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Azote is an old word for nitrogen. Hence, the presence of azo in the name
of a chemical implies that nitrogen is present in the structure. Therefore, diazo
means two nitrogen atoms. When combined with onium, we have diazonium,
which means two nitrogen atoms and a positive charge (i.e., N2+). Diazonium ions
are produced when an aryl amine reacts with cold nitrous acid. Nitrous acid is
unstable and is prepared just prior to its use by a reaction between sodium nitrite
and hydrochloric acid. Figure 1 shows the conversion of aniline into the positive
benzene diazonium ion.
NH2 N N Cl-
HCl
+ HNO2 + 2 H 2O
benzene
aniline nitrous acid diazonium chloride
Lab 13 1
A generalized equation for a substitution reaction is shown below in which
the reagent can be any reagent in Table 1 and X any group.
N2+ reagent X
N N Cl- + H OH N N OH + HCl
Aniline may serve as the substrate for the formation of a diazonium ion as
shown in Figure 1, and it may serve as the substrate for a coupling reaction with
the diazonium ion as shown in Figure 3.
benzene aniline
diazo product
diazonium chloride
Lab 13 2
to that for the nitration of benzene (i.e., it is a two-step reaction in which the first
step is rate determining).
slow H
N N+ H OH N N OH
benzene phenol
diazonium ion fast
N N OH
diazo product
In this experiment, sulfanilic acid is the primary aryl amine that will be
diazotized, and N,N-dimethylaniline is the ring-activated benzene derivative to
which the diazonium ion will couple in the para position. Figure 5 shows the
structures of aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline and sulfanilic acid. Both reactants are
derivatives of aniline.
SO3H
aniline N,N-dimethylaniline sulfanilic acid
Lab 13 3
Sulfanilic acid contains a sulfonic acid group (SO3H) and an amino group
(NH2); therefore, it undergoes an internal acid-base reaction to form a di-ionic
species. Sodium carbonate acts as a base and deprotonates the quaternary
ammonium ion. The ensuing sulfonate salt is diazotized with cold nitrous acid, as
shown in Figure 6.
cold
Figur
e 6. Diazotization of sulfanilic acid.
H
-O S N(CH3)2 -O S N N N(CH3)2
3 N N + 3
diazotized
sulfanilic acid N,N-dimethylaniline H+ transfer
NaOH H
NaO3S N N N(CH3)2 -O S N N N(CH3)2
3
Lab 13 4
Procedure
Preparation of the Diazonium Ion of Sulfanilic Acid
2. Add 5-mL water to the Erlenmeyer and dissolve the solid completely.
4. Fill a 150-mL beaker half full of water and heat to boiling on a hot plate.
5. Immerse the Erlenmeyer flask in the hot-water bath, using a pair of tongs or test
tube holder.
6. After all of the sulfanilic acid dissolves completely, remove the Erlenmeyer flask
and allow it to cool to room temperature on the bench top.
7. Weigh 0.08-g sodium nitrite, NaNO2, and transfer it to the cooled Erlenmeyer
flask; stir the solution until the solid dissolves.
1. Add four drops of N,N-dimethylaniline and two drops of glacial acetic acid to a
small test tube.
Lab 13 5
5. Slowly add 1.5-mL 10% sodium hydroxide to the Erlenmeyer while it remains
in the ice bath.
6. Remove the Erlenmeyer from the ice bath, dry it with a paper towel, place it on
the hot plate and heat the mixture to boiling.
7. Remove the Erlenmeyer from the hot plate and add 0.5-g sodium chloride to the
hot solution.
8. Allow the Erlenmeyer to cool on your bench for two min., and then place the
flask in an ice-water bath. After crystallization is complete, collect the dye on a
pre-weighed filter paper in a Büchner funnel.
10. Allow the dye to dry on its filter paper, and then re-weigh the filter paper to
determine the yield of methyl orange. Calculate the percent yield.
1. Obtain an unknown sugar, show the instructor the number of the unknown and
record it in your lab notebook.
4. Transfer the remainder of the unknown sugar (about 3 g) to the volumetric flask
and record the mass of the unknown.
5. Add distilled water to the volumetric flask until the water level reaches about 2
cm below the etched mark on the flask.
Lab 13 6
Water will be added to the mark at the next lab meeting. The sugar will
undergo mutarotation during this time.
6. Stopper the volumetric flask, mark it with your initials, and save it in the
designated location until next week.
7. Clean the glassware, ensure the balance area is clean and the balances are turned
off. Ensure the sinks are clean with no solid materials left in them.
Lab 13 7
Diazotization Questions
Last name___________________________, First name________________________
2. Consider the structure of sulfanilic acid. It has two functional groups, one is an
acid and the other is a base. Write the formula for the partial structure that
constitutes the acid part of sulfanilic acid. _____________ Write the formula for
the partial structure that constitutes the base part of sulfanilic acid. _____________
From what inorganic acid and base are these partial structures derived?
______________________ and ___________________
If you answer these questions correctly, you should quickly realize why these two
groups react.
Lab 13 8
Complete the following equations by inserting the reagent or product.
CN
6. N N
+
7. N N
+
8.
N N
+ KI
NH2
N N
9. +
OH
N N
10. +
Lab 13 9