Dusky Cottob Bug by Zaib

Abstract:
The present study was carried out to estimate the yield damages (qualitative as well as
quantitative) which are happen due to (Oxycarenus laetus Kirby) dusky Cotton Bug (DCB) in
cotton crop during July to October, 2016 and 2017 under field conditions in the area of Cotton
Research Station, Vehari. Three different treatments were taken such as sprayed, unsprayed and
net cloth. Both qualitative and quantitative parameters are taken under this study. Maximum lint
discoloration (Slightly dark yellow during both the study years), reduction in cotton seed
germination (25) and reduction in seed weight (18.12g) were obtained during the study period
(2011 and 2012, respectively) under the unsprayed treatment. Quantitative parameters are
affected on large scale by the DCB viz., seed cotton weight (42.92%), seed weight (40.84%) and
oil content (35.16%) was taken under unsprayed condition. A huge amount of the research work
does not be done on DCB, due to their status as the minor pest of the cotton. It can feed on the
seed so due to this reason also called seed bug. Treatments consisted of three stages sprayed,
unsprayed and net cloth as well as three replications i.e R1, R2 and R3. Results have been
revealed that the germination percentage was on the peak under sprayed condition followed by
net cloth treatment and lowest germination showed by unsprayed treatment. In short dusky
cotton bug adversely affect the both qualitative and quantitative parameter in cotton.
Introduction:
Cotton technically known as Gossypium million bales and recorded growth of 11.8
hirsutum L., is grown almost all over the percent over the production of 10.671
world and grown in Pakistan as cash crop. It million bales during same period last
contributed almost 7.8 percent of value year.Cotton crop has 1.0 percent share in
added in agriculture and 1.6 percent of GDP. GDP and contributes 5.5 percent in
Cotton produces the raw material for the agriculture value addition. Cotton crop was
domestic and international textile and oil cultivated on an area of 2,699 thousand
industry, also its value added products can hectares compare to the year’s area of 2,489
be exported and earn a lot of foreign thousand hectares, showing an increase of
exchange.(Abbas, Hassan et al. 2015)During 8.4 percent (Statistics 2017-18). The
2017-18, cotton production stood at 11.935 production of the cotton is lower than the
standards and the other countries due to both bolls(Bakhsh, Hassan et al. 2005). It can
qualitative and quantitative stresses. The limit the value of the lint by crushing during
yield loss ofaround 30-40% is attributed to the ginning process. Due to the attack of
Insect pests alone which are considered the DCB on cotton, the oil content of the seed,
most important limiting factor.(Abbas, cotton yield and seed weight were also
Hassan et al. 2014)There are the 1326 reducedup to 6, 6.8 and 32percent,
species of insect pest were found in the respectively(Khan and Naveed 2017). This
world but DCB is the pest of cotton and present study was carried out to determine
okra. Its damage can by reduced by using the both qualitative and quantitative losses
the management practices as used for the caused by DCB in cotton.It feeds mainly on
bollworms.(Akram, Asi et al. 2013)After the the seeds of cottonand causes severe damage
introduction of the bt-cotton in the Pakistan to their tissues and reduces the viability
the number of the sprays to the cotton crop (Khan and Naveed 2017).Its feeding too
are reduced and a lot of the farmer economy place on the seeds of plants in the family
can be saved in this way but it was also Malvaceae, but also reported on certain
reported that bt-cotton is not effective vegetables and fruits including avocado,
against sucking insects(Akram, Asi et al. apple, fig, grapes, dates, peach, pineapple,
2013).Due to this reason the sucking insect okra and pomegranate. It become the
pest population was increased drastically dangerous pest in India, Southeast Asia and
during the recent years.By using the Africa on both okra and cotton (Muthyala
management practices such as early sowing and Patil 2003).Seed viability was also
and by the cultivation of the bt cotton in the reduced by the attack of the DCB. It is found
country, the status of insect pest of the that dusky cotton bug cause 40.8%, 42.9%,
cotton was greatly changed(Aslam, Razaq et 35.1%, and 29.3% losses in seed weight,
al. 2004). Both qualitative and quantitative seed cotton weight, oil content, and seed
losses were observed in the in cotton due to germination respectively.By the passing
increase in the attack of dusky cotton bug years, DCB become more problematic in
which resulted in premature falling of cotton than before and knows as a minor
squares/brackets, flowers, a a reduction in pest. In many countries round the world, it
the seed weight, a reduction in the has the ability to become a major pest of
germination percentage and small cotton owing to potential losses it can inflict
to cotton crop(Sammaiah, Laxman et al. caused by DCB, the need for its
2012). It has the ability to decrease cotton management is gaining momentum. At
seed germination, weight and reduction in present the only option available to the
oil quality besides DCB being crushed farmers is the application of chemical
during the ginning process and stained the insecticides (Shah, Ali et al. 2016). Other
lint of cotton to pinkish color. (Sammaiah, options including biocontrol are limited.
Laxman et al. 2012)With the increasing Therefore, it is necessary to screen most
level of awareness about the damages effective insecticides against DCB.
Material and Methods:
The research was carried out at Cotton Research Station Vehari (Punjab, Pakistan). Vehari
usually known as Hub of Cotton, situated at 29.54° North latitude, 71.63° East longitude and 112
meters elevation above the sea level. Soils of district Vehari have been classified as clay loam.
The treatments were selected in such a way that in some treatments pest was controlled with
pesticides and without pesticide. 10*20 m field was selected. There were 3 replications under
Randomized Complete Block Design
with 3 treatments.
T1: Net Cloth Treatment
T2: Sprayed treatment
T3: Unsprayed Treatment
The seed of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars named as VH 305, VH 363, VH 327, FH 108
was sown on April 02, 2015. Pre spray data was taken and then plots were treated with the
chemicals at the doses mentioned in above paragraph on May 5, 2015. The plots were sprayed at
the recommended doses mentioned above, after calibration to evaluate the quantity of water
required as well as actual quantity of pesticide required in the plot on the basis of area of the plot.
The Cotton varieties were sown with 90 cm plant to plant and 60 cm row to row distance.
Environmental data, maximum and minimum daily temperatures and relative humidity were
recorded round the year by the environmental station established by the CRS Vehari. To assess
the effect of insecticides on DCB, two insecticides, imidacloprid and chlorpyriphos
ofneonicotinoid and the organophosphate (OP) group were selected.A 500 ppm concentration of
both the insecticides was prepared for field application.One year study was conducted during
July to October, 2015 and 2016 to determine the losses caused by Dusky cotton bug (Oxycarenus
laetus Kirby) and their effect on seed germination, seed weight and lint staining, etc. After the
maturity of the bolls, the seeds were extracted from these bolls and 100 seeds were extracted
from each sample to study the seed germination and seed weight reduction caused by dusky
cotton bug.
Result and Discussion
Seed Germination percentage

