Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier

Multiplexing
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier
Multiplexing Reference:

Sections 3.4 and 3.5 of

Professor Deepa Kundur

University of Toronto
S. Haykin and M. Moher, Introduction to Analog & Digital
Communications, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. ISBN-13
978-0-471-43222-7.

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 1 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 2 / 40

3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Coherent Demodulation Output

1
v0 (t) = Ac A0c cos(φ)m(t)
2

1
Costas Receiver I To maximize v0 (t), would like φ ≈ 0.

0
-1

I For v0 (t) to be proportional to m(t), φ should be constant.

Thus, we wish to synchronize the local oscillator.

Let A0c = 1 for simplicity.

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 3 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 4 / 40
 3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver Costas Receiver: Coherent Demodulation

Coherent Demodulation

Product Low-pass Demodulated Product Low-pass Demodulated

Modulator filter Signal Modulator filter Signal
v0 (t)
local oscillator output

Voltage-controlled Phase Voltage-controlled Phase

Oscillator Discriminator Oscillator Discriminator
DSB-SC wave DSB-SC wave

-90 degree -90 degree

Phase Shifter Phase Shifter

Product Low-pass Product Low-pass

Modulator Filter Modulator Filter

Goals: (1) Coherent demodulation of DSB-SC input signal.

(2) Tweak the local oscillator phase such that φ = 0.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 5 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 6 / 40

3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: Phase Lock Circuit Costas Receiver: Phase Lock Circuit
φ > 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to temporarily decrease
Coherent Demodulation

Product Low-pass Demodulated carrier local oscillator

Modulator filter Signal
v0 (t)
local oscillator output

Voltage-controlled Phase
t
Oscillator Discriminator
DSB-SC wave

-90 degree 0
Phase Shifter
local oscillator phase is ahead
of carrier and
must decrease
Product Low-pass its frequency to
Modulator Filter wait for carrier
t
Circuit for Phase Locking

Goals: (1) Coherent demodulation of DSB-SC input signal. 0

(2) Tweak the local oscillator phase such that φ = 0.

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 7 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 8 / 40
 3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: Phase Lock Circuit Costas Receiver: In-Phase and Quadrature-Phase
φ < 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to temporarily increase
I-Channel (in-phase coherent detector)

carrier local oscillator Product Low-pass Demodulated

Modulator vI (t) filter Signal

Voltage-controlled Phase
t
Oscillator Discriminator
DSB-SC wave

0 -90 degree
Phase Shifter
local oscillator phase lags behind
carrier and must
increase its vQ(t)
frequency to Product Low-pass
catch up Modulator Filter
t Q-Channel (quadrature-phase coherent detector)

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 9 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 10 / 40

3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector

s(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)m(t)

Product Low-pass Demodulated
Modulator vI (t) filter Signal vI (t) = s(t) · cos(2πfc t + φ)

Voltage-controlled Phase
Oscillator Discriminator
Recall
DSB-SC wave e jφ j2πfc t e −jφ −j2πfc t e jφ e −jφ
cos(2πfc t + φ) = e + e
δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc )
-90 degree
2 2 2 2
Phase Shifter

e jφ e −jφ
 
VI (f ) = S(f ) ? δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc )
Product vQ(t) Low-pass 2 2
Modulator Filter
e jφ e −jφ
= S(f ) ? δ(f − fc ) + S(f ) ? δ(f + fc )
2 2
e jφ e −jφ
= S(f − fc ) + S(f + fc )
2 2

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 11 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 12 / 40
 3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector
repetitions repetitions
e jφ e −jφ
VI (f ) = S(f − fc ) + S(f + fc )
2 2
cos(φ) + j sin(φ) cos(−φ) + j sin(−φ)
= S(f − fc ) + S(f + fc )
2 2 repetitions repetitions
cos(φ) + j sin(φ) cos(φ) − j sin(φ)
= S(f − fc ) + S(f + fc )
2 2
cos(φ) sin(φ)
= [S(f − fc ) + S(f + fc )] + j [S(f − fc ) − S(f + fc )]
2
| {z } 2 }
| {z repetitions repetitions

