Vol. 75 | No.

1/1 | Jan 2019

DOI: 10.21506/j.ponte.2019.1.10 International Journal of Sciences and Research

Urban Social Movements in Indonesia

Sidik Puryanto
Universitas PGRI Ronggolawe Tuban East Java Indonesia
sidikpuryanto@gmail.com

Suyahmo
Universitas Negeri Semarang Indonesia
suyahmo@unnes.ac.id

Abstract

Development is the fruit of the world capitalist modernization that moves very quickly
flowing down from developed countries to developing countries and even poor countries also
affected. For the countries that are not yet ready, its construction often does not give a
positive ending but often bring out the negative things, because of resistance from the
community. The goal of this research is to analyze of social movements in Indonesia.The
research of method using qualitative approach and data analyzed by study case. The result of
study find out what issues that emerged social movement, and social movements in Gunem
Rembang was categorized the newest urban social movement. The conclusion is social
movement in Tegaldowo Gunem Rembang Central Java have been interpreted of the urban
social movement in Indonesia

Keywords : cement mining conflict, social movements, rural social movement, new social
movement, urban social movement

Introduction

Development is the fruit of the world capitalist modernization that moves very quickly
flowing down to developed countries towards developing countries and even poor countries
also was affected, should swallow up exhausted. For countries that are not yet ready, the
construction often does not give a positive ending but often bring out the negative things. In
other words for the poor countries, development does not often giving the fruit of a ripe and
sweet, but it got the fruit unripe or ripe fruit but a rotten, the same as for bitter, the failed of
development (Faqih 2013).
In the era of the shift to the advanced countries, many developing countries make the
mining industry as a key pillar in supporting the economy of a country, including Indonesia,
which, according to the BPS (Central of Statistics Data) National mining sector is the fifth
largest sector in promoting economic growth. In 2015, the mining sector contributed from
gross domestic product (GDP) amounted to 7.62% of total revenue in the industrial sector.

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But when the mining industry moves massively, the debates emerged. Besides, the
mining industry was be necessity to increase the State's economy on the other hand mining
industry is considered as a problem. Exception are always accompanied in every development
of the mining industry in different parts of the country in the world.
Agreeing of mining explained in a study found that the presence of gold mining
undertaken by Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold impact on the opening of new jobs, which
can improve the economy of local communities, and the codes (they said) that have done by
Freeport to fight radicalism by people, are protection of human right, treatment of indigenous
people on whose traditional land its mine was located, economic development, job creation,
and improvement in health, education, and housing facilities (Sethi at.al 2011). Similary In
Papua New Guinea, found that the mining industry provides usefulness in improving the
economy for local communities, benefit and create new jobs for the community around the
mine (Bainton N A, and M Macintyre 2013), Promoting a culture of enlightenment from
CSR to develop employee awareness education in Africa (Mària SJ and E Devuyst 2011),
then On research in CSR as a tool to fight against poverty the case of Mauritius, conclude that
most of industries have established procedures by utilizing the allocation of funds from CSR.
The goals are insist of people to invent better of both material and non material (Regadon
2009), and Using of resource-based frameworks and livelihoods can contribute to analyzing
the spatial relationships between transnational mining companies and can change the
livelihoods (Jeffrey Bury and Adam Kolff 2002).
But in other hand, another provide the perspective exception, in Guatemala mining
was resisted by many actors because it provide neoliberals progress in Latin of America
)Holden et al. 2002), free market mining occurred in Mexico creates oligopoly, imperialism,
and Narco mining (Garibay et al. 2012). Just like the other world, in Indonesian country a
many exception of mining exploitation taken in a few place and it brought big of problems
those are being not solved yet. The problems of mining occurred either in early mining, in
progress or impact after the factory built. Before PT. Semen Gresik Tbk. take a master plan in
Pati, Samin community was resist in early, and emerge of social movement (Suharko 2013a).
Land acquition or land of conflict, environments impact and social culture are the
biggest factors in a resisted of mining in a big scale in Indonesia right now, economic factors
being reduce. In Lokan Hulu Riau Province, conflict begun land grabs by government and
corporation and have not deal (Hasibuan 2011), expanded of PT. Adaro Indonesia in Upau
Tabalong district (Arbuansyah 2008), land conflict in iron sand mining in Kulonprogo
Yogyakarta Indonesia because of there is different perception between corporation and people
(Syafran 2013), the government's favor towards the owners of capital regarding land tenure is
a source of conflict in Malay lands (Helen 2016).
Negative impact of environment in giving permission to dispose of factory waste to
the sea in Minahasa by PT. Newmont Minahasa Raya (Dewi Y T 2006), dominance of water
source by PT. CSI then happened seizure of water resources between the factory owner and
the community in addition to the daily needs also for fish farmers in Pasuruan East Java
(Oetami 1997). Contradictive of government policy with social culture Batakism is a factor of
conflict happening in North Sumatera (Dimpos M 2006), different perception between
Saminism and corporation about natural resources bring conflict as social culture in Pati
Central Java (Suharko 2013a). Conflict of social culture might be happened in Papua between
PT. Freeport Tbk. Indonesia.
Protests in every process of the mining industry indicates that not all elements of
society to accept, and when in force, then there will not be weakened but it may increase the
escalation of the conflict became radicalized. In the opinion mentions the traditional social

