Slide No. 1 Slide No.

2
Lecture 12
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Properties of dry air, water vapor, air-
PSYCHROMETRICS vapor mixture
• Relative humidity
• Humidity ratio
• Wet bulb, dry bulb temp.
Dr. Dang Quoc Tuan • Dew-point temp.
Dept Food Technology
3. Psychrometrics chart construction
International University
4. Applications

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Slide No. 3 Slide No. 4

Introduction Properties of dry air

• Psychrometrics is the study of the composition % by volume
thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor Nitrogen 78.08400
mixtures (we will deal with mixtures of air Oxygen 20.94760
and water vapor only).
Argon 0.934000
• Knowledge of properties of air-water vapor Carbon dioxide 0.031400
mixture is imperative in design of systems
Neon 0.001818
such as air-conditioning equipment for
storage of fresh produces, dryers for drying Helium 0.000524
cereal grains and cooling towers in food Others (methane, sulfur 0.000658
processing plants dioxide, hydrogen, etc.)

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Slide No. 5 Slide No. 6

Properties of dry air Properties of water vapor

Molecular weight = 28.9645 Molecular weight = 18.01534
Specific gas constant Specific gas constant
R 8314.41 R 8314.41
Ra = = = 287.055 (m 3 Pa ) /(kg ⋅ K ) RW = = = 461.52 ( m 3 Pa) /( kg ⋅ K )
M 28.9645 M 18.01534

Specific heat Specific heat

CpW ≈ 1.88 kJ /( kg ⋅ K ) (−71 ÷ 124 o C )
Cp a ≈ 1.005kJ /(kg ⋅ K ) (−40 ÷ 60 C ) o

Specific volume Specific volume

pa: partial pressure of dry air
RT V’a: specific volume of dry air RW T A pW: partial vapor pressure
V = a A (m 3 / kg )
a
'
TA: absolute temperature VW' = ( m 3 / kg ) V’W: specific volume of vapor
pa pW TA: absolute temperature
Enthalpy
H a = 1.005(Ta − T0 ) T0 :Ref Temp (0oC ) Enthalpy
Ta: Dry bulb Temp

Dry bulb temperature = temperature indicated by H W = 2501.4 + 1.88(Ta − T0 ) T0 :Ref Temp (0oC )
Ta: Dry bulb Temp
unmodified sensor
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 Slide No. 7 Slide No. 8

Properties of air-vapor mixture Humidity ratio/ moisture content

Air Vapor (W)
Air-vapor mixture p B = p a + pW
• PV = nRT (ideal gas law)
pB: total pressure of moist air ⎛ PwV ⎞
pa = partial pressure of dry air mw ⎜⎝ RwT ⎟⎠ Pw Ra
W= = =
pw = partial pressure of water vapor ma ⎛⎜ PaV ⎟⎞ Pa Rw R = gas constant
Humidity ratio ⎝ a ⎠
R T P = total pressure
Pw = partial pressure
mW 18.01534 x w x p pW
W = = ⋅ = 0.622 w = 0.622 w = 0.622 V = volume
ma 28.9645 x a xa pa p B − pW • P = Pw + Pa T = absolute temperature
W = humidity ratio
Relative humidity Pw
W = 0.622
x p xW: mole fraction of water vapor in moist
P − Pw Subscripts: w is water
φ = w × 100 = w × 100 air vapor, a is dry air
xWS pWS
xWS: mole fraction of water in saturated air

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Slide No. 9 Slide No. 10

Dew-point temperature Relative Humidity

x = mole fraction
• Φ = xw/xw,s
• The water vapor in the air will be saturated P = pressure
when air is at a temperature equal to the = Pw/Pws W = humidity ratio
s- saturated air at the dry-
saturation temperature corresponding to = ρw/ρws bulb temerature
the partial pressure exerted by the water
vapor.
• Easy to measure and useful in some
• This temperature is called dew-point
contexts, but often need to know
temperature. temperature as well

