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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter consists of some reviews of the theories by experts which are

used as theoretical foundation in this study. This section is divided into some

parts. There are description of translation, idioms, related studies, and the

theoretical framework.

2.1 Translation

The discussion about translation is divided into several topics including

definition of translation, process of translation, types of translation, evaluation of

translation, and translation quality.

2.1.1 Definition of Translation

Translation is basically to change the form in language. Speaking

of the form of a language, it refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses,

sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written. They are

referred to as the language surface structure (Larson, 1984, as cited in

Rumahorbo, 2011). We usually see this part of language in

printed/written text or heard it in speech. In translation, we replace the

form of the source language into the form of the receptor (target)

language.

In other words, to translate is to communicate the same meaning in

a target language as well as in the source language. However, to

sufficiently do such thing, there are various kinds of meaning that must

be made aware of. It is line with Larson’s statement (1984) that the

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source language does not plainly state all of the meaning which is being

communicated.

Zagy (2000, as cited in Rumahorbo, 2011), on the other hand,

considers instead of converting the words and grammatical forms of the

original language, transferring the meaning to the target language (TL) is

the aim of translation.

2.1.2 Process of Translation

Translation process consists of the study of lexicon, grammatical

structure, communicaiton situation, and cultural context of that source

language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and

reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical

structure which are appropiate in the receptore language and its culture

context. The translation process may be diagrammed as shown in figure

2.1. below:

Source Language Target Language


Text to be
Translation
translated

Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning

Meaning

Figure 2.1 : Overview of the translation process (Larson, 1998)


2.1.3 Types of Translation

The focus of the issue in translation has always been the method

used in translation, which centers around whether to translate literally or

freely. The argument has been going on since at least the first century.

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“Up to the beginning of nineteenth century, many writers favoured some

kind of free translation: the spirit, not the letter; the sense not the words;

the message rather than the form; the matter not the manner” (Newmark,

1988, p.45).

1. Word-for-word Translation

This first method, according to Newmark, is often demonstrated as

interlinear translation, with the Target Language written immediately

below the Source Language words. The Source Language word-order is

maintained and the words translated one by one by their most common

meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The

main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the

mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a

reftranslation.

2. Literal Translation

In this second method, the Source Language grammatical

constructions are converted to their nearest Target Language

equivalents but the lexical words are still translated one by one, out of

context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be

solved.

3. Faithful Translation

Newmark states that a faithful translation tries to reproduce the

precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the

target language grammatical structures. It transfer cultural words and

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preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality in the

translation. It attemps to be completely faithful to the intentions and the

text-realialization of the source language.

4. Semantic Translation

The difference with this method from that of faithful translation is

that the translator must take more account of the aesthetic value of the

source language text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so

that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version.

Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally

neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents.

5. Adaptation

This method is the freest form of translation. According to

Newmark, plays (comedies) and poetry used this method; the themes,

characters, plots are usually maintained, the source language culture

converted to the target language culture and the text rewritten.

However, many poor adaptations of a play or poem had been produced

by the deplorable practice of having them literally translated and then

rewritten by an established dramatist or poet, but other adaptations have

rescued period plays.

6. Free Translation

In free translation, the translator reproduces the matter without the

manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually, he/she

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paraphrases the source text into a much longer text of the target

language.

7. Idiomatic Translation

In idiomatic translation, the original message is reproduced, but

tends to alter the nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and

idioms where these do not exist in the original.

8. Communicative Translation

In communicative translation, according to Newmark, the

translator attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the

original in such a way that both content and language are readily

acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

2.1.4 Evaluation of Translation

Larson concluded that there are five ways to evaluate/test a

translation product, which are as follow:

1. Comparison with the source text

The translator is required to carefully compare his translation work

with the source text several times during the translation process. One of

the main purposes of the comparison is to check for equivalence of

information content. This check is done to be sure that there are no

information omitted, added, and altered. The comparison can be done

by the translator him/herself, or by someone else who knows both

languages well and knows translation principles.