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movements found, the people assume that the mining industry cause of any losses, safety,
comfort as farmers (Scott 1999), and it became anxiety, worry, etc.
In addition, in traditional society could not accept the changes quickly occur with
them. Conflict between traditional culture to culture change has been the development of a
conflict on Amunge tribes in Papua (Ngadisah 2003). Social development accelerated and hit
all sectors of life, can not be evaded reaction has invited the accepting or excepting form the
community, especially on the multicultural plural society like Indonesia. As a result, the
construction for some people is considered as the source of the problem, especially for those
who are not able to take part advantageously because of social, cultural and environmental
geographic location. Any form of change is large and occurs suddenly very detrimental to
farmers, will always enrage the peasantry and will crystallize into social unrest.
Dissatisfaction with the government's policy towards the impartiality in the bottom of
society also raises the seeds of conflict. The policy was a presumption in favor of the
corporation or the owners of capital, so that there is social inequality which moves into
jealousy, then became a disappointment. And if it is more protracted, emerge a frustrating
community, as the occurrance of aggressive behaviour always presup-poses the existence of
frustation and, contrawise, that existence of frustation always leads to some from of agression
(Gurr 1970).
Robinson said that the government as a capitalist bureaucrats, rent seekers, or quasi-
capitalist (Silaen V 2006). There is a relationship between the employers and the government,
employers called the client and the government as a patron receiving benefits, that the state
use just one side of it functions. Some also have a point if the public under the action of social
movements as a form of actualization interests. And if that happens then the conflict will
certainly last a very long time, because of the impact the grabbing values, the primordial
values with modern values (Coser L 1964).

Literature Review

Social Movements
The social movements against corporate cement plant in Tegaldowo Gunem Rembang
indeed have similarities with other social movements. In its characteristics have in common is
a new social movements.
Tourine, said that, the new social movements is the movements of a numbered people
who are culturally engaged in social conflict, its goal and strategies have social fabric and
own rationality, rationality as civil society of critical, free from the domination of the status
quo, and awareness in determining of speak and attitude.
Haynes, in opposing the status quo, a new community movements called anti-system,
convey and integrate the demands of the changing social, political or economic (Haynes J
2000). In addition, new social movements occur to build and create an open democration,
with a form of resistance to manipulation, intimidation of globalization and capitalization
with a new and different way.
New social movements is also said a main key element in the process of strengthening
civil society (civil society), people who are aware of the rights as citizens, can determine its
own future, as well as the movements that dare to fight against the practice oppression and
injustice that comes from country. Known by Alexis de Tocqueville, civil society is an area of
social life of organized, which is characterized by volunteerism, self-generating, self-

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supporting, independence highly oppsite a state, linkages with the norms and values of law
which is followed by citizens (Tocqueville de A 1969).
Alfred Stepan, defines the social movements is point to collect neighborhoods,
women's groups, religious groups, and a group of intellectuals and civic organizations from
all classes, like, lawyers, journalists, trade unionists, businessmen, seeks to unite themselves
in a set, so that they can express themselves and advance their interests (Stepan Alfred 1996).
Likewise with Ernest Geller, argues that civil society is a society consisting of various non-
governmental institutions and strong enough to offset the state. Civil society has the function
of control over the country, in the implementation of checks and balances (Gellner E 1995).
Civil society is also recognize of individual freedom in an institution, also it has control
function to the state, in order to check and balance principle.

According Young, that the movements are called "new" for at least two reason. First,
on the whole their issues do not primarly concern inclusion in basic ctizenship rights nor the
enlargement fo economic rights. Their issues are more specifially social respect and self
determination for cultural difference, responsibility and pluralism in everyday lifestyle,
reflection on power in social interaction, participation in social and economic, as well as
political, institutions. Secondly, the for of organization of this movements does not replicate
the mass movements fom of political party or union, a unifed bureaucracy seeking power
through resource mobilization. Instead, these new social movementss tend to be networks of
more local groups, each with their own principle and style, that nevertheless act in concert on
masses in some protest actions (Young I M 1996).
McAdam reveal that to understand of new social movement completely, not only seen
in economy and politic, but also culture factor. There are three factors noticed correlate with
new social movement, (1) the symbol culture encourage of individual or group to have
similarities of participation, (2) the role of culture emerges of stimulus for the people in social
movement, (3) organization and linked become social movement keep in progress (Larana E,
et all. 1994).
Marc Howard Ross reveals that the new symbols of culture that issued in new social
movement are affect of politics. First, the symbol of culture include land, religion, and
language cause a group to struggle then it become different, and clash with another group,
furthermore it will increase tension and encourage public participation; second, the culture
link between identity and collective; third, the culture cause divergent of any groups; fourth,
the culture provides a space for action and the motif from a civil group; fifth, culture as
resource to create of an organization, to reach a goal that have been not performed by
progressive. The culture being main focus in clashing from group to another groups in
struggling its identity (Ross M H 1997).
Tarrow reveals that struggling to get recognition its identity creates solidarities
between actors (Sydney T 1998.. The identity can not similar with other identities or some
attributes, but it refers to in same feeling, and same of situation. And when they are pressed
by another or mayority, they will struggle for confessing its identity, as its self, as its civilian
that have same of rights (Miller D 2000).
Based on above there is a relationship between social movement in Tegaldowo Gunem
Rembang with democracy, culture identity, and new social movements, which both have a
role in strengthening the functions of civil society, strengthening the freedom of the individual
against the injustice that has been done by the status quo, with the goal of justice, truth in
order to get a balance and organized by some of organization NgoS, such as LBH, JATAM,

