Town Nigeria 41 L6
Kattaqo’rg’on Town Uzbekistan 85 I4
Kattegat Sea Denmark/Sweden 49 C12
Kaunas Town Lithuania 70 D7
Kavála Town Greece 66 F8
Kāvali Town India 87 I7
Kavarna Town Bulgaria 66 I5
Kawagoe Town Japan 93 G10
Kawasaki Town Japan 93 G10
Kayan Town Myanmar 94 C8
Kayseri Town Turkey 76 G5
Kazach’ye Town Russian Federation 78 K4
Kazakhstan Country 78 E6
Kazakh Uplands Kazakhstan 78 F7
Kazan’ Town Russian Federation 73 E9
Kazanlŭk Town Bulgaria 66 F6
Kāzerūn Town Iran 82 F8
Kecskemét Town Hungary 63 F11
Kediri Town Indonesia 96 G8
Kędzierzyn-Kożle Town Poland 62 E8
Keith Town South Australia, Australia 105 J8
Këk-Art Town Kyrgyzstan 85 L4
Kelowna Town British Colombia,
Canada 4 G9
Kelso Town Washington, US 14 F3
Keluang Town Malaysia 96 E5
Kemah Town Turkey 76 H5
Kemerovo Town Russian Federation 78 H6
Kemi Town Finland 48 G6
Kemijärvi Town Finland 48 G5
Kempten Town Germany 57 E10
Kendal Town England, UK 50 F8
Kengtung Town Myanmar 94 D6
Kénitra Town Morocco 36 F4
Kenora Town Ontario, Canada 6 D5
Kenosha Town Wisconsin, US 13 J5
Kentau Town Kazakhstan 78 F7
Kentucky State US 10 G3
Kenya Country 39 F11
Kerch Town Ukraine 69 L7
Kerkrade Town Netherlands 53 F11
Kérkyra see Corfu
Kermadec Islands Island group
New Zealand 109 J7
Kermān Town Iran 82 G7
Kesennuma Town Japan 92 G8
Kettering Town Ohio, US 13 L7
Key Largo Town Florida, US 11 J9
Key West Town Florida, US 11 J9
Khabarovsk Town Russian Federation 78 D4
Khairpur Town Pakistan 86 G3
Khanthabouli Town Laos 95 F9
Khanty-Mansiysk Town
Russian Federation 78 G5
Khān Yūnis Town Israel 81 C12
Kharagpur Town India 87 K4
Kharkiv Town Ukraine 69 L3
Khartoum Capital Sudan 38 E7
Khasavyurt Town Russian Federation
73 D14
Khaskovo Town Bulgaria 66 F7
Khaydarkan Town Kyrgyzstan 85 K4
Kherson Town Ukraine 69 J6
Khmel’nyts’kyy Town Ukraine 68 G3
Khon Kaen Town Thailand 95 E9
Khōst Town Afghanistan 85 J7
Khouribga Town Morocco 36 E4
Khujand Town Tajikistan 85 J4
Khulna Town Bangladesh 87 L4
Khust Town Ukraine 68 E4
Khvoy Town Iran 82 D5
Khyber Pass Afghanistan/Pakistan 86 G1
Kidderminster Town England, UK 51 F10
Kiel Town Germany 56 E4
Kielce Town Poland 62 F8
Kiev Capital Ukraine 69 I3
Kigali Capital Rwanda 39 D12
Kigoma Town Tanzania 39 D12
Kii-suidō Bay Japan 93 E12
Kikinda Town Serbia 64 G6
Kikwit Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 E11
Kilis Town Turkey 76 H7
Killarney Town Ireland 51 B10
Killeen Town Texas, US 17 L6
Kilmarnock Town Scotland, UK 50 E6
Kimberley Town South Africa 44 G7
Kimberley Plateau Western Australia,
Australia 104 G3
Kimch’aek Town North Korea 91 M2
Kindia Town Guinea 40 F6
Kineshma Town Russian Federation 72 D8
Kingman Reef Dependent territory US, Pacific
Ocean 103 L3
Kingston Capital Jamaica 22 G6
Kingston Town Ontario, Canada 6 H8
Kingston upon Hull Town England,
UK 50 H6
Kingstown Capital St Vincent & The
Grenadines 23 O8
Kinshasa Capital Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 D11
Kipushi Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 H13
Kirghiz Range Mountain range Kyrgyzstan
85 K3
Kiribati Country 103 L5
Kirikhan Town Turkey 76 H7
Kirikkale Town Turkey 76 F4
Kirishi Town Russian Federation 72 C7
Kirkenes Town Norway 48 H3
Kirkland Lake Town Ontario, Canada 6 G6
Junín – Koson
Kirklareli Town Turkey 76 C3
Kirkūk Town Iraq 82 D6
Kirkwall Town Scotland,UK 50 F3
Kirov Town Russian Federation 72 F8
Kirovo-Chepetsk Town Russian Federation
72 F8
Kirovohrad Town Ukraine 69 J4
Kiruna Town Sweden 48 F5
Kisangani Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 H9
Kislovodsk Town Russian Federation 73 C11
Kismaayo Town Somalia 39 G11
Kissidougou Town Guinea 40 G7
Kissimmee, Lake Florida, US 11 J7
Kisumu Town Kenya 39 E11
Kitakyūshū Town Japan 93 B13
Kitami Town Japan 92 G4
Kitchener Town Ontario, Canada 6 G8
Kitwe Town Zambia 44 H3
Kivalo Ridge Finland 48 G6
Kivertsi Town Ukraine 68 G2
Kivu, Lake Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 H10
Kladno Town Czechia 62 B8
Klagenfurt Town Austria 57 G11
Klaipėda Town Lithuania 70 C6
Klamath Falls Town Oregon, US 14 F4
Klang Town Malaysia 96 D5
Klarälven River Sweden 49 D9
Klerksdorp Town South Africa 44 H7
Klintsy Town Russian Federation 73 B9
Ključ Town Bosnia & Herzegovina 64 D7
Klosters Town Switzerland 57 D11
Kluczbork Town Poland 62 E8
Knin Town Croatia 64 C8
Knoxville Town Tennessee, US 11 I3
Kōbe Town Japan 93 E12
København see Copenhagen
Koblenz Town Germany 56 C8
Kočani Town Macedonia 65 H11
Kočevje Town Slovenia 57 H12
Kochi Town India 86 H8 see also Cochin
Kōchi Town Japan 93 D13
Kodiak Town Alaska, US 4 D6
Kōfu Town Japan 93 F10
Kohīma Town India 87 M3
Kohtla-Järve Town Estonia 70 H4
Koko Town Nigeria 41 K6
Kokshetau Town Kazakhstan 78 F6
Kola Peninsula Russian Federation 72 E5
Kolari Town Finland 48 F5
Kolda Town Senegal 40 E5
Kolhāpur Town India 86 G6
Kolkatta Town India 87 K4
Kollam Town India 86 H9 see also Quilon
Köln see Cologne
Kołobrzeg Town Poland 62 C5
Kolomna Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Kolpino Town Russian Federation 72 C7
Kol’skiy Poluostrov see Kola Peninsula
Kolwezi Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 G13
Komatsu Town Japan 93 E10
Komsomol’sk-na-Amure Town Russian
Federation 79 L6
Konin Town Poland 62 E7
Konispol Town Albania 65 F13
Konotop Town Ukraine 69 J2
Konstanz Town Germany 57 D10
Konya Town Turkey 76 F6
Kopaonik Mountain range Serbia 65 G9
Koper Town Slovenia 57 G12
Korat Plateau Thailand 94 F8
Korba Town India 87 J5
Korcë Town Albania 65 F12
Korea Bay China/North Korea 91 L3
Korea Strait Japan/South Korea 91 M4
Korhogo Town Côte d’Ivoire 40 H7
Kórinthos see Corinth
Kōriyama Town Japan 93 G9
Korla Town China 88 F5
Korosten’ Town Ukraine 68 H2
Kortrijk Town Belgium 53 C11
Kos Town Greece 67 H13
Kościerzyna Town Poland 62 E5
Košice Town Slovakia 63 G10
Koson Town Uzbekistan 85 I4
121
 Kosovo – Livorno
Kosovo Country 65 G10
Kostanay Town Kazakhstan 78 F6
Kostenets Town Bulgaria 66 F7
Kostroma Town Russian Federation 72 D8
Kostyantynivka Town Ukraine 69 M4
Koszalin Town Poland 62 D5
Kota Town India 86 H4
Kota Bharu Town Malaysia 96 E4
Kotabumi Town Indonesia 96 E7
Kota Kinabalu Town Malaysia 96 H4
Kotka Town Finland 49 H9
Kotlas Town Russian Federation 72 E7
Kotto River Central African Republic 42 G7
Koudougou Town Burkina Faso 41 I6
Koulamoutou Town Gabon 43 D10
Kourou Town French Guiana 26 I6
Kovel’ Town Ukraine 68 F2
Kozáni Town Greece 67 D9
Kozhikode Town India 86 H8 see also Calicut
Kpalimé Town Togo 41 J7
Kragujevac Town Serbia 64 G8
Kra, Isthmus of Thailand 95 D11
Kraków Town Poland 62 F8
Krâlănh Town Cambodia 95 F10
Kralendijk Capital Bonaire 23 K9
Kraljevo Town Serbia 65 G9
Kramators’k Town Ukraine 69 L4
Krasnodar Town Russian Federation 73 B12
Krasnokamensk Town Russian
Federation 79 K7
Krasnokamsk Town Russian Federation
72 F8
Krasnoyarsk Town Russian Federation 78 H6
Krasnystaw Town Poland 62 H8
Krasnyy Luch Town Ukraine 69 M5
Krefeld Town Germany 56 B7
Kremenchuk Town Ukraine 69 J4
Kreminna Town Ukraine 69 M4
Kresna Town Bulgaria 66 E7
Kristiansand Norway 49 B10
Kristianstad Town Sweden 49 D12
Kríti see Crete
Kritikó Pélagos see Crete, Sea of
Kriāevci Town Croatia 64 D5
Krolevets’ Town Ukraine 69 J2
Kroonstad Town South Africa 44 H7
Kropotkin Town Russian Federation 73 C11
Krosno Town Poland 63 G9
Krung Thep see Bangkok
Kruševac Town Serbia 65 G9
Kryms’kyy Pivostriv see Crimea
Kryvyy Rih Town Ukraine 69 J5
Ksar-el-Kebir Town Morocco 36 F4
Kuala Lipis Town Malaysia 96 E5
Kuala Lumpur Capital Malaysia 96 E5
Kuala Terengganu Town Malaysia 96 E5
Kualatungkal Town Indonesia 96 E6
Kuantan Town Malaysia 96 E5
Kuching Town Malaysia 96 G6
Kudus Town Indonesia 96 G8
Kugluktuk Town Nunavut, Canada 4 H5
Kuhhā-ye Zāgros see Zagros Mountains
Kukës Town Albania 65 F11
Kŭlob Town Tajikistan 85 J5
Kulu Town Turkey 76 F5
Kulunda Steppe Plain Kazakhstan 78 G6
Kumamoto Town Japan 93 B13
Kumanovo Town Macedonia 65 G11
Kumasi Town Ghana 41 I7
Kumba Town Cameroon 42 C8
Kumertau Town Russian Federation 73 G10
Kumo Town Nigeria 41 M6
Kumon Range Mountain range Myanmar
94 C4
Kunduz Town Afghanistan 85 J6
Kungsbacka Sweden 49 C11
Kungur Town Russian Federation 73 G9
Kunlun Shan Mountain range China 88 E6
Kunming Town China 90 F7
Kuopio Town Finland 48 H8
Kupang Town Indonesia 97 J9
Kup’’yans’k Town Ukraine 69 L3
Kura River Azerbaijan 77 N4
Kurashiki Town Japan 93 D12
Kurdistan Cultural region Turkey/Iraq 77 K6
Kŭrdzhali Town Bulgaria 66 F7
Kure Town Japan 93 C12
122
Kuressaare Town Estonia 70 E4
Kuril Islands Island group Russian Federation
79 N6
Kuril’sk Town Russian Federation 78 N6
Kuril’skiye Ostrova see Kuril Islands
Kurnool Town Pakistan 87 I7
Kursk Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Kurume Town Japan 93 B13
Kurupukari Town Guyana 26 G6
Kushiro Town Japan 92 H5
Kütahya Town Turkey 76 D5
Kutaisi Town Georgia 77 K2
Kuujjuaq Town Québec, Canada 7 I3
Kuwait Country 82 E8
Kuwait Capital Kuwait 82 E8
Kuwayt Town Iraq 82 D7
Kuytun Town China 88 E4
Kuznetsk Town Russian Federation 73 E10
Kwango River Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 E12
Kwilu River Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 F11
Kyaikkami Town Myanmar 95 C9
Kyakhta Town Russian Federation 78 J7
Kykládes see Cyclades
Kyōto Town Japan 93 E11
Kyrgyzstan Country 85 L3
Kýthira Town Greece 67 D13
Kyūshū Island Japan 93 C14
Kyustendil Town Bulgaria 66 D7
Kyyiv see Kiev
Kyzyl Town Russian Federation 78 H7
Kyzyl Kum Desert Uzbekistan 84 G2
Kyzylorda Town Kazakhstan 78 E7
L Latakia Town Syria 80 D7
La Asunción Town Venezuela 26 F4
Laâyoune Capital Western Sahara 36 D6
Labé Town Guinea 40 F6
Labrador Sea Canada 7 M4
Lac Town Albania 65 E11
La Ceiba Town Honduras 20 G3
La Concepción Town Panama 21 K8
Laconia Town New Hampshire, US 9 J4
La Coruña see A Coruña
La Crosse Town Wisconsin, US 13 I5
La Cruz Town Costa Rica 20 H6
Ladysmith Town Wisconsin, US 13 I4
Lae Town Papua New Guinea 102 E5
Lafayette Town Louisiana, US 10 E6
Lafayette Town Indiana, US 13 K6
Lafia Town Nigeria 41 L7
Laghouat Town Algeria 36 H4
Lagoda, Lake Russian Federation 72 C6
Lagos Town Nigeria 41 K8
Lagos Town Portugal 58 E8
Lagos de Moreno Town Mexico 19 I7
Lahat Town Indonesia 96 E7
La Habana see Havana
Lahore Town Pakistan 86 H2
Lahti Town Finland 49 G9
Lai Châu Town Vietnam 94 E6
La Junta Town Colorado, US 15 L6
Lake Charles Town Louisiana, US 10 D6
Lake City Town Florida, US 11 I6
Lake District Physical region England,
UK 50 F8
Lake Havasu City Town Arizona, US 16 D4
Lakeland Town Florida, US 11 J7
Lakewood Town Colorado, US 15 K6
Lalitpur Town Nepal 87 J3
La Louvière Town Belgium 53 D12
Lambaréné Town Gabon 43 C10
Lamezia Town Italy 61 G12
Lamía Town Greece 67 D10
Lampang Town Thailand 94 D8
Lámpeia Town Greece 67 C11
Lancaster Town Pennsylvania, US 9 G7
Land’s End Coastal feature England,
UK 51 D12
Landshut Town Germany 57 F10
Langres Town France 54 G7
Langsa Town Indonesia 96 D5
Lang So´n Town Vietnam 94 G6
Länkäran Town Azerbaijan 77 N5
Lansing Town Michigan, US 13 K5
Lanzhou Town China 89 I6
Laoag Town Philippines 97 I1
Laojunmiao Town China 88 H5
Laos Country 94 D7
La Paz Capital Bolivia 27 D12
La Paz Town Mexico 18 F6
La Pérouse Strait Pacific Ocean 92 F3
Lapland Cultural region Finland/Norway/
Sweden 48 E4
La Plata Town Argentina 30 G8
Lappeenranta Town Finland 49 H9
Laptev Sea Arctic Ocean 111 O4
Łapy Town Poland 62 G6
La Quiaca Town Argentina 30 E4
L’Aquila Town Italy 60 F8
Laracha Town Spain 58 E2
Laredo Town Spain 59 I2
Laredo Town Texas, US 17 L8
Largo Town Florida, US 11 I7
La Rioja Town Argentina 30 E7
Lárisa Town Greece 67 D9
Lārkāna Town Pakistan 86 F3
Lárnaka Town Cyprus 80 B8
la Rochelle Town France 55 C9
La Romana Town Dominican Republic 23 K5
Las Cruces Town New Mexico, US 16 H5
La Serena Town Chile 30 C7
La Seu d’Urgell Town Spain 59 L3
Lashio Town Myanmar 94 C6
La Sirena Town Nicaragua 21 I5
La Spezia Town Italy 60 C6
Las Tablas Town Panama 21 M9
Las Tunas Town Cuba 22 G4
Las Vegas Town Nevada, US 14 H7
Latina Town Italy 61 E9
La Tuque Town Québec, Canada 7 I6
Latvia Country 70 E6
Launceston Town Tasmania, Australia 105 K9
Laurel Town Montana, US 15 J3
Laurentian Mountains Mountain range
Québec, Canada 7 J6
Laurinburg Town North Carolina, US 11 J4
Lausanne Town Switzerland 57 B12
Laval Town France 54 C7
Laval Town Québec, Canada 7 I7
La Vega Town Dominican Republic 23 J5
Lawrence Town Massachusetts, US 9 J5
Lawton Town Oklahoma, US 17 L4
Lázaro Cárdenas Town Mexico 19 I8
Leamington Town Ontario, Canada 6 F9
Lebak Town Philippines 97 J4
Lebanon Country 80 D8
Lebap Town Turkmenistan 84 G3
Lebu Town Chile 31 C9
Lecce Town Italy 61 I11
Leduc Town Alberta, Canada 4 H8
Leeds Town England, UK 50 G6
Leeuwarden Town Netherlands 52 F6
Leeward Islands Island group
Caribbean Sea 23 N4
Legazpi City Town Philippines 97 J3
Legnica Town Poland 62 C7
le Havre Town France 54 D6
Leicester Town England, UK 51 G10
Leiden Town Netherlands 52 E8
Leinster Cultural region Ireland 51 C9
Leipzig Town Germany 56 F7
Lelystad Town Netherlands 52 F7
le Mans Town France 54 D7
Lemesós see Limassol
Lena River Russian Federation 79 J4
Lenine Town Ukraine 69 L7
Leningradskaya Research station
Antarctica 110 E8
Lenti Town Hungary 63 D12
León Town Spain 58 H3
León Town Mexico 19 I7
León Town Nicaragua 20 G6
le Puy Town France 55 F10
Lérida see Lleida
Lerwick Town Scotland, UK 50 G2
Leshan Town China 90 G6
Leskovac Town Serbia 65 H10
Lesotho Country 44 H7
Lesser Antilles Island group
Caribbean Sea 23 N6
Lesser Caucasus Mountain range Asia 77 K3
Lesser Sunda Islands Island group
Indonesia 96 H8
Leszno Town Poland 62 D7
Lethbridge Town Alberta, Canada 4 H9
Lethem Town Guyana 26 G6
Leuven Town Belgium 53 E11
Leverkusen Town Germany 56 C7
Lewis, Isle of Island Scotland, UK 50 D4
Lewis Range Mountain Range Montana,
US 15 I2
Lewiston Town Idaho, US 14 H3
Lewiston Town Maine, US 9 K4
Lewistown Town Montana, US 15 J2
Lexington Town Nebraska, US 12 F6
Lexington Town Kentucky, US 10 H2
Leżajsk Town Poland 62 G8
Lhasa Town China 88 G8
Lhazê Town China 88 F8
L’Hospitalet de Llobregat Town Spain 59 M4
Lianyungang Town China 91 K4
Liaoning Administrative region China 91 K2
Liaoyuan Town China 89 M3
Liban, Jebel Mountain range Lebanon 80 D8
Liberec Town Czechia 62 C8
Liberia Country 40 G8
Libourne Town France 55 D10
Libreville Capital Gabon 43 C9
Libya Country 37 L6
Libyan Desert Libya 37 N7
Lichuan Town China 90 H6
Lida Town Belarus 71 D9
Liechtenstein Country 57 D11
Liège Town Belgium 53 F11
Lienz Town Austria 57 F11
Liepāja Town Latvia 70 C5
Liezen Town Austria 57 G11
Ligure, Appennino Mountain range
Italy 60 B5
Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea 55 I12
Likasi Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 H13
Lille Town France 54 F5
Lillehammer Town Norway 49 B9
Lillestrøm Norway 49 C9
Lilongwe Capital Malawi 45 J3
Lima Capital Peru 27 B11
Limassol Town Cyprus 80 A8
Limerick Town Ireland 51 B10
Limoges Town France 55 D9
Limón Town Costa Rica 21 J7
Limoux Town France 55 E12
Limpopo River South Africa 44 H6
Linares Town Spain 59 I7
Linares Town Chile 31 C9
Linares Town Mexico 19 J5
Linchuan Town China 91 J7
Lincoln Town England, UK 51 H9
Lincoln Town Maine, US 9 L2
Lincoln Town Nebraska, US 12 G6
Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean 111 M6
Linden Town Guyana 26 G6
Lindi Town Tanzania 39 G13
Line Islands Island group Kiribati 103 N5
Lingen Town Germany 56 C6
Linköping Town Sweden 49 D10
Linz Town Austria 57 G10
Lipetsk Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Lipu Town China 91 I8
Lira Town Uganda 39 E11
Lisala Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 F9
Lisboa see Lisbon
Lisbon Capital Portugal 58 E6
Liski Town Russian Federation 73 C10
Litang Town China 90 F6
Lithuania Country 70 D7
Little Cayman Island West Indies 22 E5
Littlefield Town Texas, US 17 J5
Little Rock Town Arkansas, US 10 E4
Liuzhou Town China 90 H8
Liverpool Town England, UK 51 E9
Livingstone Town Zambia 44 H4
Livonia Town Michigan, US 13 L5
Livorno Town Italy 60 D7