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Slide No. 11 Slide No. 12

Humid heat
Adiabatic saturation of dry air
The amount of heat (kJ) required to raise the temperature of
1 kg dry air plus the water vapor present by 1 K. ƒ Sensible heat of
Cs = 1.005 + 1.88W entering air transformed
into latent heat
Specific volume
The volume (m3) of 1 kg dry air plus the water vapor in the air
ƒ No heat gain or heat
1 kg dry air at T
a2 loss
⎡ 1 W⎤
Saturated with W kg of vapor
2

Vm' = (0.082Ta + 22.4) ⎢ + ⎥ ƒ Air reaches saturation

⎣ 29 18 ⎦
Enthalpy (W1 − W2 )
Ta 2 = H L + Ta1
H Water + air = 2501.4W + (1.005 + 1.88W )(Ta − T0 )
(1.005 + 1.88W1 )

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 Slide No. 13 Slide No. 14

Wet bulb temperature Example 1

Partial pressure • Find the dew-point temperature, humidity ratio, humid
volume, and relative humidity of air having a dry bulb
pw = P −
(PB − Pwb )(Ta − Twb ) temperature of 40oC and a wet bulb temperature of
wb 30oC.
1555.56 − 0.722Twb

pw = partial pressure of water vapor at

dew-point temp (kPa).
pB = total pressure = barometric
pressure (kPa).
pwb = saturation pressure of water
vapor at wet-bulb temp (kPa).
Ta = dry bulb temp (oC).
Twb = wet bulb temp (oC).

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Slide No. 15 Slide No. 16

Example 2
• Air at 60oC dry bulb temperature and 27.5oC wet bulb
temperature, and a humidity ratio of 0.01 kg water/kg dry air is
mixed with water adiabatically and is cooled and humidified to
a humidity ratio of 0.02 kg water/kg dry air. What is the final
temperature of the conditioned air?

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Slide No. 17 Slide No. 18

Construction of psychrometric chart Psychrometrics chart - Properties

• Dry bulb temperature
• Wet bulb temperature
• Dew point temperature
• Relative humidity
• Humidity ratio (absolute humidity)
• Enthalpy
• Specific volumes

Two properties are known Æ all other

properties can be obtained from the chart.

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 Slide No. 25 Slide No. 26

Reading Psychrometric Charts

1. Make sure chart is appropriate for your
environment
2. Figure out what two quantities you know
3. Understand their slopes on the chart
4. Find the intersection
– Watch for saturation

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Slide No. 27 Slide No. 28

Reading Psychrometric Charts Example 3
Given: Tdb = 25oC RH; Tdp HR =?
• An air–vapor mixture is at 60oC dry bulb temperature
Twb= 20oC v= ?; h=?
and 35oC wet bulb temperature. Using the
psychrometrics chart (Appendix A.5), determine the
relative humidity, humidity ratio, specific volume,
(Enthalpy) enthalpy, and dew-point temperature.

(RH)
From the chart:
(wet-bulb T) – Relative humidity: 20%
(HR)
– Humidity ratio: 0.026 kg water/kg dry air
(dew-point T)
– Specific volume: 0.98 m3/kg dry air
– Enthalpy: 129 kJ/kg dry air
– Dew-point temperature: 29oC

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Slide No. 29 Slide No. 30

Psychrometric processes

• Heating or cooling of air

• Mixing of air
• Drying

Humidity
ratio
Dew-point

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 Slide No. 31 Slide No. 32
Example 4:
Heating or cooling of air air at 60oC (dry bulb) and 50oC (wet-bulb) temperature
• No addition or removal of moisture is heated to 70oC. What is it’s RH and the wet-bulb
• Humidity ratio remains constant temperature?
• Amount of thermal energy necessary
to heat moist air from state A to state B
q = m& ( H B − H A )
q = m& c p Δt

HB

HA

TA
TB

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Slide No. 33 Slide No. 34

Heating and Humidifying: Example 5

A Psychrometric process that involves
the simultaneous increase in both the Two and a half cubic meters of lumber is being
dry bulb temperature and humidity ratio dried at 60oC dry bulb temperature and 52oC wet
of the air
bulb temperature. The drying rate of the lumber is
12.5 kg of water per hour. If outside air is at 27oC
dry bulb temperature and 80% relative humidity,
how much outside air is needed per minute to
carry away the evaporated moisture?