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JMPPK, WALHI, HAM, and another organization of academics. It has also in achievement of
keep in its culture as farmers, to prevent of livehood from their grandparents remain.
Some characteristic told by Singh (2010) that divide of social movements by three
type, classic (old, tradisional), neo-classic, and new social movements. But, interesting what
did Aditjondro said, cites from Fuentes and Frank, "The new social movementss are old but
have some features". Classic of social movement adopted by Marx, the factor is ideology, the
struggling issues is changing of social structural, and the method by revolution. Neo-classic in
fungsionalist era, to fight colonialism, deprivation, and structural tension and the method by
crowd, riots and rebellion. Then, new social movement include the vary of actors, such as
activist, HAM, and feminism. The factors is the strong domination from the state, the
struggling issues are HAM enforcement, environmental prevent, democracy and strengthen
identity. The method using organization, mobilization, and link to international network.

Material and Method

In this study, the approach used was qualitative by using the model case study, the
aims is to explore the facts that occurred in the community. Qualitative with case of study is
method to deep what happens of a case, why case is still happening, and how a case getting in
progress. To answer the questions it required qualitative of data. Qualitative of data is consist
of any question related with concept from a case. Such as factors of conflict before (small
mining), factor of conflict with PT. Semen Indonesia Tbk. (large mining), the strategy that
have been used, include actors behind the action, the media that is used to mobilize, kind of
the organization accompanied, then the policy from the government, and the reasons the
social movements keep working until now.
Data were processed taken from secondary and primary data with triangulation
techniques or resources. Secondary data was from a variety of documentation either from the
newspaper or other online media. Primary data got by in depth interviews from a variety of
sources, the leader of the movements as three person, religious actors, participants of
movements as five persons, stakeholders from both government is a regency district
Rembang, and a participant of corporation, and the participants whom agree of cement factory
as two person.
Technically to choose the informants by snowball techniques, as follows (1) the
subjects are long enough of activities until now, (2) the subjects have much times to get
interviews, (3) the subjects got contentious to interviewed (Creswell J W 2009). So, the
credible interviewed from this research take a leader of social movement two of man, and a
woman (leader). It will take along of five months to get data from depth interview. Second,
two religion actors whose encourage of people to keep in protests since 2011 until 2014.
Third are the participants of protest whose are in keeping in protest until now.
Secondary of data taken from any resources, include dissertation, theses, articles both
national and international, newspapers, and e-media. To get of secondary of data researcher
come to the some of university, getting by e-catalog in digital library.
The analysis of data is using case of study analyzed, by four steps, those are: (1) data
was very wide, so required for categorized, (2) analyzed collected data, got matching, and
then generalized them on the relevancy. In this research, to categorize of data using
codification in similar of data, and relevant with this research, then data get to some of
relevant facts, relevant concept. Then, finishing step is summarize of data and make a some
generalization. The generalization of this research is the social movement in Rembang Central
Java interpreted urban social movement in Indonesia.