Ljubljana Capital Slovenia 57 G12
Ljungby Town Sweden 49 D11
Lleida Town Spain 59 K4
Löbau Town Germany 56 G7
Lobito Town Angola 44 D3
Lockport Town New York, US 8 F5
Lodwar Town Kenya 39 F10
Łódź Town Poland 62 F7
Logan Town Utah, US 15 I5
Logroño Town Spain 59 J3
Loikaw Town Myanmar 94 C7
Loire River France 54 C8
Loja Town Ecuador 26 A8
Lomami River Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 G10
Lomas Town Peru 27 C11
Lomas de Zamora Town Argentina 30 G8
Lombardia see Lombardy
Lombardy Region Italy 60 D4
Lomé Capital Togo 41 J8
Lomela Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 G10
Lommel Town Belgium 53 E10
Lomond, Loch Lake Scotland, UK 50 E6
Lom Sak Town Thailand 95 D9
Łomża Town Poland 62 G6
Loncoche Town Chile 31 C10
London Town Ontario, Canada 6 G8
London Capital United Kingdom 51 H11
Londonderry Town Northern Ireland,
UK 50 C7
Londrina Town Brazil 29 J7
Long Beach Town California, US 14 G8
Longford Town Ireland 50 C8
Long Island The Bahamas 22 H3
Long Island New York, US 9 J7
Longlac Town Ontario, Canada 6 F6
Longreach Town Queensland,
Australia 105 L4
Longview Town Texas, US 17 N5
Long Xuyên Town Vietnam 95 G11
Longyan Town China 91 J7
Longyearbyen Capital Svalbard 111 F7
Lop Buri Town Thailand 95 D9
Lorca Town Spain 59 J8
Loreto Town Mexico 18 F5
Lorient Town France 54 B7
Los Angeles Town California, US 14 G8
Los Ángeles Town Chile 31 C9
Los Mochis Town Mexico 18 F5
Louangnamtha Town Laos 94 D7
Louangphabang Town Laos 94 E7
Loudéac Town France 54 B7
Loudi Town China 91 I7
Loughrea Town Ireland 51 B9
Louisiade Archipelago Island chain
Papua New Guinea 102 F6
Louisiana State US 10 E5
Louisville Town Kentucky, US 10 H2
Louth Town England, UK 51 H9
Lowell Town Massachusetts, US 9 J5
Lower Hutt Town New Zealand 107 F9
Lowestoft Town England, UK 51 I10
Loyauté, Iles Island group New Caledonia
102 H8
Loznica Town Serbia 64 F8
Lualaba River Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 G10
Luanda Capital Angola 44 D2
Luanshya Town Zambia 44 H3
Luarca Town Spain 58 G2
Lubango Town Angola 44 D4
Lubao Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 G11
Lubbock Town Texas, US 17 J5
Lübeck Town Germany 56 E5
Lubin Town Poland 62 D7
Lubumbashi Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 H13
Lubutu Town Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 H10
Lucan Town Ireland 51 D9
Lucca Town Italy 60 D6
Lucena Town Philippines 97 J2
Lucena Town Spain 58 H8
Lučenec Town Slovakia 63 F10
Lucknow Town India 87 J3
Lüderitz Town Namibia 44 E7
Ludhiāna Town India 86 H2
Ludwigsburg Town Germany 57 D9
Ludwigsfelde Town Germany 56 F6
Ludwigshafen Town Germany 57 D9
Luebo Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 F11
Luena Town Angola 44 F3
Lufkin Town Texas, US 17 N6
Luga Town Russian Federation 72 B7
Lugano Town Switzerland 57 D12
Lugo Town Spain 58 F3
Lugoj Town Romania 68 D6
Luhans’k Town Ukraine 69 M4
Luhuo Town China 90 F5
Lukovit Town Bulgaria 66 E6
Luleå Town Sweden 48 F6
Lund Town Sweden 49 D12
Lüneburg Town Germany 56 E5
Luoyang Town China 91 I4
Lusaka Capital Zambia 44 H4
Luton Town England, UK 51 G10
Luts’k Town Ukraine 68 F2
Luxembourg Country 53 F13
Luxembourg Capital Luxembourg 53 G13
Luxor Town Egypt 38 E5
Luza Town Russian Federation 72 F7
Luzern Town Switzerland 57 C11
Luzon Island Philippines 97 J2
L’viv Town Ukraine 68 F3
Lynchburg Town Virginia, US 11 K2
Lyon Town France 55 F9
Lysychans’k Town Ukraine 69 M4
M Maluku see Moluccas
Ma’arrat an Nu’mān Town Syria 80 E6
Maastricht Town Netherlands 53 F11
Macao Town China 91 I8
Macapá Town Brazil 29 J2
Macdonnell Ranges Mountain range
Northern territory, Australia 104 H4
Macedonia Country 65 G12
Maceió Town Brazil 29 N4
Machala Town Ecuador 26 A8
Machanga Town Mozambique 45 J5
Machias Town Maine, US 9 L3
Machu Picchu Ancient site Peru 27 C11
Mackay Town Queensland, Australia 105 M4
Macon Town Georgia, US 11 I5
Ma’dabā Town Jordan 81 E11
Madagascar Country 45 M5
Madang Town Papua New Guinea 102 E5
Madawaska Town Maine, US 9 K1
Madeira, Rio River Brazil 28 H3
Madīnat ath Thawrah Town Syria 80 F6
Madison Town Wisconsin, US 13 J5
Madiun Town Indonesia 96 G8
Madras see Chennai
Madrid Capital Spain 59 I5
Madurai Town India 87 I8
Maebashi Town Japan 93 F10
Magadan Town Russian Federation 79 L4
Magdalena Town Mexico 18 E3
Magdalena Town Bolivia 27 E11
Magdeburg Town Germany 56 E6
Magelang Town Indonesia 96 G8
Magellan, Strait of Chile 31 E14
Maggiore, Lake Italy 60 C4
Magnitogorsk Town Russian Federation 78 F6
Magta’ Lahjar Town Mauritania 40 F4
Mahajanga Town Madagascar 45 M4
Mahalapye Town Botswana 44 H6
Mahdia Town Tunisia 37 J4
Mahilyow Town Belarus 71 G10 see also
Mogilev
Maidstone Town England, UK 51 H11
Maiduguri Town Nigeria 41 M6
Main River Germany 56 D8
Maine State US 9 K3
Maine, Gulf of Coastal feature NE US 9 L5
Maingkwan Town Myanmar 94 C4
Mainz Town Germany 56 C8
Majorca Island Balearic Islands, Spain 59 N6
Makarska Town Croatia 65 D9
Makassar Town Indonesia 97 I7
Makassar Strait Indonesia 97 I6
Makay Mountain range Madagascar 45 L6
Makeni Town Sierra Leone 40 F7
Makhachkala Town Russian Federation
73 D14
Makiyivka Town Ukraine 69 M5
Makkah see Mecca
Makkovik Town Newfoundland & Labrador,
Canada 7 L3
Makoua Town Congo 43 E10
Makrany Town Belarus 71 C10
Mākū Town Iran 82 D5
Makurdi Town Nigeria 41 L7
Malabo Capital Equatorial Guinea 42 B8
Malacca, Strait of Malaysia 96 D5
Maladzyechna Town Belarus 71 E9
Málaga Town Spain 58 H8
Malakal Town Southern Sudan 39 E9
Malang Town Indonesia 96 G8
Mälaren Lake Sweden 49 E10
Malatya Town Turkey 76 H5
Malawi Country 45 J3
Malaysia Country 96 E5
Maldives Country 99 J4
Malekula Island Vanuatu 102 H7
Male’ Capital Maldives 99 J4
Mali Country 41 I4
Mallawī Town Egypt 38 D5
Mallorca see Majorca
Malmberget Town Sweden 48 F5
Malmédy Town Belgium 53 F12
Malmö Town Sweden 49 C12
Malta Country 61 F14
Malta Town Montana, US 15 K2
Malta Channel Mediterranean Sea 61 F14
Malung Town Sweden 49 D9
Mamou Town Guinea 40 F6
Mamoudzou Capital Mayotte 45 L3
Manado Town Indonesia 97 K6
Managua Capital Nicaragua 20 H6
Managua, Lago de Lake Nicaragua 20 H6
Manama Capital Bahrain 83 E9
Mananjary Town Madagascar 45 M6
Manaus Town Brazil 28 H3
Manavgat Town Turkey 76 E6
Manbij Town Syria 80 F5
Manchester Town England, UK 51 F9
Manchester Town New Hampshire, US 9 J5
Manchuria Cultural region China 89 L3
Mandalay Town Myanmar 94 B6
Manduria Town Italy 61 H11
Manfredonia Town Italy 61 G9
Mangai Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 F11
Mangalmé Town Chad 42 F6
Mangalore Town India 86 G7
Manila Capital Philippines 97 I2
Manisa Town Turkey 76 C5
Manitoba Province Canada 5 J8
Manitoba, Lake Manitoba, Canada 5 J8
Manitoulin Island Québec, Canada 6 F7
Maniwori Town Indonesia 97 M7
Manizales Town Colombia 26 B6
Mankato Town Minnesota, US 12 H4
Manmād Town India 86 H5
Mannar, Gulf of Indian Ocean 87 I9
Mannheim Town Germany 57 D9
Manokwari Town Indonesia 97 M6
Manono Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 H12
Manosque Town France 55 G11
Mansfield Town Ohio, US 13 L6
Mansfield Town Pennsylvania, US 8 G6
Manta Town Ecuador 26 A8
Mantova Town Italy 60 D5
Manurewa Town New Zealand 106 G5
Manzanares Town Spain 59 I6
Manzanillo Town Cuba 22 G4
Manzanillo Town Mexico 18 H8
Manzhouli Town China 89 K2
Maoke, Pegunungan Mountain range
Indonesia 97 N7
Maoming Town China 91 I8
Maputo Capital Mozambique 45 I7
Maquinchao Town Argentina 31 D10
Marabá Town Brazil 29 K3
Ljubljana – Maun
Maracaibo Town Venezuela 26 C4
Maracay Town Venezuela 26 E5
Marādah Town Libya 37 M5
Maradi Town Niger 41 L5
Marāgheh Town Iran 82 D5
Marajó, Ilha de Island Brazil 29 K2
Marañón, Río River Peru 27 B9
Marbella Town Spain 58 H9
Marburg an der Lahn Town Germany 56 D7
Marche-en-Famenne Town Belgium 53 F12
Mardān Town Pakistan 86 G1
Mar del Plata Town Argentina 31 G9
Mardin Town Turkey 77 J6
Margarita, Isla de Island Venezuela 26 E4
Margate Town England, UK 51 I11
Mariana Trench Undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 108 H4
Maribor Town Slovenia 57 H11
Marie Byrd Land Region Antarctica 110 C6
Marie-Galante Island Guadeloupe 23 O6
Marijampolé Town Lithuania 70 C7
Marília Town Brazil 29 J7
Marín Town Spain 58 E3
Maringá Town Brazil 29 J7
Mariupol’ Town Ukraine 69 M5
Marka Town Somalia 39 H11
Marlborough Town Queensland,
Australia 105 N5
Marmara Denizi see Marmara, Sea of
Marmara, Sea of Turkey 76 D4
Maroantsetra Town Madagascar 45 M4
Maroua Town Cameroon 42 D6
Marquesas Islands Island group
French Polynesia 103 O6
Marquette Town Michigan , US 13 J3
Marrakech Town Morocco 36 E4
Marrawah Town Tasmania, Australia 105 K9
Marsā al Burayqah Town Libya 37 M5
Marsala Town Sicily, Italy 61 D12
Marsberg Town Germany 56 D7
Marseille Town France 55 G12
Marshall Islands Country 102 G2
Marsh Harbour Town The Bahamas 22 G1
Mars Hill Town Maine, US 9 L1
Martha’s Vineyard Island Massachusetts, US
9 K6
Martin Town Slovakia 63 E10
Martinique Dependent territory France, Atlantic
Ocean 23 O7
Martinique Passage Strait Dominica 23 O7
Mary Town Turkmenistan 84 G5
Maryland State US 8 G8
Maryville Town Missouri, US 12 H6
Masai Steppe Grassland Tanzania 39 F12
Masaka Town Uganda 39 E11
Masaya Town Nicaragua 20 H6
Mascarene Islands Island group
Indian Ocean 45 O6
Maseru Capital Lesotho 44 H7
Mashhad Town Iran 82 G5
Masindi Town Uganda 39 E11
Masqat· see Muscat
Massa Town Italy 60 D6
Massachusetts State US 9 J5
Massawa Town Eritrea 38 G7
Massif Central Upland France 55 E10
Masuda Town Japan 93 C12
Matadi Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 D11
Matamoros Town Mexico 19 I5
Matamoros Town Mexico 19 K5
Matanzas Town Cuba 22 E3
Matara Town Sri Lanka 87 I9
Mataram Town Indonesia 96 H8
Mataró Town Spain 59 M4
Matā ‘Utu Capital Wallis & Futuna 103 F6
Matera Town Italy 61 H10
Matosinhos Town Portugal 58 E4
Matsue Town Japan 93 C11
Matsumoto Town Japan 93 F10
Matsuyama Town Japan 93 D12
Matterhorn Mountain Switzerland/Italy
57 C12
Matthews Ridge Town Guyana 26 G5
Matthew Town Town The Bahamas 22 H4
Maturín Town Venezuela 26 F5
Maun Town Botswana 44 G5
123
 Mauritania – Mweru, Lake
Mauritania Country 40 F4
Mauritius Country 45 O6
Mawlamyine Town Myanmar 95 C9
Mawson Research station Antarctica 110 G4
Mayagüez Town Puerto Rico 23 L5
Mayamey Town Iran 82 G5
Maya Mountains Mountain range
Belize 20 F3
Maych’ew Town Ethiopia 38 F8
Maykop Town Russian Federation 73 B12
Mayotte Dependent territory France,
Indian Ocean 45 L4
Mazabuka Town Zambia 44 H4
Mazār-e Sharīf Town Afghanistan 85 I6
Mazatlán Town Mexico 18 G6
Mazury Physical region Poland 62 G5
Mazyr Town Belarus 71 F12
Mbabane Capital Swaziland 45 I7
Mbaké Town Senegal 40 E5
Mbale Town Uganda 39 E11
Mbandaka Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 E10
Mbarara Town Uganda 39 D11
Mbeya Town Tanzania 39 E13
Mbuji-Mayi Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 F11
McAlester Town Okahoma, US 17 M4
McAllen Town Texas, US 17 L9
McKinley, Mount see Denali
McMurdo Base Research station
Antarctica 110 E7
Mdantsane Town South Africa 44 H8
Meadville Town Pennsylvania, US 8 E6
Mecca Town Saudi Arabia 83 B10
Mechelen Town Belgium 53 D11
Medan Town Indonesia 96 D5
Medellín Town Colombia 26 B6
Médenine Town Tunisia 37 J4
Medias´ Town Romania 68 F6
Medicine Hat Town Alberta, Canada 5 I9
Medina Town Saudi Arabia 83 B9
Medinaceli Town Spain 59 J4
Mediterranean Sea Africa/Asia/Europe
67 D14
Medvezh’yegorsk Town Russian Federation
72 D6
Meerut Town India 87 I3
Meghālaya Cultural region India 87 L4
Mehtar Lām Town Afghanistan 85 J7
Meiktila Town Myanmar 94 B7
Mékhé Town Senegal 40 E5
Mekong River Asia 95 F11
Mekong, Mouths of the Coastal feature
Vietnam 95 G12
Melaka Town Malaysia 96 E5
Melanesia Region Pacific Ocean 102 H7
Melbourne Town Victoria, Australia 105 K8
Melekeok Capital Palau 102 C3
Melilla Town Spain 36 G3
Melilla Town Spain 36 G3
Melitopol’ Town Ukraine 69 K6
Mellerud Town Sweden 49 C10
Melo Town Uruguay 30 H8
Melville Island Northern Canada 5 I3
Memmingen Town Germany 57 E10
Memphis Town Tennessee, US 10 F4
Mende Town France 55 F10
Mendoza Town Argentina 30 D8
Menongue Town Angola 44 F4
Menorca see Minorca
Meppel Town Netherlands 52 F7
Merano Town Italy 60 E4
Mercer Town Pennsylvania, US 8 E7
Mérida Town Venezuela 26 D5
Mérida Town Spain 58 G6
Mérida Town Mexico 19 O6
Mérignac Town France 55 C10
Mersin Town Turkey 76 G6
Meru Town Kenya 39 F11
Mesa Town Arizona, US 16 E5
Messina Town Sicily, Italy 61 G12
Messina, Strait of Italy 61 G13
Mestia Town Georgia 77 K2
Mestre Town Italy 60 E5
Metairie Town Louisiana, US 10 F6
Metan Town Argentina 30 E5
Metapán Town El Salvador 20 E4
124
Meta, Río River Colombia 26 D6
Metz Town France 54 H6
Meulaboh Town Indonesia 96 C5
Mexicali Town Mexico 18 D2
Mexico Country 19 I5
Mexico City Capital Mexico 19 K8
Mexico, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean/
Caribbean Sea 32 G3
Miami Town Florida, US 11 J9
Miami Beach Town Florida, US 11 J8
Mīāneh Town Iran 82 D5
Mianyang Town China 90 H5
Michalovce Town Slovakia 63 G10
Michigan State US 13 K4
Michigan, Lake Central US, 13 K4
Michurinsk Town Russian Federation 73 D9
Micronesia Country 102 E2
Micronesia Region Pacific Ocean 102 F2
Mid-Atlantic Ridge Undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 33 I4
Middlesbrough Town England, UK 50 G8
Middletown Town New Jersey, US 9 I7
Mid-Indian Basin Undersea feature
Indian Ocean 99 K5
Midland Town Texas, US 17 J6
Midland Town Ontario, Canada 6 G8
Mid-Pacific Mountains Undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 109 I4
Midway Islands Dependent territory US,
Pacific Ocean 109 J3
Międzyrzec Podlaski Town Poland 62 G7
Mielec Town Poland 62 G8
Miercurea-Ciuc Town Romania 68 F6
Mieres del Camín Town Spain 58 G3
Miguel Asua Town Mexico 19 I6
Mikashevichy Town Belarus 71 E11
Mikhaylovka Town Russian Federation
73 D11
Milagro Town Ecuador 26 A8
Milan Town Italy 60 C5
Milano see Milan
Milas Town Turkey 76 C6
Miles City Town Montana, US 15 K3
Milford Town Pennsylvania, US 8 H6
Milford Haven Town Wales, UK 51 E11
Milford Sound Town New Zealand 107 B12
Milford Sound Inlet New Zealand 107 A12
Mil’kovo Town Russian Federation 78 N4
Millbridge Town Maine, US 9 L3
Millennium Island Island Kiribati 103 N6
Milo Town Maine, US 9 K3
Milton Town Pennsylvania, US 8 G7
Milton Keynes Town England, UK 51 G10
Milwaukee Town Wisconsin, US 13 J5
Minatitlán Town Mexico 19 M8
Minbu Town Myanmar 94 B7
Mindanao Island Philippines 97 J4
Minden Town Germany 56 D6
Mindoro Strait South China Sea 97 I3
Mineral Wells Town Texas, US 17 L5
Mingäcevir Town Azerbaijan 77 M3
Mingāora Town Pakistan 86 G1
Minna Town Nigeria 41 K7
Minneapolis Town Minnesota, US 12 H4
Minnesota State US 12 H4
Minorca Island Balearic Islands, Spain 59 N5
Minot Town North Dakota, US 12 F2
Minsk Capital Belarus 71 E9
Miraflores Town Mexico 18 F6
Miranda de Ebro Town Spain 59 I3
Miri Town Malaysia 96 H5
Mirim Lagoon Brazil 29 J9
Mirny Research station Antarctica 110 G6
Mirnyy Town Russian Federation 78 J5
Mīrpur Khās Town Pakistan 86 F3
Miskolc Town Hungary 63 F10
Misrātah Town Libya 37 K4
Mississippi State US 10 F5
Mississippi River Central US, 13 I5
Mississippi River Delta Coastal feature
Louisiana, US 10 F7
Missouri State US 13 I7
Missouri River Central US, 12 G6
Mistelbach an der Zaya Town Austria 57 H9
Mitchell Town South Dakota, US 12 G5
Mitchell Town South Dakota, US 12 G5
Mito Town Japan 93 G10
Mitrovica Town Kosovo 65 G10 see also
Mitrovicë
Mitrovicë Town Kosovo 65 G10 see also
Mitrovica
Mitspe Ramon Town Israel 81 D12
Mitú Town Colombia 26 D7
Mitumba Range Mountain range Democratic
Republic of the Congo 43 H12
Miyako Town Japan 92 G7
Miyakonojō Town Japan 93 C14
Miyazaki Town Japan 93 C14
Mladenovac Town Serbia 64 G8
Moab Town Utah, US 15 J6
Mobile Town Alabama, US 10 G6
Mocímboa da Praia Town Mozambique
45 K3
Modena Town Italy 60 D6
Modesto Town California, US 14 F6
Modica Town Sicily, Italy 61 F14
Moe Town Victoria, Australia 105 K8
Mogadishu Capital Somalia 39 H11
Mogilev Town Belarus 71 G10
see also Mahilyow
Mogilno Town Poland 62 E6
Mohammedia Town Morocco 36 E4
Mohawk River New York, US 8 H5
Mohe Town China 89 L1
Mohyliv-Podil’s’kyy Town Ukraine 68 H4
Mo i Rana Town Norway 48 D6
Mojave Desert California, US 14 H8
Mokpo Town South Korea 91 M4
Molde Town Norway 48 B8
Moldova Country 68 H5
Molfetta Town Italy 61 H10
Mölndal Town Sweden 49 C11
Molodezhnaya Research station
Antarctica 110 F4
Moluccas Island group Indonesia 97 L7
Molucca Sea Pacific Ocean 97 K6
Mombasa Town Kenya 39 G12
Monaco Country 55 H11
Monaco Capital Monaco 55 H11
Monahans Town Texas, US 17 J6
Mona, Isla Island Puerto Rico 23 K5
Mona Passage Strait Dominican Republic
23 K5
Moncalieri Town Italy 60 B5
Monchegorsk Town Russian Federation
72 D4
Monclova Town Mexico 19 I4
Moncton Town New Brunswick, Canada 7 K7
Mondovì Town Italy 60 B6
Monfalcone Town Italy 60 F5
Mongolia Country 88 H3
Monroe Town Louisiana, US 10 E5
Monrovia Capital Liberia 40 F8
Mons Town Belgium 53 D12
Monselice Town Italy 60 E5
Montana State US 15 J2
Montana Town Bulgaria 66 E5
Montauban Town France 55 D11
Mont Blanc Mountain France 55 H9
Mont-de-Marsan Town France 55 C11
Monteagudo Town Bolivia 27 E13
Monte Alban Ancient site Mexico 19 L9
Monte Caseros Town Argentina 30 G7
Monte Cristi Town Dominican Republic 23 I5
Montego Bay Town Jamaica 22 F5
Montélimar Town France 55 F10
Montemorelos Town Mexico 19 J5
Montenegro Country 65 F10
Monterey Town California, US 14 F7
Montería Town Colombia 26 B5
Montero Town Bolivia 27 F12
Monterrey Town Mexico 19 J5
Montes Claros Town Brazil 29 L6
Montevideo Capital Uruguay 30 H8
Montgomery Town Alabama, US 10 G5
Montlucon Town France 55 E9
Montpellier Town France 55 F11
Montréal Town Québec, Canada 7 I7
Montserrat Dependent territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 23 N6
Monywa Town Myanmar 94 B6
Monza Town Italy 60 C5
Moorhead Town Minnesota, US 12 G3
Mopti Town Mali 40 H5
Moravia Region Czechia 63 D9
Moree Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 M6
Morelia Town Mexico 19 J8
Morena, Sierra Mountain range Spain 58 G7
Morioka Town Japan 92 G7
Morocco Country 36 E5
Morogoro Town Tanzania 39 F13
Morón Town Cuba 22 F3
Mörön Town Mongolia 88 H3
Morondava Town Madagascar 45 L5
Moroni Capital Comoros 45 L3
Moscow Capital Russian Federation 72 C8
Moshi Town Tanzania 39 F12
Moskva see Moscow
Mosquito Coast Coastal feature
Nicaragua 21 J5
Mosselbaai Town South Africa 44 G8
Mossendjo Town Congo 43 D10
Mossoró Town Brazil 29 M3
Most Town Czechia 62 B8
Mostaganem Town Algeria 36 G3
Mostar Town Bosnia & Herzegovina 65 D9
Mosul Town Iraq 82 C6
Motagua, Río River Guatemala 20 E4
Motueka Town New Zealand 107 E9
Mould Bay Town Northwest Territories,
Canada 4 H3
Moulins Town France 54 F8
Moundou Town Chad 42 E7
Mount Cook Town New Zealand 107 C11
Mount Isa Town Queensland,
Australia 105 J4
Mount Magnet Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 E6
Mouscron Town Belgium 53 C11
Mo’ynoq Town Uzbekistan 84 F2
Mozambique Country 45 J5
Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean 45 K5
Mpika Town Zambia 45 I3
Mthatha Town South Africa 44 H8
Muang Không Town Laos 95 G10
Muang Namo Town Laos 94 E7
Muang Phalan Town Laos 95 G9
Muar Town Malaysia 96 E5
Mudanjiang Town China 89 N3
Mufulira Town Zambia 44 H3
Mugi Town Japan 93 E12
Mukacheve Town Ukraine 68 E4
Mulhouse Town France 54 H8
Mull, Isle of Island Scotland, UK 50 D6
Mulongo Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 H12
Multān Town Pakistan 86 G2
Mumbai Town India 86 G6
Münchberg Town Germany 56 F8
München see Munich
Muncie Town Indiana, US 13 K6
Munich Town Germany 57 F10
Munster Cultural region Ireland 51 B10
Münster Town Germany 56 C6
Muonionjoki River Sweden 48 F4
Muqāv Town Jordan 81 G10
Muqdisho see Mogadishu
Murcia Town Spain 59 K7
Murmansk Town Russian Federation 72 E4
Murom Town Russian Federation 73 D9
Muroran Town Japan 92 F6
Murray River New South Wales/Victoria/
South Australia, Australia 105 K8
Murska Sobota Town Slovenia 57 H11
Murwāra Town India 87 I4
Murzuq, Idhán Desert Libya 37 K7
Mus Town Turkey 77 J5
Muscat Capital Oman 83 H9
Musgrave Ranges Mountain range
South Australia, Australia 104 H5
Musoma Town Tanzania 39 E11
Mutare Town Zimbabwe 45 I5
Mutsu Town Japan 92 G6
Muttonbird Islands Island group
New Zealand 107 B14
Mwanza Town Tanzania 39 E12
Mwene-Ditu Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 F12
Mweru, Lake Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 H12