≈1/2 small

for φ  1.
baseband components baseband components
add coherently cancel out

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 13 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 14 / 40

3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector

e jφ e −jφ
VI (f ) = S(f − fc ) + S(f + fc )
baseband components 2 2
add coherently cos(φ) + j sin(φ) cos(−φ) + j sin(−φ)
= S(f − fc ) + S(f + fc )
2 2
cos(φ) + j sin(φ) cos(φ) − j sin(φ)
= S(f − fc ) + S(f + fc )
 2  2
 
cos(φ) 
S(f − fc ) + S(f + fc ) + j sin(φ) S(f − fc ) − S(f + fc )
  
=
2 } |  2 } |
 }
baseband components | {z {z } | {z {z
significant baseband negligible baseband
cancel out ≈1/2 small

for φ  1.
The closer φ is to zero, the more significant the baseband term of
vI (t) and vice versa.

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 15 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 16 / 40
 3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: In-Phase Coherent Detector Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector

Product Low-pass Demodulated

Modulator vI (t) filter Signal

Voltage-controlled Phase
Oscillator Discriminator
DSB-SC wave

-90 degree
Phase Shifter

Product vQ(t) Low-pass

Modulator Filter

For φ small.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 17 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 18 / 40

3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector

s(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)m(t) e jφ e −jφ

VQ (f ) = S(f − fc )− S(f + fc )
vQ (t) = s(t) · sin(2πfc t + φ) 2j 2j
cos(φ) + j sin(φ) cos(−φ) + j sin(−φ)
= S(f − fc )− S(f + fc )
2j 2j
Recall
cos(φ) + j sin(φ) cos(φ) − j sin(φ)
e jφ j2πfc t e −jφ −j2πfc t e jφ e −jφ = S(f − fc )− S(f + fc )
sin(2πfc t + φ) = e − e
δ(f − fc ) − δ(f + fc ) 2j 2j
2j 2j 2j 2j
cos(φ) sin(φ)
= [S(f − fc )−S(f + fc )] + j [S(f − fc )+S(f + fc )]
 jφ −jφ
 2j 2j
e e | {z } | {z }
VQ (f ) = S(f ) ? δ(f − fc ) − δ(f + fc ) ≈1/2j small
2j 2j
e jφ e −jφ for φ  1.
= S(f ) ? δ(f − fc ) − S(f ) ? δ(f + fc )
2j 2j
e jφ e −jφ
= S(f − fc ) − S(f + fc )
2j 2j

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 19 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 20 / 40
 3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector

e jφ e −jφ
VQ (f ) = S(f − fc )− S(f + fc )
baseband components 2j 2j
cancel out cos(φ) + j sin(φ) cos(−φ) + j sin(−φ)
= S(f − fc )− S(f + fc )
2j 2j
cos(φ) + j sin(φ) cos(φ) − j sin(φ)
= S(f − fc )− S(f + fc )
2j 2j
   
cos(φ) 
S(f − fc )−S(f + fc ) + j sin(φ) S(f − fc )+S(f + fc )
  
=
baseband components 2j | {z }  2j | {z }
add coherently negligible baseband significant baseband
| {z } | {z }
≈1/2j small

for φ  1.
The closer φ is to zero, the more negligible the baseband term of
vQ (t) and vice versa.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 21 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 22 / 40

3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: Quadrature-Phase Detector Costas Receiver: vI (t) and vQ (t)

spectrum

Product Low-pass Demodulated

Modulator vI (t) filter Signal
v0 (t)

Voltage-controlled Phase
Oscillator Discriminator
DSB-SC wave

spectrum -90 degree

Phase Shifter

Product vQ(t) Low-pass

Modulator Filter

spectrum

For φ small.
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 23 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 24 / 40
 3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: vI (t) and vQ (t) Costas Receiver: vI (t) and vQ (t)
spectrum spectrum

Product Low-pass Demodulated Product Low-pass Demodulated

Modulator vI (t) filter Signal Modulator vI (t) filter Signal

Voltage-controlled Phase Voltage-controlled Phase

Oscillator Discriminator Oscillator Discriminator
DSB-SC wave DSB-SC wave

spectrum -90 degree spectrum -90 degree

Phase Shifter Phase Shifter

Product vQ(t) Low-pass Product vQ(t) Low-pass

Modulator Filter Modulator Filter

spectrum spectrum

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 25 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 26 / 40