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2. Back-translation into the source language

A second way to check a translation is by making a back-

translation of the translated text into the source language by someone

else who masters both the source and receptor languages. It would be

better if he does this without reading the source text used by the

translator. This back-translation will let the translator know what is

being communicated to this person. However, a back-translation is a

literal rendering of the translation used solely for checking purposes

rather than a polished idiomatic text in the source language. It should

have each lexical item rendered literally. In translating, natural and

clear forms of language are used; while in back-translating, one uses

literal forms in order to differentiate between the structure of the

translation and the source text. In addition, the back-translation focuses

only on meaning equivalence rather than naturalness.

3. Comprehension checks

This test is done in order to see whether or not the translation is

understood correctly by speakers of the language who have not seen the

translation previously. In this type of test, it involves the content of the

translation being retold by certain people and have those people answer

some questions about it. People who speak the target language fluently

are the ones who do the comprehension testing. It should be noted that

this test is not to test the respondent, but to test the translation itself. It

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is simply a way of finding out if the translation needs some

improvement in any way.

4. Naturalness and readability testing

The purpose of naturalness tests, as suggested by the name, is to

see if the form of the translation is natural and the style appropriate.

This testing is done by reviewers. Reviewers are people who are willing

to spend time reading through the translation making comments and

suggestions. It would be better if these people have a certain amount of

skill in writing the receptor language. Some of them may be bilingual

people in both the source and target language and willing to review for

accuracy as well as naturalness.

Meanwhile, the readability test is done in order to see if there are

any readabilty problems when the translator asks someone to read aloud

his/her work. These problems include the part where the reader

hesitates, stops and re-reads the sentence, or when the reader seems

puzzled –as if he/she do not understand why it was said/written that

way, or when the reader actually say something different from what is

written.

5. Consistency checks

As the translation comes near to completion, it is very important

that the translator makes various consistency checks. Some of these

checks have to do with the content of the translation, and others have to

do with the technical details of presentation such as the formatting of

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the text. The source text will have had certain key terms which were

identified and for which lexical equivalents were found. For example,

in translating the Bible, there are a number of key terms such as

prophet, scribe, apostle, angel, and sabbath. If the meaning is the same

and there is nothing in the context to indicate that a different term

should be used, the translator will want to use the same term in each

occurrence. There may also be key phrases which are used over and

over and have the same meaning in each occurrence. Consistency is

desired only when the same meaning is to be communicated.

This research will use the comparison with the source text method,

–as well as with the target text which is already written in the translated

version of the source text, to evaluate the students’ translation works.

2.1.5 Translation Quality

There are three main aspects that a translation is considered

qualified, which are accuracy, clarity, and naturalness.

In first aspect, which is accuracy, a translator may inadvertently

omits some piece of information, or even adds more information which

are not in the source text just to get across the meaning. This added

information will then have to be deleted. Sometime, a translator makes

these mistakes in analyzing the source text or in the process of

transferring that result with different meaning.

The second aspect of translation quality is clarity. A translation

may be accurate but can still not reach out to the people who are to use

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it. The translator should use the forms of language that will make the

message of the source text as easy to understand as the source text itself

was to understand.

The third aspect of translation quality is naturalness. A translation

may be accurate where the translator correctly understand the source

text, and it may even understandable by the target language readers, and

yet the form may not be in the natural idiomatic forms of the target

language. The translator needs to test to see if the translation ‘flow’

easily, to see whether the translation ‘sounds right’ or ‘foreign’to the

target language speaker. The translator doesn’t want his work to sound

strange and foreign, he/she wants his work to sound natural, as if it’s

not a translation in the first place.

2.2. Idiomatic Expression

The discussion about translation is divided into several topics including

definition of idiom, types of idiom, characteristic of idiom, and difficulties in

translating idiom along with the strategy in translating idiom.

2.2.1. Definition of Idiomatic Expression

In Mona Baker’s words (1992), idioms are “frozen patterns of

language which allow little or no variation in form and often carry

meanings which cannot be deduced from their individual components.”

It means that idioms are fixed expressions that have different meaning

from each word involved. For example, bury the hatchet which means

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to become friendly again after a disagreement or a quarrel. In Indonesia,

it translates to berdamai, rather than mengubur kampak itu.

According to Langacher (1968, p.79, as cited in Meryem, 2010),

“an idiom is a kind of complex lexical item. It is a phrase whose

meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the morphemes it

comprises”. Two basic characteristics of idiom are showed in this

definition; it is a complex lexical item, and its meaning cannot be

inferred from its parts.