Myanmar (Burma) Country 94 B5
Myanaung Town Myanmar 94 B8
Myaungmya Town Myanmar 95 B9
Myeik Archipelago Island chain
Myanmar 95 C11
Myingyan Town Myanmar 94 B6
Myitkyina Town Myanmar 94 C5
Mykolayiv Town Ukraine 69 J5
Myrhorod Town Ukraine 69 K3
Mýrina Town Greece 67 F9
Myrtle Beach Town South Carolina,
US 11 K4
Mysore Town India 86 H8
My Tho Town Vietnam 95 G11
Mzuzu Town Malawi 45 J3
N Navapolatsk Town Belarus 70 G8
Naberezhnyye Chelny Town Russian
Federation 73 F9
Nablus Town Israel 81 D11
Nacala Town Mozambique 45 K4
Nadi Town Fiji 103 I7
Nadvirna Town Ukraine 68 F4
Nadym Town Russian Federation 78 G5
Naga Town Philippines 97 J2
Nagano Town Japan 93 F10
Nagaoka Town Japan 93 F9
Nagasaki Town Japan 93 B14
Nagato Town Japan 93 C12
Nāgercoil Town India 86 H9
Nagorno-Karabakh Region
Azerbaijan 77 M4
Nagoya Town Japan 93 F11
Nāgpur Town India 87 I5
Nagqu Town China 88 G7
Nagykanizsa Town Hungary 63 D12
Nagykőrös Town Hungary 63 F11
Naha Town Ryukyu Islands 93 A16
Nā’īn Town Iran 82 F7
Nain Town Newfoundland & Labrador,
Canada 7 K3
Nairobi Capital Kenya 39 F11
Najin Town North Korea 91 M2
Najrān Town Saudi Arabia 83 C12
Nakagawa Town Japan 92 F4
Nakamura Town Japan 93 D13
Nakatsugawa Town Japan 93 F11
Nakhodka Town Russian Federation 79 M7
Nakhon Ratchasima Town Thailand 95 E9
Nakhon Sawan Town Thailand 95 D9
Nakhon Si Thammarat Town
Thailand 95 D12
Nakuru Town Kenya 39 F11
Nal’chik Town Russian Federation 73 C13
Nālūt Town Libya 37 J5
Namangan Town Uzbekistan 85 K3
Nam Đinh Town Vietnam 94 G7
Namib Desert Namibia 44 E5
Namibe Town Angola 44 D4
Namibia Country 44 E5
Nampa Town Idaho, US 14 H4
Nampula Town Mozambique 45 K4
Namur Town Belgium 53 E12
Nanaimo Town British Colombia,
Canada 4 G9
Nancha Town China 89 M2
Nanchang Town China 91 J6
Nanchong Town China 90 H6
Nancy Town France 54 H7
Nānded Town India 86 H6
Nanfeng Town China 91 J7
Nanjing Town China 91 K5
Nanning Town China 90 H8
Nanping Town China 91 K7
Nanterre Town France 54 E6
Nantes Town France 54 C8
Nantucket Town Massachusetts, US 9 K6
Nantucket Island Massachusetts, US 9 K6
Nanyang Town China 91 I5
Napa Town California, US 14 F6
Napier Town New Zealand 106 H7
Naples Town Italy 61 F10
Napoli see Naples
Napo, Río River Peru 26 C8
Narathiwat Town Thailand 95 E13
Narita Town Japan 93 G10
Närpes Town Finland 48 F8
Närpiö see Närpes
Narva Town Estonia 70 H4
Narvik Town Norway 48 E4
Năsăud Town Romania 68 F5
Nāshik Town India 86 G5
Nashua Town New Hampshire, US 9 J5
Nashville Town Tennessee, US 10 G3
Nassau Capital The Bahamas 22 G2
Nasser Lake Egypt 38 E6
Nata Town Botswana 44 H5
Natal Town Brazil 29 N3
Natitingou Town Benin 41 J6
Natzrat see Nazareth
Nauru Country 102 H4
Nauta Town Peru 27 C9
see also Novopolotsk
Navassa Island Dependent territory US,
Atlantic Ocean 22 H5
Navoiy Town Uzbekistan 85 I4
Navojoa Town Mexico 18 F5
Nawābshāh Town Pakistan 86 F3
Nayoro Town Japan 92 F4
Nay Pyi Taw Capital Myanmar 94 C7
Nazareth Town Israel 81 D10
Nazca Town Peru 27 C11
Nazilli Town Turkey 76 D6
Nazrēt Town Ethiopia 39 G9
N’Dalatando Town Angola 44 E2
Ndélé Town Central African Republic 42 F7
N'Djaména Capital Chad 42 D6
Neagh, Lough Lake Northern Ireland,
UK 50 D8
Neápoli Town Greece 67 G14
Neápoli Town Greece 67 C9
Near Islands Island Group Alaska, US 4 A3
Nebraska State US 12 F5
Necochea Town Argentina 31 G10
Neftekamsk Town Russian Federation 73 F9
Negēlē Town Ethiopia 39 G10
Negev Desert Israel 81 D12
Negombo Town Sri Lanka 87 I9
Negotin Town Serbia 64 H8
Negro, Rio River Brazil 28 G2
Neijiang Town China 90 G6
Nei Mongol Zizhiqu see Inner Mongolia
Neiva Town Colombia 26 B7
Nellore Town India 87 I7
Nelson Town New Zealand 107 E9
Nemuro Town Japan 92 H4
Nepal Country 87 J3
Neryungri Town Russian Federation 79 K6
Netanya Town Israel 81 D11
Netherlands Country 52 E7
Neubrandenburg Town Germany 56 F5
Neuchâtel Town Switzerland 57 C11
Neufchâteau Town Belgium 53 F13
Neumünster Town Germany 56 D4
Neunkirchen Town Germany 57 C9
Neuquén Town Argentina 31 D10
Neustadt an der Weinstrasse Town
Germany 57 C9
Neu-Ulm Town Germany 57 E10
Neuwied Town Germany 56 C8
Nevada State US 14 H6
Nevinnomyssk Town Russian Federation
73 C11
Nevsehir Town Turkey 76 G5
New Amsterdam Town Guyana 26 G6
Newark Town New Jersey, US 9 I7
Newark Town New York, US 8 G5
New Bedford Town Massachusetts, US 9 K6
Newberg Town Oregon, US 14 F3
New Britain Island Papua New Guinea
102 F5
New Caledonia Island New Caledonia
102 G8
New Caledonia Dependent territory France,
Pacific Ocean 102 G7
Newcastle Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 M7
Newcastle upon Tyne Town England,
UK 50 F7
New Delhi Capital India 86 H3
Newfoundland Island Ontario, Canada 7 M5
Myanmar (Burma) – Novopolotsk
Newfoundland & Labrador Province
Canada 7 L4
Newfoundland Basin Undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 33 J2
New Glasgow Town Nova Scotia,
Canada 7 L7
New Guinea Island Indonesia/
Papua New Guinea 102 D5
New Hampshire State US 9 J4
New Haven Town Connecticut, US 8 I6
New Iberia Town Louisiana, US 10 E6
New Jersey State US 9 I7
Newman Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 E4
New Mexico State US 17 I4
New Orleans Town Louisiana, US 10 F6
New Plymouth Town New Zealand 106 F7
Newport Town Vermont, US 9 I3
Newport Town Wales, UK 51 F11
Newport News Town Virginia, US 11 L3
New Providence Island The Bahamas 22 G2
Newquay Town England, UK 51 E12
Newry Town Northern Ireland, UK 50 D8
New Siberian Islands Island group
Russian Federation 79 K3
New South Wales State Australia 105 L7
Newtownabbey Town Northern Ireland,
UK 50 D7
New York State US 8 G5
New York Town New York, US 9 I7
New Zealand Country 107 E9
Ngaoundéré Town Cameroon 42 D7
Ngo Town Congo 43 D10
Nguigmi Town Niger 41 M5
Nha Trang Town Vietnam 95 H10
Niagara Falls Town Ontario, Canada 6 G8
Niagara Falls Town New York, US 8 E5
Niagara Falls Waterfall Canada/US 8 E6
Niamey Capital Niger 41 J5
Nia-Nia Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 H9
Nicaragua Country 20 H5
Nicaragua, Lago de Lake Nicaragua 21 I6
Nice Town France 55 H11
Nicholls Town Town The Bahamas 22 F2
Nicobar Islands Island group India 87 M8
Nicosia Capital Cyprus 80 B8
Nicoya Town Costa Rica 20 H7
Nicoya, Golfo de Gulf Costa Rica 21 I7
Nida Town Lithuania 70 C6
Nieuw-Bergen Town Netherlands 53 F9
Niğde Town Turkey 76 G6
Niger Country 41 K5
Niger River Niger/Nigeria 41 J6
Nigeria Country 41 M7
Niger, Mouths of the Coastal feature
Nigeria 41 K8
Niigata Town Japan 93 F9
Niihama Town Japan 93 D12
Niitsu Town Japan 93 F9
Nijmegen Town Netherlands 53 F9
Nikiniki Town Indonesia 97 J8
Nikopol’ Town Ukraine 69 K5
Nikšić Town Montenegro 65 E10
Nile River East Africa 38 E5
Nile Delta Egypt 38 E4
Nîmes Town France 55 F11
Ninetyeast Ridge Undersea feature
Indian Ocean 99 K4
Ninety Mile Beach Coastal feature
New Zealand 106 E3
Ningbo Town China 91 L6
Ningxia Administrative region China 89 J6
Niort Town France 54 D8
Nipigon, Lake Québec, Canada 6 E6
Niš Town Serbia 65 H9
Nisab Town Saudi Arabia 82 D8
Nitra Town Slovakia 63 E10
Niue Dependent territory New Zealand,
Pacific Ocean 103 K7
Nizāmābād Town India 87 I6
Nizhnekamsk Town Russian Federation
73 F9
Nizhnevartovsk Town Russian Federation
78 G5
Nizhniy Novgorod Town Russian Federation
73 E9
Nizhniy Odes Town Russian Federation
72 G7
Nizhyn Town Ukraine 69 J2
Nkayi Town Congo 43 D11
Nkongsamba Town Cameroon 42 C8
Nobeoka Town Japan 93 C14
Noboribetsu Town Japan 92 F6
Nogales Town Arizona, US 16 F6
Nogales Town Mexico 18 E3
Nokia Town Finland 48 G8
Nokou Town Chad 42 D5
Nong Khai Town Thailand 94 E8
Noordwijk aan Zee Town Netherlands
52 D8
Norak Town Tajikistan 85 J5
Norderstedt Town Germany 56 E5
Nordhorn Town Germany 56 C6
Nordkapp see North Cape
Norfolk Town Nebraska, US 12 G5
Norfolk Town Virginia, US 11 L3
Norfolk Island Dependent territory Australia,
Pacific Ocean 109 I7
Noril’sk Town Russian Federation 78 H4
Norman Town Oklahoma, US 17 L4
Normandy Region France 54 D6
Norrköping Town Sweden 49 E10
Norrtälje Town Sweden 49 E10
North Albanian Alps Mountain range Serbia/
Montenegro 65 F10
Northampton Town England, UK 51 G10
North Bay Town Ontario, Canada 6 G7
North Cape Coastal feature New Zealand
106 E3
North Cape Coastal feature Norway 48 G2
North Carolina State US 11 K4
North Charleston Town South Carolina,
US 11 J5
North Dakota State US 12 F3
Northern Cook Islands Island group
Cook Islands 103 M6
Northern Dvina River Russian Federation
72 E7
Northern Ireland Political region UK 50 D7
Northern Mariana Islands Dependent territory
US, Pacific Ocean 102 D1
Northern Sporades Island group Greece
67 E10
Northern Territory State Australia 104 H4
North Island New Zealand 106 G7
North Korea Country 91 M3
North Little Rock Town Arkansas,
US 10 E4
North Sea Europe 50 G4
North West Highlands Mountain range
Scotland, UK 50 E4
Northwest Pacific Basin Undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 109 I3
Northwest Territories Province Canada 4 H6
Norway Country 48 B8
Norwegian Sea Arctic Ocean 111 M8
Norwich Town England, UK 51 H9
Noshiro Town Japan 92 F7
Nosratābād Town Iran 82 H7
Nottingham Town England, UK 51 G9
Nouâdhibou Town Mauritania 40 E3
Nouakchott Capital Mauritania 40 E4
Nouméa Capital New Caledonia 102 H8
Nova Iguaçu Town Brazil 29 L7
Novara Town Italy 60 C5
Novaya Zemlya Island Russian Federation
72 G4
Novi Sad Town Serbia 64 F7
Novocheboksarsk Town Russian Federation
73 E9
Novocherkassk Town Russian Federation
73 C11
Novodvinsk Town Russian Federation 72 E6
Novokuznetsk Town Russian Federation
78 H7
Novolazarevskaya Research station
Antarctica 110 E3
Novomoskovs’k Town Ukraine 69 K4
Novomoskovsk Town Russian Federation
73 C9
Novopolotsk Town Belarus 70 G8 see also
Navapolatsk
125
 Novorossiysk – Pécs
Novorossiysk Town Russian Federation
73 B12
Novoshakhtinsk Town Russian Federation
73 C11
Novosibirsk Town Russian Federation 78 H6
Novotroyits’ke Town Ukraine 69 K6
Nowy Sącz Town Poland 63 F9
Noyon Town France 54 F6
Nsawam Town Ghana 41 I8
Nubian Desert Sudan 38 E6
Nueva Gerona Town Cuba 22 D3
Nueva Rosita Town Mexico 19 I4
Nuevitas Town Cuba 22 G4
Nuevo Casas Grandes Town Mexico
18 G3
Nuevo Laredo Town Mexico 19 J4
Nuku’ alofa Capital Tonga 103 K8
Nukus Town Uzbekistan 84 F2
Nullarbor Plain Australia 104 G6
Nunavut Province Canada 5 J5
Nuneaton Town England, UK 51 G10
Nuremberg Town Germany 57 E9
Nürnberg see Nuremberg
Nurota Town Uzbekistan 85 I4
Nusa Tenggara see Lesser Sunda Islands
Nusaybin Town Turkey 77 J6
Nuuk Town Greenland 111 B8
Nyagan’ Town Russian Federation 78 G5
Nyainqêntanglha Shan Mountain range
China 88 G8
Nyala Town Sudan 38 C8
Nyamapanda Town Mozambique 45 I4
Nyasa, Lake Malawi 45 J3
Nyeri Town Kenya 39 F11
Nyíregyháza Town Hungary 63 G10
Nykøbing Town Denmark 49 C13
Nyköping Town Sweden 49 E10
Nzega Town Tanzania 39 E12
O Ongole Town India 87 I7
Oakland Town California, US 14 F6
Oakland Town Maryland, US 8 E8
Oamaru Town New Zealand 107 D12
Oaxaca Town Mexico 19 L8
Ob’ River Russian Federation 78 G4
Obihiro Town Japan 92 G5
Obock Town Djibouti 38 G8
Ocala Town Florida, US 11 I7
Ocaña Town Spain 59 I6
Occidental, Cordillera Mountain range
Peru 27 C11
Ocean Falls Town British Colombia,
Canada 4 F8
Oceanside Town California, US 14 G8
Ochakiv Town Ukraine 69 I6
Ochamchire Town Georgia 77 J2
Ocozocuautla Town Mexico 19 M8
Ōdate Town Japan 92 F7
Ödemis Town Turkey 76 C5
Odense Town Denmark 49 B12
Oder River Poland 62 C6
Odesa Town Ukraine 69 I6
Odessa Town Texas, US 17 J6
Odienné Town Côte d’Ivoire 40 G7
Offenbach Town Germany 56 D8
Offenburg Town Germany 57 C10
Ogaden Plateau Ethiopia 39 H9
Ōgaki Town Japan 93 E11
Ogbomosho Town Nigeria 41 K7
Ogden Town Utah, US 15 I5
Ogdensburg Town New York, US 9 H3
Ohio State US 13 L6
Ohio River Central US, 13 M7
Ohrid Town Macedonia 65 F12
Ohrid, Lake Albania 65 F12
Ohura Town New Zealand 106 G7
Oirschot Town Netherlands 53 F10
Ōita Town Japan 93 C13
Ojinaga Town Mexico 18 H3
Okāra Town India 86 H2
Okavango Delta Botswana 44 G5
Okayama Town Japan 93 D12
Okazaki Town Japan 93 F11
Okeechobee, Lake Florida, US 11 J8
126
Okefenokee Swamp Wetlands Georgia,
US 11 I6
Okhotsk Town Russian Federation 78 L5
Okhotskoye More see Okhotsk, Sea of
Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean 92 G4
Okhtyrka Town Ukraine 69 K3
Okinawa Island Ryukyu Islands 93 A16
Oklahoma State US 17 L4
Oklahoma City Town Oklahoma, US 17 L3
Oktyabr’skiy Town Russian Federation
73 F10
Öland Island Sweden 49 E12
Olavarría Town Argentina 31 F9
Oldenburg Town Germany 56 D5
Olëkminsk Town Russian Federation 78 K5
Oleksandrivka Town Ukraine 69 J4
Oleksandriya Town Ukraine 69 J4
Olenegorsk Town Russian Federation 72 D4
Olenëk Town Russian Federation 78 J4
Olifa Town Namibia 44 E4
Olivet Town France 54 E7
Olmaliq Town Uzbekistan 85 J4
Olomouc Town Czechia 63 D9
Olovyannaya Town Russian Federation
78 K7
Olpe Town Germany 56 C7
Olsztyn Town Poland 62 F5
Olympia Town Washington, US 14 F2
Ólympos Mountain Greece 67 D9
Omagh Town Northern Ireland, UK 50 C8
Omaha Town Nebraska, US 12 G6
Oman Country 83 G11
Oman, Gulf of Indian Ocean 83 H9
Omdurman Town Sudan 38 E7
Omsk Town Russian Federation 78 G6
Ōmuta Town Japan 93 B13
Öndörhaan Town Mongolia 89 J3
Onega Town Russian Federation 72 D6
Onega, Lake Russian Federation 72 D6
Oneonta Town New York, US 8 H5
Onitsha Town Nigeria 41 L8
Ontario Province Canada 6 F5
Ontario, Lake Canada/US 8 F5
Oostende see Ostend
Oosterhout Town Netherlands 53 E9
Opava Town Czechia 63 E9
Opochka Town Russian Federation 72 B7
Opole Town Poland 62 E8
Oradea Town Romania 68 D5
Oran Town Algeria 36 G3
Orange Town France 55 F11
Orange River Namibia 44 F7
Oranjestad Capital Aruba 23 J8
Oravipa Town Romania 68 D6
Orcadas Research station Antarctica 110 B3
Ordu Town Turkey 76 H4
Orealla Town Guyana 26 G6
Örebro Town Sweden 49 D10
Oregon State US 14 H4
Orël Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Orem Town Utah, US 15 J5
Ore Mountains Germany 56 F7
Orenburg Town Russian Federation 73 F11
Orense see Ourense
Oreor Capital Palau 102 C3
Orestiáda Town Greece 66 G7
Orihuela Town Spain 59 K7
Orinoco, Río River Venezuela 26 F5
Orinoquía-Amazonía Physical region
Venezuela 26 C7
Oristano Town Sardinia, Italy 61 B10
Orkney Islands Island group Scotland,
UK 50 E3
Orlando Town Florida, US 11 J7
Orléans Town France 54 E7
Orleans Town Massachusetts, US 9 L6
Örnsköldsvik Town Sweden 48 E7
Orsha Town Belarus 71 G9
Orsk Town Russian Federation 73 G11
Ortona Town Italy 60 F8
Oruro Town Bolivia 27 E12
Ōsaka Town Japan 93 E12
Osh Town Kyrgyzstan 85 K4
Oshawa Town Ontario, Canada 6 H8
Oshkosh Town Wisconsin, US 13 J4
Osijek Town Croatia 64 E6
Oslo Capital Norway 49 C10
Osmaniye Town Turkey 76 H6
Osnabrück Town Germany 56 C6
Osorno Town Chile 31 C10
Oss Town Netherlands 53 F9
Ossora Town Russian Federation 78 M4
Ostend Town Belgium 53 C10
Östersund Town Sweden 48 D8
Ostiglia Town Italy 60 E5
Ostrava Town Czechia 63 E9
Ostrołęka Town Poland 62 G6
Ostrov Town Russian Federation 72 B7
Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski Town
Poland 62 G8
Ostrów Wielkopolski Town Poland 62 E7
Ōsumi-shotō Island group Japan 93 B15
Oswego Town New York, US 8 G5
Otago Peninsula New Zealand 107 C13
Otaru Town Japan 92 F5
Otawara Town Japan 93 G9
Otranto, Strait of Albania 65 E12
Ōtsu Town Japan 93 E11
Ottawa Capital Canada 6 H7
Ottumwa Town Iowa, US 13 I6
Ouachita Mountains Arkansas, US 10 D4
Ouagadougou Capital Burkina Faso 41 J6
Ouahigouya Town Burkina Faso 41 I5
Ouanary Town French Guiana 26 I6
Ouarâne Desert Mauritania 40 G3
Ouargla Town Algeria 37 I5
Ouarzazate Town Morocco 36 E5
Ouésso Town Congo 43 E9
Oujda Town Morocco 36 G4
Oulu Town Finland 48 G6
Oupeye Town Belgium 53 F11
Ourense Town Spain 58 F3
Outer Hebrides Island group Scotland,
UK 50 C4
Ovalle Town Chile 30 C7
Oviedo Town Spain 58 G2
Ovruch Town Ukraine 68 H2
Owensboro Town Kentucky, US 10 G2
Owen Stanley Range Mountain range
Papua New Guinea 102 E5
Owerri Town Nigeria 41 L8
Owo Town Nigeria 41 K7
Oxford Town New Zealand 107 E11
Oxford Town England, UK 51 G11
Oxnard Town California, US 14 G8
Oyama Town Japan 93 G10
Oyem Town Gabon 43 C9
Oyo Town Nigeria 41 K7
Ozark Town Alabama, US 10 H6
Ozark Plateau Missouri, US 12 H8
P Pasadena Town California, US 14 G8
Pabianice Town Poland 62 E7
Pabna Town Bangladesh 87 L4
Pachuca Town Mexico 19 K7
Pacific Ocean 108–109
Padang Town Indonesia 96 D6
Paderborn Town Germany 56 D7
Padova Town Italy 60 E5
Paducah Town Kentucky, US 10 G3
Pago Pago Capital American Samoa 103 K6
Paide Town Estonia 70 G4
Päijänne Lake Finland 48 G8
Painted Desert Arizona, US 16 F3
Paisley Town Scotland, UK 50 E6
País Vasco see Basque Country, The
Pakistan Country 86 F3
Pakokku Town Myanmar 94 B6
Paks Town Hungary 63 E12
Pakxan Town Laos 94 F8
Pakxé Town Laos 95 G9
Pālanpur Town India 86 G4
Palau Country 102 C3
Palawan Passage South China Sea 96 H4
Palembang Town Indonesia 96 E7
Palencia Town Spain 58 H4
Palenque Ancient site Mexico 19 N8
Palermo Town Sicily, Italy 61 E12
Pāli Town India 86 G4
Palikir Capital Micronesia 102 G3
Palliser, Cape Coastal feature New Zealand
107 G9
Palma Town Mallorca, Spain 59 M6
Palmas do Tocantis Town Brazil 29 K4
Palma Soriano Town Cuba 22 G4
Palmer Research station Antarctica 110 B4
Palmer Land Region Antarctica 110 C5
Palmerston North Town New Zealand
106 G8
Palmi Town Italy 61 G12
Palmira Town Colombia 26 B6
Palm Springs Town California, US 14 H8
Palmyra see Tudmur
Palmyra Atoll Dependent territory US, Pacific
Ocean 103 M3
Palo Alto Town California, US 14 F6
Palu Town Indonesia 97 I6
Pamirs Mountain range Tajikistan 85 K5
Pampas Plain Argentina 30 E8
Pamplona Town Spain 59 J3
Panaji Town India 86 G7
Panama Country 21 L8
Panama Canal Panama 21 L8
Panama City Capital Panama 21 M8
Panama, Gulf of Panama 21 M9
Pančevo Town Serbia 64 G7
Panevėāys Town Lithuania 70 E7
Pangkalpinang Town Indonesia 96 F6
Pantanal Wetlands Brazil 29 I6
Panyabungan Town Indonesia 96 D6
Panzhihua Town China 90 F7
Papantla Town Mexico 19 K7
Papeete Capital French Polynesia 103 N7
Papua Province Indonesia 97 N7
Papua, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 102 E6
Papua New Guinea Country 102 F5
Papuk Mountain range Croatia 64 D6
Paraguay Country 30 G4
Paraguay River Argentina/Paraguay 30 G5
Parakou Town Benin 41 J7
Paramaribo Capital Suriname 26 H6
Paraná Town Argentina 30 F7
Paraná River Argentina/Paraguay 30 H6
Pardubice Town Czechia 63 C9
Parechcha Town Belarus 70 D8
Parecis, Chapada dos Mountain range
Brazil 28 H5
Parepare Town Indonesia 97 I7
Paria, Gulf of Trindad & Tobago 23 O9
Paris Capital France 54 E6
Parma Town Italy 60 D6
Parnaíba Town Brazil 29 L2
Pärnu Town Estonia 70 F4
Parral Town Chile 31 C9
Parramatta Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 M7
Pasadena Town Texas, US 17 N7
Pasco Town Washington, US 14 G3
Pasinler Town Turkey 77 J4
Pasni Town Pakistan 86 E3
Passau Town Germany 57 G10
Passo Fundo Town Brazil 29 J8
Pasto Town Colombia 26 B7
Patagonia Region Argentina 31 D12
Paterson Town New Jersey, US 9 I7
Pathein Town Myanmar 94 B8
Patna Town India 87 J4
Patnos Town Turkey 77 K5
Pátra Town Greece 67 C11
Pau Town France 55 C11
Paulatuk Town Northwest Territories,
Canada 4 H5
Pavia Town Italy 60 C5
Pāvilosta Town Latvia 70 D5
Pavlodar Town Kazakhstan 78 G7
Pavlohrad Town Ukraine 69 L4
Pawtucket Town Rhode Island, US 8 J6
Paysandú Town Uruguay 30 H7
Pazar Town Turkey 77 J3
Pazardzhik Town Bulgaria 66 F7
Pearl River Mississippi, US 10 F5
Peawanuk Town Ontario, Canada 6 F4
Pechora River Russian Federation 72 G6
Pechora Town Russian Federation 72 G6
Peć Town Kosovo 65 F10 see also Pejë
Pécs Town Hungary 63 E12