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Result and Discussion

Background of conflict
The conflict between the community of Tegaldowo Gunem Rembang with PT. Semen
Indonesia is a series of pre-existing conflict. It’s begun from other mining before, but in small
scale, since 1996. There are a dozen of mining built in that place. Those problems caused of
them, such environments negative effects, and land acquisition. Many land of farmers gone,
because of cheated by brokers. All of those, are caused of social anger, and brought until now.
Unlike the case of the Kamoro and Amunge who are already familiar with tribal
conflict, or Batak tribal communities that have a high solidarity in building community, fond
of politics, and ussual to conflict, but, society of Gunem Rembang is not the type that likes to
be a conflict. Gunem Rembang community has a principle of life as well as other Java
community, who love peace, convenient, and "nerimo ing pandum". Like the ants, if not
disturbed, then they will not bother, though disturbed, but if they survive they prefer to be
patient and refrain. Most of them would not like to form groups, aimed at specific interests,
much less have the self-awareness to protest. They prefer to work in the fields taking care of
the plants, happy to see the green plants that grow in their own land, just as what is done by
inang Batakkaro in maintaining soil, "Bona Pasogit". As same as, Papua principle, "the land
is belong to community, but not to sell, and if any would, they only be borrowed, not moving
out to others.
No different from any other conflict, that conflict society Gunem Rembang with PT.
Indonesian cement is preceded by some previous conflicts, including conflicts with local
mining companies, or small scale mining, which had previously been conducting the
limestone quarry in the area Tegaldowo Gunem. Although a small scale, but the
environmental impact could be felt by the local community, such as air pollution that comes
from mining truck, which each passing daily, makes the damaged roads and potholes, and
result in air pollution from dust. Should the condition of the village government immediately
expressed concern, however were viewed by society is the opposite. Whereas the existing
transportation cost per vehicle passing contribution to village government, but these funds are
not used as they should, as, soon done filling when the hollow road, flush water when the
dusty road, and so on.
Another factor which is a series of conflict, between community of Tegaldowo Gunem
with PT. Semen Indonesia is most people disappointed to village government elements who
do not provide the correct information, if the location they will be built a cement factory.
Precisely from most specific group is deliberately manipulating the situation, any fools some
people to sell assets such as land with no logical reason in order to get a very cheap price.
With those facts, many people think has been deceived by the PT. Semen Indonesia,
feel unrespected, egalitarian culture eliminated and so on. It must have been the beginning of
a social movement’s community Tegaldowo Gunem Rembang against PT. Semen Indonesia.

The Forms of Conflict Previously

Land Acquition Conflict
Conflicts between the local community and the company of that era have been occurred,
caused by some of conflict instruments. The practice of buying and selling land or land
acquisition by mining companies assisted by irresponsible actors. Some of factors almost
have been done by authorized officials. There are forms irresponsible acted in progress of
buying and selling, such as cheating act by only giving down payment, but remaining left
until know, disappear list of land taxes, and using compel of threat.

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“when in selling, on the process of payment, some irresponsible actors do cheats. Just
giving a down payment, only ten or less form mounts, but never asked of proof of
payment and settlement. When the owner asked remaining, they always evasive with
the reason that the land has not been paid by skippers (landlord). Or some farmers
accepted a little just like installments a credit. Example : a farmer have 2 billion, in
early (DP) he got 50 million in cash, but next day he get 50 then, or asking by
instruments needed by most expensive prices, so he did not realized it paid off and “a
farmer who died before settlement of land sold, have experienced by irresponsible
actors, same case by down payment early, but not remaining because not of legal
administration, until he died and his children did not take care of it, so until now it still
happened”. (Interviewed with an informant).

Uncomfortable Incomers
Since that time, people have experienced a variety of incidents that are less comfortable, due
to unfavorable behavior carried out by groups who acts as a supporter of mining companies.
Outsider of uncomforted attitudes lead to increased escalation of conflict. The irresponsible
actors usually used to free man whom drunk to insist some people for their goal interest. A
few times doing intimidation, and by forced. Uncomforted acts appear when incomers begun
at the same time the first mining factory built. They usually outsiders who worked as rough
worker, drivers or other jobs, and those brought a new culture or urban culture. It like
alcoholic habit, gambling, and bad attitude showed (be proud, individualist), and those are
hated by indigenous stayed in harmony, equity, and rural culture and it very contradictive.
“since outsider came to the village, there was many of change affected all of human in
this village. Seen of change had been showed in their attitude, it was contradictive
with our culture and make us sick. After they was living in this village, increasing
coffee shops, and many of coffee shop sold drunks, and gambling cards. Any time
there was gambler, and drunker”. (Interviewed with an informant).

Pollution Problems
Conflict also occurs because of the negative impacts of the environment that cause various
kinds of public complaints, such as street dust causing breathless, and sounds generated from
heavy vehicles and explosive sounds from the mining process. The people grumbled really
felt on every day and haven’t time to rest after going for work. Exhausted, tired, and no time
for sleep because of dozen trucks and heavy tons of karst in every day. They were complain at
the sometime but never been noticed.
“Few times we asked for mining officials to repair of the dusty road by flushing in
order to reducing pollution, but it never be done. Just in speech but not in applied”.
(Interviewed with an informant).

The people’s grievances in nearest of mining area invent of grumbling, and then expand
to social anger. Conflict with mining previously become social capital and increase to top of
conflict when cement factory having master plan in its territory. At spontaneous the most of
people refused, but its reducing in furthermore, because of tired, and much of cost.
Mining is an activity that contains risks of pollution or environmental damage, and most
of them potentially contaminating and or damaging the environment. As Goerge W. (Rock)
Pring :

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“mining is inherent with environmental degradation, there is no environmentally friendly

mining activity. Mineral resource activity affects all environmental media, ie land, air,
water, and flora and fauna, human environment, individual health and safety, lifestyle of
local people, cultural continuity, social order, and economic life. While most of them
regard that mining impact only in local area, but indeed mining can cause of
environment problems in scope both national, transnational, or even in global area”.