3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: Low-Pass Filter Costas Receiver: Local Oscillator Control

spectrum

Product Low-pass Demodulated Product Low-pass Demodulated

Modulator filter Signal Modulator filter Signal

v0 (t)
Voltage-controlled Phase Voltage-controlled g(t) Phase
Oscillator Discriminator Oscillator Discriminator
DSB-SC wave DSB-SC wave
v’0 (t)
spectrum -90 degree -90 degree
Phase Shifter Phase Shifter

Product Low-pass Product Low-pass

Modulator Filter Modulator Filter

spectrum

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 27 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 28 / 40
 3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: Phase Discriminator Costas Receiver: Phase Discriminator

Two components in sequence: Two components in sequence:

(2) time-averaging unit

(1) multiplier

Ac Ac 1
Z T
A2c
v0 (t) · v00 (t) = cos(φ)m(t) · sin(φ)m(t) g (t) = φm2 (t)dt
2 2 2T 4
−T
A2c
cos(φ) sin(φ) m2 (t)
Z T
= A2c 1
4 | {z } | {z } = φ m2 (t)dt
≈1 ≈φ 4 2T −T
A2c
| {z }
power of m(t); for T large is constant
= φm2 (t)
4
for φ  1. Therefore, g (t) is proportional to φ, and is the same sign as the
phase error φ.

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 29 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 30 / 40

3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: Voltage-controlled Oscillator Costas Receiver: Voltage-controlled Oscillator

Product Low-pass Demodulated

Modulator filter Signal

v0 (t) I If g (t) > 0 (or φ > 0), then the local oscillator will decrease
Voltage-controlled g(t) Phase from fc proportional to the value of g (t) (or φ).
Oscillator Discriminator
DSB-SC wave
v’0 (t)
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
I If g (t) < 0 (or φ < 0), then the local oscillator will increase
from fc proportional to the value of g (t) (or φ).
Product Low-pass
Modulator Filter

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 31 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 32 / 40
 3.4 Costas Receiver 3.4 Costas Receiver

Costas Receiver: Voltage-controlled Oscillator Costas Receiver

φ > 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to φ < 0: Freq of local oscillator needs to Coherent Demodulation
temporarily decrease temporarily increase Demodulated
Product Low-pass
Modulator filter Signal
v0 (t)
local oscillator output

Voltage-controlled Phase
carrier local oscillator carrier local oscillator Oscillator Discriminator
DSB-SC wave

t t
-90 degree
Phase Shifter
0 0
local oscillator phase is ahead local oscillator phase lags behind
of carrier and carrier and must
must decrease increase its Product Low-pass
its frequency to frequency to
wait for carrier catch up
Modulator Filter
t t
Circuit for Phase Locking

0 0

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 33 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 34 / 40

3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing

Multiplexing and QAM

Multiplexing: to send multiple message simultaneously

Quadrature Amplitude Multiplexing

Quadrature Amplitude Multiplexing (QAM): (a.k.a quadrature-carrier
multiplexing) amplitude modulation scheme that enables two
DSB-SC waves with independent message signals to occupy the same
channel bandwidth (i.e., same frequency channel) yet still be
separated at the receiver.

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 35 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 36 / 40
 3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing

QAM: Transmitter QAM: Transmitter

Message Multiplexed
Product
signal Signal
Modulator

s(t) = Ac m1 (t) cos(2πfc t) + Ac m2 (t) sin(2πfc t)

-90 degree
Phase Shifter

Message
Product
signal
Modulator

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 37 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 38 / 40

3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing

QAM: Receiver QAM: Receiver

Product Low-pass
Modulator filter

I Costas receiver may be used to synchronize the local oscillator

Multiplexed for demodulation.
Signal
-90 degree 
Phase Shifter

Product Low-pass
Modulator Filter

Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)

Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 39 / 40 Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)
Costas Receiver and Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 40 / 40