Pedro Juan Caballero Town Paraguay 30 H4
Peiraías see Piraeus
Pejë Town Kosovo 65 F10 see also Peć
Pekalongan Town Indonesia 96 G7
Pekanbaru Town Indonesia 96 D6
Peloponnese Peninsula Greece 67 D12
Pelopónnisos see Peloponnese
Pematangsiantar Town Indonesia 96 D5
Pemba Town Mozambique 45 K3
Pennines Hills England, UK 50 F8
Pennsylvania State US 8 F7
Penonomé Town Panama 21 L8
Penrith Town England,UK 50 F7
Pensacola Town Florida, US 10 G6
Penza Town Russian Federation 73 D10
Penzance Town England, UK 51 D12
Peoria Town Illinois, US 13 J6
Perchtoldsdorf Town Austria 57 H10
Pereira Town Colombia 26 B6
Pergamino Town Argentina 30 F8
Perm’ Town Russian Federation 73 G9
Pernik Town Bulgaria 66 D6
Perote Town Mexico 19 K7
Perpignan Town France 55 E12
Persian Gulf Middle East 82 E6
see also Gulf, The
Perth Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 E7
Perth Town Scotland,UK 50 F6
Peru Country 27 C10
Perugia Town Italy 60 E8
Pervomays’k Town Ukraine 69 I5
Pesaro Town Italy 60 F7
Pescara Town Italy 60 F8
Peshāwar Town Pakistan 86 G1
Pessac Town France 55 C10
Petah Tikva Town Israel 81 D11
Peterborough Town South Australia, Australia
105 J7
Peterborough Town Ontario, Canada 6 H8
Peterborough Town England, UK 51 H10
Peterborough Town South Australia, Australia
105 J7
Peterhead Town Scotland, UK 50 F5
Peter I Island Dependent Territory Norway,
Southern Ocean 110 B6
Petersburg Town Virginia, US 11 K2
Peters Mine Town Guyana 26 G6
Petra Town Jordan 81 E13
Petrinja Town Croatia 64 C6
Petrodvorets Town Russian Federation 72 C6
Petropavlovsk Town Kazakhstan 78 G6
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy Town
Russian Federation 79 M5
Petrozavodsk Town Russian Federation
72 D6
Pevek Town Russian Federation 78 L2
Pforzheim Town Germany 57 D9
Phan Thiêt Town Vietnam 95 H11
Phetchaburi Town Thailand 95 D10
Philadelphia Town Pennsylvania, US 8 H7
Philippines Country 97 J2
Phitsanulok Town Thailand 94 D8
Phnom Penh Capital Cambodia 95 F11
Phoenix Town Arizona, US 16 E5
Phoenix Islands Island group
Kiribati 103 J5
Phuket Town Thailand 95 C13
Phuket, Ko Island Thailand 95 C12
Piacenza Town Italy 60 D5
Piatra-Neamp Town Romania 68 G5
Picos Town Brazil 29 L3
Picton Town New Zealand 107 F9
Piedras Negras Town Mexico 19 J4
Pielinen Lake Finland 48 H7
Pierre Town South Dakota, US 12 F4
Pietermaritzburg Town South Africa 45 I8
Pietersburg see Polokwane
Pikeville Town Kentucky, US 11 I2
Piła Town Poland 62 D6
Pinar del Río Town Cuba 22 D3
Píndos see Pindus Mountains
Pindus Mountains Mountain range
Greece 67 C10
Pine Bluff Town Arkansas, US 10 E4
Pingdingshan Town China 91 I5
Pinsk Town Belarus 71 D11
Piotrków Trybunalski Town Poland 62 F7
Piraeus Town Greece 67 E11
Pirot Town Serbia 65 H10
Pisa Town Italy 60 D7
Pisco Town Peru 27 B11
Písek Town Czechia 63 B9
Pistoia Town Italy 60 D6
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie & Oeno Islands
Dependent Territory UK, Pacific Ocean 109 L6
Pitești Town Romania 68 F7
Pittsburgh Town Pennsylvania, US 8 E7
Pittsfield Town Massachusetts, US 8 J5
Piura Town Peru 27 A9
Placetas Town Cuba 22 E3
Plano Town Texas, US 17 M5
Plata, Río de la River Argentina 31 H9
Platinum Town Alaska, US 4 D5
Platte River Nebraska, US 12 G6
Plattsburgh Town New York, US 9 I3
Plauen Town Germany 56 F8
Plenty, Bay of New Zealand 106 H6
Plesetsk Town Russian Federation 72 E7
Pleven Town Bulgaria 66 F5
Płock Town Poland 62 F6
Ploiesti Town Romania 68 F7
Plovdiv Town Bulgaria 66 F7
Plungė Town Lithuania 70 C6
Plymouth Town England, UK 51 E12
Plzeň Town Czechia 63 B9
Po River Italy 60 E6
Pobedy, Pik Mountain China 88 E4
Pocahontas Town Arkansas, US 10 F3
Podgorica Capital Montenegro 65 E10
Podil’s’ka Vysochyna Mountain range
Ukraine 68 H4
Podol’sk Town Russian Federation 72 C8
Pointe-à-Pitre Town Guadeloupe 23 O6
Pointe-Noire Town Congo 43 C11
Poitiers Town France 54 D8
Pokharā Town Nepal 87 J3
Poland Country 62 E7
Polatli Town Turkey 76 F5
Polatsk Town Belarus 70 G8 see also Polotsk
Pólis Town Cyprus 80 A8
Polokwane Town South Africa 45 H7
Polotsk Town Belarus 70 G8 see also Polatsk
Poltava Town Ukraine 69 K3
Polýkastro Town Greece 66 D8
Polynesia Region Pacific Ocean 103 N6
Pomeranian Bay Poland 62 C5
Pompano Beach Town Florida, US 11 J8
Ponce Town Puerto Rico 23 L5
Pondicherry Town India 87 I8
Ponferrada Town Spain 58 G3
Ponta Grossa Town Brazil 29 J7
Pontevedra Town Spain 58 E3
Pontiac Town Michigan, US 13 L5
Pontianak Town Indonesia 96 F6
Poole Town England, UK 51 G12
Popayán Town Colombia 26 B7
Popocatépetl Mountain Mexico 19 K8
Porbandar Town India 86 F5
Pordenone Town Italy 60 F5
Poreč Town Croatia 64 A6
Pori Town Finland 49 F9
Porirua Town New Zealand 107 F9
Póros Town Greece 67 E12
Port Alfred Town South Africa 44 H9
Port Arthur Town Texas, US 17 N7
Port Augusta Town South Australia,
Australia 105 J7
Port-au-Prince Capital Haiti 23 J5
Port Blair Town India 87 M7
Port Elizabeth Town South Africa 44 H9
Port-Gentil Town Gabon 43 B10
Port Harcourt Town Nigeria 41 L8
Portland Town Oregon, US 14 F3
Portland Town Maine, US 8 K4
Portland Town Victoria, Australia 105 J8
Port Laoise Town Ireland 51 C9
Port Louis Capital Mauritius 45 O6
Port Macquarie Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 N7
Port Moresby Capital Papua New Guinea
102 E6
Porto Town Portugal 58 E4
Porto Alegre Town Brazil 29 J9
Pedro Juan Caballero – Quimper
Portobelo Town Panama 21 M7
Port-of-Spain Capital Trinidad & Tobago
23 O9
Porto-Novo Capital Benin 41 J7
Porto Torres Town Sardinia, Italy 61 B9
Porto Velho Town Brazil 28 G4
Portoviejo Town Ecuador 26 A8
Port Said Town Egypt 38 E4
Portsmouth Town England, UK 51 G12
Portsmouth Town New Hampshire,
US 9 K5
Portsmouth Town Virginia, US 11 L3
Port Sudan Town Sudan 38 F6
Portugal Country 58 F5
Port-Vila Capital Vanuatu 102 H7
Porvoo Town Finland 49 G9
Posadas Town Argentina 30 H6
Poso Town Indonesia 97 J6
Potenza Town Italy 61 G10
Poti Town Georgia 77 J3
Potiskum Town Nigeria 41 M6
Potomac River Virginia, US 11 K2
Potosí Town Bolivia 27 E13
Potsdam Town Germany 56 F6
Po Valley Italy 60 D5
Poza Rica Town Mexico 19 K7
Požega Town Serbia 65 F9
Poznań Town Poland 62 D6
Pozzallo Town Sicily, Italy 61 F14
Prague Capital Czechia 62 B8
Praha see Prague
Praia Capital Cape Verde 33 K4
Prato Town Italy 60 D7
Prenzlau Town Germany 56 G5
Přerov Town Czechia 63 D9
Presidente Epitácio Town Brazil 29 J7
Prešov Town Slovakia 63 G9
Prespa, Lake Macedonia 65 G12
Presque Isle Town Maine, US 9 L1
Preston Town England, UK 50 F8
Prestwick Town Scotland, UK 50 E7
Pretoria Capital South Africa 44 H6
Préveza Town Greece 67 C10
Price Town Utah, US 15 J6
Prichard Town Alabama, US 10 G6
Prienai Town Lithuania 70 D8
Prieska Town South Africa 44 G8
Prilep Town Macedonia 65 G12
Primorsk Town Kaliningrad 70 B6
Primorsko Town Bulgaria 66 H7
Prince Edward Islands Island group
South Africa 98 H7
Prince George Town British Colombia,
Canada 4 G8
Prinzapolka Town Nicaragua 21 J5
Pripet River Belarus 71 E11
Pripet Marshes Wetland Belarus/
Ukraine 71 D11
Prishtinë see Pristina
Pristina Capital Kosovo 65 G10
Prizren Town Kosovo 65 G10
Probolinggo Town Indonesia 96 H8
Progreso Town Mexico 19 O6
Prokhladnyy Town Russian Federation
73 C13
Prokuplje Town Serbia 65 G9
Prostĕjov Town Czechia 63 D9
Providence Town Rhode Island, US 8 J6
Provincetown Town Massachusetts,
US 9 K5
Provo Town Utah, US 15 J5
Prudhoe Bay Town Alaska, US 4 F4
Pruszków Town Poland 62 F7
Pryluky Town Ukraine 69 J3
Przemyśl Town Poland 63 G9
Pskov Town Russian Federation 72 B7
Pucallpa Town Peru 27 C10
Pudasjärvi Town Finland 48 G6
Puebla Town Mexico 19 K8
Pueblo Town Colorado, US 15 L6
Puerto Angel Town Mexico 19 L9
Puerto Ayacucho Town Venezuela 26 E6
Puerto Barrios Town Guatemala 20 F3
Puerto Cortés Town Honduras 20 F3
Puerto Deseado Town Argentina 31 E12
Puerto Escondido Town Mexico 19 L9
Puerto La Cruz Town Venezuela 26 E5
Puerto Lempira Town Honduras 21 I3
Puertollano Town Spain 58 H7
Puerto López Town Colombia 26 D4
Puerto Maldonado Town Peru 27 D11
Puerto Montt Town Chile 31 C10
Puerto Plata Town Dominican Republic 23 J5
Puerto Princesa Town Philippines 97 I4
Puerto Rico Dependent territory US,
Atlantic Ocean 23 L6
Puerto Suárez Town Bolivia 27 G12
Puerto Vallarta Town Mexico 18 H7
Puerto Varas Town Chile 31 C10
Puget Sound Bay Washington, US 14 F2
Pula Town Croatia 64 A6
Puławy Town Poland 62 G7
Pune Town India 86 G6
Punjab Region Pakistan/India 86 H2
Puno Town Peru 27 D12
Punta Alta Town Argentina 31 F10
Punta Arenas Town Chile 31 D14
Puntarenas Town Costa Rica 21 I7
Puntland Cultural region Somalia 39 H9
Puri Town India 87 K5
Purmerend Town Netherlands 52 E8
Purus, Rio River Brazil 28 F4
Putrajaya Capital Malaysia 96 E5
Putumayo, Río River Colombia 26 C8
Puurmani Town Estonia 70 G5
Pyatigorsk Town Russian Federation 73 C11
Pyay Town Myanmar 94 B8
Pyechin Town Myanmar 94 A7
Pýlos Town Greece 67 C12
Pyn-Oo-Lwin Town Myanmar 94 C6
P’yŏngyang Capital North Korea 91 L3
Pyrenees Mountain range France/
Spain 55 C12
Pyryatyn Town Ukraine 69 J3
Q
Qaidam Pendi Basin China 88 H6
Qalāt Town Afghanistan 85 I8
Qal ’at Bīshah Town Saudi Arabia 83 C11
Qamdo Town China 88 H7
Qarokŭl Town Tajikistan 85 L4
Qarshi Town Uzbekistan 85 I5
Qasr Farāfirah Town Egypt 38 D5
Qavanā Town Syria 81 D9
Qatar Country 83 F9
Qattara Depression Desert basin Egypt 38 D4
Qazimämmäd Town Azerbaijan 77 N4
Qazvīn Town Iran 82 E6
Qilian Shan Mountain range China 88 H5
Qinā Town Egypt 38 E5
Qingdao Town China 91 K4
Qinghai Administrative region China 88 H6
Qingzang Gaoyuan see Tibet, Plateau of
Qinhuangdao Town China 91 K3
Qinzhou Town China 90 H8
Qiqihar Town China 89 L2
Qira Town China 88 D6
Qitai Town China 88 F4
Qizilrabot Town Tajikistan 85 L5
Qom Town Iran 82 E6
Qo’qon Town Uzbekistan 85 K4
Qorveh Town Iran 82 D6
Quang Ngai Town Vietnam 95 H9
Quanzhou Town China 91 K7
Quartu Sant’ Elena Town Sardinia,
Italy 61 B11
Quba Town Azerbaijan 77 N3
Québec Province Canada 7 I5
Québec Town Québec, Canada 7 I7
Queen Elizabeth Islands Island Group
Northern Canada 5 I3
Queensland State Australia 105 K4
Queenstown Town New Zealand 107 B12
Quelimane Town Mozambique 45 J5
Querétaro Town Mexico 19 J7
Quesada Town Costa Rica 21 I7
Quetta Town Pakistan 86 F2
Quezaltenango Town Guatemala 20 D4
Quibdó Town Colombia 26 B6
Quillabamba Town Peru 27 D11
Quilon Town India 86 H9 see also Kollam
Quimper Town France 54 B7
127
 Quincy – Sampit
Quincy Town Missouri, US 13 I7
Quito Capital Ecuador 26 B7
Qŭrghonteppa Town Tajikistan 85 J5
Quy Nhon Town Vietnam 95 H10
Quzhou Town China 91 K6
R Reynosa Town Mexico 19 K5
Rabat Capital Morocco 36 E4
Rabinal Town Guatemala 20 E4
Rabyānah, Ramlat Desert Libya 37 M6
Race, Cape Coastal feature Newfoundland &
Labrador, Canada 7 N6
Rach Gia Town Vietnam 95 F12
Racine Town Wisconsin, US 13 J5
Radom Town Poland 62 G7
Rafaela Town Argentina 30 F7
Rafah Town Israel 81 C12
Ragusa Town Sicily, Italy 61 F14
Rahīmyār Khān Town Pakistan 86 G3
Rāichūr Town India 86 H6
Raipur Town India 87 J5
Rājahmundry Town India 87 J6
Rājkot Town India 86 G4
Rajshahi Town Bangladesh 87 K4
Raleigh Town North Carolina, US 11 K3
Ralik Chain Island chain Marshall Islands
102 H2
Râmnicu Vâlcea Town Romania 68 E7
Rancagua Town Chile 30 D8
Rānchi Town India 87 J4
Randers Denmark 49 B12
Rangoon see Yangon
Rangpur Town Pakistan 87 L3
Rankin Inlet Town Nunavut, Canada 5 J6
Rapid City Town South Dakota, US 12 E4
Ra’s al ’Ayn Town Syria 80 G4
Rasht Town Iran 82 E5
Ratak Chain Island chain Marshall Islands
102 H2
Rathkeale Town Ireland 51 B10
Rat Islands Island Group Alaska, US 4 A4
Ratlām Town India 86 H4
Raton Town New Mexico, US 17 I3
Rättvik Town Sweden 49 D9
Raukumara Range Mountain range
New Zealand 106 I7
Rauma Town Finland 49 F9
Rāurkela Town India 87 J5
Ravenna Town Italy 60 E6
Rāwalpindi Town Pakistan 86 G1
Rawicz Town Poland 62 D7
Rawlins Town Wyoming, US 15 K5
Rawson Town Argentina 31 F11
Razgrad Town Bulgaria 66 G5
Reading Town Pennsylvania, US 9 H7
Reading Town England, UK 51 G11
Realicó Town Argentina 30 E8
Rechytsa Town Belarus 71 F11
Recife Town Brazil 29 N4
Recklinghausen Town Germany 56 C7
Recogne Town Belgium 53 E13
Reconquista Town Argentina 30 G6
Red Deer Town Alberta, Canada 4 H8
Redding Town California, US 14 F5
Red River US 17 K4
Red Sea Africa/Asia 83 B9
Reefton Town New Zealand 107 D10
Regensburg Town Germany 57 F9
Reggane Town Algeria 36 G6
Reggio di Calabria Town Italy 61 G13
Reggio nell’ Emilia Town Italy 60 D6
Regina Town Saskatchewan,
Canada 5 I9
Rehovot Town Israel 81 D11
Reims Town France 54 F6
Rengat Town Indonesia 96 E6
Rennes Town France 54 C7
Reno Town Nevada, US 14 G5
Renqiu Town Hebei, China 91 J3
Republika Srpska Administrative region
Bosnia & Herzegovina 64 D7
Repulse Bay Town Nunavut, Canada 5 K5
Resistencia Town Argentina 30 G6
Reșipa Town Romania 68 D6
128
Resolute Town Nunavut, Canada 5 J3
Réunion Dependent territory France,
Indian Ocean 45 O6
Reus Town Spain 59 L4
Reutlingen Town Germany 57 D10
Reyes Town Bolivia 27 E11
Reykjavík Capital Iceland 111 D9
Rēzekne Town Latvia 70 G7
Rheine Town Germany 56 C6
Rhine River Europe 56 C8
Rho Town Italy 60 C5
Rhode Island State US 9 J6
Rhodes Town Greece 67 I13
Rhodope Mountains Mountain range
Bulgaria 66 G7
Rhône River France 55 F11
Ribeirão Preto Town Brazil 29 K7
Rîbnipa Town Moldova 68 H5
Richmond Town Kentucky, US 10 H2
Richmond Town Virginia, US 11 K2
Ridder Town Kazakhstan 78 H7
Ried im Innkreis Town Austria 57 G10
Rīga Capital Latvia 70 E5
Riga, Gulf of Latvia 70 E5
Rijeka Town Croatia 64 B6
Rimini Town Italy 60 E7
Rimouski Town Québec, Canada 7 J6
Riobamba Town Ecuador 26 A8
Río Bravo Town Mexico 19 K5
Río Cuarto Town Argentina 30 E8
Rio de Janeiro Town Brazil 29 L7
Río Gallegos Town Argentina 31 E14
Rio Grande Town Brazil 29 J9
Ríohacha Town Colombia 26 C4
Rio Lagartos Town Mexico 19 O6
Río Verde Town Mexico 19 J7
Rivera Town Uruguay 30 H7
River Falls Town Wisconsin, US 13 I4
Riverside Town California, US 14 G8
Riverton Town Wyoming, US 15 K4
Rivne Town Ukraine 68 G2
Rivoli Town Italy 60 B5
Riyadh Capital Saudi Arabia 83 D9
Road Town Capital British Virgin Islands
23 M5
Rize Town Turkey 77 J3
Roanoke Town Virginia, US 11 J3
Roatán Town Honduras 20 G3
Robinson Range Mountain range Western
Australia, Australia 104 F5
Robstown Town Texas, US 17 L8
Rochefort Town Belgium 53 E12
Rochefort Town France 55 D9
Rochester Town New York, US 8 F5
Rochester Town Minnesota, US 13 I4
Rockford Town Illinois, US 13 J5
Rockhampton Town Queensland,
Australia 105 M4
Rock Hill Town South Carolina, US 11 J4
Rock Sound Town The Bahamas 22 G2
Rocky Mountains Canada/US 4, 14
Ródos see Rhodes
Roeselare Town Belgium 53 C11
Rogatica Town Bosnia & Herzegovina
64 E8
Rogers Town Arkansas, US 10 D3
Roi Et Town Thailand 95 F9
Rokycany Town Czechia 63 B9
Roma Town Queensland, Australia 105 M5
Roma see Rome
Roman Town Romania 68 G5
Romania Country 68 E6
Rome Capital Italy 61 E9
Romny Town Ukraine 69 J2
Rondonópolis Town Brazil 29 I6
Ronne Ice Shelf Ice feature Antarctica 110 C5
Roosendaal Town Netherlands 53 D10
Røros Town Norway 48 C8
Rosario Town Argentina 30 F8
Rosario Town Paraguay 30 H5
Rosarito Town Mexico 18 C2
Roseau Capital Dominica 23 O6
Rosenheim Town Germany 57 F10
Roslavl’ Town Russian Federation 73 B9
Ross Town New Zealand 107 D10
Ross Ice Shelf Ice feature Antarctica 110 D7
Rosso Town Mauritania 40 E4
Rossosh’ Town Russian Federation 73 C10
Ross Sea Antarctica 110 D7
Rostock Town Germany 56 F4
Rostov-na-Donu Town Russian Federation
73 C11
Roswell Town New Mexico, US 17 I5
Rothera Research station Antarctica 110 B5
Rotorua Town New Zealand 106 G6
Rotorua, Lake New Zealand 106 G6
Rotterdam Town Netherlands 53 E9
Roubaix Town France 54 F5
Rouen Town France 54 E6
Round Rock Town Texas, US 17 L6
Rovigo Town Italy 60 E6
Roxas City Town Philippines 97 J3
Rozdol’ne Town Ukraine 69 J6
Rožňava Town Slovakia 63 F10
Ruatoria Town New Zealand 106 I6
Rubizhne Town Ukraine 69 M4
Rudnyy Town Kazakhstan 78 E6
Rudzyensk Town Belarus 71 E10
Rufino Town Argentina 30 F8
Rukwa, Lake Tanzania 39 E13
Ruoqiang Town China 88 F5
Ruse Town Bulgaria 66 G5
Rushmore, Mount Mountain
South Dakota, US 12 E4
Russellville Town Arkansas, US 10 E3
Russian Federation Country 78 G6
Rustavi Town Georgia 77 L3
Ruston Town Louisiana, US 10 E5
Rutland Town Vermont, US 9 I4
Rwanda Country 39 D12
Ryazan’ Town Russian Federation 73 D9
Rybinsk Town Russian Federation 72 D8
Rybnik Town Poland 62 E8
Ryki Town Poland 62 G7
Ryukyu Islands Island chain Japan 93 A16
Rzeszów Town Poland 63 G9
Rzhev Town Russian Federation 72 C8
S 23 O7
Saalfeld Town Germany 56 E8
Saarbrücken Town Germany 57 C9
Sab’ Ābār Town Syria 80 F8
Šabac Town Serbia 64 F7
Sabadell Town Spain 59 M4
Sabah Cultural region Malaysia 96 H5
Sabaya Town Bolivia 27 D12
Sabhā Town Libya 37 K6
Sabinas Town Mexico 19 I4
Sabinas Hidalgo Town Mexico 19 J4
Sable Island Québec, Canada 7 M7
Sabzevār Town Iran 82 G5
Sacramento Town California, US 14 F6
Sacramento Mountains New Mexico/
Texas, US 16 H5
Sacramento Valley California, US 14 F5
Sa’dah Town Yemen 83 C12
Safāshahr Town Iran 82 F7
Safi Town Morocco 36 E4
Sagaing Town Myanmar 94 B6
Sāgar Town India 87 I4
Saginaw Town Michigan, US 13 L5
Sagua la Grande Town Cuba 22 E3
Sagunto Town Spain 59 K6
Sahara Desert North Africa 36–37, 40–41
Sahel Desert North Africa 41 K5
Saïda Town Lebanon 81 D9
Saiki Town Japan 93 C13
Saimaa Lake Finland 48 H8
St Albans Town England, UK 51 H10
Saint Albans Town West Virginia,
US 11 I2
St Andrews Town Scotland,UK 50 F6
St. Anthony Town Newfoundland & Labrador,
Canada 7 M4
Saint Augustine Town Florida, US 11 J6
St-Brieuc Town France 54 B6
St. Catharines Town Ontario, Canada 6 G8
St-Chamond Town France 55 F10
St-Claude Town France 55 G9
St Croix Island Virgin Islands 23 M5
St-Denis Capital Réunion 45 O6
St-Étienne Town France 55 F10
St-Gaudens Town France 55 D11
St-Georges Town French Guiana 26 I6
St. George’s Capital Grenada 23 O8
St George’s Channel Europe 51 D10
St Helena Dependent Territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 33 L6
St Helier Capital Jersey, Channel Islands
51 G13
St-Jean, Lac Lake Canada 7 I6
Saint John Town New Brunswick,
Canada 7 K7
St John’s Capital Antigua & Barbuda 23 N5
St. John’s Town Newfoundland & Labrador,
Canada 7 N5
Saint Joseph Town Missouri, US 12 H7
Saint Kitts & Nevis Country 23 N6
St-Laurent-du-Maroni Town
French Guiana 26 H6
St. Lawrence River Canada/US 7 J6
St. Lawrence, Gulf of Canada 7 L6
Saint Lawrence Island Alaska, US 4 D4
Saint Louis Town Senegal 40 E5
Saint Louis Town Illinois, US 13 J7
St. Lucia Country 23 O7
St Lucia Channel Martinique 23 O7
St-Malo Town France 54 C6
St. Moritz Town Switzerland 57 D12
St-Nazaire Town France 54 B8
St-Omer Town France 54 E5
Saint Paul Town Minnesota, US 13 I4
St Peter Port Capital Guernsey, Channel
Islands 51 F13
Saint Petersburg Town Russian Federation
72 C7
Saint Petersburg Town Florida, US 11 I8
St Pierre & Miquelon Dependent Territory
France, Atlantic Ocean 7 M6
St-Quentin Town France 54 F6
Saint Vincent Island St Vincent and the
Grenadines 23 O7
Saint Vincent & The Grenadines Country
Saint Vincent Passage Strait St. Lucia 23 O7
Sakai Town Japan 93 E12
Sakata Town Japan 92 F8
Sakhalin, Ostrov Island Russian Federation
79 M6
Säki Town Azerbaijan 77 M3
Salado, Río River Argentina 30 F6
Salamanca Town Chile 30 C7
Salamanca Town Spain 58 G5
Salamīyah Town Syria 80 E7
Salavat Town Russian Federation 73 G10
Saldus Town Latvia 70 D5
Salé Town Morocco 36 F4
Salem Town Nepal 87 I8
Salem Town Oregon, US 14 F3
Salerno Town Italy 61 F10
Salihorsk Town Belarus 71 E10
Salima Town Malawi 45 J3
Salina Town Kansas, US 12 G7
Salina Cruz Town Mexico 19 M9
Salinas Town California, US 14 F7
Salisbury Town Maryland, US 9 H9
Salonica Town Greece 66 E8
Salonta Town Romania 68 D5
Sal’sk Town Russian Federation 73 C11
Salta Town Argentina 30 E5
Saltillo Town Mexico 19 J5
Salt Lake City Town Utah, US 15 I5
Salto Town Uruguay 30 G7
Salvador Town Brazil 29 M5
Salween River Myanmar 94 C7
Salyān Town Nepal 87 J3
Salzburg Town Austria 57 F10
Salzgitter Town Germany 56 E6
Samalayuca Town Mexico 18 G3
Samar Island Philippines 97 K3
Samara Town Russian Federation 73 E10
Samarinda Town Indonesia 97 I6
Samarqand Town Uzbekistan 85 I4
Samaxi Town Azerbaijan 77 N3
Sambalpur Town India 87 J5
Samoa Country 103 K6
Sampit Town Indonesia 96 G7