Progressing Another Issues

Transparancy and participacy
The lack of opened will be undertaken by the PT. Semen Indonesia in terms of disseminating
information is contrary to the culture of the community in Tegaldowo Gunem Rembang.
Would like a visit would be nice to knock the door first "kulonuwun", so that had a home feel
respected "di ajeni". Similar with Ngadisah (2003) that the new culture that goes not
necessarily be accepted by the public with his old culture, as well as the characteristics of the
new culture that dominates, progress and force. Which is important to note that, in our culture
is "bad news to good news," and continued "bad news". If the community is already in
negative characterize the impact could be very long, and that people become truly
marginalized (truly marginal), and for marginalized is not possible to get both transparency
and participation, they will also be left behind. On otherwise, if they would not any accept of
some new cultures (bad news) so, they will long to respons, and long to honor them, "conflict
of culture".
Scott describes the conditions, that social development is accelerated and hit all
sectors of life, can not be evaded reaction has invited the agree or disagree among the
community (Scott J 1993). And much more on the multicultural plural society like Indonesia.
As a result, the construction for some people is considered as the source of the problem,
especially for those who are not able to take part advantageously because of social, cultural
and environmental geographic location. Similarly, the community of Gunem Rembang, they
also have not been able to accept new things completely, especially in a fast time. Culture
"alon alon ning kelakon" is still a subjective ideology, and still a culture is undermined by the
changes. So that, transparancy and participation of community necessity needed, to prove the
egaliterian ways (as well as the nature culture), and in order to prevent of escalation of
conflict.
Inequality Policy
Existing policy taken of government is clearly side to the capitalism (employers).
Similarity in the case of Newmont, Freeport Papua and Indranayon, by providing permittion
for corporations to explode the natural resources, proves that the government more sidely of
the capitalists and the cronies. The local government should be safety valve, between the
community and the owners of capital, but what happening is the policy that created so far of
the relationship the two main elements of development. Conflict intensified the longer and
harder at the finish. There is little or no government role in conflict resolution, unless there is
a subjective interest and not on a sustainable balance.
The economy is still the domain of development. Often, social and cultural conditions
in the reduction, forced accepted without telling (learning to know) before. Economic policy,
great source revenue for the prosperity of the people is the reason that is often conveyed. The
other words development-still oriented material, not for balance between them.
After regional government issued legal permitted environment to PT. Semen Indonesia
Tbk. proving that it is sacrifice of farmers to cultivate forest as livehood since along time ago.
Farmers, forest and official have good relationship, linked by primordial rules, no legal

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administration. The relationship brake after the new regional government policy, replace by
cement authorities. It means that by legal environment that established regional government
in Rembang district, affects to people that have been along time cultivate, cares, and
protecting the forest from damage.
Then government’s alignments for corporation PT. Semen Indonesia Tbk., it proves
when Governor take legally permitting again, after judicial review by Supreme Courts, that
won by the peasants. After the result that the judical-reviewed of the EIA (Environmental
Impact Analysis) legally flawed, based on the Decision of Supreme Court No. 99 PK / TUN /
2016 on October 5th, forwarded by decision Central Java Governor No. 6601/4 2017 on
January 16, regarding the revocation of environmental permits mining of raw materials and
the construction and operation of a cement factory PT. Semen Indonesia, but Governor takes
discretion for PT. Semen Indonesia operates again.

Dimiss in Legal of Ecology

As other cases, environmental problems have become the main reference in any social
movements destination. Environmental pollution, environmental damage, even approximate
environmental sustainability becomes a major factor that refuse of development. WALHI is
the biggest organization of environmental activists in Indonesia. Then make sure that every
social movements against the mine are always supported by this NGO's, because there is no
kind of exploitation of mine that does not damage the environment.
For many communities, that the cement plant have negative impacts on environmental
sustainability. In addition to flooding, landslides, and it would predict a loss of water
resources as a major capital of agriculture which is the livelihood of the population. In also
cause, the loss of identity of the farmers who had been on the look up, is considered as a
cultural heritage be concerns if the cement factory established in their territory.
In addition, the location of which will be built a cement factory in the area of CAT
(Groundwater Basin), which is based on Presidential Decree No. 26 of 2011, say that the
Region Watuputih as Groundwater Basin. "If there Groundwater Basin, it certainly should not
be in the mine, is already set in stone", (Sudibyo A 2014).
There are differences of opinion used in seeing whether Mountains Region Watuputih
including karst region. In a view of the Regional Head of Energy and Mineral Resources refer
to ministerial regulation No. 12 of 2012, which entered karst area is Grobogan, Pati and
Blora. In kompas, conveyed by Head of Energy and Mineral Resources of Central Java
province, "There are three places karst was protected in Central Java, the karst Sukolilo,
which connects the region of Grobogan, Pati regency, and partly Blora, Karst Gombong in the
District Kebumen and Karst Mountains Sewu, in Wonogiri and Pacitan.
Based on the decree, he conclude that the mountain region Watuputih does not include
of karst region, perhaps could be exploitated. Legal administration of PT. Semen Indonesia
Tbk. build factory and could produce of cement. But what he concludes is excepted and
refused a half of ecology researcher and scientist, that it is contradicted by Presidect Decree
No 26 in 2011, junto Government Regulation No. 26 in 2007 on National RT / RW, and in the
Regional Regulation No. 14 in 2011 on RT / RW of Rembang Regency explicitly that the
Groundwater Basin (CAT) of Watuputih Mountains is protected forest area or restricted area
for exploitation.
In other words there is overlapping of regulations, showed the legal administrator be
going to achieve of development interests by using bumps other regulation. It done by some
of energy and natural resources officials, to ignore or to refuse from opposites.