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Solution 5
Solution 5 • kg 1hr kg
Water removal rate: m = 12.5 = 0.0035
hr 3600 s s
•
Rate of air: • • Va
m = ma (W2 − W1 ) = (W2 − W1 )
V'
kg
(0.092 − 0.018)
• •
kg • kg
m = Va = Va .(0.085 )
m 3
m3
087
kg
• kg
0.0035
• m s = 0.041 m = 2.47 m
3 3
Va = =
kg kg s min
0.085 0.085 3
m3 m

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 Slide No. 37 Slide No. 38

Cooling and Dehumidifying

Example 6
A Psychrometric process that
involves the removal of water from
the air as the air teperature falls Moist air at 50oC dry bulb temperature and 32%
below the dew-point temperature relative humidity enters the cooling coil of a
dehumidification kiln heat pump system and is
cooled to a temperature of 18oC. If the drying rate
of 6 m3 of red oak lumber id 4 kg/hour, determine
the kW of refrigeration required.

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Slide No. 39 Slide No. 40

Adiabatic or Evaporative Cooling

A Psychrometric process that
involves the cooling of air without
heat loss or gain. Sensible heat lost
by the air is converted to latent heat
in the added vapor

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Slide No. 41 Slide No. 42

Example 7
Calculate the rate of thermal energy required to
heat 10 m3/s of outside air at 30oC dry bulb
temperature and 80% relative humidity to a dry
bulb temperature of 80oC.
From the chart:
– Enthalpy HA= 85.2 kJ/kg dry air
– Specific volume V’1= 0.89 m3/kg dry air
– Enthalpy HB= 140 kJ/kg dry air
– Rate of thermal energy required
G 10
q = m& ( H B − H A ) = (H B − H A ) = (140 − 85.2) = 615.7 kJ / s
V' 0.89

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 Slide No. 43 Slide No. 44

Adiabatic Mixing of Air Streams Mixing of air

m3 = m1 + m2
m1, W1, H1 m2,W2,H2
A Psychrometric process that
involves no net heat loss or
gain during the mixing of two m3W3 = m1W1 + m2W2
air streams m3 H 3 = m1 H1 + m2 H 2
Flow rate: m3, W3, H3
m: mass flow rate of air stream
m1 W: humidity ratio
m2 H: Enthalpy
C
B
y Locate the conditions of the two air masses on the
A
chart
AB m2 y The two points are joined with a straight line
= m
BC 1 y This straight line is then divided in inverse proportion
to the weights of the individual air quantities.

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Slide No. 45 Slide No. 46

Example 8
In efforts to conserve energy, a food dryer is being
modified to reuse part of the exhaust air along with
ambient air. The exhaust airflow of 10 m3/s at 70oC
and 30% relative humidity is mixed with 20 m3 /s of
ambient air at 30oC and 60% relative humidity. Using
the psychrometric chart determine the dry bulb
temperature and humidity ratio of the mixed air.

From psychrometrics chart

Dry bulb temperature: 44oC
Humidity ratio: 0.032 kg water/kg dry air.

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Slide No. 47 Slide No. 48

Example 9

Moist air at 43.3oC dry bulb temperature and 37.7oC

m1/m2 = 4/1
wet-bulb temperature enters the room at rate of 112
m3/min where it is mixed with air of 80% RH entering
from the roof at a rate of 28 m3/min and 26.7oC dry
bulb temperature.
Determine the dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of
the final air.

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 Slide No. 49 Slide No. 50

T3 = 40.0 oC

Tw3 = 30 oC

Psychrometric charts

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 Slide No. 55

Further Readings:
1. R. Paul Singh, Dennis R. Heldman. 2009.
Introduction to food engineering. Academic
Press. 4th Edition. (Ch. 9)

HW: 9.2; 9.5; 9.6 (S&H, p.589)

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