Introduction to Thermodynamics 4/14/2019

Lecture Objectives and California Content

Standards
Lesson Objectives
Introduction to 1.

2.
Understand that heat energy can be transferred in several different ways and that heat energy
always flows from a hotter substance to colder.
Identify the heat transferring mechanisms for many real-life situations.
Thermodynamics 3. Be able to calculate internal energy changes in many real-life situations, including temperature
change and phase change.

Unit Topic: Thermodynamics California Content Standards

Class: Honors Chemistry 1. Students know how to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion of molecules
Mr. Odom (or atoms).
2. Students know energy is released when a material condenses or freezes and is absorbed when a
material evaporates or melts.
3. Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow and temperature changes, using known
values of specific heat and latent heat of phase change.

Energy: The Most Important Concept in First Law of Thermodynamics:

Science and Engineering Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed from one type to another.

Science is about discovering the way

that the universe works. Engineering
uses the knowledge from science to
build new technologies. Advances in
virtual reality technology like in the
picture above may change education
as we know it.
Sunlight Photosynthesis Food
The sun converts nuclear energy Plants convert radiant energy into Animals convert stored chemical
into radiant energy. stored chemical energy. energy from plants into mechanical
energy.

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Introduction to Thermodynamics 4/14/2019

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

• How do items in the refrigerator get colder?

• How does the temperature inside a refrigerator

Heat is always transferred from a hotter get colder in the first place?
substance to a cooler substance, never
from cooler to hotter.

The red arrows indicate the flow of heat from the

Concept Check
finger to the ice cube. The kinetic energy from the
molecules in the finger are transferring that energy to
the ice cube through a process called conduction.

What is temperature a measurement of?

hint: the answer is not “heat”

Concept Check Types of Heat Energy

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Introduction to Thermodynamics 4/14/2019

Heat Transfer: Radiation and

Conduction

1) Radiation: The transfer of heat

through electromagnetic radiation.
Primarily infrared radiation. The warmth
you feel on your face from a campfire is
infrared light hitting your skin.
Combustion reactions like wood burning
Describe how heat is transferred in the process of boiling
release huge amounts of radiant heat. an egg over a gas stove.

2) Conduction: The transfer of heat

between two objects or substances
through physical contact. When two
objects touch, the hotter object
transfers its kinetic energy to the colder This light spectrum shows the many types of light separated by wavelength and Concept Check
frequency. Infrared light, one of the mechanisms by which heat transfers, makes
object. up a significant portion of the light spectrum. Many chemical reactions release
infrared light that we detect as heat, notably combustion reactions.

Internal Energy (U = Q + W)
Internal Energy (U = Q + W)

1) The reaction between the gases will cause the system to exchange heat (Q) with
the surroundings.
Thermo- • Chemical reactions will either:
dynamics • Release heat to the surroundings (negative Q).
• Absorb heat from the surroundings (positive Q).
Internal
Enthalpy
Energy Think of the system as a balloon filled with
gases that are going to react. The balloon
Haber
U=Q+ q= Hess's Bond
is the system boundary and the gases inside
are the system. Equation 3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g) + heat
q = mL
W mcΔT Law Enthalpy

Two things are going to happen in the

system when the gases react:

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Introduction to Thermodynamics 4/14/2019

Internal Energy (U = Q + W)
U = +
2) The reaction between the gases will cause the system to “exchange
work” (W) with the surroundings. Q W
• Chemical reactions cause either:
• The
•
volume of the system to increase (negative W).
Work done by the system to the surroundings.
What would the signs of Q and W be in a problem
• The volume of the system to decrease (positive W). about the Reverse Haber Equation?
• Work done by the surroundings onto the system.

Reverse Haber
heat + 2 NH3 (g) → 3 H2 (g) + N2 (g)
Equation Concept Check

1. Many gases are mixed into a container to react together. The container loses heat to the environment and the
pressure of the container increases. Will the change in internal energy (U) be positive or negative?

2. A closed container absorbs 1452 J of energy during a chemical reaction. If the container also had 1.58 kJ of
work done to it, calculate the internal energy.

Specific Heat
3. The internal energy of a system increased by 982 J when it absorbed 492 J of heat. Was work done by or on
the system? How much work was done? Capacity: q = mcΔT

Now You Try

Specific heat values like the ones in this tables are constants that are
specific to different substances. As we can see, water has a relatively
high specific heat. It can take relatively large amounts of heat energy
without raising its temperature significantly.

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Introduction to Thermodynamics 4/14/2019

Specific Heat Capacity: q = mcΔT

Since water has a high specific heat capacity, do you think

that it is easy or difficult to raise the temperature of q = mcΔT
water? Why?

Concept Check

1) How much energy (in kJ) is required to raise the temperature of 100.0 grams of water from 18 °C to 25 °C?

2) If 6851 J of energy was required to raise a 150.0 gram piece of metal from 298 K to 328 K, what is the specific heat
capacity of the metal in J/g°C?

3) Two cups of water are mixed together. The first cup has 120.0 grams of water at a temperature of 25.0 °C. The second cup
has 90.0 grams of water at a temperature of 55.0 °C. What is the final temperature of the water mixture in °C?

Specific Heat Capacity:

q = mcΔT 4) After heating up a 100.0 gram piece of metal to 150.0 °C, I place it in a cup of cool water the water has a mass of 215.0
grams and a temperature of 25.0 °C. If the metal and water come to 37 °C, what is the specific heat of the metal in J/g°C?

Now You Try

Walk-Through Problem

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Introduction to Thermodynamics 4/14/2019

Referenced Images

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