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Human rights and democracy

The social movements is also demand the right in a democracy, the right to speak, the
right of expression, the right to equality among the others. Protests, demonstrations, are part
of democracy. Mentioned that democracy can give you the freedom to get the same rights to
others. Suyahmo (2014) , in a State it is said to be a democratic country if it has principles (1)
Human Rights Recognition as an award of human dignity, (2) Recognition of people's
participation in government. In Constitution Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945) article 3
(28E), reveals that every civilian has and will the rights of democracy, such as freedom of talk
and bring out of argumentation, but it limited “and if it performed by unlimited and absolute,
it means that in compelling to recognize the truth, so it will be conflict being the others”.
Suharko (2006) said the social movement become strengthen of democracy in
Indonesia, since the breaking out of neoliberal regime. Its characteristics are dehumanize,
military approach, centralization, and democratic in leader. But reducing of democratic acted
was also felt by the villagers of Tegaldowo Gunem Rembang, injustice, deception,
intimidation, summarized in social violence. In justice of the the truth information before, the
womens got intimidation and violenced acts from secutiry. Just as Markoff (2002) said, the
notion of democracy is still ambiguous until now or the backward of democration. In other
words a democracy still could not show the meant of instrument yet, but it still premature or
using primordial’s way to achieve of interest (goal oriented).
Social movement in Rembang Central Java is not across with legalization, but it will
strengthen of civil society as developmental of democracy in Indonesia. As long as it has a
good achievement, and it do not to compel of anyone, the social movement is a good of
assignment to social change.
Feminism
Women have been keys to the social movements against corporate development.
Silaen reveal social movements at the start by 10 host of Sugapa, District Silaen, North
Tapanuli uprooting trees eucalyptus being planted Indranayon, because the "inang inang"
feels entitled planting instead of selling rights to the land and did not feel never give consent
to Indranayon for the land to be planted eucalyptus. Aditjondro criticized Silaen about women
who are not in Include as the main actor in the movements, as explained that, there are
hundreds of mothers who participated demonstration in front of the District Office Porsea, on
November 20th, 2002, then the involvement of women also occurs, 400 mothers do sit in front
of the entrance of the factory complex Indranayon on 29 April 2003.
Women in the case of social movements in Tegaldowo Gunem Rembang has very
special relevance in the movements participated as the lead actor. How women are so
persistent militancy requires stop cement plants, willing to sleep in a tent until many months,
until the willingness feet in concrete as a symbol of protest at the cement plant. They were
pretending in early of doing protest at the same time the man deciding. Unworry, unfear is a
symbol by woman fights in their face.
Social movement in Rembang region kind of women movements, because of role
them in early, a woman coordinator, join the acts always and a war strategy to fight. Role of
woman has a good contribution to social movement in Indonesia. Women has necessity for
any kind of protest, then until now.

Conflict being Social movements

As in the case of Indranayon, social movements at the start by 10 women, which then
developed into a social movements involving hundreds of supporter who have cultural
similarities, namely batakisme, and some organization. The social movements in the Gunem

