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Hydropower Basics
HYDROPOWER BASICS
Hydro is derived from
Greek word “Hudor”
meaning water.
Hydropower- is the
energy we make with
moving water.
We use water energy to
make electricity.
Hydropower
Philosophy?
P.E
• H2O Quantity
• H2O Fall
PH
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT ON RIVER
BENDS
PH
H=316 m
DISPLAY MAP
H=428 m
7100 MW BUNJI HPP
PH
PH
PH
Madain HPP
Gabral Kalam HPP P=157 MW
P=137 MW H=150 m
H=205 m
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT BY USING
STEEP SLOPE OF A RIVER (China)
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT BY USING CROSS VALLEY
DIFFERENCE OF A RIVER
TARCHEELA VILLAGE
MUZAFFARABAD
HEADRACE TUNNEL
②
① WEIR & SANDTRAP ② POWERHOUSE
SURGE TANK
BASIC THEORY OF HYDROPOWER
which after integration over time reduces to:
𝑃 =𝛾×𝑔×𝑞×ℎ
This equation actually gives the theoretical power
expressed in kg×m/s2. It is also expressed as
𝑃 = 𝛾 × 𝑔 × 𝑞 × ℎ 550 (ℎ𝑝)
𝑃 = 𝛾 × 𝑔 × 𝑄 × 𝐻 1000 (𝑘𝑊)
BASIC THEORY OF HYDROPOWER
𝑃=ρ𝑔.𝑄.𝐻⁄1000 (𝑘𝑊)…………theoritical
Where
P = Power capacity, (kW)
Q = Discharge through turbine, m3/s
ρ = Mass of water, kg×s2/m4
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
H = Gross head, m
1000= Number of watts in 1 kW
BASIC THEORY OF HYDROPOWER
Therefore, the actual output is reduced by the fact that
the turbine and generator have losses in transforming
the potential and kinetic energy into mechanical and
electrical energy. Thus actual power output will be
𝑄×𝐻
𝑃 = 1000 × 9.806 × Ƞ → (4)
1000
Where
Ƞ= Overall plant efficiency
Ƞ= Ƞt ×Ƞg×Ƞt ( turbine × generator × transformer
efficiency)
Example No.1
An overshot water wheel has approaching
canal 1.5 m wide. The water flows in the
canal with a velocity of 1.5 m/s and 200 mm
deep. Determine the power available from
the water wheel, if the waterfall is 20 m and
the efficiency of wheel is 75%.
Given:
Canal Width (b) = 1.5m
v=1.5 m/s
d=200mm= 0.2m
H= 20 m and
Ƞ= 75% = 0.75
Solution:
We know that discharge
𝑄 = 𝑎𝑣 = 𝑏. 𝑑 𝑣
𝑄 = 1.5 × 0.2 × 1.5 = 0.45𝑚2
And power available from the water wheel
𝑃 = Ƞρ𝑔𝑄𝐻
20
𝑃 = 0.75 × 1000𝑥9.81 × 0.45 ×
1000
= 66.2𝑘𝑊
• Example No.2
A 12 m high weir above river bed is constructed
with 1.0 m free board. The 2 km long water
conveyance system delivers 5 m3/s of water to a
power plant having Francis type turbine. If the
Elevation of weir crest is 1155 masl and that of
tailrace is 1130 masl. calculate the power
generated by the power plant.
Assume head loss of the water conveyance
system= 2.5m and Turbine Efficiency = 90 %
• Solution
𝐻 =Head pond El. –Tailrace-Losses
= [1155 − 1.0] − 1130 − 2.5 = 21.5𝑚
𝑄 = 5𝑚3/𝑠
Ƞ = 0.90
• We know that
𝜌𝑔Ƞ𝑄𝐻
𝑃=
1000
𝑃 = 949.1175 𝐾𝑤