Samsun Town Turkey 76 H3
Samtredia Town Georgia 77 K3
Samui, Ko Island Thailand 95 D12
Samut Prakan Town Thailand 95 E10
San Town Mali 40 H6
San’ā’ see Sana
Sana Capital Yemen 83 C12
Sanae Research station Antarctica 110 D3
Sanandaj Town Iran 82 D6
San Andrés Tuxtla Town Mexico 19 L8
San Angelo Town Texas, US 17 K6
San Antonio Town Chile 30 C8
San Antonio Town Texas, US 17 L7
San Antonio Oeste Town Argentina 31 E10
Sanāw Town Yemen 83 E11
San Bernardino Town California,
US 14 G8
San Carlos de Bariloche Town Argentina
31 D10
San Cristóbal Town Venezuela 26 C5
San Cristóbal de Las Casas Town
Mexico 19 N8
Sancti Spíritus Town Cuba 22 F3
Sandakan Town Malaysia 97 I4
Sand Hills Mountain range Nebraska,
US 12 E5
San Diego Town California, US 14 G9
Sandpoint Town Idaho, US 14 H2
Sandvika Norway 49 B9
Sandy City Town Utah, US 15 I5
San Fernando Town Venezuela 26 E5
San Fernando Town Spain 58 G9
San Fernando Town Trinidad & Tobago
23 O9
San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca Town
Argentina 30 E6
San Francisco Town California, US 14 F6
San Francisco del Oro Town Mexico 18 H5
San Francisco de Macorís Town Dominican
Republic 23 J5
San Ignacio Town Guatemala 20 E2
San Ignacio Town Mexico 18 E5
San Joaquin Valley California, US 14 F7
San Jorge, Golfo Gulf Argentina 31 E12
San José Town Bolivia 27 F12
San José Capital Costa Rica 21 J7
San José Town Guatemala 20 D5
San Jose Town California, US 14 F6
San Juan Capital Puerto Rico 23 L5
San Juan Town Argentina 30 D7
San Juan del Norte Town Nicaragua 21 J6
San Juan Mountains New Mexico/Colorado,
US 16 H3
Sankt Gallen Town Switzerland 57 E11
Sankt-Peterburg see Saint Petersburg
Sankt Pölten Town Austria 57 H10
Sankuru River Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 G11
Sanliurfa Town Turkey 77 I6
San Luis Town Guatemala 20 E3
San Luis Town Argentina 30 E8
San Luis Río Colorado Town Mexico 18 D2
San Luis Potosí Town Mexico 19 J6
San Marcos Town Guatemala 20 D4
San Marino Country 60 E7
San Marino Capital San Marino 60 E7
San Martín Research station Antarctica 110 B5
San Matías Town Bolivia 27 G12
San Matías, Golfo Gulf Argentina 31 F10
Sanmenxia Town China 91 I4
San Miguel Town El Salvador 20 F5
San Miguel Town Mexico 19 I4
San Miguel de Tucumán Town
Argentina 30 E6
San Miguelito Town Panama 21 M8
Sanming Town China 91 K7
San Pedro Town Belize 20 F2
San Pedro de la Cueva Town Mexico 18 F4
San Pedro de Lloc Town Peru 27 A9
San Pedro Mártir, Sierra Mountain range
Mexico 18 D3
San Pedro Sula Town Honduras 20 F3
San Rafael Town Argentina 30 D8
San Remo Town Italy 60 B6
San Salvador Capital El Salvador 20 F5
San Salvador de Jujuy Town Argentina 30 E5
Sansanné-Mango Town Togo 41 J6
San Sebastian Town Spain 59 J2
see also Donostia
Sansepolcro Town Italy 60 E7
San Severo Town Italy 61 G9
Santa Ana Town California, US 14 G8
Santa Ana Town El Salvador 20 E4
Santa Barbara Town California, US 14 G8
Santa Clara Town Cuba 22 E3
Santa Cruz Town Bolivia 27 F12
Santa Fe Town New Mexico, US 16 H3
Santa Fe Town Argentina 30 F7
Santa Maria Town Brazil 29 J8
Santa Marta Town Colombia 26 C4
Santander Town Spain 59 I2
Santarém Town Brazil 29 I2
Santa Rosa Town Argentina 31 E9
Santa Rosa Town California, US 14 F6
Santa Rosa de Copán Town Honduras 20 F4
Santiago Capital Chile 30 D8
Santiago Town Dominican Republic 23 J5
Santiago de Compostela Town Spain 58 F3
Santiago de Cuba Town Cuba 22 G5
Santiago del Estero Town Argentina 30 E6
Santo Domingo Capital Dominican Republic
23 J5
Santo Domingo de los Colorados Town
Ecuador 26 A7
Santorini Town Greece 67 G13
Santos Town Brazil 29 K7
Santo Tomé Town Argentina 30 H6
San Vicente Town El Salvador 20 F5
São Fransisco, Rio River Brazil 29 L4
Sao Hill Town Tanzania 39 F13
São José do Rio Preto Town Brazil 29 K6
São Luís Town Brazil 29 L2
São Paulo Town Brazil 29 K7
São Roque, Cabo de Coastal feature
Brazil 29 N3
São Tomé Capital São Tomé & Príncipe
43 B10
São Tomé & Príncipe Country 43 B9
Sapele Town Nigeria 41 K8
Sapporo Town Japan 92 F5
Saqqez Town Iran 82 D6
Sarajevo Capital Bosnia & Herzegovina 64 E8
Sarakhs Town Iran 82 H5
Saraktash Town Russian Federation 73 G11
Saran’ Town Kazakhstan 78 F7
Saransk Town Russian Federation 73 E9
Saratov Town Russian Federation 73 D10
Sarawak Cultural region Malaysia 96 G6
Sardegna see Sardinia
Sardinia Island Italy 61 A9
Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean 33 I3
Sargodha Town Pakistan 86 G2
Sarh Town Chad 42 E7
Sārī Town Iran 82 F5
Sariwŏn Town North Korea 91 L3
Sark Island Channel Islands, UK 51 G13
Sarmiento Town Argentina 31 D12
Sarnia Town Ontario, Canada 6 F8
Sarny Town Ukraine 68 G2
Sasebo Town Japan 93 B13
Saskatchewan River Saskatchewan,
Canada 5 I8
Saskatchewan Province Canada 5 I8
Saskatoon Town Saskatchewan,
Canada 5 I8
Sasovo Town Russian Federation 73 D9
Sassari Town Sardinia, Italy 61 B9
Sātpura Range Mountain range India 86 H5
Satsuma-Sendai Town Japan 93 B14
Sattanen Town Finland 48 G5
Satu Mare Town Romania 68 E4
Saudi Arabia Country 83 D10
Sault Ste. Marie Town Ontario, Canada 6 F7
Sava River Serbia 64 F8
Savá Town Honduras 20 H3
Savannah Town Georgia, US 11 J5
Savannah River Georgia/South Carolina, US
11 I5
Saverne Town France 54 H7
Savona Town Italy 60 C6
Savu Sea Indonesia 97 J8
Sawhāj Town Egypt 38 E5
Saxony Region Germany 56 G7
Saýat Town Turkmenistan 84 H4
Samsun – Sierra Vieja
Sayḩūt Town Yemen 83 F12
Saynshand Town Mongolia 89 J4
Say’ūn Town Yemen 83 E12
Scarborough Town England, UK 50 H8
Schaerbeek Town Belgium 53 D11
Schagen Town Netherlands 52 E7
Schefferville Town Newfoundland &
Labrador, Canada 7 J4
Scheldt River Belgium 53 D10
Schenectady Town New York, US 8 I5
Schwandorf Town Germany 57 F9
Schwaz Town Austria 57 F11
Schweinfurt Town Germany 56 E8
Schwerin Town Germany 56 E5
Schwyz Town Switzerland 57 D11
Scilly, Isles of Island group England,
UK 51 D13
Scotland Political region UK 50 E5
Scott Base Research station Antarctica
110 E7
Scottsbluff Town Nebraska, US 12 E5
Scottsdale Town Arizona, US 16 E5
Scranton Town Pennsylvania, US 8 H6
Seattle Town Washington, US 14 G2
Sébaco Town Nicaragua 20 H5
Sedan Town France 54 G6
Sedona Town Arizona, US 16 E4
Seesen Town Germany 56 E6
Segezha Town Russian Federation 72 D6
Ségou Town Mali 40 H5
Segovia Town Spain 58 H5
Séguédine Town Niger 41 M3
Seine River France 54 E6
Sejong City Capital South Korea 91 M4
Sekondi-Takoradi Town Ghana 41 I8
Selby Town South Dakota, US 12 F4
Selwyn Range Mountain range Queensland,
Australia 105 K4
Semarang Town Indonesia 96 G8
Semey Town Kazakhstan 78 G7
Semnān Town Iran 82 F6
Sendai Town Japan 92 G8
Sendai-wan Bay Japan 92 G8
Senegal Country 40 E5
Senegal River Senegal 40 E4
Senj Town Croatia 64 B6
Senlis Town France 54 E6
Sennar Town Sudan 38 E8
Sens Town France 54 F7
Seoul Capital South Korea 91 M3
Sept-Îles Town Québec, Canada 7 J5
Seraing Town Belgium 53 F11
Serang Town Indonesia 96 F7
Serbia Country 64 G8
Serhetabat Town Turkmenistan 84 G6
Seremban Town Malaysia 96 E5
Serov Town Russian Federation 78 F5
Serpukhov Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Sérres Town Greece 66 E8
Sesto San Giovanni Town Italy 60 C5
Setana Town Japan 92 F6
Sète Town France 55 F11
Sétif Town Algeria 37 I3
Setté Cama Town Gabon 43 C10
Setúbal Town Portugal 58 E7
Sevan Town Armenia 77 L4
Sevastopol’ Town Ukraine 69 J7
Severn River England, UK 51 F11
Severnaya Zemlya Island group Russian
Federation 79 I3
Severnyy Town Russian Federation 72 H5
Severodvinsk Town Russian Federation
72 E6
Severomorsk Town Russian Federation
72 E4
Sevilla see Seville
Seville Town Spain 58 G8
Sevlievo Town Bulgaria 66 F6
Seychelles Country 99 I5
Sfântu Gheorghe Town Romania 68 F6
Sfax Town Tunisia 37 J4
’s-Gravenhage see Hague, The
Shaanxi Administrative region China 90 H5
Shanxi Administrative region China 91 I4
Shackleton Ice Shelf Ice feature Antarctica
110 G6
Shāhrūd Town Iran 82 F5
Shandong Administrative region
China 91 J4
Shanghai Town China 91 L5
Shangrao Town China 91 K6
Shannon River Ireland 51 C9
Shan Plateau Myanmar 94 C6
Shantou Town China 91 J8
Shaoguan Town China 91 J7
Shar Town Kazakhstan 78 G7
Shari Town Japan 92 H4
Sharjah Town United Arab Emirates
83 G9
Shchuchinsk Town Kazakhstan 78 F6
Sheboygan Town Wisconsin, US 13 J5
Shebshi Mountains Mountain range
Nigeria 41 M7
Sheffield Town England, UK 51 G9
Shelby Town Montana, US 15 I2
Shenyang Town China 91 L2
Shepparton Town Victoria, Australia
105 K8
Sherbrooke Town Québec, Canada 7 I7
’s-Hertogenbosch Town Netherlands
53 F9
Shetland Islands Island group Scotland,
UK 50 F2
Shibirghān Town Afghanistan 85 I6
Shihezi Town China 88 F4
Shijiazhuang Town China 91 J3
Shikārpur Town Pakistan 86 F3
Shikoku Island Japan 93 E13
Shiliguri Town India 87 K3
Shimoga Town India 86 H7
Shimonoseki Town Japan 93 B13
Shīndand Town Afghanistan 84 G7
Shingū Town Japan 93 E12
Shintoku Town Japan 92 G5
Shinyanga Town Tanzania 39 E12
Shiprock Town New Mexico, US 16 G3
Shirataki Town Japan 92 G4
Shirāz Town Iran 82 F8
Shivpuri Town India 86 H4
Shizugawa Town Japan 92 G8
Shizuoka Town Japan 93 F11
Shkodër Town Albania 65 E11
Shouzhou Town China 91 I3
Shreveport Town Louisiana, US 10 D5
Shrewsbury Town England, UK 51 F9
Shu Town Kazakhstan 78 F8
Shumen Town Bulgaria 66 H5
Shuqrah Town Yemen 83 D13
Shwebo Town Myanmar 94 B6
Shymkent Town Kazakhstan 78 F8
Šiauliai Town Lithuania 70 D6
Šibenik Town Croatia 64 C8
Siberia Region Russian Federation 79 J5
Sibi Town Pakistan 86 F2
Sibir’ see Siberia
Sibiu Town Romania 68 F6
Sibolga Town Indonesia 96 D5
Sibut Town Central African Republic 42 E8
Sibuyan Sea Philippines 97 J3
Sichuan Administrative region China 90 F5
Sichuan Pendi Depression China 90 G6
Sicilia see Sicily
Sicily Island Italy 61 E13
Sicily, Strait of Mediterranean Sea 61 E14
Sidas Town Indonesia 96 G6
Sīdī Barrīnī Town Egypt 38 C4
Sidi Bel Abbès Town Algeria 36 G4
Sidney Town Nebraska, US 12 E6
Sidney Town Montana, US 15 L2
Siedlce Town Poland 62 G7
Siegen Town Germany 56 C7
Siena Town Italy 60 D7
Sieradz Town Poland 62 E7
Sierra Leone Country 40 F7
Sierra Madre Mountain range Guatemala
20 D4
Sierra Madre Occidental Mountain range
Mexico 18 G5
Sierra Madre Oriental Mountain range Mexico
19 J6
Sierra Nevada Mountain range Spain 59 I8
Sierra Nevada Mountain range California, US
14 G6
Sierra Vieja Mountain range Texas, US 17 I7
129
 Sigli – Tampico
Sigli Town Indonesia 96 C4
Signy Research station Antarctica 110 B3
Siguiri Town Guinea 40 G6
Siirt Town Turkey 77 K6
Sikhote-Alin’, Khrebet Mountain range
Russian Federation 79 M6
Silchar Town India 87 L4
Silesia Region Poland 62 C7
Silifke Town Turkey 76 F7
Silistra Town Bulgaria 66 H5
Sillamäe Town Estonia 70 H4
Silvan Town Turkey 77 J5
Silverek Town Turkey 76 H6
Simferopol’ Town Ukraine 69 K7
Simpson Desert Northern Territory/
Queensland/South Australia,
Australia 105 J5
Sinai Desert Egypt 38 E4
Sincelejo Town Colombia 26 B5
Singapore Country 96 E6
Singida Town Tanzania 39 E12
Singkang Town Indonesia 97 I7
Singkawang Town Indonesia 96 F6
Siniscola Town Sardinia, Italy 61 C9
Sinnamary Town French Guiana 26 I6
Sinsheim Town Germany 57 D9
Sint Maarten Island Caribbean Sea 23 N5
Sint-Niklaas Town Belgium 53 D10
Sinŭiju Town North Korea 91 L3
Sioux City Town Iowa, US 12 G5
Sioux Falls Town South Dakota,
US 12 G5
Siping Town China 89 M3
Siquirres Town Costa Rica 21 J7
Siracusa Town Sicily, Italy 61 F13
Sīrjan Town Iran 82 G8
Sirnak Town Turkey 77 K6
Sirte, Gulf of Libya 37 L4
Sittoung River Myanmar 94 C8
Sittwe Town Myanmar 94 A7
Siuna Town Nicaragua 21 I4
Sivas Town Turkey 76 H4
Sjælland Island Denmark 49 C12
Skagerrak Sea Norway 49 B11
Skaudvilė Town Lithuania 70 D6
Skegness Town England, UK 51 H9
Skellefteå Town Sweden 48 F7
Skopje Capital Macedonia 65 G11
Skovorodino Town Russian Federation
78 K6
Slagelse Town Denmark 49 C12
Slatina Town Romania 68 E7
Slavonski Brod Town Croatia 64 E7
Sligo Town Ireland 50 B8
Sliven Town Bulgaria 66 G6
Slonim Town Belarus 71 D9
Slovakia Country 63 E10
Slovenia Country 57 G12
Slov’’yans’k Town Ukraine 69 M4
Słupsk Town Poland 62 D5
Slutsk Town Belarus 71 E10
Smallwood Reservoir Nova Scotia,
Canada 7 K4
Smara Town Western Sahara 36 D6
Smederevo Town Serbia 64 G8
Smolensk Town Russian Federation 72 B8
Snake River Idaho/Oregon, US 14 H3
Snowdonia Physical region Wales, UK 51 F9
Sochi Town Russian Federation 73 B12
Société, Archipel de la Island chain French
Polynesia 103 N7
Socotra Island Yemen 83 F13
Soc Trăng Town Vietnam 95 G12
Söderhamn Town Sweden 49 E9
Södertälje Town Sweden 49 E10
Sofia Capital Bulgaria 66 E6
Sofiya see Sofia
Sogamoso Town Colombia 26 C6
Sokal’ Town Ukraine 68 F2
Sokhumi Town Georgia 77 J2
Sokodé Town Togo 41 J7
Sokone Town Senegal 40 E5
Sokoto Town Nigeria 41 K6
Solāpur Town Pakistan 86 H6
Sol, Costa del Coastal region Spain 58 H9
Soledad Town Colombia 26 B4
Solikamsk Town Russian Federation 72 G8
130
Solingen Town Germany 56 C7
Sollentuna Town Sweden 49 E10
Solok Town Indonesia 96 D6
Solomon Islands Country 102 H5
Solomon Islands Island group Papua New
Guinea/Solomon Islands 102 F5
Solomon Sea Pacific Ocean 102 F5
Solwezi Town Zambia 44 H3
Sōma Town Japan 93 G9
Somalia Country 39 H10
Somaliland Cultural region Somalia 39 H9
Somerset Town Kentucky, US 10 H3
Somme River France 54 E5
Somotillo Town Nicaragua 20 G5
Somoto Town Nicaragua 20 H5
Songea Town Tanzania 39 F14
Songkhla Town Thailand 95 D13
Sonoran Desert Arizona, US 16 D5
Sonsonate Town El Salvador 20 E5
Sop Hao Town Laos 94 F7
Sopron Town Hungary 63 D11
Sorgun Town Turkey 76 G4
Soria Town Spain 59 J4
Sorong Town Indonesia 97 L6
Sortavala Town Russian Federation 72 C6
Sousse Town Tunisia 37 J3
South Africa Country 44 G7
Southampton Town England, UK 51 F12
Southampton Island Nunavut,
Canada 5 K5
South Australia State Australia 105 J6
South Bend Town Indiana, US 13 K6
South Carolina State US 11 J4
South China Sea Pacific Ocean 91 L8
South Dakota State US 12 F4
Southeast Indian Ridge Undersea feature
Indian Ocean 99 K7
Southend-on-Sea Town England, UK
51 H11
Southern Alps Mountain range New Zealand
107 C11
Southern Cook Islands Island group Cook
Islands 103 L8
Southern Cross Town Western Australia,
Australia 104 E6
Southern Ocean 110 G3
Southern Sudan Country 39 D9
Southern Uplands Mountain range Scotland,
UK 50 E7
South Georgia & The Sandwich Islands
Dependent Territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
33 J8
South Island New Zealand 107 D11
South Korea Country 91 M4
South Orkney Islands Island group Antarctica
110 B3
South Shetland Islands Island group
Antarctica 110 B4
South Shields Town England, UK 50 G7
Southwest Indian Ridge Undersea feature
Indian Ocean 99 I6
Southwest Pacific Basin Undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 109 K7
Soweto Town South Africa 44 H7
Spain Country 58 H5
Spanish Town Town Jamaica 22 G5
Spartanburg Town South Carolina, US
11 I4
Spijkenisse Town Netherlands 53 D9
Spīn Būldak Town Afghanistan 85 I8
Spitsbergen Island Arctic Ocean 111 M7
Split Town Croatia 64 C8
Spokane Town Washington, US 14 H2
Springfield Town Massachusetts, US 8 J6
Springfield Town Illinois, US 13 J7
Springfield Town Ohio, US 13 L6
Springfield Town Missouri, US 12 H8
Spring Hill Town Florida, US 11 I7
Srbobran Town Serbia 64 F7
Srebrenica Town Bosnia & Herzegovina
64 F8
Sri Jayewardenapura Kotte Capital
Sri Lanka 87 I9
Sri Lanka Country 87 J9
Stafford Town England, UK 51 F9
Stakhanov Town Ukraine 69 M4
Stalowa Wola Town Poland 62 G8
Stamford Town Connecticut, US 8 I6
Starachowice Town Poland 62 F8
Stara Zagora Town Bulgaria 66 G6
Stargard Szczeciński Town Poland 62 C5
Starobil’s’k Town Ukraine 69 M4
Staryy Oskol Town Russian Federation
73 C10
State College Town Pennsylvania, US 8 F7
Statesboro Town Georgia, US 11 I5
Staunton Town Virginia, US 11 K2
Stavanger Town Norway 49 A10
Stavropol’ Town Russian Federation 73 C11
Steamboat Springs Town Colorado,
US 15 K5
Steinkjer Town Norway 48 C7
Sterling Town Illinois, US 13 J6
Sterlitamak Town Russian Federation 73 G10
Stevenage Town England, UK 51 H10
Stevens Point Town Wisconsin, US 13 J4
Stewart Island New Zealand 107 B14
Stillwater Town Okahoma, US 17 L3
Stockholm Capital Sweden 49 E10
Stockton Town California, US 14 F6
Stockton Plateau Texas, US 17 J7
Stœ̆ng Trĕng Town Cambodia 95 G10
Stoke-on-Trent Town England, UK 51 F9
Stonehenge Ancient site England,
UK 51 G11
Stornoway Town Scotland,UK 50 D4
Storuman Town Sweden 48 E6
Stralsund Town Germany 56 F4
Strasbourg Town France 54 H7
Strelka Town Russian Federation 78 H6
Strumica Town Macedonia 65 H12
Stryy Town Ukraine 68 F3
Stuttgart Town Germany 57 D9
Subotica Town Serbia 64 F6
Suceava Town Romania 68 G5
Sucre Capital Bolivia 27 E12
Sudan Country 38 D7
Sudbury Town Ontario, Canada 6 G7
Sudd Region Southern Sudan 39 D9
Sudeten Region Poland 62 C8
Suez Town Egypt 38 E4
Suez, Gulf of Egypt 38 E4
Sühbaatar Town Mongolia 89 I2
Suhl Town Germany 56 E8
Sujāwal Town Pakistan 86 F4
Sukabumi Town Indonesia 96 F8
Sukagawa Town Japan 93 G9
Sukkur Town Pakistan 86 F3
Sukumo Town Japan 93 D13
Sulawesi see Celebes
Sullana Town Peru 27 A9
Sulu Archipelago Island chain
Philippines 97 I5
Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean 97 J4
Sumatera see Sumatra
Sumatra Island Indonesia 96 E7
Sumbawanga Town Tanzania 39 E13
Sumbe Town Angola 44 D3
Sumqayit Town Azerbaijan 77 N3
Sumy Town Ukraine 69 K2
Sunderland Town England, UK 50 F7
Sundsvall Town Sweden 48 E8
Sungaipenuh Town Indonesia 96 D7
Sunnyvale Town California, US 14 F6
Suŏng Town Cambodia 95 G11
Superior Town Wisconsin, US 13 I3
Superior, Lake Canada/US, 13 I3
Suqutrā see Socotra
Sūr Town Oman 83 H10
Surabaya Town Indonesia 96 G8
Surakarta Town Indonesia 96 G8
Sūrat Town India 86 G5
Surat Thani Town Thailand 95 D12
Surdulica Town Serbia 65 H10
Surfers Paradise Town Queensland,
Australia 105 N6
Surgut Town Russian Federation 78 G5
Suriname Country 26 G6
Surt Town Libya 37 L5
Surt, Khalīj see Sirte, Gulf of
Susa Town Italy 60 B5
Susteren Town Netherlands 53 F10
Susuman Town Russian Federation 78 L4
Suva Capital Fiji 103 J7
Suwałki Town Poland 62 G5
Suzhou Town China 91 K5
Svalbard Dependent Territory Norway,
Arctic Ocean 111 F7
Svartisen Glacier Norway 48 D5
Svenstavik Town Sweden 48 D8
Svetlogorsk Town Belarus 71 F11
see also Svyetlahorsk
Svilengrad Town Bulgaria 66 G7
Svobodnyy Town Russian Federation
79 L6
Svyetlahorsk Town Belarus 71 F11
see also Svetlogorsk
Swansea Town Wales, UK 51 E11
Swaziland Country 45 I7
Sweden Country 48 D7
Świdnica Town Poland 62 D8
Świebodzin Town Poland 62 C7
Swindon Town England, UK 51 G11
Świnoujście Town Poland 62 B5
Switzerland Country 57 C11
Sydney Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 M7
Syeverodonets’k Town Ukraine 69 M4
Syktyvkar Town Russian Federation 72 F7
Sylhet Town Bangladesh 87 L4
Syowa Research station Antarctica 110 F4
Syracuse Town New York, US 8 G5
Syria Country 80 F7
Syrian Desert Jordan 81 G10
Syzran’ Town Russian Federation 73 E10
Szczecin Town Poland 62 C5
Szeged Town Hungary 63 F12
Székesfehérvár Town Hungary 63 E11
Szolnok Town Hungary 63 F11
Szombathely Town Hungary 63 D11
T
Tabora Town Tanzania 39 E12
Tabrīz Town Iran 82 D5
Tabūk Town Saudi Arabia 82 A8
Täby Town Sweden 49 E10
Tacloban Town Philippines 97 K3
Tacoma Town Washington, US 14 F2
Tacuarembó Town Uruguay 30 H7
Tademaït, Plateau du Algeria 36 H6
Tādpatri Town Bhutan 87 I7
Taganrog Town Russian Federation 73 B11
Taguatinga Town Brazil 29 K5
Tagus River Spain/Portugal 58 F6
Tahoua Town Niger 41 K5
Tainan Town Taiwan 91 K8
Taipei Capital Taiwan 91 L7
Taiping Town Malaysia 96 D5
Taiwan Country 91 L8
Taiwan Strait China/Taiwan 91 L8
Taiyuan Town China 91 I4
Taizhong Town Taiwan 91 L8
Ta’izz Town Yemen 83 C13
Tajikistan Country 85 K5
Takaoka Town Japan 93 E10
Takapuna Town New Zealand 106 F5
Takasaki Town Japan 93 F10
Takikawa Town Japan 92 F5
Takla Makan Desert China 88 E5
Talamanca, Cordillera de Mountain range
Costa Rica 21 J8
Talas Town Kyrgyzstan 85 K3
Talavera de la Reina Town Spain 58 H5
Talca Town Chile 30 C8
Talcahuano Town Chile 31 C9
Taldykorgan Town Kazakhstan 78 G8
Tallahassee Town Florida, US 10 H6
Tallinn Capital Estonia 70 G3
Talnakh Town Russian Federation 78 H4
Talsi Town Latvia 70 E5
Talvik Town Norway 48 F3
Tamale Town Ghana 41 I7
Tamanrasset Town Algeria 37 I7
Tamazunchale Town Mexico 19 K7
Tambacounda Town Senegal 40 E5
Tambov Town Russian Federation 73 D10
Tampa Town Florida, US 11 I7
Tampa Bay Florida, US 11 I8
Tampere Town Finland 48 G8
Tampico Town Mexico 19 K6