After conducting the research, we concluded that there was significant variation among the
treatments regarding percent seed germination during 2015-16. We observed that maximum
germination losses occur when the research area was kept unsprayed, resulting in minimum
germination i.e., 29 percent and differed significantly when the research area kept sprayed and
net cloth with 35 percent and 33 percent germination, respectively. The treatment followed as
sprayed, unsprayed and net cloth showing 35%, 33%, and 55.31% germination, respectively
differed significantly with one another. It was obvious from the result that minimum germination
of cotton seed was occur when there was no spray done. The present findings are in broader
sense can tally with those of Hill and Schaefer and Panizi who reported that dusky cotton bug
may reduce cotton seed germination severel.
100 Seed Weight
By using the three different treatments such as sprayed, unsprayed and net cloth we concluded
that dusky cotton bug put significant effect on 100-seed weight and percentage reduction in100-
seed weight under field conditions. We observed that the minimum 100-seed weight (27%) was
calculated under unsprayed condition as compared to sprayed and net cloth treatment where
maximum 100-seed weight was calculated 35% and 33% respectively. The 100-seed weight
decreased with an increase in the density of dusky cotton bug. Similarly, percent reduction in
100-seed weight was approximately 9.6% and increased with an increase in the density of
dusky cotton bug.
Total Bolls per Plants
After conducting the experiment, we observed that maximum bolls per plant are obtained under
sprayed condition. Among the Four Cultivars e.g. VH-305 gave extra ordinary result under
sprayed condition about 36%. Whereas net cloth treatment also provides significant results but
sprayed treatment provide us the required results.
Total Yield per Plant
By using the three treatments such as sprayed, unsprayed and net cloth, we find the reduction in
seed cotton yield caused by the dusky cotton bug. The maximum reduction in the seed cotton
yield was highest (42.97%) in the treatment with unsprayed condition, whereas, minimum
reduction in the seed cotton yield (8.98%) was observed with sprayed condition. Maximum
percent reduction of seed weight with 40 .84 was recorded in the treatment with unsprayed
condition, but, minimum (7.32%) was recorded with sprayed condition.
Average Boll Weight
By using the three treatments such as sprayed, unsprayed and net cloth, we find the reduction in
Average Boll Weight caused by the dusky cotton bug. The maximum Average Boll Weight was
35% in the treatment with sprayed condition, whereas, minimum Average Boll weight 20%was
observed with unsprayed condition.
Per acre yield:
The result showed the significant variation for the yield per acre as maximum per acre yield was
obtained under the sprayed condition due to less damage caused by the dusky cotton bud in
sprayed treatment. Per acre yield contributed by the number bolls, boll weight and many other
factors which were performed best under the sprayed condition.
Ginning Out Turn (GOT):
After conducting the research, we concluded that there was a negative effect of dusky cotton bug
on the ginning out turn in cotton in all the varieties used in experiment. The maximum reduction
in the GOT was noted in the unsprayed treatment in all the varieties and the maximum GOT was
calculated under sprayed treatment (36%).
Average Staple Length:
It was concluded from the experiment that the staple length of cotton fiber was greatly affected
by the dusky cotton bug. All the varieties show the significant variation about this character
under all three treatments. Maximum staple length was noted under sprayed condition (35)
followed by net cloth and unsprayed (29), (27) respectively.
Average MIC:
The results show the significant variation for the following character. It was apparent from the
results that the maximum fiber fighness come under the sprayed treatment (10.9) mean fine fiber.
All the varieties give the best result under the sprayed condition and perform very badly under
the unsprayed condition () all 4 varities respectively.
Average Strength:
The results show the significant variation for the following character. It was apparent from the
results that the maximum fiber strength comes under the sprayed treatment (). All the varieties
give the best result under the sprayed condition and perform very badly under the unsprayed
condition () all 4 varieties respectively.
Graphs:
Different Parameters of Cotton

