10 PROBLEMS ON Hump PDF

CRITICAL FLOW
07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 1

Engg. & OSD to VC JNTUH
q

FLUMES
Q  cbH 3/ 2

• For vertical flume we have to take two
measurements. In standing wave flume only c/s
depth measurement is sufficient because at throat
flow is critical.
• The flow is critical at the throat H
• H refers total energy at the u/s of the channel

(Depth of flow H)
• b  Width of throat

STANDING WAVE FLUME
• In these flumes the flow is critical.

• It has got something connected with wave.
• So it is called standing wave flume.

• Change from critical condition to subcritical
condition as the depth of flow is more in standing
wave flume.
• Due to greater depth of flow more irrigated area can
be commanded.
• Due to the change of flow, Hydraulic Jump Occurs
• Afflux: Heading up of water on u/s side due to the

construction obstruction like piers etc

y
yc

PROBLEM 1 :
• Uniform flow occurs at a depth of 1.5m in a

rectangular channel 3m wide and laid at a slope of
0.0009 If Manning’s n = 0.015, find the width of
contraction which will produce critical depth without
increasing the u/s depth of flow.

q

v12/2g Vc2/2g
yc
y1
HUMP
ΔZ

Q  AV1
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
 (1.5  3)  R S
n
A  4.5m 2
 1.5  3 
2/3
1
V    0.00091 / 2
0.015  3  2  1.5 

A
R   0.75
P
V  1.651m / sec
Q  7.43 m 3 sec
7.43
• Discharge per unit width q
b

• Without increasing the u/s depth flow
• Specific energy constant
E1  E2
2
V
3
y1  yc
1
2g 2

1.6512 3
1.5   yc
19.62 2
yc  1.093m
1/ 3
 q  2
1.093   
 9.81 
q  3.5772m / sec/ m
3

7.43
q 
b
7.43 7.473
b   2.08m
q 3.5772

(ii) find the maximum height of the hump on the
flow to produce critical depth
When hump is provided the specific energy at the

throat and at the upstream side will not be same.
Let h be the height of the hump

2
h  y  V 1  E1 at throat
2g
v12/2g Vc2/2g
yc
y1
HUMP
ΔZ

2
E1  y1  V 1
2g
Ec  y c  V c
2g
z  E1  E c
Q  A1V1

 4.5  1.65  7.43m 3 / sec
V
2
1.65
E1  y1 1
 1.5   1.64
2g 19.62
3
Ec  yc
2
1/ 3
q 2

y c   
 g 

7.43
q  2.48
3
1/ 3
 2.48 
yc     0.63m
 9.81 
1/ 3
3  2.48 
Ec     1.29
2  9.81 
z  E1  Ec  1.64  1.29  0.35m

• PROBLEM 2:
In a rectangular channel 3.5m wide laid at a slope of

0.0036, uniform flow occurs at a depth of 2m. Find
how high can the hump be raised without causing
afflux. If the u/s depth is to be raised to 2.5m what
should be the height of the hump. Take n =0.015

v12/2g Vc2/2g
yc
y1
HUMP
ΔZ

• C/s area A1  3.5  2.0  7.0m 2
P  B  2 y  3.5  2  2  7.5m
A1 7
R   0.93
P 7.5
1
V  (0.93) 2 / 3 (0.0036)1 / 2
0.015

 3.82m / sec
Q  A1V1
 7  3.81  26.67m 3 / sec
2
V1
E1  y 
2g

3.812
 2 .0   2.744
19.62
z  E1  E c
 2.74  E c
3
Ec  yc,
2

1/ 3
q 2

y c   
 g 
1/ 3
  26.67  2

  
yc    3.5    1.81
 9.81 
 
 
3
E c   1.81  2.713
2
 z  2.74  2.713  0.027m
• If the depth of flow is increased to 2.5m
A2  3.5  2.5  8.75m 2
Q 26.67
V2    3.05m / s
A 8.75

3.05 2
E 2  2.5   2.973m
19.62
z  E2  Ec
3
E c  y c  2.715( same)
2
z  2.973  2.715  0.259m

• PROBLEM 3:
• Water flows at a depth of 2m and at a velocity of

1.5m/s in 4m wide channel. Find
– (i) the height of the hump required to produce critical flow
without affecting the upstream depth.
– (ii) the depth over the hump, when the height of
the hump is half of the above value

v12/2g Vc2/2g
yc
y1
HUMP
ΔZ

V
• Fr  for rectangular channel
gy
(i) z  E1  E c
V
3
 y1  yc
1
2g 2
1/ 3
3q 
2 2
V1
 y1    
2g 2  g 

q  V1 y1
1/ 3
2
 2 2

V V
3  y 
 y1 1
 1 1
2g 2  g 
 
 2 2 2


z  y1 1  V 1
 
3 V 1
y1

1
3 
 2 gy1 2 gy1
3 
 
2
F1 3
z  y1 (1    F1 )
2/3
2 2

• The u/s flow is to be in sub-critical condition
V  1.5m / sec
y  2.0m
b  4.0m
V1
F1 
gy1