Tamworth Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 M6
Tana Town Norway 48 G3
Tanabe Town Japan 93 E12
Tanami Desert Northern Territory,
Australia 104 H3
Tandil Town Argentina 31 G9
Tane Range Mountain range Thailand
94 D8
Tanezrouft Desert Algeria 36 H7
Tanga Town Tanzania 39 G12
Tanganyika, Lake Democratic Republic of
the Congo 43 I12
Tanggula Shan Mountain range China 88 G7
Tangier Town Morocco 36 F3
Tangshan Town China 91 K3
Tan-Tan Town Morocco 36 D5
Tanzania Country 39 E12
Taoudenni Town Mali 40 H3
Tapa Town Estonia 70 G4
Tapachula Town Mexico 19 N9
Tapajós, Rio River Brazil 29 I3
Tarābulus see Tripoli
Tarancón Town Spain 59 I6
Taranto Town Italy 61 H10
Taranto, Gulf Italy 61 H11
Tarapoto Town Peru 27 B9
Taraz Town Kazakhstan 78 F8
Tarbes Town France 55 D11
Târgovişte Town Romania 68 F7
Târgu Jiu Town Romania 68 E7
Târgu Mureş Town Romania 68 F5
Tarija Town Bolivia 27 E13
Tarim Basin China 88 F5
Tarnobrzeg Town Poland 62 G8
Tarnów Town Poland 63 F9
Tarragona Town Spain 59 L4
Tarsus Town Turkey 76 G6
Tartu Town Estonia 70 G5
Tartūs Town Syria 80 D7
Tarvisio Town Italy 60 F4
Tashkent Capital Uzbekistan 85 J3
Tash-Kumyr Town Kyrgyzstan 85 K3
Tasikmalaya Town Indonesia 96 F8
Tasmania State Australia 105 K9
Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean 105 M8
Tassili-n-Ajjer Plateau Algeria 37 I6
Tatabánya Town Hungary 63 E11
Tathlīth Town Saudi Arabia 83 C11
Tatra Mountains Slovakia 63 F9
Tatvan Town Turkey 77 K5
Taungdwingyi Town Myanmar 94 B7
Taunggyi Town Myanmar 94 C7
Taunton Town England, UK 51 F11
Taupo Town New Zealand 106 G7
Taupo, Lake New Zealand 106 G7
Tauranga Town New Zealand 106 G6
Taurus Mountains Mountain range
Turkey 76 E6
Tawau Town Malaysia 97 I5
Taxco Town Mexico 19 K8
Taxiatosh Town Uzbekistan 84 F2
Taymā’ Town Saudi Arabia 82 B8
Taymyr Peninsula Russian Federation
79 I3
Tbilisi Capital Georgia 77 L3
Tczew Town Poland 62 E5
Te Anau Town New Zealand 107 B13
Teapa Town Mexico 19 N8
Tebingtinggi Town Indonesia 96 D5
Tecomán Town Mexico 19 I8
Tecpan Town Mexico 19 J9
Tecuci Town Romania 68 G6
Tegal Town Indonesia 96 F7
Tegucigalpa Capital Honduras 20 G4
Tehrān Capital Iran 82 E6
Tehuacán Town Mexico 19 L8
Tehuantepec Town Mexico 19 M9
Tehuantepec, Gulf of Mexico 19 M9
Tehuantepec, Istmo de Isthmus Mexico 19 M8
Tejen Town Turkmenistan 84 F5
Te Kao Town New Zealand 106 E3
Tekeli Town Kazakhstan 78 G8
Tekirdağ Town Turkey 76 C3
Tel Aviv-Yafo Town Israel 81 C11
Temirtau Town Kazakhstan 78 F7
Temple Town Texas, US 17 M6
Temuco Town Chile 31 C10
Ténéré Physical region Niger 41 M4
Tennessee State US 10 G3
Tennessee River Alabama/Tennessee,
US 10 G4
Tepic Town Mexico 18 H7
Teplice Town Czechia 62 B8
Tequila Town Mexico 19 I7
Teramo Town Italy 60 F8
Teresina Town Brazil 29 M3
Termiz Town Uzbekistan 85 I5
Ternate Town Indonesia 97 K6
Terni Town Italy 60 E8
Ternopil’ Town Ukraine 68 G3
Terrassa Town Spain 59 M4
Terre Haute Town Indiana, US 13 K7
Teruel Town Spain 59 K5
Teseney Town Eritrea 38 F8
Tessalit Town Mali 41 J3
Tete Town Mozambique 45 I4
Tetouan Town Morocco 36 F3
Tevere River Italy 60 E8
Texarkana Town Texas, US 17 N5
Texas State US 17 L6
Teziutlán Town Mexico 19 K7
Thai Binh Town Vietnam 94 G7
Thailand Country 95 D9
Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
95 E11
Thai Nguyên Town Vietnam 94 G6
Thakhèk Town Laos 94 F8
Thamarit Town Oman 83 G11
Thames River England, UK 51 G11
Thandwe Town Myanmar 94 B8
Thanh Hoa Town Vietnam 94 F7
Thar Desert Pakistan/India 86 F3
Thaton Town Myanmar 94 C8
Thayetmyo Town Myanmar 94 B7
The Fens Physical region England, UK
51 H9
Thessaloníki see Salonica
The Valley Capital Anguilla 23 N5
Thimphu Capital Bhutan 87 L3
Thiruvananthapuram Town India 86 H9
see also Trivandrum
Thracian Sea Greece 66 F8
Thun Town Switzerland 57 C11
Thunder Bay Town Ontario, Canada 6 E6
Thurso Town Scotland,UK 50 E3
Tianjin Town China 91 J3
Tianjin Shu Administrative region China 91 J3
Tianshui Town China 89 J6
Tiberias, Lake Israel 81 D10
Tibesti Mountain range Chad 42 E3
Tibet Administrative region China 88 F7
Tibet, Plateau of China 88 F6
Tîchît Town Mauritania/China 40 G4
Ticul Town Mexico 19 O6
Tien Shan Mountain range Kyrgyzstan
85 L3
Tierra del Fuego Region Argentina/
Chile 31 D14
Tifu Town Indonesia 97 K7
Tighina Town Moldova 68 H6
Tigris River Iraq 82 C6
Tiguentourine Town Algeria 37 J6
Tijuana Town Mexico 18 C2
Tikal Ancient site Guatemala 20 E2
Tikhoretsk Town Russian Federation
73 C12
Tikhvin Town Russian Federation 72 C7
Tiksi Town Russian Federation 78 J4
Tilburg Town Netherlands 53 E10
Timaru Town New Zealand 107 D12
Timbedgha Town Mauritania 40 G5
Timbuktu Town Mali 41 I4
Timișoara Town Romania 68 D6
Timor Sea Asia/Australasia 97 J9
Tindouf Town Algeria 36 E6
Tirana Capital Albania 65 F11
Tiranë see Tirana
Tiraspol Town Moldova 68 H6
Tirol Region Austria 57 F11
Tiruchchirāppalli Town India 87 I8
Tisa River Hungary 63 F11
Titicaca, Lake Lake Peru 27 D12
Tivoli Town Italy 61 E9
Tizi Ouzou Town Algeria 36 H3
Tiznit Town Morocco 36 E5
Tlaquepaque Town Mexico 19 I7
Tlaxcala Town Mexico 19 K8
Tlemcen Town Algeria 36 G4
Toamasina Town Madagascar 45 M5
Tobago Island Trindad & Tobago 23 O8
Tobol’sk Town Russian Federation 78 G5
Tocantins, Rio River Brazil 29 K4
Tocopilla Town Chile 30 D4
Todi Town Italy 60 E8
Togo Country 41 J7
Tokar Town Sudan 38 F7
Tokat Town Turkey 76 H4
Tokelau Dependent territory New Zealand,
Pacific Ocean 103 K6
Tokmak Town Kyrgyzstan 85 L3
Tokmak Town Ukraine 69 L5
Tokoroa Town New Zealand 106 G6
Tokushima Town Japan 93 D12
Tōkyō Capital Japan 93 G10
Toledo Town Spain 59 I6
Toledo Town Ohio, US 13 L6
Toliara Town Madagascar 45 L6
Tolitoli Town Indonesia 97 J6
Tolmin Town Slovenia 57 G12
Toluca Town Mexico 19 J8
Tol’yatti Town Russian Federation 73 E10
Tomakomai Town Japan 92 F5
Tomaszów Mazowiecki Town Poland 62 F7
Tombouctou see Timbuktu
Tomini, Gulf of Indonesia 97 J6
Tomsk Town Russian Federation 78 H6
Tonga Country 103 K7
Tongatapu Group Island group Tonga 103 J8
Tongchuan Town China 90 H4
Tonghe Town China 89 M2
Tongzi Town China 90 H6
Tongliao Town China 89 L3
Tongxin Town China 89 J6
Tongzi Town China 90 H6
Tonkin, Gulf of South China Sea 90 H9
Tônlé Sap Lake Cambodia 95 F10
Tonopah Town Nevada, US 14 H6
Tooele Town Utah, US 15 I5
Toowoomba Town Queensland,
Australia 105 M6
Topeka Town Kansas, US 12 G7
Torez Town Ukraine 69 M5
Torgau Town Germany 56 F7
Torino see Turin
Torkestan Mountains Mountain range
Afghanistan 84 H6
Toro Town Spain 58 H4
Toronto Town Ontario, Canada 6 G8
Toros Dağlari see Taurus Mountains
Torquay Town England, UK 51 F12
Torre del Greco Town Italy 61 F10
Torrejón de Ardoz Town Spain 59 I5
Torrelavega Town Spain 59 I2
Torrente Town Spain 59 K6
Torreón Town Mexico 19 I5
Torres Strait Australia/Papua New Guinea
105 K1
Torres Vedras Town Portugal 58 E6
Torrington Town Wyoming, US 15 L5
Toruń Town Poland 62 E6
Torzhok Town Russian Federation 72 C8
Toscana see Tuscany
Toscano, Archipelago Coastal feature
Italy 60 D8
Toshkent see Tashkent
Totness Town Suriname 26 H6
Tottori Town Japan 93 D11
Touggourt Town Algeria 37 I4
Toukoto Town Mali 40 G5
Toul Town France 54 G7
Toulon Town France 55 G12
Toulouse Town France 55 D11
Tourcoing Town France 54 F5
Tournai Town Belgium 53 C11
Tours Town France 54 D8
Tovarkovskiy Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Towada Town Japan 92 G7
Townsville Town Queensland,
Australia 105 L3
Towson Town Maryland, US 8 G8
Tamworth – Turin
Toyama Town Japan 93 F10
Toyota Town Japan 93 F11
Tozeur Town Tunisia 37 I4
Trabzon Town Turkey 76 H3
Trang Town Thailand 95 D13
Transantarctic Mountains Mountain range
Antarctica 110 D6
Transnistria Cultural region Moldova 68 H5
Transylvania Cultural region Romania 68 E5
Transylvanian Alps Mountain range
Romania 68 E6
Trapani Town Sicily, Italy 61 D12
Trasimeno, Lago Lake Italy 60 E7
Tra Vinh Town Vietnam 95 G12
Tremelo Town Belgium 53 E11
Trenčín Town Slovakia 63 E10
Trenque Lauquen Town Argentina 31 F9
Trent River England, UK 51 G9
Trento Town Italy 60 E4
Trenton Town Pennsylvania, US 8 G7
Tres Arroyos Town Argentina 31 F9
Treviso Town Italy 60 E5
Trier Town Germany 56 B8
Trieste Town Italy 60 F5
Trincomalee Town Sri Lanka 87 I9
Trinidad Island Trindad & Tobago 23 O9
Trinidad Town Uruguay 30 G8
Trinidad Town Bolivia 27 E11
Trinidad & Tobago Country 23 O9
Tripoli Town Lebanon 80 D8
Tripoli Capital Libya 37 K4
Tripolitania Cultural region Libya 37 K5
Tristan de Cunha Dependent Territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 33 L7
Trivandrum Town India 86 H9 see also
Thiruvananthapuram
Trnava Town Slovakia 63 D10
Trois-Rivières Town Québec, Canada 7 I7
Trollhättan Town Sweden 49 C10
Tromsø Town Norway 48 E4
Trondheim Town Norway 48 C7
Troy Town New York, US 8 I5
Troyes Town France 54 F7
Trujillo Town Spain 58 G6
Trujillo Town Peru 27 A10
Trzcianka Town Poland 62 D6
Tshela Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 D11
Tshikapa Town Democratic Republic
of the Congo 43 F12
Tsu Town Japan 93 E11
Tsugaru-kaikyō Strait Japan 92 F7
Tsuruga Town Japan 93 E11
Tsuruoka Town Japan 92 F8
Tuamotu Islands Island group
French Polynesia 103 O7
Tuapse Town Russian Federation 73 B12
Tuba City Town Arizona, US 16 E3
Tubmanburg Town Liberia 40 F7
Ţubruq Town Libya 37 N4
Tucson Town Arizona, US 16 E5
Tucumcari Town New Mexico, US 17 I4
Tudmur Town Syria 80 F7
Tuguegarao Town Philippines 97 J1
Tukums Town Latvia 70 E5
Tula Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Tulancingo Town Mexico 19 K7
Tulcán Town Ecuador 26 B7
Tulcea Town Romania 68 H7
Tulsa Town Oklahoma, US 17 M3
Tuluá Town Colombia 26 B6
Tumbes Town Peru 26 A8
Tumuc-Humac Mountains Mountain range
Brazil 29 I1
Tungaru Island chain Kiribati 103 I4
Tungsten Town Northwest Territories,
Canada 4 G6
Tunis Capital Tunisia 37 J3
Tunisia Country 37 J4
Tunja Town Colombia 26 C6
Tuong Đuong Town Vietnam 94 G7
Tupelo Town Mississippi, US 10 G4
Turan Lowland Plain Central Asia 84 F2
Turayf Town Saudi Arabia 82 B7
Turbat Town Pakistan 86 E3
Turda Town Romania 68 F5
Turin Town Italy 60 B5
131
 Turkana, Lake – Walvis Bay
Turkana, Lake Kenya 39 F10
Turkistan Town Kazakhstan 78 F7
Turkey Country 76 F5
Türkmenabat Town Turkmenistan 84 H4
Turkmenbaşy Town Turkmenistan 84 D3
Turkmenistan Country 84 F4
Turks & Caicos Islands Dependent Territory
UK, Atlantic Ocean 23 I3
Turku Town Finland 49 F9
Turnov Town Czechia 63 C9
Tuscaloosa Town Mississippi, US 10 G5
Tuscany Region Italy 60 D7
Tuticorin Town India 87 I9
Tutuala Town East Timor 97 K8
Tuvalu Country 103 I6
Tuxpán Town Mexico 19 K7
Tuxpan Town Mexico 19 I8
Tuxtepec Town Mexico 19 L8
Tuxtla Town Mexico 19 N8
Tuy Hoa Town Vietnam 95 H10
Tuz Gölü see Tuz, Lake
Tuzla Town Bosnia & Herzegovina 64 E7
Tuz, Lake Turkey 76 F5
Tver’ Town Russian Federation 72 C8
Twin Falls Town Idaho, US 15 I4
Tychy Town Poland 63 E9
Tyler Town Texas, US 17 M5
Tynda Town Russian Federation 79 K6
Tyrrhenian Sea Mediterranean Sea 61 F11
Tyumen’ Town Russian Federation 78 F5
U Uvaravichy Town Belarus 71 G11
Ubangi River Central Africa 42 F8
Ube Town Japan 93 C13
Uberaba Town Brazil 29 K6
Uberlândia Town Brazil 29 K6
Ubon Ratchathani Town Thailand 95 F9
Ubrique Town Spain 58 G8
Uchiura-wan Bay Japan 92 G6
Uchquduq Town Uzbekistan 84 H3
Udaipur Town India 86 G4
Udine Town Italy 60 F5
Udon Thani Town Thailand 94 E8
Udupi Town India 86 G7
Uele River Democratic Republic
of the Congo 42 H8
Uelzen Town Germany 56 E5
Ufa Town Russian Federation 73 G10
Uganda Country 39 D11
Uitenhage Town South Africa 44 G9
Ukhta Town Russian Federation 72 G7
Ukmergė Town Lithuania 70 E7
Ukraine Country 68 G3
Ulaanbaatar see Ulan Bator
Ulaangom Town Mongolia 88 G3
Ulan Bator Capital Mongolia 89 J3
Ulan Qab Town China 91 J4
Ulan-Ude Town Russian Federation 79 J7
Ulft Town Netherlands 53 G9
Ullapool Town Scotland, UK 50 E4
Ulm Town Germany 57 D10
Ulsan Town South Korea 91 M4
Ulster Cultural region Northern Ireland,
UK 50 C8
Uluru Peak Northern Territory,
Australia 104 H5
Ulyanivka Town Ukraine 69 I4
Ul’yanovsk Town Russian Federation 73 E9
Uman’ Town Ukraine 69 I4
Umeå Town Sweden 48 F7
Umm Ruwaba Town Sudan 38 E8
Uncía Town Bolivia 27 E12
Ungava Bay Québec, Canada 7 I2
Ungava Peninsula Québec, Canada 6 H2
Uniontown Town Pennsylvania, US 8 E8
United Arab Emirates Country 83 F10
United Kingdom Country 50 E8
United States of America Country 8 I7
Ünye Town Turkey 76 H3
Upington Town South Africa 44 F7
Uppsala Town Sweden 49 E10
Ural Mountains Mountain range Russian
Federation 73 H9
Ural’sk Town Kazakhstan 78 E5
132
Ural’skiye Gory see Ural Mountains
Uraricoera Town Brazil 28 H1
Uren’ Town Russian Federation 72 E8
Urganch Town Uzbekistan 84 G3
Uroševac Town Kosovo 65 G10 see also Ferizaj
Ŭroteppa Town Tajikistan 85 J4
Uruapan Town Mexico 19 J8
Uruguay Country 30 G8
Ürümqi Town China 88 F4
Usak Town Turkey 76 D5
Ushuaia Town Argentina 31 D15
Usinsk Town Russian Federation 72 G6
Usol’ye-Sibirskoye Town Russian Federation
79 I7
Ussel Town France 55 E9
Ussuriysk Town Russian Federation 79 M7
Ust’-Ilimsk Town Russian Federation 79 I6
Ústí nad Labem Town Czechia 62 B8
Ustka Town Poland 62 D4
Ust’-Kamchatsk Town Russian Federation
79 M4
Ust’-Kamenogorsk Town Kazakhstan 78 G7
Ust’-Kut Town Russian Federation 79 J6
Ust’-Olenëk Town Russian Federation 79 J4
Ustyurt Plateau Uzbekistan 84 F1
Usulután Town El Salvador 20 F5
Utah State US 15 I6
Utica Town New York, US 8 H5
Utrecht Town Netherlands 52 E8
Utsunomiya Town Japan 93 G10
Uulu Town Estonia 70 F5
Uvalde Town Texas, US 17 K7
Uwajima Town Japan 93 D13
Uxmal Ancient site Mexico 19 O6
Uyo Town Nigeria 41 L8
Uyuni Town Bolivia 27 E13
Uzbekistan Country 84 H3
Uzhhorod Town Ukraine 68 E4
V Veszprém Town Hungary 63 E11
Vaal River South Africa 44 H7
Vaasa Town Finland 48 F8
Vaassen Town Netherlands 52 F8
Vác Town Hungary 63 E11
Valdés, Peninsula Argentina 31 F11
Val-d’Or Town Québec, Canada 6 H6
Vadodara Town India 86 G5
Vaduz Capital Liechtenstein 57 D11
Valday Town Russian Federation 72 C7
Valdez Town Alaska, US 4 E5
Valdivia Town Chile 31 C10
Valdosta Town Georgia, US 11 I6
Valence Town France 55 F10
Valencia Town Spain 59 K6
Valencia Town Venezuela 26 D5
Valencia, Golfo de Gulf Spain 59 L6
Valera Town Venezuela 26 D5
Valga Town Estonia 70 G5
Valladolid Town Mexico 19 O6
Valladolid Town Spain 58 H4
Valledupar Town Colombia 26 C5
Vallenar Town Chile 30 C6
Valletta Capital Malta 61 E15
Valley, The Capital Anguilla 23 N5
Valls Town Spain 59 L4
Valmiera Town Latvia 70 F5
Valozhyn Town Belarus 71 E9
Valparaíso Town Chile 30 C8
Van Town Turkey 77 K5
Vanadzor Town Armenia 77 L3
Vancouver Town British Colombia,
Canada 4 G5
Vancouver Island British Colombia,
Canada 4 F9
Van Diemen Gulf Australia 104 H1
Vänern Lakes Sweden 49 D10
Van Gölü see Van, Lake
Van, Lake Turkey 77 K5
Vantaa Town Finland 49 G9
Vanua Levu Island Fiji 103 I7
Vanuatu Country 102 G7
Vārānasi Town India 87 J4
Varberg Town Sweden 49 C11
Vardar River Macedonia 65 H12
Varde Town Denmark 49 B12
Varese Town Italy 60 C4
Varna Town Bulgaria 66 H5
Vasa see Vaasa
Vaslui Town Romania 68 G6
Västerås Town Sweden 49 E10
Vatican City Country 61 E9
Vättern Lake Sweden 49 D10
Vaughn Town New Mexico, US 17 I4
Vawkavysk Town Belarus 71 C9
Växjö Town Sweden 49 D11
Velebit Mountain range Croatia 64 B7
Veles Town Macedonia 65 G11
Velikiye Luki Town Russian Federation
72 B8
Velikiy Novgorod Town Russian Federation
72 C7
Veliko Tŭrnovo Town Bulgaria 66 G6
Vellore Town India 87 I7
Velsen-Noord Town Netherlands 52 E8
Vel’sk Town Russian Federation 72 E7
Vendôme Town France 54 D7
Venezia see Venice
Venezuela Country 26 E5
Venice Town Louisiana, US 10 F7
Venice Town Italy 60 E5
Venice, Gulf of Italy 60 F6
Venlo Town Netherlands 53 G10
Ventimiglia Town Italy 60 B6
Ventspils Town Latvia 70 D4
Veracruz Town Mexico 19 L7
Vercelli Town Italy 60 C5
Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet Mountain range
Russian Federation 79 K4
Vermont State US 9 I4
Verona Town Italy 60 D5
Versailles Town France 54 E7
Verviers Town Belgium 53 F11
Vesterålen Island group Norway 48 D4
Vesuvius Volcano Italy 61 F10
Veurne Town Belgium 53 B10
Viangchan see Vientiane
Viareggio Town Italy 60 D6
Vicenza Town Italy 60 E5
Vichy Town France 55 F9
Victoria Capital Seychelles 99 I5
Victoria Town British Colombia,
Canada 4 G9
Victoria Town Texas, US 17 M7
Victoria State Australia 105 K8
Victoria Falls Waterfall Zambia 44 G4
Victoria Island Northern Canada 5 I5
Victoria, Lake East Africa 39 E11
Victoria Land Region Antarctica 110 E7
Vidin Town Bulgaria 66 D5
Vienna Capital Austria 57 H10
Vientiane Capital Laos 94 E8
Vierzon Town France 54 E8
Vietnam Country 94 G8
Vieux Fort Town St. Lucia 23 O7
Vigo Town Spain 58 E3
Vijayawāda Town India 87 I6
Vila Nova de Gaia Town Portugal 58 E4
Vila Real Town Portugal 58 F4
Villa Acuña Town Mexico 19 I3
Villach Town Austria 57 G11
Villahermosa Town Mexico 19 N8
Villa María Town Argentina 30 F7
Villa Martin Town Bolivia 27 D13
Villa Mercedes Town Argentina 30 E8
Villarrica Town Paraguay 30 H5
Villavicencio Town Colombia 26 C6
Villeurbanne Town France 55 G9
Villingen-Schwenningen Town
Germany 57 D10
Vilnius Capital Lithuania 70 E8
Viña del Mar Town Chile 30 C8
Vinaròs Town Spain 59 L5
Vindhya Range Mountain range India 86 H4
Vineland Town New Jersey, US 8 H8
Vinh Town Vietnam 94 G8
Vinnytsya Town Ukraine 68 H4
Vinson Massif Mountain Antarctica 110 C5
Viranşehir Town Turkey 76 H6
Virginia State US 11 K2
Virginia Beach Town Virginia, US 11 L3
Virgin Islands Dependent territory US, Atlantic
Ocean 23 M5
Virôchey Town Cambodia 95 G10
Virovitica Town Croatia 64 D6
Virton Town Belgium 53 F14
Virtsu Town Estonia 70 F4
Visaginas Town Lithuania 70 F7
Visākhapatnam Town India 87 J6
Viscount Melville Sound Bay Canada 5 I4
Viseu Town Portugal 58 F5
Vitebsk Town Belarus 71 H9
see also Vitsyebsk
Viterbo Town Italy 60 E8
Viti Levu Island Fiji 103 I7
Vitória Town Brazil 29 M6
Vitória da Conquista Town Brazil 29 L5
Vitoria-Gasteiz Town Spain 59 I3
Vitsyebsk Town Belarus 71 H9 see also Vitebsk
Vittoria Town Sicily, Italy 61 F13
Vizianagaram Town India 87 J6
Vlaardingen Town Netherlands 53 D9
Vladikavkaz Town Russian Federation
73 C13
Vladimir Town Russian Federation 72 D8
Vladivostok Town Russian Federation 79 M7
Vlagtwedde Town Netherlands 52 G6
Vlijmen Town Netherlands 53 E9
Vlissingen Town Netherlands 53 C10
Vlorë Town Albania 65 E12
Vojvodina Region Serbia 64 F6
Volga River Russian Federation 73 D11
Volgodonsk Town Russian Federation
73 C11
Volgograd Town Russian Federation 73 D11
Volkhov Town Russian Federation 72 C7
Volnovakha Town Ukraine 69 L5
Vologda Town Russian Federation 72 D7
Vólos Town Greece 67 E10
Vol’sk Town Russian Federation 73 E10
Volta River Ghana 41 J8
Volta, Lake Ghana 41 I7
Volturno River Italy 61 F9
Volzhskiy Town Russian Federation 73 D11
Vóreioi Sporádes see Northern Sporades
Vorkuta Town Russian Federation 72 H5
Voronezh Town Russian Federation 73 C10
Vostok Research station Antarctica 110 F6
Voznesens’k Town Ukraine 69 I5
Vratsa Town Bulgaria 66 E6
Vrbas Town Serbia 64 F6
Vršac Town Serbia 64 G7
Vung Tau Town Vietnam 95 G11
Vyborg Town Russian Federation 72 C6
W
Waal River Netherlands 53 F9
Waco Town Texas, US 17 M6
Wadayama Town Japan 93 D11
Waddān Town Libya 37 L5
Waddeneilanden see West Frisian Islands
Waddenzee Sea Netherlands 52 E6
Waddington, Mount Mountain British
Colombia, Canada 4 G8
Wadi Halfa Town Sudan 38 E6
Wad Medani Town Sudan 38 E8
Wagga Wagga Town New South Wales,
Australia 105 L8
Wāh Town Pakistan 86 G1
Wahai Town Indonesia 97 L7
Waiouru Town New Zealand 106 G7
Wairoa Town New Zealand 106 H7
Wakayama Town Japan 93 E12
Wake Island Dependent Territory US,
Pacific Ocean 109 I4
Wakkanai Town Japan 92 F4
Wałbrzych Town Poland 62 D8
Wales Political Region UK 51 F10
Wallachia Cultural region Romania 68 E7
Wallis & Futuna Dependent Territory France,
Pacific Ocean 103 J6
Walvis Bay Town Namibia 44 E6