Affected by Dusky Cotton Bug
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sprayed
Unsprayed
Sprayed
Unsprayed
Sprayed
Unsprayed
Sprayed
Unsprayed
Sprayed
Unsprayed
Sprayed
Unsprayed
Net Cloth
Sprayed
Unsprayed
Net Cloth
Net Cloth
Net Cloth
Net Cloth
Net Cloth
Net Cloth
Seed Germination
100 seed
%ageTotal
Weightboll Total
per Plant
Yield per
Average
PlantAverage
StrengthStaple
Ginning
Length
Out Turn (GOT)
VH-305 VH-327 VH-363 FH-142
Different Parameters Affected
by Dusky Cotton Bug
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Sprayed
Sprayed
Unsprayed
Unsprayed
Net Cloth
Average Boll Weight Net Cloth Average MIC

VH-305 VH-327
Average Per Acre Yield
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
VH-305 VH-327 VH-363 FH-142

Average per Acre Yield Net Cloth
Average per Acre Yield Unsprayed
Average per Acre Yield Sprayed
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cotton against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis
(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.
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stages of cotton and its possible effect on shedding of fruiting parts." Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ.
Sci15:170-176.
Akram, M., et al. (2013). "Bioefficacy of organophosphates, pyrethroids and new chemistry insecticides
against a field population of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus spp.(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae) in Bt cotton
ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1):48-52.
Aslam, M., et al. (2004). "Comparative efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests of cotton."
J. Res. Sci15(1)53-58.
Bakhsh, K., et al. (2005). "Factors affecting cotton yield: a case study of Sargodha (Pakistan)." Journal of
Agriculture & Social Sciences1(4): 332-334.

Khan, R. and M. Naveed (2017). "Seasonal population dynamics and management of Dusky Cotton Bug
(DCB), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa in cotton." JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences27(4): 1348-
1352.
Muthyala, S. and B. Patil (2003). "Alternate hosts of Dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus laetus Kirby." Insect
Environment9(2): 95-96.
Sammaiah, C., et al. (2012). "Study on infestation of cotton insect stainers on BT-cotton and non BT-
cotton in Warangal, Andhra Pradesh." International Journal of Environmental Sciences3(3): 1155.
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies4(3): 228-233.
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against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis
(Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.
Sci15: 170-176.
ecosystem." J. Li Soc. Sci11(1): 48-52.
J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.
1352.
against sucking insect pest complex especially dusky cotton bug oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera:
Oxycarenidae)." Pakistan Entomol36: 129-133.
Sci15: 170-176.
J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.
1352.
Sci15: 170-176.
J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.
1352.
Sci15: 170-176.
J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.
1352.
Sci15: 170-176.
J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.
1352.
Sci15: 170-176.
J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.

Sci15: 170-176.
J. Res. Sci15(1): 53-58.
Sci15: 170-176.
Sci15: 170-176.
Sci15: 170-176.
Sci15: 170-176.
Sci15: 170-176.
(2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."
Sci15: 170-176.
Sci15: 170-176.

Dusky Cottob Bug by Zaib

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Dusky Cottob Bug by Zaib

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Abstract:

Material and Methods:

Result and Discussion

Seed Germination percentage

Different Parameters of Cotton

Average Boll Weight Net Cloth Average MIC

VH-305 VH-327 VH-363 FH-142

Agriculture & Social Sciences1(4): 332-334.

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

Statistics, P. B. o. (2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

(2017-18). "Economic Survey of Pakistan."

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