In his turn, Carter (1987, p.65, as cited in Meryem, 2010) defines

idioms as restricted forms and meanings of special combination of

words that we cannot deduce from the literal meanings of the words

which make them up. Accordingly, an idiom is learned and used as a

single unit. We should not analyze an idiom from the words that make

it up; it is unchangeable and always carries a figurative meaning.

2.2.2 Types of Idioms

Since this study concerns with Indonesian idioms, which are to be

translated into English, the description for the types of Indonesian

idiomatic expressions uses Pratama’s suggestion (2017). According to

Pratama:

“Idiom dibagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu berdasarkan pada arti dari unsur

pembentuknya (idiom penuh dan idiom setengah), dan berdasarkan pada kata

pembentuknya (bagian tubuh, kata indra, jenis warna, nama benda alam, nama

binatang).”

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The first type of idioms is based on the meaning of its constituent

element. This type of idioms is also divided into two, which are:

1. Full idiom (Idiom penuh)

In Pratama’s words, full idiom is “idiom yang mana

maknanya tidak terlihat pada unsur pembentuknya”. It means

that we cannot see the meaning of this type of idioms on its

constituent element. For example:

 Gulung tikar, which means bangkrut, or being bankrupt

 Jago merah which means api, or fire.

 Buang penat which means melepas lelah, or to unwind

 Bunga desa which means perempuan paling cantik di

daerah/tempat tersebut, or the most beautiful girl in the

area.

 Berpangku tangan which means tidak mengerjakan apa-

apa, or doing nothing

2. Half idiom (Idiom setengah)

In contrast with full idiom, the meaning of half idiom can

be seen from one of its constituent element. It is in line with

Pratama’s statement that half idiom is “idiom yang dapat

terlihat maknanya dari salah satu unsur pembentuknya”. For

example:

 Harga mati which means tidak bisa ditawar lagi, or no

longer negotiable

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 Meja hijau which means pengadilan, or court

 Naik darah which means emosi, or being angry

 Kepala dingin which means berpikir dengan tenang, or to

think calmly

 Kabar burung which means kabar belum pasti atau gosip,

or rumors

Half idioms is based on the words that form them. This type of

idioms is also divided into seven, which are:

1. Idioms that use words related with body parts, for example:

• Empat mata which means obrolan antara dua orang, or

two people talking to each other

• Adu mulut which means berdebat, or debating

• Setengah hati which means tidak serius, or not taking

things seriously

• Kepala batu which means tidak mau nurut, or a person who

is difficult to comply

2. Idioms that use words related with senses

• Kering kerontang which means sangat kering, or extremely

dry

• Tertangkap basah which means tertangkap ketika sedang

melakukan perbuatan tersebut, or busted in the act

• Kurus kering which means sangat kurus, or extremely thin

body

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3. Idioms that use words related with colors

• Masih hijau which means belum punya pengalaman, or

does not have enough experience.

• Hitam di atas putih which means perjanjian secara tertulis,

or a written agreement.

• Lapangan hijau which means arena olahraga, biasanya

sepak bola, or sport field, usually a soccer field.

4. Idioms that use words related with natural objects

• Tanah air which means negeri tempat kelahiran, or

homeland

• Menjadi bulan-bulanan which means sasaran lawan, or

being the sole target

• Menagkap angin which means pekerjaan yang sia-sia, or a

futile work

• Kabar angin which means isu atau desas-desus, or a

hearsay/rumor

5. Idioms that use words related with animals

• Kambing hitam which means orang yang disalahkan, or in

English equivalence, scapegoat (the blamed person)

• Kuda hitam which means sesuatu yang tidak diduga

sebelumnya, or something that is unexpected before

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• Tenaga badak which means bertenaga kuat, or powerful

In addition, Baker (1992, p.63) identifies the restrictions of idiom

grammatical and syntactic aspect. According to her, a speaker or a

writer cannot normally do any of the following with an idiom:

1. Changing the word order of an idiom. For example, “the short and

the long of it”, where it should be “the long and the short of it”

2. Adding any word to an idiomatic expression. For example, the very

long and the short of it.

3. Deleting a word from an idiom, such as deleting the article ‘the‘

from the expressions “spill the beans” would change totally their

meanings. Hence, ‘spill beans’ have no idiomatic sense.