Wanaka Town New Zealand 107 C12
Wandel Sea Arctic Ocean 111 M7
Wanyuan Town China 90 H5
Wanzhou Town China 90 H6
Warangal Town India 87 I6
Warren Town Michigan, US 13 L5
Warren Town Ohio, US 13 L6
Warren Town Pennsylvania, US 8 E6
Warri Town Nigeria 41 K8
Warsaw Capital Poland 62 F6
Warszawa see Warsaw
Warwick Town Rhode Island, US 8 J6
Washington State US 14 H2
Washington, D.C. Capital US 8 G9
Waspam Town Nicaragua 21 I4
Waterbury Town Connecticut, US 8 I6
Waterford Town Ireland 51 C10
Waterloo Town Iowa, US 13 I5
Watertown Town New York, US 8 G4
Watford Town England, UK 51 H11
Wau Town Southern Sudan 39 D9
Waukegan Town Illinois, US 13 J5
Waukesha Town Wisconsin, US 13 J5
Wavre Town Belgium 53 E11
Weddell Sea Antarctica 110 C4
Weifang Town China 91 K4
Weimar Town Germany 56 E7
Welkom Town South Africa 44 H7
Wellington Capital New Zealand 107 F9
Wells Town Nevada, US 14 H5
Wellsford Town New Zealand 106 F5
Wels Town Austria 57 G10
Wenchi Town Ghana 41 I7
Wenshan Town China 90 G8
Wenxian Town China 89 J7
Wenzhou Town China 91 K6
Weser River Germany 56 D6
West Antarctica Region Antarctica 110 D6
West Bank Disputed region
Near East 81 D11
West Cape Coastal feature New Zealand
107 A13
Westerland Town Germany 56 D4
Western Australia State Australia 104 G5
Western Dvina River W Europe 70 F7
West Frisian Islands Island group Netherlands
52 B5
Western Ghats Mountain range
India 86 H6
Western Sahara Disputed territory 36 C6
Weston-super-Mare Town England, UK 51 F11
West Palm Beach Town Florida, US 11 J8
West Siberian Plain Russian Federation
78 H5
West Virginia State US 11 J2
Wetzlar Town Germany 56 D8
Wevok Town Alaska, US 4 E3
Wexford Town Ireland 51 D10
Whakatane Town New Zealand 106 H6
Wheeler Peak Mountain New Mexico,
US 16 H3
Whitby Town England, UK 50 G8
Whitehorse Town Northwest Territories,
Canada 4 F6
White Nile River Sudan/S Sudan 38 E8
White Sea Russian Federation 72 E5
White Volta River Ghana 41 I7
Whitney, Mount Mountain California,
US 14 G7
Wichita Town Kansas, US 12 G8
Wichita Falls Town Texas, US 17 L5
Wick Town Scotland, UK 50 F4
Wieliczka Town Poland 63 F9
Wien see Vienna
Wiener Neustadt Town Austria 57 H10
Wiesbaden Town Germany 56 C8
Wight, Isle of Island England, UK 51 G12
Wilcox Town Pennsylvania, US 8 F6
Wilhelm, Mount Mountain Papua New
Guinea 102 E5
Wilhelmshaven Town Germany 56 C5
Wilkes Barre Town Pennsylvania,
US 8 H6
Willard Town New Mexico, US 16 H4
Willemstad Capital Curaçao 23 K8
Williston Town North Dakota, US 12 E2
Wilmington Town Delaware, US 8 H8
Wilmington Town North Carolina, US 11 K4
Winchester Town England, UK 51 G11
Windhoek Capital Namibia 44 E6
Windsor Town Ontario, Canada 6 F8
Windward Islands Island group
Caribbean Sea 23 P8
Windward Passage Strait Cuba/Haiti
22 H5
Winnipeg Town Manitoba, Canada 5 K9
Winnipeg, Lake Manitoba, Canada 5 J8
Winona Town Wisconsin, US 13 I4
Winston Salem Town North Carolina,
US 11 J3
Winterthur Town Switzerland 57 D11
Wisconsin State US 13 I4
Wismar Town Germany 56 E5
Wittstock Town Germany 56 F5
Włocławek Town Poland 62 F6
Wodzisław Śląski Town Poland 63 E9
Woking Town England, UK 51 H11
Wolfsberg Town Austria 57 H11
Wolfsburg Town Germany 56 E6
Wollongong Town New South Wales, Australia
105 M7
Wolverhampton Town England, UK 51 F10
Wŏnsan Town North Korea 91 M3
Woodburn Town Oregon, US 14 F3
Woodruff Town Wisconsin, US 13 J3
Woods, Lake of the Ontario, Canada 6 D6
Woodville Town New Zealand 106 G8
Worcester Town Massachusetts, US 9 J5
Worcester Town England, UK 51 F10
Worms Town Germany 57 C9
Worthington Town South Dakota, US 12 H5
Wrocław Town Poland 62 D8
Wuday’ah Town Saudi Arabia 83 D12
Wuhai Town China 89 J5
Wuhan Town China 91 J6
Wuhu Town China 91 K5
Wuliang Shan Mountain range China 90 F8
Wuppertal Town Germany 56 C7
Würzburg Town Germany 56 D8
Wuxi Town China 91 K5
Wyoming State US 15 L4
X Yonkers Town New York, US 9 I6
Xaignabouli Town Laos 94 E7
Xai-Xai Town Mozambique 45 I6
Xalapa Town Mexico 19 L7
Xankändi Town Azerbaijan 77 M4
Xiamen Town China 91 K8
Xi’an Town China 90 H5
Xiangfang Town China 91 I5
Xiangtan Town China 91 I7
Xianyang Town China 90 H4
Xichang Town China 90 F6
Xilinhot Town China 89 K4
Xingu, Rio River Brazil 29 J3
Xingxi Town China 90 G7
Xingxingxia Town China 88 G5
Xining Town China 89 I6
Xinjiang Administrative region China 88 F5
Xinxiang Town China 91 J4
Xinyang Town China 91 J5
Xi Ujimqin Qi Town China 89 K3
Xixon see Gijon
Xuzhou Town China 91 J5
Y Z
Ya’an Town China 90 G6
Yablis Town Nicaragua 21 J4
Yafran Town Libya 37 K4
Yakeshi Town China 89 L2
Yakima Town Washington, US 14 G2
Yakutsk Town Russian Federation 79 K5
Yalova Town Turkey 76 D4
Yalta Town Ukraine 69 K7
Yamaguchi Town Japan 93 C12
Yambol Town Bulgaria 66 G6
Yamoussoukro Capital Côte d’Ivoire 40 H7
Yan’an Town China 90 H4
Wanaka – Zyryanovsk
Yanbu’al Baīr Town Saudi Arabia 83 A9
Yangiyo’l Town Uzbekistan 85 J3
Yangon Town Myanmar 94 B8
Yangtze River China 90 G7
Yangzhou Town China 91 K5
Yanji Town China 89 N3
Yankton Town Iowa, US 12 G5
Yantai Town China 91 K3
Yaoundé Capital Cameroon 42 C8
Yaroslavl’ Town Russian Federation
72 D8
Yatsushiro Town Japan 93 B14
Yaviza Town Panama 21 O8
Yazd Town Iran 82 F7
Ye Town Myanmar 95 C9
Yecheng Town China 88 D5
Yefremov Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Yekaterinburg Town Russian Federation
78 F5
Yelets Town Russian Federation 73 C9
Yellowknife Town Northwest Territories,
Canada 4 H6
Yellow River River China 91 I4
Yellow Sea Pacifc Ocean 91 L4
Yellowstone River Montana, US 15 K3
Yel’sk Town Belarus 71 E12
Yemen Country 83 D12
Yemva Town Russian Federation 72 F7
Yenakiyeve Town Ukraine 69 M5
Yenierenköy see Agialoúsa
Yenisey River Russian Federation 78 H5
Yeosu Town South Korea 91 M4
Yerevan Capital Armenia 77 L4
Yevlax Town Azerbaijan 77 M3
Yevpatoriya Town Ukraine 69 J7
Yichang Town China 91 I6
Yichun Town China 89 M2
Yildizeli Town Turkey 76 H4
Yinchuan Town China 89 J5
Yining Town China 88 E4
Yogyakarta Town Indonesia 96 G8
Yokohama Town Japan 93 G10
Yokote Town Japan 92 G8
Yonago Town Japan 93 D11
Yong’an Town China 91 K7
Yongzhou Town China 91 I7
York Town England, UK 51 G8
York Town Pennsylvania, US 9 G8
York, Cape Coastal feature Australia 105 K1
Yoro Town Honduras 20 G4
Yosemite National Park California,
US 14 G6
Yoshkar-Ola Town Russian Federation
73 E9
Youngstown Town Ohio, US 13 M6
Yreka Town California, US 14 F4
Yucatán Channel Mexico 19 O6
Yucatán Peninsula Mexico 19 O7
Yuci Town China 91 I4
Yueyang Town China 91 I6
Yukhavichy Town Belarus 70 G8
Yukon River Alaska/Yukon Territory 4 E4
Yukon Province Canada 4 F5
Yulin Town China 90 H8
Yuma Town Arizona, US 16 D5
Yunnan Administrative region China 90 F7
Yushu Town Qinghai, China 88 H7
Yuxi Town China 90 F7
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Town Russian Federation
79 M6
Zaanstad Town Netherlands 52 E8
Zabaykal’sk Town Russian Federation
78 K7
Zacapa Town Guatemala 20 E4
Zacatecas Town Mexico 19 I6
Zacatepec Town Mexico 19 K8
Zadar Town Croatia 64 B7
Zafra Town Spain 58 G7
Zagreb Capital Croatia 64 C6
Zagros Mountains Mountain range Iran 82 E7
Zāhedān Town Iran 82 H7
Záhony Town Hungary 63 H10
Zaječar Town Serbia 65 H9
Zalaegerszeg Town Hungary 63 D12
Zalău Town Romania 68 E5
Zalim Town Saudi Arabia 83 C10
Zambezi River Southern Africa 45 J4
Zambia Country 44 G4
Zamboanga Town Philippines 97 J4
Zamora Town Spain 58 G4
Zamość Town Poland 62 H8
Zanjān Town Iran 82 E5
Zanzibar Town Tanzania 39 G12
Zanzibar Island Tanzania 39 G13
Zaozhuang Town China 91 K4
Zapadnaya Dvina Town Russian Federation
2 B8
Zapala Town Argentina 31 D10
Zapolyarnyy Town Russian Federation 72 D4
Zaporizhzhya Town Ukraine 69 K5
Zaqatala Town Azerbaijan 77 M3
Zaragoza Town Spain 59 K4
Zaranj Town Afghanistan 84 G8
Zárate Town Argentina 30 G8
Zaria Town Nigeria 41 L6
Zavidovići Town Bosnia & Herzegovina
64 E8
Zawiercie Town Poland 62 F8
Zawīlah Town Libya 37 L6
Zeebrugge Town Belgium 53 C10
Zeist Town Netherlands 52 E8
Zelenoborskiy Town Russian Federation
72 D5
Zelenograd Town Russian Federation
72 C8
Zemun Town Serbia 64 G7
Zenica Town Bosnia & Herzegovina 64 D8
Zgierz Town Poland 62 E7
Zhanaozen Town Kazakhstan 78 D6
Zhangjiakou Town China 91 J3
Zhangzhou Town China 91 K8
Zhanjiang Town China 91 I9
Zhaoqing Town China 91 I8
Zhejiang Administrative region China
91 K6
Zheleznogorsk Town Russian Federation
73 B9
Zhengzhou Town China 91 I4
Zhezkazgan Town Kazakhstan 78 F7
Zhlobin Town Belarus 71 F11
Zhoatong Town China 90 G7
Zhodzina Town Belarus 71 F9
Zhongdian Town China 90 F6
Zhosaly Town Kazakhstan 78 E7
Zhovti Vody Town Ukraine 69 J4
Zhytomyr Town Ukraine 68 H3
Zibo Town China 91 K4
Zielona Góra Town Poland 62 C7
Zigong Town China 90 G6
Ziguinchor Town Senegal 40 E6
Žilina Town Slovakia 63 E9
Zimbabwe Country 44 H5
Zimovniki Town Russian Federation
73 C11
Zinder Town Niger 41 L5
Zipaquira Town Colombia 26 C6
Zlín Town Czechia 63 D9
Zoetermeer Town Netherlands 52 E8
Zolochiv Town Ukraine 68 F3
Zomba Town Malawi 45 J4
Zonguldak Town Turkey 76 E3
Żory Town Poland 63 E9
Zouar Town Chad 42 E4
Zrenjanin Town Serbia 64 G7
Zug Town Switzerland 57 D11
Zuidhorn Town Netherlands 52 G6
Zula Town Eritrea 38 G7
Zunyi Town China 90 H7
Županja Town Croatia 64 E7
Zürich Town Switzerland 57 D11
Zutphen Town Netherlands 52 G8
Zuwārah Town Libya 37 J4
Zvishavane Town Zimbabwe 45 I5
Zwedru Town Liberia 40 G8
Zwettl Town Austria 57 H10
Zwickau Town Germany 56 F8
Zwolle Town Netherlands 52 F7
Zyryanovsk Town Kazakhstan 78 H7
133
 Index

Index
aviation industry viii, 55 Chile 24, 30, 31 Detroit, Michigan, US 12 gemstones 27, 40, 44
Aymará people 27 China vi, vii, 74, 88–91 Dinka people 39 Geneva, Switzerland 56
Azerbaijan 76, 77 Christianity vii, 39, 40, 42, 81, 102 dinosaurs 88 Georgia 75, 76, 77
Azeri people 82 churches 17, 20, 49, 61, 66, 67, Dominican Republic 2, 23 geysers 15, 33, 107
Aztecs 18, 19 72, 73 Dracula, Count 68 Ghana 35, 40, 41
cities vii dress 63, 71, 79, 87, 92 Gibraltar, Strait of 58

A B Asia 80, 91, 92, 97

Australasia 105
Europe 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 58,
drought 38, 41, 42, 44, 84
Dubrovnik, Croatia 65
Earth iv–v, vi
Gobi Desert 88
gold 12, 27, 28, 40, 44, 78, 84, 104
government
Aboriginal people 104, 105 Baffin Island, Canada 5 59, 62, 65, 66, 68, 70, 72 earthquakes v Africa 34, 42, 43, 45
Abu Simbel, Egypt 38 Bahamas, The 3, 22, 23 North America 4, 6, 8, 12, Asia 85, 86, 92 Asia 78, 88, 89, 90, 96
Adriatic Sea 64 Baikal, Lake 78, 79 13, 14, 18 Europe 58, 60, 67 Europe 50, 58, 62, 64, 66
Afghanistan 74, 84 Baku, Azerbaijan 77 South America 26, 30, 31 Iceland 33 South America 30
Africa vi, vii, viii, 34–45 Balearic Islands 59 City of London, UK 50 North America15 US 8
African Americans 10, 11 Baltic Sea 49, 70 city-states 60 Pacific 97, 108 Grand Banks, Canada 7
agriculture v Baluchi people 82 civil war 20, 34, 37, 40, 42, 43, Easter Island 109 Grand Canyon, Arizona, US
Africa 36, 38, 41, 45 bananas 21 45, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86 East Timor 75, 96 16, 17
Asia 77, 84, 94 Bangkok, Thailand 95 climate iv–v, 110 ecotourism 20, 45 Great Lakes 6, 7, 13
Australasia 104, 107 Bangladesh 74, 87 Africa 40 Edinburgh, Scotland 50 Great Plains, US 12, 13
Central America 21, 22 Barbados 3, 22 Asia 77, 96 education 9, 30, 72, 84, 90, 91, 97 Great Wall of China 89
Europe 52, 62, 64, 66, 69, Barcelona, Spain 59 Australasia 106 Egypt 34, 38, 39 Greek islands 67
71, 73 barrier reefs 20, 105 Europe 32, 47, 48 El Niño 109 Greeks, ancient 37, 65, 76
North America 5, 10, 13, bears 5, 79, 89, 111 North America 16 electronics industry 49, 91, 92, 93 Greenland 32, 111
14, 18 Beaufort Sea 111 coal mining 62 endangered species 39, 89, 96, 107 Gulf States 82
South America 26, 27, Bedouin 81 cocoa 40 energy 30, 43, 50, 54, 107 Gulf Stream 32, 33
28, 31 beer 56, 63 coffee 21, 28, 37, 39, 40, 83 environment 6, 49, 68, 85, 98,
air pollution 14, 18, 53, 67, 73 Beirut, Lebanon 80 Colombia 24, 26, 27
Alaska, US 4, 5, 111
Albania 47, 64, 65
Belgium 47, 52, 53
Belize 2, 20
colonization 51, 52
Africa 38, 42
104, 111
Ephesus, Turkey 76
Equator v, 96
HI
Alberta, Canada 5 Bengal, Bay of 86 Asia 82, 90 Estonia 46, 70 Haiti 2, 23
Aleut people 5 Berber people 36 Central America 20 Ethiopia 22, 34, 39 Hawaii 108
Algeria 34, 36, 37 Bering Sea 108 South America 26, 28, 30 Himalayas 86, 87, 89
ethnic minorities 21, 28, 51, 52, 69,
alphabet, Chinese 88 Berlin Wall 56 Colorado, US 15 Hinduism vii, 87, 102
73, 77
Alps 54, 57 Bhutan 75, 86, 87 Colosseum, Rome 60 Hispanic people 17
Euphrates, River 80, 82
Amazon rainforest 28 Bilbao, Spain 59 communism 62, 64, 66, 68, 72, Hong Kong 90
Europe vi, vii, 38, 46–73
Amazon, River 29 Bolivia viii, 24, 27 73, 78, 79, 88, 90, 91 hot springs 33, 63, 101, 107
European Union 52, 62, 66, 68
amber 70 Black Sea 66, 69, 72 computer industry 15 houses 17, 42, 55
Everest, Mount 87
American Indians black smokers 108 Congo 34, 42, 43 Houston, Texas, US 16, 17
Everglades, Florida 10
Central America 21 Borneo v, 96 Congo, River 42, 43 Hudson, River, US 8
North America 4, 9, 12, Bosnia and Herzegovina 46, 64 continental drift 32 Hungary 46, 62, 63
16, 27
South America 28
Amsterdam, Netherlands 53
Bosphorus 76
Brasilía, Brazil 28
Brazil vi, 24, 28–29
continents iv
Cook Islands 103 FG hurricanes 20, 23
hydroelectric power 30, 54, 107
Iberian Peninsula 58–59
Copacabana beach, Rio de Falkland Islands 32
Andalucía, Spain 59 British Columbia, Canada 4 Janeiro 29 icebergs 7, 33, 110
Andes Mountains 26, 27, 31 British Empire 50, 51, 86 families vi
Copenhagen, Denmark 48 Iceland 32, 33, 46
Andorra 47, 54 Brunei 75, 96, 97 Africa 40, 42
coral islands 98, 100 Illinois, US 12
Angel Falls, Venezuela 27 Budapest, Hungary 63 Asia 78, 82, 86, 90
coral reefs 11, 20, 98, 100 immigration 4, 8, 11, 104
Angkor Wat, Cambodia 95 Buddhism vii, 86, 87, 88, 89, Caribbean 25
Corinth Canal, Greece 67 Incas 25, 26, 27
animals 32 91, 92, 95 Europe 61, 62, 65
cork 58 India vi, 74, 86, 87, 92
Africa 39, 43, 45 Buenos Aires, Argentina 31 Mexico 19
Corsica 54 Indiana, US 12
Antarctic 110 buffalo 12 Pacific islands 103
Costa Rica 2, 21 Indian Ocean 96, 98–99
Arctic 111 Burkina Faso 34 fault lines iv, 15, 97, 107
cotton 10, 11, 28, 38, 42, 45, 85 Indian subcontinent 86–87
Asia 79, 95, 96 Burma, see Myanmar festivals 56, 59, 60, 66, 89, 92, 96
cranberries 9 Indonesia 74, 96, 97, 108
Australasia and Oceania burqa 82 Chinese New Year 90 industry
Crimea 69
105, 106, 107, 108 Bush people 44 Day of the Dead 18 Asia 91, 96
Croatia 46, 64, 65
Central America 20 Easter 59, 68 Europe 49, 50, 52, 55, 56,
Cuba 2, 22
North America 5, 10, 12, Eid ul-Fitr 23, 84
15, 16
South America 28, 32
C Cuna Indians 21
cycling 53
cyclones 86
Thanksgiving 9
Fiji 100, 103
62, 63, 69, 71
North America 8, 10, 12,
15, 18
Ankara, Turkey 76 cacti 16 Filipinos 97 South America 28
Cyprus 47, 80
Antarctic Treaty 110 Cairo, Egypt vii, 39 film industry 87, 107 Internet vii, 91, 96
Czechia 46, 62, 63
Antarctica 110, 111 Cajuns 10 finance 8, 21, 26, 50, 52, 53, 56, Inuit people 5, 32, 111
apartheid 45 Calgary, Canada 4 90, 96
Apollonia, Albania 65
Appalachian Mountains,
California, US 14, 15
Cambodia 74, 94, 95
DE Finland 46, 48–49
fishing 32, 109
Iran 74, 82
Iraq 74, 81, 82
Ireland 46, 50
US 10 Cameroon 34, 42, 43 Dakota people 12 Africa 42 Islam vii, 36, 40, 58, 73, 76, 81,
Arabian Sea 83 Canada 2, 3, 4–7, 10, 111 Dalai Lama 89 Asia 83, 93, 98 83, 84, 85, 87, 96, 102
Arabs 36, 80, 81, 82 Canadian National Tower, Dalmatia, Croatia 64 Europe 58, 65 Israel 75, 80, 81
Aral Sea 85 Toronto 6 Damascus, Syria 80 North America 6, 7, 9 Istanbul, Turkey 76
Ararat, Mount 77 Cape of Good Hope 99 dams 30, 41, 44, 52, 107 Oceania 103 Ivory Coast 34, 41
Arawak people 24 Caracas, Venezuela 26 Dan people 41 fjords 49
architecture 61, 66, 85, 86 Carib people 22 dance 41, 57, 79, 84, 99 flooding 45, 86, 98
Arctic Circle v, 4, 48
Arctic Ocean 111
Caribbean 2, 22–23
Carnival 23, 29, 60
ballet 72
flamenco 59
Florence, Italy 47, 60, 61
Florida, US 10, 11
JKL
Argentina 24, 30, 31, 32 Carpathian Mountains 62 tango 24, 31 folk culture 63, 68, 71, 79 Jamaica 3, 22
Arizona, US 16 carpets 77 Danube, River 63, 64, 66 food 52, 53, 56, 58, 65, 68, 76, 83, Japan vii, 29, 74, 92–93, 108
Armenia 75, 76, 77 cars 14, 49, 56, 71, 92, 93 Darwin, Charles 108 86, 93, 97 Jerusalem, Israel 80, 81
Ashanti people 40 Carthage, Tunisia 37 date palms 37 crops 20, 22, 23, 28, 41, 42, Johannesburg, South Africa 44
Asia vi, vii, 74–97 Catalonia, Spain 59 Death Valley, USA 14, 15 64, 85, 90, 93, 103 Jordan 75, 80, 81
Atacama Desert, Chile v, 30 cattle 15, 31, 39, 44, 94, 104, 107 deep-sea vents 108 forests v Jordan, River 81
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 76 Caucasus Mountains 76, 77 deforestation 28, 38, 41, 96 Asia 79, 94, 96, 99 Judaism 80, 81
Athens, Greece 66, 67 Ceausescu, Nicolae 68 Denmark 32, 46, 48, 49 Europe 48, 49, 71, 72 Kalahari Desert 44
Atlantic Ocean 7, 32–33 Central African Republic 34, desalination 83 North America 4, 14 Kansas, US 12
Atlantic Provinces, Canada 6, 7 42, 43 deserts v see also rainforests Karen people 94
Atlas Mountains 36 Central America vii, 20–23 Africa 37, 44 French Guiana 26 Kaxinawa Indians 28
Auckland, New Zealand 106 Chad 34, 42, 43 Asia 80, 81, 83, 84, 88 Gabon 34, 42, 43 Kazakh people 78
Australia vi, vii, 100, 104–105, 108 Chad, Lake 42 Australia 100, 104 Galápagos Islands 108 Kenya 34, 38, 39
Australasia and Oceania vi, cheese 55 cold 72, 88, 110 Gambia 35, 40 Khalkh Mongols 88
100–109 chewing gum 19 North America 14, 16 gas 4, 6, 32, 36, 37, 50, 68, 78, King Jr., Martin Luther 11
Austria 56, 57 Chicago, Illinois, US 13 South America 30 84, 111 kite-flying 96

134
 Index

Kostelić, Janica 64 Mozambique 34, 45 Paris, France 54 San Marino 47, 60 temples 20, 65, 67, 76, 81, 91,
krill 110 music 10, 24, 31 people, see population San people 44 92, 95
Kurds 77, 82 opera 60, 105 Persian Gulf 99 São Paulo, Brazil vii, 28, 29 Texas, US 16, 17
Kuwait 75 singing 68, 70, 88 Peru 24, 26, 27 São Tome and Principe 35, 42 textile industry 71
Kyrgyzstan 74, 85 musical instruments 31, 68 Petra, Jordan 81 Sarajevo, Bosnia 65 Thailand 74, 94, 95
Labrador, Canada 7 Muslims, see Islam Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sardinia 60 Tibet 88, 89
languages vii, 50 Myanmar 74, 94 US 8 Saskatchewan, Canada 5 Tigris River 82
Africa 34, 35, 39 Philippines 74, 96, 97 Saudi Arabia 74, 82, 83 timber 4, 28, 43, 49, 71
Asia 74, 75, 78, 79, 82, 85,
86, 88, 92, 96
Central America 20, 22
N Phuket, Thailand 95
Pinatubo, Mount 97
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US 8
saunas 49
savannah vii
Scandinavia 48–49, 111
Titicaca, Lake 27
Tokyo, Japan vii, 92
Tonga 102, 103
Europe 46, 47, 50, 53, 56, NASA 17 Poland 46, 62 scientists 97, 109, 110 tornadoes 12
64, 66, 69 Nashville, Tennessee, US 10 polar regions v, 110, 111 Scotland 50 Toronto, Canada 6
North America 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, national parks 10, 14, 39, 43, pollution 32, 33, 49, 62, 70, 73 seasons iv, v, 110 totem poles 4
11, 17, 19 45, 105 see also air pollution Seattle, Washington, US 14 tourism
Papua New Guinea 102 natural resources 28, 44, 78, 84, Polynesian Islands 102, 108 Seoul, South Korea 91 Africa 36, 38, 40, 45
South America 24, 25, 26, 30 97, 104 population vii Serbia 46, 64 Antarctica 110
Laos 74, 94 Navajo people 16 Africa 34, 35, 39, 40, 42 Seychelles 75, 98, 99 Asia 76, 80, 95, 98
Lapland 48 Near East 80–81 Asia 74, 75, 77, 79, 82, 86, Shanghai, China viii, 91 Atlantic islands 32
Latvia 46, 70, 71 Nenet people 79 87, 96, 98 Shinto religion vii, 92 Australasia and Oceania
Lebanon 75, 80, 81 Nepal 74, 86, 87 Australasia and Oceania shipping 32, 52, 99 102, 105, 107, 108
Lesotho 35, 44 Netherlands 46, 52, 53 100, 101, 104, 106 Siberia 78, 79 Central America 20, 23
Libya 34, 36, 37 New Brunswick, Canada 7 Central America 2, 3, 22 Sibiu, Romania 68 Europe 49, 50, 51, 54, 57, 58,
Liechtenstein 47, 56 New Mexico, US 16 Europe 46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 68 Sierra Leone 35, 40 59, 63, 64, 66, 68
life expectancy 6, 23, 42, 78, 84, New Orleans, Mississippi, North America 2, 3, 5, 16, 19 Silicon Valley, California, US 15 North America 5, 7, 11, 13,
90, 93, US 10 South America 24, 25 Silk Road 85 15, 16, 19
Lisbon, Portugal 58 New York City, USA vii, 2, 8, 9 poverty vii Singapore viii, 75, 96 South America 29
Lithuania vi, 46, 70, 71 New Zealand 100, 101, Africa 38, 40, 42, 44 slavery 10, 26, 28, 42, 68, 89, 99 trams 58, 66
London, UK vii, 50, 51 106–107, 108 Asia 84, 86, 90, 97 Slovakia 46, 62, 63 Trans-Siberian railway 79
Los Angeles, California, US 14 Newfoundland, Canada 7 Central America 20 Slovenia 46, 56, 57 Transylvania 68, 69
Louisiana, US 10 Nicaragua, Lake 20 Europe 70, 73 soil erosion 38, 41 tsunami 58, 108
Niger vi, 34 North America 10, 18 Somalia 34, 38 Tuareg people 37
lumbering, see timber
Nigeria 34 South America 20, 28 South Africa 34, 44, 45, 99 tundra v, 72
Luxembourg 47, 52, 53
Nile, River 38 Prague, Czechia 62 South America vi, vii, 24–31 Tunisia 35, 36, 37
nomads 37, 38, 39, 41, 78, 81, prairies vii, 4, 5, 7 South China Sea 108 Turkey 34, 76–77, 80, 81

