ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE

Lecturer:
Septia Dwi Jayanti, S.S., M.Pd

Written by:
1. Yudintya Aisyah Ermandy (17930036)
2. Pratiwiek Nanda Tristanti (17930037)
3. Alfiyatul Mawaddah (17930041)
4. Ikrimah Nur Alawiyah (17930046)

PHARMACEUTICAL DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCE
ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM
MALANG
2019
 ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE

The use of antibiotics at this time is very high because infectious diseases are still
dominated. Infectious diseases caused more than 13 million deaths in a year at developing
countries. Infectious diseases in Indonesia are still among the top ten diseases. According to
Riskesdas in 2007 there were 28.1% of infectious diseases in Indonesia. In Southeast Asia,
antibiotic use is very high even more than 80% in many provinces in Indonesia (Yarza 2015).
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, said that around 50
million antibiotics are not needed from 150 million prescriptions every year. According to the
research, 92% of Indonesian people do not use antibiotics appropriately. Antibiotic
prescribing in Indonesia which is quite high and unwise will increase the incidence of
antibiotic resistance. According to WHO (2015), bacteria which has immunity (resistant
bacteria) are conditions in which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. WHO data shows
the mortality rate from resistant bacteria until 2014 is around 700 thousand in a year. With
the rapid development and spread of infections due to resistant bacteria, in 2050 it is
estimated that deaths from resistant bacteria are greater than deaths from cancer.
Antibiotic is a chemical substances produced by fungi or bacteria that can be used for a
disease caused by bacteria infection only. Antibiotics cannot treat viral infections, such as
cold,flu, and most coughs. Antibiotics are powerful medicines that fight certain infections
and can save lives when used properly. They either stop bacteria from reproducing or destroy
them. A doctor can prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic to treat a wide range of infections.
Wide range of infections include gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria. A
narrow-spectrum antibiotic is only effective against a few types of bacteria. It includes gram-
negative bacteria or gram-positive bacteria only. There are different types of antibiotic, which
work in one of two ways: A bactericidal antibiotic, such as penicillin, kills the bacteria. These
drugs usually interfere with either the formation of the bacterial cell wall or its cell contents,
a bacteriostatic stops bacteria from multiplying (Katzung, 2012).
When you are given an antibiotic, follow your doctor’s directions carefully. Take all the
antibiotic medicine that your doctor gives you. Don’t save some of the medicine for the next
time you’re sick. If you skip even 1 or 2 doses, some bacteria might be left in your body. You
may become sick again, and your body may resist future antibiotic treatment. If people
overuse antibiotics or use them incorrectly, the bacteria might become resistant. This means
that the antibiotic becomes less effective against that type of bacterium, as the bacterium has
been able to improve its defenses (Brunswick, 2016).
Taking antibiotics for colds and other viral illnesses not only won't work, but it can also
have dangerous side effects, this practice actually helps create bacteria that are harder to kill.
Frequent and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause bacteria or other microbes to change
so antibiotics don’t work against them. This is called bacterial resistance or antibiotic
resistance. In addition to antibiotic resistance, overusing antibiotics can lead to other
problem. Antibiotics kill many different bacteria, even the good ones that help keep the body
healthy. Sometimes taking antibiotics can cause a person to develop fatal diarrhea due to a
lack of good bacteria that help digest food properly. In some cases, bad bacteria, like
Clostridium difficile (or C diff), may overgrow and cause infections. Assessment of antibiotic
therapy can be done before or after prescribing, to identify, overcome and prevent problems
about antibiotics. Pharmacists can provide recommendations to doctors / nurses / patients
regarding the problem of antibiotic therapy that has been found.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brunswick. 2016. Antimicrobial Treatment Guidelines for Common Infections. The NB
Provincial Health Authorities Anti-infective Stewardship Committee.
Katzung B.G. 2012. Farmakologi: Dasar Dan Klinik Buku 2. 1st ed. Jakarta: Salemba
Medika.
Pedoman Pelayanan Kefarmasian Untuk Terapi Antibiotik. 2011. Jakarta: Kementrian
Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Yarza, Hasnal Laily. dkk. 2015. Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Sikap dengan
Penggunaan Antibiotik Tanpa Resep Dokter. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas. Vol 4. No 1.