4. Replacing a word in an idiom with another word even if those

words are synonyms. For example, “the long and short of it” means

the basic facts of a situation. The adjective ‘long’ cannot be

substituted by another adjective, like tall, despite having nearly the

same meaning.

5. Modifying the grammatical structure of an idiom, as it will lead to

the destruction of the idiom’s meaning. For instance, the expression

“stock and barrel lock” is no more idiomatic because of the order of

the items is changed in the expression “lock, stock and barrel”

completely. Another example is when modifying an idiom into

passive form, such as in the expression “they spilled the beans”

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which means “they reveal a surprise” into “some beans were

spilled”, it will conjure a different meaning from its active form.

6. In addition, inserting the comparative form ‘-er’ to the adjective

‘hot’ in the expression “being in hot water” changes the common

sense of the idiom which has the meaning of ‘being in trouble’.

A translator should take all these restrictions into consideration

since they influence the degree of lexical items’ idiomaticity, and their

main feature of figurativeness may be removed.

2.2.3 Difficulties in Translating Idioms

Baker (1992) states that being able to recognize whether a

translator is dealing with an idiomatic expression or not is the first

difficulty that he/she face. Once it has been recognized, the next step is

to translate it into the target language. According to Baker, these are the

following four main difficulties involved in translating idiomatic

expressions:

a. The target language may have no equivalent of the idiom or fixed

expression involved. Baker states that we cannot just predict the

various meanings the way a language chooses to express, or not

express. In one hand, a single word in one language may express a

given meaning, others may express it using an idiom, another one

express it using a transparent fixed expression. For example, when

an idiom which is culture-specific, such as Merry Christmas, or in

some occassion, a formal correspondence such as Yours faithfitlly

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and Yours sincerely in English as there are no equivalents in Arabic

formal correspondence. Wa tafadalu biqbuul fa’iq al-ihtiraam

(literally means “and be kind enough to accept (our) highest

respects”) is the expression that is often used, but it has no direct

relationship to Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely.

b. The target language may have a similar counterpart with the idiom or

fixed expression involved, but its context of use may be different;

the two expressions may have different connotations, for instance, or

they may not be pragmatically transferable. For example, to skate on

thin ice ('to act unwisely or court danger voluntarily') with a similar

Serbian expression: navuci nekoga na tanak led which means to pull

someone onto the thin ice. The difference between these two idioms

is that the latter implies forcing someone into a dangerous position.

The contexts in which the two idioms can be used are obviously

different even though they are similar in meaning (Baker 1992).

c. When the source language idiom is used in both its literal and

idiomatic meaning at the same time, the use of idiom cannot be

successfully translated in the target text unless the target-language

idiom also corresponds to the source-language idiom both in form

and in meaning. For example, in Arabic context, there is phrase that

says “cut off my right arm” in a book called Arab Political Humour

by Kishtainy (1985, as cited in Baker, 1992). In the book, the phrase

emerged after the defeat of the Arab forces in 1967, which resulted

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in the annexation of Arab territory by Israel. The context of the

phrase is as follow:

“Egypt's Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal Amin, was horrified to see

President Nasser ordering a tattoo artist to print on his right arm the names of all

the territories seized by Israel like Sinai, Gaza. Sharm al-Shaykh, Jerusalem, the

Golan Heights.”

“Why are you doing this?”

“Lest 1 should forget them.”

“But why tattooed? What will you do if we get them back?”

“If we get them back I’ll cut off my right arm.”

Baker (1992) concludes that to cut off one's arm, or cut off

one's right arm for emphasis, is an idiom which is similar in meaning

to pigs might fly in English. It means that something is impossible or

at least highly unlikely to happen. Because the literal meaning of this

Arabic expression is as important as its idiomatic meaning in this

context, there is no other English expression and idiom with a

similar meaning that can be used to replace 'Ill cut off my right arm'

in the above passage

d. Baker (1992) states that in the source and target languages, the very

convention of using idioms in written discourse, the contexts in

which they can be used, and their frequency of use may be different.

For example, English news reports rarely use idioms, while

advertisements, promotional material, and the tabloid press

commonly use idioms. A good example is in the following brochure

from one of Austin Rover's car sale that illustrates the heavy use of

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idioms in this type of English written discourse. The whole passage

is highly idiomatic and very informal in style. The main idioms are

highlighted in bold:

METRO

Your own sense of style is all your own. Brilliant. Colourful. Original. With

loads of get up and go.