1.5
  0.339<1
9.81 2
• The flow is sub critical before hump
0.399 2 3
z c  2(1   (0.399) 2 / 3 )
2 2
 0.657m

1 1
(ii) z  z c  0.657  0.3285
2 2
B B1
y2/2g
y1 y2
ΔZ

E2  E1  z  2.115  0.328  1.787
2
V1 1.5 2
E1  y1   2.0   2.115
2g 19.62
2
V2
1.787  y 2 
2g
q2
1.787  y 2  2
2 gy 2

Q  AV
1.787  y 2 
V 2
y2  Q  byV
2 Q
19.62 y  Vy
2 b
q
q  Vy  V 
y 2  1.62m
y

• PROBLEM 4:
• Water flows in 4m wide rectangular channel at a

depth of 2m and at a velocity 1.5 m/s. The channel
contracted to a width of 2m and the bed is raised to
0.4 m in a particular reach. Find the change in depth
of flow u/s of transition.

B  4.0m
V  1.5m / s
y  2.0m
2m
y2/2g
y1 y2
0.4m

V1 1.5 2
E1  y1   2.0   2.115m
2g 19.62
• Fr 
V1

1.5
 0.339  1 sub critical flow
gy1 9.81x 2
E1  E2   z
3
Ec  yc
2

2
q 1/ 3
yc  ( )
g
Q  AV1
 (4 X 2) X 1.5
 12m 3 / s
12
q  6m 3 / s / m
2

6 2 1/ 3
yc  ( )  1.54
9.81
3
E c  X 1.54  2.31
2
 E c   z  E1
There is heading up of water in u/s side

E  Ec   z
1
1
 2.35  0.4  2.75
2
V1
E  y1 
1
1
2g
12 2
2.75  y1  ( ) / 19.62 Xy1
2
4
y 1  2.66m

• Change in depth in u/s side  2.66  2.0  0.66m

• PROBLEM 5:
Water flows in a trapezoidal channel having a bottom

width 5m and side slope of 1.5 horizontal to 1
vertical at a depth of 1.5m and at a velocity of 1m/s.
Find (i) The width of the contraction which causes

the flow to be critical without affecting the depth of
flow u/s.

V1
F1 
gD1

A
D1 
T
A  (5  1.5  1.5)1.5  10.85m 2
T  5  2  1.5  1.5  9.5m
A 10.85
 D1    1.14
T 9.5

1.0
• F1   0.3 < 1 sub critical flow
9.81  1.14
• width at critical section
• E1  Ec since there is no hump
2
V1 12
E1  y1   1.5   1.551
2g 19.62

 E c  1.551
2
vc
1.551  y c 
2g
Q ZE c
• From the graphs of versus versus
2 gEc2.5 B
Q

2.5
2 gEc

zEc

B
Bc  1.50m

• PROBLEM 6 :
Water flows in a trapezoidal channel having a

bottom width of 5m side slope 1:1 at a depth of
1.5m. The velocity of flows 1m/s
(i) The height of hump which cause D flow to be

critical without affecting the depth of flow u/s.

(ii) The depth of flow in the transition when the
hump height is half of the above value
1.5m
5m

V1  1m / sec
• Area of c/s A1  (5  1 1.5)1.5
 9.75m 2
Q  9.75  1  9.75m 3 / s

A 9.75
D1    1.218
T 5  2  1  1.5
V 1
F1  
gD1 9.81 1.218
 0.289  1 sub critical condition
• Specific energy at u/s

2
V1
E1  y1 
2g
1V
 1.5   1.551m
19.62
z  E1  E c
• Value of E c from graph

z 1.5 Q zEc
0.5 2.5
Vs
g B B
E c  0.0556
zEc
•  0.20 from graph
B
0.20  5
Ec   1 .0
1

 z  1.551  1.0  0.551m
• In the second value
•  z  1.551  0.94  0.611

go with this value
again so that the change less.


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CRITICAL FLOW

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 1

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 2

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 3

• The flow is critical at the throat H

• H refers total energy at the u/s of the channel

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 4

• In these flumes the flow is critical.

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 5

• Afflux: Heading up of water on u/s side due to the

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 6

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 7

• Uniform flow occurs at a depth of 1.5m in a

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 8

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 9

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 10

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 11

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 12

• Specific energy constant

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 13

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07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 15

When hump is provided the specific energy at the

Let h be the height of the hump

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 16

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 17

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 18

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 19

z  E1  Ec  1.64  1.29  0.35m

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 20

In a rectangular channel 3.5m wide laid at a slope of

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 21

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 22

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 23

 7  3.81  26.67m 3 / sec

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07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 25

• If the depth of flow is increased to 2.5m

A2  3.5  2.5  8.75m 2

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 27

z  2.973  2.715  0.259m

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 28

• Water flows at a depth of 2m and at a velocity of

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 29

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• The flow is sub critical before hump

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 34

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 35

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• Water flows in 4m wide rectangular channel at a

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 38

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 39

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07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 41

There is heading up of water in u/s side

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 42

 2.35  0.4  2.75

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 43