Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics

Vol. 46, December 2008, pp. 893-896

High output impedance current-mode allpass inverse filter using CDTA

N A Shah†, Munazah Quadri† & S Z Iqbal*
†
Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190 006
*Department of Physics, S P College, M A Road, Srinagar 190 001
E-mail: ku_munazah@yahoo.co.in
Received 11 July 2007; revised 24 June 2008; accepted 8 October 2008

A novel current-mode (CM) first-order all-pass (AP) inverse filter has been presented. The proposed circuit has two
inputs and a single output with both the inputs providing the first-order all-pass inverse responses independently. The circuit
employs bare minimum number of both active and passive components, viz. one each of CDTA, capacitor and resistor. The
output current is available at high impedance thereby making the circuit very attractive from the viewpoint of cascadibility.
The realizibility condition is simple. The theoretical results are verified by PSPICE simulation.
Keywords: All-pass inverse filters, Current differencing transconductance amplifier, Current-mode circuits, High output
impedance

1 Introduction All-pass filters are widely used for shifting the

The continuous-time CM circuits offer several
potential advantages such as simplicity of signal
operations, higher frequency operation and wider
dynamic range as compared to their voltage-mode
counterparts1-3. Many active devices that have been
used for the realization of CM circuits include
operational transconductance amplifier (OTA),
current conveyor (CC), four-terminal floating nullor
(FTFN) and current feedback amplifier (CFA)3-9.
These active devices have either high input
impedance and high output impedance or high input
impedance and low output impedance whereas the
requirement for CM circuits is low input (ideally
zero) and high output (ideally infinite) impedance.
Accordingly, the recently reported active device
namely current differencing transconductance
amplifier (CDTA), having low input and high output
impedances is a highly desirable active device for the
implementation of signal processing in current-mode
operation10-12. This element consists of a unity-gain
current source controlled by the difference of the
input currents and a multi-output transconductance
amplifier providing electronic tunability through its
transconductance gain. The use of CDTA as active
component simplifies the implementation thereby
providing the circuits with lesser number of passive
components vis-à-vis its counterparts leading to
compact structures in some applications13. Some
realizations using CDTA as active element operating
in current-mode have been developed10-18.
phase of the input signal while keeping its amplitude
constant over the frequency of interest. All-pass filters
are also used to implement high Q selective circuits
and for the synthesis of multi-phase oscillators as
well19-22. All-pass filters reported in literature suffer
from the drawback of using excessive number of
active or passive components or having low
impedance output4-9. The inverse filters are inevitable
building blocks in communication, control and
instrumentation systems. When a signal gets distorted
by a processing or transmission system, it is necessary
to recover the input signal from the available output
signal, thereby entailing the employment of inverse
filter having the frequency response reciprocal of the
frequency response of the system that caused the
distortion.
In this paper, a new CDTA-based current-mode
first order allpass inverse filter configuration is
proposed. The proposed circuit has two inputs and
single output and employs a single CDTA, a resistor
and a capacitor, which is the minimum requirement.
Depending on the choice of inputs, the circuit
provides phase shifts from 0 to 180 and -180 to 0
thereby offering flexibility to the circuit. The output
being available at high impedance enables the circuit
to be cascaded without employing additional buffers.
2 Theory
2.1 Circuit analysis
The schematic symbol of the CDTA is shown in
894 INDIAN J PURE & APPL PHYS, VOL 46, DECEMBER 2008

Fig. 1. The inputs p and n produce difference current The proposed circuit is shown in Fig. 3. The
which is transferred to the z terminal and the voltage analysis of the circuit yields the following transfer
at the z terminal is converted into a set of output function:
currents by a dual output transconductance stage. The
port relationships characterizing CDTA are given by I 2 − I1
Io =
1 − sCR
Vp = Vn = 0, Iz = Ip – In, Ix = ± gVz 1 + sCR
where Vp, Vn and Vz represents the voltages at p, n and 1
with the realizability condition
= 2 R , where g is the
z terminals respectively. g
CDTA can be implemented using the bipolar transconductance gain of CDTA.
transistors as shown in Fig. 2. The transistors T1-T11 When I1=Iin and I2=0,
forms the input stage, i.e. the current differencing
circuit followed by a transconductance amplifier Io 1
=−
implemented by employing transistors T12-T24. I in 1 − sCR
The transconductance gain g of the CDTA is given 1 + sCR
by When I2=Iin and I1=0,
IB Io 1
g= =
2VT I in 1 − sCR
1 + sCR
where IB is the bias current and VT ≅ 26 mV at a
temperature of 27°C. The circuit thus provides both inverting and non-
inverting types of first-order AP inverse filters.
2.2 Non-ideal analysis
In non-ideal case, the CDTA can be characterized
by the following port relations
Vp=Vn=0, Iz=αpIp-αnIn, Ix=gVz

Fig. 1 — Schematic symbol of CDTA where αp =1-εp and εp(│εp│<<1) denotes the current

Fig. 2 — Bipolar realization of CDTA

 SHAH et al.: ALLPASS INVERSE FILTER USING CDTA
Fig. 3 — Proposed CM all-pass inverse filter
Fig. 4 — Simulated all-pass response for I1= Iin and I2=0
Fig. 5 — Simulated all-pass response for I2=Iin and I1=0
895
tracking error from p to z, and αn=1-εn and εn(εn│<<1)
denotes the current tracking error from n to z of the
CDTA, respectively.
Re-analysis of the circuit in Fig. 3 yields the
following modified current transfer function
α n I 2 − α p I1
Io =
1 − sCR
1 + sCR
The expression for pole frequency is given by
1
ωo =
CR
From the above equations it is clear that the pole
frequency is not influenced by the current tracking
errors of the CDTA.
3 Simulation Results
The proposed circuit was simulated using a
PSPICE simulation program. The CDTA was realized
using the bipolar transistor implementation shown in
Fig. 2.The NPN and PNP transistors used in the
circuit were simulated using the parameters of
NP100N and PR100N respectively from ALA400
from AT&T23. The supply voltages were taken as
±3V and the bias currents are I1=I2=I3=I5=100µA.
The circuit was designed for a phase shift of 90° at
26.5 KHz. The designed values to obtain the response
were taken as R= 100 Ω, C = 60 nF and g = 5 mS.
The gain and phase responses of the simulated circuit
are shown in Figs 4 and 5 respectively. The simulated
results obtained agree with the theoretical
calculations.
4 Conclusions
A novel first-order all-pass inverse filter with two
inputs and a single output employing a single CDTA,
one capacitor and one resistor is presented. The circuit
employs minimum number of active and passive
components, has high impedance output providing
cascadibility feature to the circuit and realizability
condition is simple.
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