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Rembang against PT. Semen Indonesia also starting from 8 people, who then developed with
the support of various organizations from different elements of the community by no matter
where those come from, by local or even international..
Social movements of different type is evident in the extreme moves and even able to
passed transnational boundaries with ease. That presumably development of social
movements in Rembang in Central Java, Learning from movements in Pati, Central Java have
in common, which is opposed to the establishment of a cement factory. there are at least four
aspects of the social movements that are often in duplicate by other social movements,
namely: comprehensive ideas, establishment of public action, organizing the means, and the
use of symbols, as well as strategies.
Adopted JMPPK Pati have been early of organization refused, a community in
Rembang decided to join it by named of JMPPK Rembang. JMPPK Pati is joining
organization under a few community in Kendeng region, such as Blora, Grobogan and Pati it
self. Their experienced is used for Rembang to more learn how make an organization stetted,
strategies and how to find supporting outsider. Therefore social movements move to follow
the legacy of previous social movements, with the support by non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), and especially of Samin community as well relationship.
In addition to the support of a wide range of cross-border alliances and organizations,
social movements against PT. Semen Indonesia also supported influential religious figures,
making the movements has a religious spirit, creating a movements becomes focused, pure
movements in the name of humanity, for justice and truth. In addition by religious actor
besides of social movement, violences never gonna happen, in other words the religious actor
prevent of any of forced, and prevent of always keep off a dirty. Every protest was done when
ever and where ever is always clean up after.
As a new social movements, this movements is supported by the role of social media
in mobilizing the masses, and not to use violence in their actions, and increase the capacity of
the movements of the various alliances and in some places, Semarang, Surabaya, Yogyakarta,
Makassar, and other places. Social media is kind of best way as improvement audiences by
mean for hidden persuasive in order to support it, by facebook, twitter, and you tube.
Movements got the breaking point occurs at the time of laying the first stone, sign for
start building of the factory, hundreds of people held a demonstration and long march to the
location of the factory. The banners that said of refusal fluttering cement plant, burning spirit
to move forward motion demanding the closure of a cement plant.Action continues, built a
tents, and a mosque at the entrance of the plant, mothers take turns staying for several months,
sturdy on demand, "tutup pabrik semen", (close cement factory).
Social movement become interesting and being encourage of man spirits because of
most of protest dominated by woman. How they keep in brave, unfear, and struggle, giving
secret of spirit to man, become as them do, or they are called looser.
Struggle movements get the interim results, after PK (judical review) lawsuit won by
the community, with the Supreme Court's decision, the governor issued a revocation of
environmental permits mining of raw materials and the construction and operation of a
cement factory PT. Semen Indonesia Indonesia. But,
“(based on Supreme court Decree, it should stopp all of activities in cement located,
but it still keep moving)”. those must stooped, by decision from Supreme Court and
Governor, but in facts it’s still working, said a leader of movements.
Disappointed to province government of keep in permitting of cement mining to
operate in Rembang, the people that exception keep in movement. They are together by NGoS
include WALHI, JATAM, LBH, JMPPK from Regional Kendeng, and academics is still keep

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working in exception to cement factory that will explore in Rembang Central Java. They are
waiting for President Decree of cement mining in Rembang Central Java. They are hopefully
that what in their goal that have been struggle before will come true (cancelled cement factory
to exploitation in Rembang and Kendeng regional).

Urban Social Movements

To find the differs from other of social movement in Indonesia. The researcher using
two forms, those are rural social movement from Ngadisah, with her research social
movement in Papua (conflict with PT. Freeport Tbk.) and new social movement by Victor
Silane with his research New Social Movement in Batak Tribes (conflict with PT.
Indranayon).

Ngadisah in rural social movement conclude that it has expanded from classic, neo
classic and new social movement by referred come from Singh. The basic from Ngadisah to
conclude that social movement in Papua is kind of rural social movement, because of: (1)
Papua consist of much of tribes, and have tradition by WAR TRIBES, and every tribes have
each culture. So, the potential to fight is very high when there is different of perceived and it
is eventually; (2) every tribes have a leader, that control or ask to fight. The leader is very
dominate and has powerfully in its tribe. So, Ngadisah conclude that to solve the conflict in
Papua beyond War tribes, required of Imam Mahdi or Ratu Adil. It means that needed
leadership that have a powerfulness better than tribes leader, so they are will conducted, will
obey to him.
Based on the little description above, concluding that the main factors of conflict in
Papua because of crossing or clashing between the modern culture and indigenous culture of
Papua’s tribes. There are some different perception of culture by powering of natural
resources. Every new modern culture when it will come to differs authority must allow and
follow to the indigenous culture, no dominate and no powerful.

Teble 1 Rural Social Movement

Factors Basic Struggling Characteristics Strategies

Assumption issues
Conflict with Primordial’s Culture Tied with Beyond
modern rights must return revitalization tradition, become organization
industries The rules Returning of of ideology Linked with
Deprivation indigenous must indigenous Based on international
between appropriated resources emotional desire Utilize of
indigenous and In balancing of Imam Mahdi Spontaneous politics
out comers the updates (Ratu Adil) (collective action)
Relative Human Leader
deprivation rights centralization
Structural tension Democracy Using any of
Top down policy Ecology struggling issues
War tribes Egalitarian Segmental actors
Ethnic struggling

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Diferent of theses are also found by Silaen, study social movements against
Indranayon, he claimed that social movements against Indranayon called new social
movements. Silaen reveals of referred from Achwan that new social movement is not only use
economic issue but also cultural issue, not only use an ideology of politic, but also pluralism
of idea. It also more notice of life politics rather than emancipator. Furthermore new social
movement is open of organization, and mentored by individual actors then followed by
groups that its aware together to struggle the goal that democratization of everyday life.
According silaen, new social movement is passing out of primordial’s elements, such as
religion, ethnic, and indigenous groups, and no violent.
Indeed, there are distinguishes, and newer than Ngadisah found, such as, not only by
single issue, transboundary by national or international, forwarded of movements and goal,
well organization, mass media as driver of movements, and to confess of Batak’s identity.
Ngadisah and Silaen similar in bringing out cultural issue, Papua culture and Batak culture.
But Silaen ignore in feminism issue and violent in progress of social movement.
“From the local society, the resistance against Indranayon performed in 1988, when
ten of inang-inang (mothers) come from Sugapa, Silaen in North of Tapanuli doing
protest by revoke the eucalyptus that planted by Indranayon. They are have been jailed
for six month. The judge regarded that they have doing mistake by revoke eucalyptus.
Because of unsatisfied they appealed in high court in Medan, and it reduced of
punishment being three months. Unsatisfied by appealing, they complained to Minister
of Home Affairs and the finally they getting back of customary land as own as upon a
time before. The factor why they revoke the eucalyptus, because they feel cheated and
unagreement to local government in dealing with Indranayon by giving the customary
land in planting eucalyptus. Meanwhile ten inang-inang are the descendant of King
Sidondom Barimbing, that having rights of its land” (Silaen, 2006).