There's a car after your own heart. The new 1989 Metro. Sporty new models

which look great - and don't hang around. A new range. With vivid new

colours and trim. Full of fresh ideas. Luxurious. And wickedly stylish.

Get going in the new Metro GIa. Where else would you find 73PS performance.

alloy wheels and looks like that - at such a price?

Or show what you're made of at the wheel of the new Metro Sport. It's got

style. And a performance engine that says it's a lot more than just a pretty

face.

Fancy something really special in the sports luxury department? With a sunroof,

central locking, tinted glass and a lot more, the new Metro I.3GS is just the

ticket. And so is the price.

(Today's Cars, Austin Rover, 1989, as cited in Baker, 1992)

In addition to difficulties in translating idioms, this study would

like to point out the error in translation the students may face according

to Sager (1983, as cited in Amalya, et.al, 2018), which are:

a) Inverted meaning. The meaning expressed in source language

text gets turned around. The intention between the target language and

the source language contradicts with each other. For example:

“Matahari pagi bangun dengan leluasa” translated into “Sun in the

morning wake up with unhampered”.

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b) Added meaning. The intentions or ideas which are not

mentioned or implied in the source language are somehow included in

the target language. In the other words, the source language’s intention

is broadened. For example: “Baru-baru ini, penyebaran virus ebola

yang menyerang wilayah Afrika Barat menyita perhatian” translated

into “Nowdays, spreading of ebola virus attacked the west africa

confiscate our world”.

c) Omitted meaning. The idea of the source language is

excluded from the target language. It is when the source language’s

element of information is left out of the target language. For example:

“Waspadai penyebaran virus ebola” translated into “Beware the

(missing word) of the ebola virus”.

d) Deviated meaning. The intention of the source language is

diverted to other notions or a vague translation. For example:

“Penyebaran virus ebola yang menyerang wilayah afrika barat menyita

perhatian” translated into “distributing ebola’s virus attack region in

west Africa seized world attention”.

Sager (1983, as cited in Amalya, et.al, 2018) also stated that the

sources of errors which lead to these errors the students may face in

transferring the intended messages in the source language to the target

language. The sources of the errors are as follow:

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a) Morphology (word forms and morphological process). For

example: Writing the plural form of “child” (singular) with “childs”

while the true form of “child” is “children”.

b) Lexicon (word choice or diction, register or idiom). For

example: The word “kind” can be translated into macam in noun class,

and baik in adjective class.

c) Syntax (word order/ phrase construction/ clause and sentence

construction). Each language has its own word order. Every language

has different word order such as the phrase bola biru, bola in English is

ball and biru is blue. So, in translating that phrase by using Indonesian

word order, it will be ball blue but in English word order, it is blue ball

by putting the adjective (blue) before the noun (ball).

2.2.4 Strategies Used in Translating Idioms

In addition to the difficulties in translating idioms, Baker (1992)

also declares four problem-solving strategies to overcome such

probable difficulties which are as follows:

1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form

Baker (1992) claims that using an idiom in the target language

which roughly has the same meaning with the source-language idiom

and, in addition. consists of equivalent lexical items. For example:

Source text (A Hero from Zero, p. 21, as cited in Baker, 1992):

The Sultan's magnificent income was distributed impulsively at

his command. The rain fell on the just and on the unjust.

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Target text, back-translated from French, p.21 (as cited in Baker,

1992:

The fantastic income of the Sultan was distributed on a simple

order on his part. The rain was falling on the just as well as

on the unjust.

2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

Baker (1992) states that it is often not impossible to find an idiom

or fixed expression that has a similar meaning between the source and

the target language, but consists of different lexical items. For

example, the English expression one good turn deserves another and

the French expression a beau jeu, beau femur, which means a

handsome action deserves a handsome return, use different lexical

items to basically express the same idea (Fernando and Flavell, 1981,

as cited in Baker, 1992)

3. Translation by paraphrase

Baker claims that the most common way of translating idioms

when there is no smiliar idioms in the target language or when it

seems unsuitable to use idiomatic language because the stylistic

preferences between the two languages is different is to use this

strategy. For example:

Source text (Austin Montego - car brochure, as cited in Baker, 1992):

The suspension system has been fully uprated to take rough terrain in

its stride

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Back-translation from Arabic:

The capacity of the suspension system has been raised so as to

overcome the roughness of the terrain.