M 88, 89
North America vi, vii, 2–19
Prince Edward Island, Canada 7
Pueblo peoples 17
South Dakota, US 12
South Korea 74, 90, 91
Turkmenistan 74, 85

Macedonia 47, 64, 65

Machu Picchu, Peru 25, 27
North American Free Trade
Agreement 18
North Korea 74, 90, 91
Pyrenees Mountains 54, 58
Qatar viii, 75
Québec, Canada 6, 7
South Sudan 34, 38, 39
Southern Lights 111
Southern Ocean 98, 108, 110
UV
Madagascar 25, 45, 98 North Sea 50 Quechua people 27 Soviet Union 68, 70, 71, 76, 78, Uganda 35
Madrid, Spain 59 Northern Lights 111 84, 85, 91 United Kingdom 32, 46, 50, 51
Maine, US 9 Ural Mountains 72, 79
maize 12, 13, 64, 66
Malawi 35, 45
Norway viii, 46, 48, 49
Nova Scotia, Canada 7
nuclear power 54
R Spanish colonies 18, 22, 26, 30
sport 54, 89, 104, 107
American football 13
Uru people 27
Uruguay 24, 30
Malaysia 74, 96 Nunavut, Canada 5 railways 5, 27, 54, 73, 79, 86, 93 Australian Rules football 104 US 2, 4, 5, 8–17, 108
Maldives 75, 98, 99 rainfall v, 15, 39, 41, 86, 98 baseball 93 USSR, see Soviet Union
Manaus, Brazil 29 rainforests v Uzbekistan 74, 84, 85
Mandela, Nelson 45
mangroves 99
O Africa 34, 42
South America 26, 28
cricket 86
cycle racing 55
dogsled racing 4
Uzbeks 85
Vancouver, Canada 4
Manitoba, Canada 5 observatories 31 Rastafarian religion 22 gymnastics 71 Vanuatu 100, 102
Mao Zedong 91 Oceania 100 recycling 49 horse racing 11, 50 Vatican City 47, 60, 61
Maori people 106 oceans iv, 32–33, 98–99, Red Sea 38, 99 ice hockey 6 Venezuela 24, 26, 27
maple syrup 6 108–109, 111 refugees 43, 48, 81 rugby 51 Venice, Italy 60
Mariana Trench 108 Ohio, US 12 religion vii, 74, 81 skiing 15, 48, 57, 64 Victoria Falls 45
markets 21, 36, 71, 80, 95 oil industry 26, 32 Africa 36, 39, 40, 41, 42 soccer 24, 28, 60, 80 Victoria, Lake 34
martial arts 93 Africa 36, 37, 42, 44 Asia 76, 87, 88, 92, 96 surfing 108 Vienna, Austria 57
masks 41, 42, 60 Asia 74, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 97 Central America 20, 22 Sri Lanka 75, 86, 87, 98 Vietnam 74, 94
Mauritius 35, Europe 50, 68 Europe 59, 61, 62, 64, 67, 73 Statue of Liberty 2, 8, 9 vineyards 31, 55, 105
Maya people 18, 20, 21 North America 4, 6, 16, North America 17 Stonehenge, UK 51 volcanoes v
Mecca, Saudi Arabia 83 17, 111 Oceania 102 Sudan 34, 38, 39 Central America 20
medicine 41, 84, 86, 89, 97, 104 Okavango, River 44 South America 24, 28 Suez Canal 38, 99 Europe 60
Mediterranean 54, 60, 76 Oklahoma, US 12, 16 Rhine, River 52 sugar cane 21, 22, 28, 45 Iceland 33
Melanesia 102, 108 olive oil 61 rice 76, 90, 93, 94, 97 Sumatra 96 Pacific 97, 107, 108
Melbourne, Australia 105 Olympic Games 4, 6, 64, 66, 71 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 24, 29 Sun v, 48, 104, 110, 111 Volta, Lake 41
Memphis, Tennessee, US 10 Oman 74, 83 Rocky Mountains 3, 4, 5, 14, 15 Superior, Lake 7
Mexico 2, 18–19
Mexico City vii, 18, 19
Miami, Florida, US 11
Ontario, Canada 6
Ontario, Lake 6, 7
Oregon, US 14
Roman Catholicism 17, 20, 28,
61, 62, 64, 96
Romans 37, 55, 63
Suriname 24, 26
Sweden 46, 48, 49
Switzerland 47, 56, 57
WY
orphans 84, 94 Rome, Italy 60, 61 Wales 50, 51
Michigan, Lake 13 Sydney, Australia vii, 100, 105
Orthodox Church 64, 67, 73 Rotterdam, Netherlands 52 war 38, 64, 80, 81, 82
Michigan, US 12 Syria 74, 80, 81
Osaka, Japan 92 rural life 13, 42, 63, 73, 94 see also civil war
Micronesia 100, 102, 108 Washington, DC, US 8
Ottawa, Canada 6 Rushmore, Mount 12
Mid-Atlantic Ridge 32, 33
Middle East vii, viii, 82–83
minerals 27, 28, 40, 42, 78, 85
Ottoman Empire 66, 76
overcrowding 92
Russia 47, 70, 72–73, 78–79,
92, 111
Rwanda 35, 39
T Washington state, US 14
water 16, 39, 44, 78, 80, 83, 84, 86
waterfalls 27, 45
mining 15, 19, 28, 40, 43, 44, 78, ozone layer 110 taiga 79 wealth viii, 3, 10, 49, 52, 56, 82,
84, 104, 110 Taiwan 90, 91 96, 97
Minsk, Belarus 71
Mississippi River, US 10 PQ S Tajikistan 74, 85
Tajiks 85
weather iv, 12, 31
see also climate
Monaco 47, 54 Pacific islands 102–103, 108–109 Sahara Desert v, 36, 37, 40, Tallinn, Estonia 70 Western Sahara 36, 37
Mongolia 74, 88–89 Pacific Ocean 96, 100, 108–109 41, 42 Tamils 86 whales 32
monsoon 86, 98 Pacific Ring of Fire 97, 108 Sahel 40, 41 Tanzania 39 wheat 5, 12, 13, 26, 66, 73, 90, 104
Montenegro 47, 64, 65 Pakistan 74, 86, 87 St Lawrence Seaway 6, 7 Tartars 73 wildlife, see animals
Montevideo, Uruguay 30 Palestine 80, 81 St Petersburg, Russia 72 Tasman Sea 108 wine 31, 55, 64, 66, 69, 105
Montreal, Canada 6 pampas 31 salt 99 Tatra Mountains, Slovakia 63 Winnipeg, Canada 4
Moors 58 Pamplona, Spain 59 Samarqand, Uzbekistan 85 tea 39, 45, 77, 87 Yalta, Ukraine 69
Morocco 34, 36 Panama 2, 21 Sami people 48, 111 technology 5, 68, 91, 92, 93, 96 Yellowstone National Park, US
Moscow, Russia 72, 73 Panama Canal 21 San Diego, California, US 14 tectonic plates vi, 32, 67, 92, 107 14, 15
mountains iv, 5, 26, 32, 54, 74, Papua New Guinea 100, 102 San Francisco, California, US temperature v, 15, 16, 88 Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico 19
85, 87, 88, 89, 96 Paraguay 24, 30 14, 15 ocean 109 Yugoslavia 64

135
 Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
For the 2017 edition, Dorling Kindersley would like to thank:
Bharti Bedi, Priyanka Kharbanda, and Antara Raghavan for editorial
assistance; Heena Sharma for design assistance; Shanker Prasad
for CTS assistance; Deepak Negi for picture research assistance; and
Simon Mumford for the Earth globe images.
Internet usage data has been sourced from Internet World Stats,
www.internetworldstats.com
The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind
permission to reproduce their photographs: (Key: a-above;
b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top)
i Corbis: B.S.P.I. (bl); Steve Rayner (fbr). Photoshot: World Pictures
(fbl, br). ii Corbis: Stephanie Maze (br). Getty Images: Jim
Cummins / Stone (cra). Science Photo Library: 1995 Worldsat
International, and J. Knighton (l). iii Corbis: Sergio Pitamitz
(br). Robert Harding Picture Library: Robert Frerck (cl); Frans
Lemmens (cra). v Corbis: Frans Lanting (clb); Ludovic Maisant
(bl); Werner H. Mueller (cla/dunes). vi Corbis: Howard Davies (br).
viii Corbis: Jacky Naegelen / Reuters (cra). 2 Corbis: Alan Schein
Photography (bl). Robert Harding Picture Library: John Miller
(cra). 3 Corbis: Peter M. Wilson (clb). Science Photo Library: 1995
Worldsat International, and J. Knighton (globe). 4 Alaska Stock:
(clb). Corbis: Gunter Marx Photography (bl); Charles O’Rear (tr).
Photoshot: World Pictures (bc). 5 Corbis: Staffan Widstrand (tc);
Peter M. Wilson (br/mountain background). NHPA / Photoshot:
T. Kitchin and V. Hurst (cra); Andy Rouse (fbr/bear). 6 Cephas
Picture Library: Fred R. Palmer (tr). Corbis: Benjamin Rondel
(bl/Toronto ). Press Association Images: Tony Marshall / EMPICS
Sport; (bc). 7 Corbis: William A. Bake (br); Richard J. Nowitz
(cra). Photoshot: Egmont Strigl / imagebroker; (tr); World Pictures
(tl). 8 Pictures Colour Library: (ca). Robert Harding Picture
Library: Stuart Pearce / Age Fotostock (bl). 9 Corbis: Alan Schein
Photography (br); Paul Barton (crb); Ralf-Finn Hestoft (tl); Farrell
Grehan (c). Robert Harding Picture Library: Andy Caulfield /
Panoramic Images (tr). 10 Corbis: Owen Franken (crb). Getty
Images: Andy Sacks (cla). Redferns: (bc). Robert Harding Picture
Library: Peter Lilja / Age Fotostock (br). 11 Corbis: Tony Arruza
(br); Flip Schulke (cb). Getty Images: Matthew Stockman (tc).
12 Corbis: Blaine Harrington III (cl/buffalo). Dorling Kindersley:
American Museum of Natural History, London (fcl). Rex Features:
Sipa Press (bc). Robert Harding Picture Library: Sergio Pitamitz
(bl). 13 Corbis: Philip Gould (br); Julie Habel (tl). Getty Images:
Jim Cummins / Stone (crb). 14 Robert Harding Picture Library:
Liane Cary / age fotostock (bl); Melissa Farlow / National Geographic
(tc). 15 Corbis: Dean Conger (ca); Jong Beom Kim / TongRo (clb);
Lester Lefkowitz (br). Rex Features: Sipa Press (bc). Robert
Harding Picture Library: Louise Murray (tr). Science Photo
Library: George Bernard (bl). 16 Corbis: B.S.P.I. (br); Richard
Ransier (ftr). Dorling Kindersley: Hopi Learning Centre (br/doll).
Getty Images: Eric Schnakenberg / Photographer’s Choice (tr).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Tony Gervis (bl). 17 NASA: (tr).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Walter Rawlings (bl). 18 Corbis:
Keith Dannemiller (tr); Danny Lehman (br). Robert Harding
Picture Library: Robert Frerck / Odyssey / Chicago (cl). Still
Pictures: Julio Etchart (bl). 19 Corbis: Macduff Everton (tr); Tim
Thompson (tc). Getty Images: Bruce Stoddard / Stone (ftl). 20
Corbis: Stephen Frink (cl); Sergio Pitamitz (crb). Eye Ubiquitous /
Hutchison: Robert Francis (br). Photoshot: World Pictures (bl).
21 Corbis: Poisson d’avril / Photocuisine (ca); Arvind Garg (tl).
Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Robert Francis (clb). Photoshot:
World Pictures / Intervision (tr). Robert Harding Picture Library:
Jose Enrique Molina / age fotostock (crb). 22 Corbis: Bill Gentile
(cl). Photoshot: Martin Engelmann (bl). 23 Corbis: Wolfgang
Kaehler (cb); Peter Turnley (clb). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison:
John Fuller (tl). Photoshot: World Pictures (ca). Robert Harding
Picture Library: John Miller (tr). 24 Robert Harding Picture
Library: P. Narayan / Age Fotostock (cra). South American
Pictures: Jason Howe (b). 25 Photoshot: World Pictures (clb).
Science Photo Library: 1995, Worldsat International and J.
Knighton (globe). 26 Corbis: Pablo Corral V (cla). Photoshot:
World Pictures (cr). South American Pictures: (tl). 27 Dorling
Kindersley: British Museum (br). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison:
H. Jelliffee (tr); Paul Seheult (tl); Eric Lawrie (cra). Photoshot:
World Pictures (bl). Robert Harding Picture Library: Gavin
Hellier (cr). 28 Corbis: Yann Arthus-Bertrand (crb). Eye Ubiquitous
/ Hutchison: Dr Nigel Smith (br). Robert Harding Picture
Library: (clb). South American Pictures: Jason Howe (bl).
29 Corbis: Stephanie Maze (cra). Photoshot: (br). Tomek Sierek:
(tr). 30 Corbis: Tony Arruza (br). Photoshot: World Pictures (bc).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Bildagentur Schuster / Gluske
(cla); Ken Welsh / Age Fotostock (tl). 31 Corbis: Fulvio Roiter (tr).
Photoshot: World Pictures (cla). Robert Harding Picture Library:
Victor Englebert (bl); P. Narayan / Age Fotostock (tl). South
American Pictures: (br). 32 Corbis: Carlos Dominguez (crb);
Wolfgang Kaehler (br). NHPA / Photoshot: B. & C. Alexander (bl).
Robert Harding Picture Library: (tr); Roy Rainford (cra); Adam
Woolfitt (clb). 33 Corbis: George D. Lepp (br); Hans Strand (tr).
35 Science Photo Library: Tom Van Sant, Geosphere Project /
Planetary Visions (t). 36 Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Mary Jelliffee
136
(br). Photoshot: World Pictures (tr, cl). 37 Corbis: Benjamin Lowy
(b). Dorling Kindersley: British Museum (tc). Getty Images:
Frans Lemmens / The Image Bank (crb). Photoshot: World Pictures
(tr). Robert Harding Picture Library: T.D. Winter (tl). 38 Corbis:
Michael Hanson / National Geographic Society (tr). Photoshot:
World Pictures (br). Robert Harding Picture Library: Nakamura
(ca). 39 Corbis: Karl Ammann (br). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison:
(tr); Jeremy Horner (bl); Sarah Errington (bc). 40 Dorling
Kindersley: Barnabas Kindersley (bl). Panos Pictures: Teun Voeten;
(br/diamond). Robert Harding Picture Library: J. Lightfoot
(cla). 41 Corbis: Charles & Josette Lenars (bl). Eye Ubiquitous /
Hutchison: Crispin Hughes (cr, br). Panos Pictures: Clive Shirley
(tl). 42 Corbis: Skip Brown / National Geographic Society (tl).
Dorling Kindersley: Powell Cotton Museum (bc). Eye Ubiquitous /
Hutchison: Sarah Errington (br). Photoshot: World Pictures (tc).
43 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (cra/
copper). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: (c); Trevor Page (br). Getty
Images: Nicolas Cotto / AFP (tr); Per-Anders Pettersson / The Image
Bank (bl). 44 Corbis: Anthony Bannister (cla). Photoshot: (bl).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Alain Evrard (bc). 45 Alamy
Images: AfriPics.com (br/buffalo background). Corbis: Peter Turnley
(bl). Dreamstime.com: Eric Isselée (fbr/lion). Eye Ubiquitous /
Hutchison: Sarah Errington (tl); Liba Taylor (tr); Crispin Hughes (tc).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Chris Mattison / age fotostock
(crb/lemur). 47 Photoshot: World Pictures (cr). Science Photo
Library: Tom Van Sant, Geosphere Project / Planetary Visions (t).
48 Corbis: Charles & Josette Lenars (tl). Photoshot: Paul Thompson
/ World Pictures (br). Robert Harding Picture Library: Kim Hart
(ftl). 49 Corbis: Jean-Pierre Amet / Sygma (tl); Dave Bartruff (tr);
Stephanie Maze (cla). TopFoto.co.uk: Francis Dean / Imageworks
(crb). 50 Corbis: David Paterson / WildCountry (tr); Michael St.
Maur Sheil (br). Pictures Colour Library: (bc). Robert Harding
Picture Library: Eye Ubiquitous (tc). 51 Corbis: Tommy Hindley /
NewSport (bc). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Philp Wolmouth (br).
Pictures Colour Library: Charles Bowman (cr). Robert Harding
Picture Library: Mark Mawson / Robert Harding World Imagery
(tr). 52 Corbis: Owen Franken (br). Photoshot: World Pictures (bc).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Adam Woolfitt (tl). 53 Corbis:
Dave Bartruff (bl); Ray Juno (br); Owen Franken (tr, tl). 54 Corbis:
G. Bowater (cb); Roger Ressmeyer (ftl). Photoshot: (tl). 55 Corbis:
Pierre Perrin / Sygma (bl); Kim Sayer (br); Mike Powell (cra).
Photoshot: Carol Pucci / Seattle Times / MCT (tl). 56 Corbis: Arnd
Wiegmann / akw / Reuters (tl). Getty Images: Michael Rosenfeld
(bc). Masterfile: Didier Dorval (tr). Rex Features: Sipa Press (br).
57 Corbis: Dominic Ebenbichler / Reuters (cr). Getty Images:
Sylvain Grandadam (tr); Jess Stock (br). 58 Corbis: Morton Beebe
(bl). Dreamstime.com: Photooiasson (Álvaro Germán Vilela) (clb).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Jesus Nicolas Sanchez / age
fotostock (cla). 59 Corbis: Patrick Ward (br). Getty Images: AFP (tr).
Panos Pictures: David Constantine (cr). Pictures Colour Library:
© FMGB Guggenheim Bilbao Museoa. Photo by Charles Bowman.
All rights reserved. Total or partial reproduction is prohibited. (tl).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Robert Frerck (bl). 60 Corbis:
Jörg Carstensen / DPA (cl). Rex Features: Enrica Scalfari (tr). Robert
Harding Picture Library: R. Richardson (br). 61 Art Directors
& TRIP: (cra). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Trevor Page (bc).
Photoshot: World Pictures (r). Pictures Colour Library: (clb).
62 Dreamstime.com: Taratorki (Ewa Rejmer) (tr). Panos Pictures:
David Constantine (cla). Robert Harding Picture Library: (tl).
63 Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Liba Taylor (cb). Photoshot:
Rick Strange / World Pictures (tl); World Pictures (tr, br). 64 Eye
Ubiquitous / Hutchison: (ca). Press Association Images: Tony
Marshall (bc). Photoshot: World Pictures (tl). 65 Corbis: John
Heseltine (cb). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: David Watson (br).
Robert Harding Picture Library: G. R. Richardson (tr); Phil
Robinson (bl). 66 Corbis: Marco Cristofori / Robert Harding World
Imagery (tl). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Melanie Friend (crb, br).
Robert Harding Picture Library: (tr). 67 Corbis: Dallas & John
Heaton / Free Agents Limited (cb); Clay Perry (tl). Photoshot:
Lorraine Nicol / World Pictures (bl); World Pictures (tr); World
Pictures / Mauritius Images (br). 68 Art Directors & TRIP:
P. Mercea (br). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Nick Haslam (clb).
Photoshot: World Pictures (bl). Pictures Colour Library: (cla).
69 Art Directors & TRIP: D. Mossienko (tr); N.& J. Wiseman (cr).
Corbis: Barry Lewis (bl). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Liba Taylor
(br). 70 Art Directors & TRIP: T. Noorits (tl). Robert Harding
Picture Library: Angelo Cavalli (bc). 71 Corbis: Serge Attal /
Sygma (bl); Dimitri Iundt / TempSport (tr); Niall Benvie (fcra); Nik
Wheeler (tl); Staffan Widstrand (bc). Photoshot: Paul Thompson /
World Pictures (br). 72 Corbis: Robbie Jack (bc); Steve Rayner
(tr). Photoshot: World Pictures (cla). 73 Art Directors & TRIP:
D. Iusupov (ca). Corbis: Gavin Hellier / Robert Harding World
Imagery (br). Dorling Kindersley: Pitt Rivers Museum (tc). Eye
Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Victoria Ivleva-Yorke (tr); Liba Taylor (bl,
tl). 75 Science Photo Library: Tom Van Sant / Geosphere Project /
Planetary Visions (t). 76 Corbis: Dave G. Houser (br); Lawrence
Manning (cl); Adam Woolfitt (tr). Photoshot: Adina Amsel / World
Pictures (bl). 77 Corbis: Arne Hodalic (bl); David Turnley (tr); Nik
Wheeler (br). 78 Corbis: Peter Turnley (bc). Eye Ubiquitous /
Hutchison: Sarah Errington (bl). 79 Alamy Images: Arcticphoto
(tr). Corbis: Wolfgang Kaehler (bl); Gregor Schmid (crb). Pictures
Colour Library: (cr). Robert Harding Picture Library: Morales
(br). 80 Corbis: David Turnley (cla). Photoshot: José Nicolas /
Hemis.fr / World Pictures (cb); Rick Strange / World Pictures (br);
World Pictures (fcla). 81 Corbis: Christine Osborne (fcrb/police
officer). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Bernard Gerard (bl); James
Henderson (tr). Photoshot: Jonathan Carlile / Imagebrokers (tl).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Michael Short (br/landscape).
82 Dorling Kindersley: British Library (c). Eye Ubiquitous /
Hutchison: Bernard Gerard (b). Getty Images: Bruno Morandi (tc).
Rex Features: Stuart Clarke (tl). 83 Dorling Kindersley: Barnabas
Kindersley (br). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: John Nowell (crb).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Mohamed Amin (bl); Walter
Bibikow (tl). 84 Corbis: S. Sabawoon (bl). Getty Images: Shah
Marai / AFP (cb). 85 Corbis: David Turnley (cr); Nevada Wier (cb,
tr/mountains, tr). Robert Harding Picture Library: Ivan Vdovin
(br). 86 Corbis: Keren Su (br). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison:
Sarah Errington (clb). Getty Images: Martin Puddy (cl). 87 Alamy
Images: Tibor Bognar (tr). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Horner
(bl). Getty Images: Indranil Mukherjee / AFP (crb). Robert Harding
Picture Library: David Beatty (tl); Frans Lemmens (clb). 88 Eye
Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Sarah Murray (b); Stephen Pem (cla).
88-89 Robert Harding Picture Library: Philippe Michel (tc).
89 Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Melanie Friend (bl); Stephen
Pern (tr). Photoshot: Rudi Pigneter (clb). Robert Harding Picture
Library: G. Hellier (br); Doug Traverso (cr). 90 Corbis: Douglas
Peebles (tr). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Melanie Friend (cb);
Jeremy Horner (bl). Photoshot: World Pictures (cla). 91 Corbis:
Michael S. Yamashita (bc). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Trevor
Page (tl); Christine Pemberton (br). Getty Images: Kim Jae-Hwan /
AFP (cra). Photoshot: World Pictures (crb). 92 Corbis: Robert
Holmes (tl). Getty Images: Paul Chesley / Stone (cl). Photoshot:
World Pictures (br). Pictures Colour Library: (tr). 93 Corbis:
Michael S. Yamashita (bl). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Jon
Burbank (tl); N. Haslam (clb). Getty Images: Panoramic Images
(tr). Robert Harding Picture Library: Gavin Hellier (ca).
94 Corbis: (cla). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Rene Giudicelli
(tl). Photoshot: (tc); World Pictures (tr). 95 Eye Ubiquitous /
Hutchison: Norman Froggatt (cr). Photoshot: Stuart Pearce /
World Pictures (br). Robert Harding Picture Library: (clb); Alain
Evrard (tr). 96 Corbis: (cl); Tom Brakefield (tr). Eye Ubiquitous /
Hutchison: John Halt (br); Juliet Highet (bl). Rex Features: Tim
Rooke (cra). 97 Corbis: Dean Conger (br). Eye Ubiquitous /
Hutchison: Michael Macintyre (ca); Dr Nigel Smith (cr). Rex
Features: Sipa Press (tr). 98 Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison:
Isabella Tree (tr). Photoshot: Josef Beck (cla); Hartmut Röder
(cr); World Pictures (bl). Still Pictures: Roland Seitre (cb).
99 Corbis: Theo Allofs (cra). Photoshot: Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison
(tr). Rex Features: Wilhemsen (br). 100 Corbis: Sergio Pitamitz
(bl); Keren Su (cra). 101 Corbis: Wolfgang Kaehler (cl). Getty
Images: Travel Pix (br). Science Photo Library: 1995, Worldsat
International and J. Knighton (globe). 102 Corbis: B.S.P.I. (tr).
Dorling Kindersley: Mark O’Shea (bl). Eye Ubiquitous /
Hutchison: Michael Macintyre (bc). 103 Corbis: Wolfgang
Kaehler (bl). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Nick Haslam (cra);
Michael MacIntyre (tr). Robert Harding Picture Library:
Upperhall Ltd (tl). 104 Corbis: Penny Tweedie (cla). Eye
Ubiquitous / Hutchison: N. Durrell McKenna (clb). Getty
Images: Panoramic Images (cla/landscape background). Press
Association Images: Phil Walter / EMPICS Sport (bc). Robert
Harding Picture Library: Ken Gillham (tr). 105 Corbis: Sergio
Pitamitz (br). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Robert Francis (bl).
Getty Images: Jeff Hunter / Photographer’s Choice (cra). Robert
Harding Picture Library: Neale Clark (crb). 106 Photoshot: Rick
Strange / World Pictures (crb); Paul Thompson / World Pictures
(tl); World Pictures (br). 107 Photoshot: Jeny McMillan (tr). Rex
Features: Simon Runting (bl). Robert Harding Picture Library:
Jeremy Bright (cb); Julia Thorne (tl). 108 Getty Images: Andy Hall /
Australian Defense Force (clb); Jeremy Woodhouse / Photodisc (cra).
Photolibrary: Seiden Allan / Pacific Stock; ; (tr). Robert Harding
Picture Library: Andoni Canela (bl). Verena Tunnicliffe: (crb).
109 Corbis: Wolfgang Kaehler (tr); Stephanie Maze (br). Robert
Harding Picture Library: Warren Finlay / International Stock (cra).
110 Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Isabella Tree (bl). NASA: (cla).
Robert Harding Picture Library: Thorsten Milse (br); Geoff Renner
(tr). Still Pictures: Marc Steinmetz / VISUM; (clb). 111 Corbis:
Composite Image / Alaska Stock LLC (tr); Tim Davis (br); Vince
Streano (cla); Torleif Svensson (crb).
All other images © Dorling Kindersley
For further information see: www.dkimages.com