“After doing protest in Juli-Oktober 1998 to DPRD Province, DPR, National

Commission HAM, trademark ministry, DPA, and the central office of PT. IIU in
Medan, the factory do not operate. But in November it operates again by military
secure. In the end of November, 3000 people that combained from all of organization
doing protest and demand closing of Indranayon. 79 was arrested. In November 26th,
physical class between demonstrans and the security (military and police), hundreds
people were injured and one person dead as a result of tear gas sprays and rubber
bullets” (Silaen 2006).

Table 2. New Social Movement adopted Silaen

Factors Basic Struggling issues Characteristics Method

Assumption
Conflict with Economic and Batak’s Culture Not only use one Beyond
government and social (rights of land of ideology. organization
corporation (ret deprivation. and ulayat land). Passing of Linked
seeker) because The rules Prevent of Bona primordial international
of its impact both indigenous must Pasogit . Many of actors network
social or appropriated Environment from organization
environment. In balancing of issue Ethnic struggling
Strong the updates Democracy and Many or

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domination from strengthen of organization

rent seeker. civil society.
Deprivation of Human rights
economic.
Batak’s culture
has strong
togetherness,
strong of link.

From some theses that been done, so that the result of this study may claimed, that
social movements in Tegaldowo Gunem Rembang against PT. Semen Indonesia, categorized
the urban social movements, because of it is newest of social movements In Indonesia. There
are some that needs to be underlined is the difference from other social movements, those are:
(1) Not economic issue; (2) Making religious leaders not as a leader of the movements
(milenarisme / Imam Mahdi) (Kartodirdjo 1984) ,but as a counselor, in order to pure the
movements to fight for justice and truth. (not of interests from the actor); (3) Using newest of
social media to mobilize masses, quickly, like as facebook, twitter, youtube. (role of media is
social movements); (4) Equal of woman and man in act of social movementss, but militancy
of women was appreciated; (5) Consistency and militancy of actor movements determines the
success of a movements, because all of members of organization have same responsibilities;
(6) Non violent of social movements reflects the maturity of democracy, strengthening of civil
society. The dominator do not use the power as Indranayon done, so that no victim, or killed.
All of fight by court, same of the actor of development (community and corporation) have
same consciouness.

Table 3 Urban Social Movement

Factors Basic Struggling Characteristics Method

Assumption issues
Conflict with Sustainable Not economic Religious actors non violent
small mining development. issue but as use newest
previously Farmers culture Environmental encourages media (virtual
Conflict with is must return. issue actors media)
new instrument Cancelled of Human rights Woman linked
PT. Semen cement mining Democracy leadership international
Indonesia Tbk. Loss of water Many network
Defend of resources organization
heritage Feminism followship
livehood as a
farmers culture
Top down
policy

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Conclusion
Social movement that based on social culture is never end, keep moving progressive
and even bring out of many victims. The third of social movement in Indonesia are based on
clashing of social culture, Papua with its war tribes, Batak with its strong togetherness, Java
with its farmers. Each of culture has the principle of value. The most of conflict then
expanding to social movement because of clashing of values from its culture.
Every conflict in groups begun individual interest previously indeed. Every social
movement begun of individual reform indeed, and it come from values or individual
principle. In most conflict that conduct based on tribes and its culture required powerful
leadership. The conflict caused of conflict required the powerful of state, powerful of leader.
Urban social movement is new type of the new social movement in Indonesia. It expand
of two kind of social movement form in Indonesia. First, rural social movement by Ngadisah
(social movement in Papua). It is combine classic and neo-classic come from Singh, the
second from new social movement from Silaen (social movement in Batak tribe).
Urban social movement in Indonesia basically has characteristic that eventhough social
movement occurred in rural district of Rembang, but it has linked by urban strategies, such as
using virtual media and it intense, all of action based on unviolent, use encourages actors to
support (behind the action), and woman as military to faced.
There is specific issue that urban social movement in Rembang Central Java differ from
any social movement in Indonesia (rural social movement and new social movement), it is
pure in keeping farmers culture, and not in economic issue. Why not economic issued in this
social movement? Because of the people in the Watuputih Region or cement factory located
are never grievance of economic. They have high income, and it is coming from only farm
land in every year, such as corn, rice, tobacco, and chili.

Acknowledgment

I would like thank to the ministry of Indonesian Higher Education Research for granted, had
been conducted to publish this article.

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