4. Translation by omission

In addition to the above strategies, Baker (1992) also states that an

idiom may sometimes be omitted altogether in the target text, as with

single words. This may be because there is no close match in the target

language, its meaning cannot be easily paraphrased, or for stylistic

reasons. Here is an example from A Hero from Zero (p. Vi, as cited in

Baker, 1992):

“It was bitter, but funny, to sec that Professor Smith had doubled his

own salary before recommending the offer from Fayed, and added a

pre-dated bonus for good measure.”

Back-translation from Arabic:

“It was regrettable, even funny, that Professor Smith had been able

to double his salary twice before offering his recommenda-tion to

accept Faycd's offer, and that he added to this a bonus, the date of

which had been previously decided on.”

2.3 Review of the Previous Studies

Many previous studies which are related with this research have been

conducted. One of those studies is conducted by Amir Shojaei in his article

Translation of Idioms and Fixed Expressions: Strategies and Difficulties

(2012). Shojae suggested in his study that there is no direct way to deal

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with idioms, because the strategy used to translate idioms depend on the

situation or context of the idioms. He also concluded that the more

identical the two culture and language are, the easier it is to translate

idiomatic expressions which was proved by the important roles of socio-

linguistic and cultural aspects of the sentences. He also emphasizes the

necessity of the translator’s knowledge on the SL and the TL so that they

are able to interpret the meaning of idioms and fixed expressions and to

find their equivalence in the TL.

Another research entitled The Students’ Mastery In Translating

Indonesian Idiomatic Expression To English By Using Equivalence

Translation by Sondang Rumahorbo (2011) concluded that even though

some students are still puzzled to choose the closest equivalent of

Indonesian proverbs into English, the equivalent translation can be used to

translate Indonesian idiomatic expression into English. According to

Rumahorbo’s data of his research, instead of translating the idioms into

English equivalent, some students -who were unable to translate the

Indonesian proverbs into English, only choose to convey the meaning.

This indicates that English students still have difficulties in translating

idiomatic expressions because of the lack of understanding in English-

generated idioms.

In addition, a study about translating idioms by Mezmaz Meryem

entitled Problems of Idioms in Translation (2010, as cited in Paramita,

2017) suggested that some crucial problems were encountered by English

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students in translating idiom because of the unfamiliarity of the

expression, and also the unpredictability of the meaning caused by the

variation of idiom. Therefore, the context of the sentence that contain

idiomatic expression should be relied heavily to guess the meaning. In

addition, Meryem implied that the students’ understanding of idiomatic

expressions is influenced by their social and cultural background. Meaning

that students with different socio-cultural background will have difficulties

in translating idioms from different socio-cultural background as well.

The previous studies above give some useful information to this

research about students' difficulties in translating Indonesian idiomatic

expressions found in a novel entitled Laskar Pelangi into English, and

further the strategies employed by the students to overcome said

difficulties during the translating process.

2.3 Theoritical Framework

It has been outlined in the previous section that students may encounter

some difficulties in translating idiomatic expressions. Mona Baker’s theory

regarding the difficulties and and strategies in translating idioms will be used

as the theoritical framework of this research. Sager’s (1983) error analysis also

will be used to help this study in identifying the students’ translation error.

Therefore, the framework of thinking based on the theory presented above is

as follow:

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Source Text: Target Text:
Translation quality
Students’
Laskar Pelangi assessment
translation
works

Transcript
Analysis Interview Translation linguistic
error analysis

Difficulties and strategies


Conclusion
in translating idiom

Since this research is about finding students’ difficulties in translating

idiomatic expressions, the quality of the translation product by the students

will be evaluated first by using Nababan’s theory in translation quality

assessment, followed by the linguistic error analysis according to Sager with

the existing translated work as the measuring tool. In this case, the English

translated novel of Laskar Pelangi is used for measuring the students’

translation works. The test result will imply the students’ translation quality,

difficulties, and the strategies used by the students, which will be followed by

an interview for a validity check in relation to the theory used in this research.

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